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In this note we consider stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions (fBm) with Hurst parameter $H>1/3$. We prove that the corresponding modified Euler scheme and its Malliavin derivatives are integrable, uniformly with respect to the step size $n$. Then we use the integrability results to derive the convergence rate in law $n^{1-4H+\varepsilon} $ for the Euler scheme. The proof for integrability is based on a nontrivial generalization (to quadratic functionals of the fBm) of a now classical greedy sequence argument laid out by Cass, Litterer and Lyons. The proof of weak convergence applies Malliavin calculus and some upper-bound estimates for weighted random sums., This is a companion paper to arXiv:2305.10365. We apologize for the text overlap, due to some common preliminary notions

This work aims to show the current distribution of Neolithodes agassizii and Paralomis pectinata in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, including new records and details of the feeding behavior of P. pectinata obtained for the first time by Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) and towed cameras., {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1939). Reports on the scientific results of the first Atlantic Expedition to the West Indies, under the joint auspices of the University Havanna and Harvard University. Preliminary descriptions of one new genus and seventeen new species of decapod and stomatopod Crustacea. Memories of the Society Cubana of Natural History, 13, 31–54.","Hall, S. & Thatje, S. (2009). Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Zootaxa, 2302, 31–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.191756","Hall, S. & Thatje, S. (2011). Temperature–driven biogeography of the deep-sea family Lithodidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology, 34, 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0890-0","Macpherson, E. (1988). Revision of the family Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) in the Atlantic Ocean. Monografías de Zoología Marina, 2, 9–153.","Macpherson, E. (1994). Occurrence of two Lithodid Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) in the cold seep zone of the south Barbados accretionary prism. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107(3), 465–468. https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/12254/12254.pdf","Martínez-Campos, B., Campos, N. H. & Lemaitre, R. (2017). Catálogo de los cangrejos ermitaños del Caribe Colombiano / Catalog of hermit crabs from Colombian Caribbean. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales del INVEMAR # 32. Santa Marta, Colombia 440p.","McLaughlin, P. A., Komai, T., Lemaitre, R. & Rahayu D. L. (2010). Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea y families Chirostylidae y Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea). Part I Lithodoidea Lomisoidea Paguroidea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 23, 5–107.","MNHN. (2020). Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Invertebrate Zoology Collections. https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/?q=qn+Neolithodes+agassizii and https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/?q=qn+Lithodes+agassizii","Muñoz, I & García–Isarch, E. (2013). New occurrences of Lithodid Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) from the coasts of Africa, with the description of a new species of Paralomis White, 1856. Zootaxa, 3670(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3670.1.3","Smith, S. I. (1882). Report on the Crustacea. Part I. Decapoda. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, on the east coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer «Blake». Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 10, 1–108. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22040","Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History - YPM. (2020). Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM–IZ–056804"]}

BACKGROUND: Durotomy during endoscopic spine surgery can cause a patient’s neurological or cardiovascular status to deteriorate unexpectedly intra- or postoperatively. There is currently limited literature regarding appropriate fluid management strategies, irrigation-related risk factors, and clinical consequences of incidental durotomy during spinal endoscopy, and no validated irrigation protocol exists for endoscopic spine surgery. Thus, the present article sought to (1) describe 3 cases of durotomy, (2) investigate standard epidural pressure measurements, and (3) survey endoscopic spine surgeons on the incidence of adverse effects believed to result from durotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors first reviewed clinical outcomes and analyzed complications in 3 patients with intraoperatively recognized incidental durotomy. Second, the authors conducted a small case series with intraoperative epidural pressure measurements during gravity-assisted irrigated video endoscopy of the lumbar spine. Measurements were conducted on 12 patients with a transducer assembly that was introduced through the endoscopic working channel of the RIWOSpine Panoview Plus and Vertebris endoscope to the decompression site in the spine. Third, the authors conducted a retrospective, multiple-choice survey of endoscopic spine surgeons to better understand the frequency and seriousness of problems they attributed to irrigation fluid escaping from the surgical decompression site into the spinal canal and neural axis. Descriptive and correlative statistical analyses were performed on the surgeons’ responses. RESULTS: In the first part of this study, durotomy-related complications during irrigated spinal endoscopy were observed in 3 patients. Postoperative head computed tomographic (CT) images revealed massive blood in the intracranial subarachnoid space, the basal cisterns, the III and IV ventricle, and the lateral ventricles characteristic of an arterial fisher grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus without evidence of aneurysms or angiomas. Two additional patients developed intraoperative seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, and hypotension. The head CT image in 1 of these 2 patients had intracranial air entrapment. In the second part, epidural pressure measurements in 12 patients who underwent uneventful routine lumbar interlaminar decompression for L4-L5 and L5-S1 disc herniation showed an average epidural pressure of 24.5 mm Hg. In the third part, the online survey was accessed by 766 spine surgeons worldwide and had a response rate of 43.6%. Irrigation-related problems were reported by 38% of responding surgeons. Only 11.8% used irrigation pumps, with 90% running the pump above 40 mm Hg. Headaches (4.5%) and neck pain (4.9%) were observed by nearly a 10th (9.4%) of surgeons. Seizures in combination with headaches, neck and abdominal pain, soft tissue edema, and nerve root injury were reported by another 5 surgeons. One surgeon reported a delirious patient. Another 14 surgeons thought that they had patients with neurological deficits ranging from nerve root injury to cauda equina syndrome related to irrigation fluid. Autonomic dysreflexia associated with hypertension was attributed by 19 of the 244 responding surgeons to the noxious stimulus of escaped irrigation fluid that migrated from the decompression site in the spinal canal. Two of these 19 surgeons reported 1 case associated with a recognized incidental durotomy and another with postoperative paralysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients should be educated preoperatively about the risk of irrigated spinal endoscopy. Although rare, intracranial blood, hydrocephalus, headaches, neck pain, seizures, and more severe complications, including life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia with hypertension, may arise if irrigation fluid enters the spinal canal or the dural sac and migrates from the endoscopic site along the neural axis rostrally. Experienced endoscopic spine surgeons suspect a correlation between durotomy and irrigation-related extra- and intradural pressure equalization that could be problematic if associated with high volumes of irrigation fluid LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

The Malliavin differentiability of a SDE plays a crucial role in the study of density smoothness and ergodicity among others. For Gaussian driven SDEs the differentiability property is now well established. In this paper, we consider the Malliavin differentiability for the Euler scheme of such SDEs. We will focus on SDEs driven by fractional Brownian motions (fBm), which is a very natural class of Gaussian processes. We derive a uniform (in the step size $n$) path-wise upper-bound estimate for the Euler scheme for stochastic differential equations driven by fBm with Hurst parameter $H>1/3$ and its Malliavin derivatives., There will be a companion paper to this contribution, establishing weak convergence results for the modified Euler scheme. We apologize in advance for the text overlaps

Objective. This study aims to reach an initial understanding of some specific cultural characteristics of parental burnout in Costa Rica. The findings stem from analyzing specific family configurations of parental burnout during parenting. Method. An intentional sample of 146 mothers and 102 fathers (n= 248, mean age 37) was selected. They completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, Parental burnout assessment, Gender roles, Independent-interdependent Self, Involvement in parental function and duties, and the Parental goals and values. Results. there is a low prevalence of parental burnout and an average level of individualism in parenting. Although the study failed to identify high degrees of parental burnout in the Costa Rican sampled parents, which tend to be rather moderate or low in comparison with other countries, there seems to be an initial tendency of some type of family toward increasing burnout as well as noteworthy traits of familial dynamics that might function as mitigating or even protective factors against parental burnout. Resumen Objetivo. Avanzar en la comprensión de las características culturales específicas del agotamiento parental en Costa Rica al analizar configuraciones familiares específicas del agotamiento parental durante la crianza. Método. Se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 146 madres y 102 padres con una media de edad de 37 años. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario que indagó en variables sociodemográficas y las medidas parental burnout assessment, Gender Roles, Independent-interdependent Self, Involvement in parental Function and Duties y Parental Goals and Values. Resultados. Una baja prevalencia de agotamiento parental y un rol importante del individualismo moderado en la crianza. Se concluye que, aunque no se logró detectar un alto grado de agotamiento parental en la muestra de padres y madres, quienes mostraron moderados y bajos niveles de agotamiento en comparación con otros países. Se halló una tendencia inicial hacia un aumento del agotamiento en algunos tipos de familia, además de dinámicas familiares que parecen funcionar como factores atenuantes e incluso protectores contra al agotamiento parental.

Sialolithiasis is a common nonneoplastic disease of the major salivary glands that often affects the submandibular glands. Minor salivary gland involvement by sialolithiasis is uncommon, with only 273 cases reported. A long clinical history, acute symptoms, and mucopurulent discharge are unusual features of these cases. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old woman who complained of symptomatic nodular swelling of the buccal mucosa associated with purulent discharge for several days. The clinical history lasted 15 years, with episodes of asymptomatic non-suppurative swelling in the same area. The patient underwent surgical excision. The microscopic examination revealed chronic nonspecific sialadenitis associated with psammomatous calcifications, confirming minor salivary gland sialolithiasis. After 3 years of follow-up, the patient was free of symptoms. Patients with sialolithiasis are usually asymptomatic; however, swelling, pain, and fistula may be present in rare cases. The presence of purulent exudate should lead to the differential diagnosis of stomatitis glandularis, a rare inflammatory condition affecting the minor salivary glands. Sialolithiasis and stomatitis glandularis should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of symptomatic suppurative nodular swelling affecting the oral mucosa, and histopathological analysis is necessary for the diagnosis.

Introduction: Cichlids (Cichlidae, Cichliformes) constitute one of the most diverse families of freshwater fishes on the planet. In Costa Rica about 10% of the total known species belong to this group. Objective: Provide, to those interested (i.e., students, academics, researchers, hobbysts and others), updated information (in a friendly language) that updates the composition, classification and nomenclature, as well as allowing the correct identification, of all species of the Cichlidae occurring in the continental waters of Costa Rica. Methods: A list of species was made considering bibliographic records and information obtained through field work. From this list, an dichotomous key was elaborated, including complementary information on distribution, based mainly on external anatomical characters and coloration patterns. The information used for the elaboration of the key came from three main sources: scientific literature, review of museum specimens and fieldwork. Results: A total of 14 genera and 28 species were listed and analyzed. The resulting key is composed of 27 steps allowing the identification of all species of Cichlidae of Costa Rica. This paper also includes a photographic catalog and updated data on the nomenclature of the species listed. Conclusion: With this contribution, the state of knowledge about the taxonomy, nomenclature, regional and local distribution of the Cichlidae of Costa Rica is updated. The key allows the correct identification of all species of the family and will serve as the basis for future local and regional studies. Introducción: Los cíclidos (Cichlidae, Cichliformes) constituyen una de las familias de peces dulceacuícolas más diversas en el planeta. En Costa Rica cerca de un 10% del total de las especies conocidas pertenecen a este grupo. Objetivo: Proveer, a aquellas personas interesadas (i.e., estudiantes, académicos, investigadores, aficionados y otros), información actualizada y en un lenguaje amigable que actualice la composición, clasificación y nomenclatura, permitiendo además la correcta identificación, de la totalidad de especies de Cichlidae presentes en las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Métodos: Se levantó un listado de especies considerando registros bibliográficos e información obtenida a través de trabajo de campo. A partir de esta lista se elaboró una clave dicotómica, con información complementaria sobre distribución, basada principalmente en caracteres anatómicos externos y de coloración. La información utilizada para la elaboración de la clave proviene de tres fuentes principales: literatura científica, revisión de material museográfico y trabajo de campo. Resultados: Se listaron y analizaron un total de 14 géneros y 28 especies. La clave resultante está compuesta por 27 pasos permitiendo la identificación de la totalidad de especies de cíclidos presentes en Costa Rica. Se incluye además un catálogo fotográfico y datos actualizados sobre la nomenclatura de las especies listadas. Conclusión: Con esta contribución se actualiza el estado de conocimiento sobre la taxonomía, nomenclatura, distribución regional y local de las especies de Cichlidae de Costa Rica. La clave permite a su vez la correcta identificación de la totalidad de las especies de la familia y servirá de base para futuros estudios a nivel local y regional.

This article provides a general review of medical liability in the Colombian experience, specifically based on the jurisprudence of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Third Section of the Council of State. All the above, intend to raise a critique of the irrelevance of the figure of informed consent in the liability trial, a matter that reconsiders some of the basic assumptions for the emergence of an indemnity obligation in the field of medical liability. KEYWORDS: Medical liability, Civil Law, Administrative Law, Informed Consent. RESUMENEste artículo ofrece una revisión general de la responsabilidad médica en la experiencia colombiana, específicamente, a partir de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y del Consejo de Estado. Todo lo anterior, para plantear una crítica a la irrelevancia de la figura del consentimiento informado en el juicio de responsabilidad, cuestión que replantea algunos de los supuestos básicos para el surgimiento de una obligación indemnizatoria en materia de responsabilidad médica. CÓDIGO JEL: H75, I18. This article provides a general review of medical liability in the Colombian experience, specifically based on the jurisprudence of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Third Section of the Council of State. All the above, intend to raise a critique of the irrelevance of the figure of informed consent in the liability trial, a matter that reconsiders some of the basic assumptions for the emergence of an indemnity obligation in the field of medical liability. JEL CODE: H75, I18. Cet article présente une revue générale de la responsabilité médicale dans l'expérience colombienne, spécifiquement basée sur la jurisprudence de la Chambre civile de la Cour suprême de justice et de la troisième section du Conseil d'État. Tout ce qui précède entend soulever une critique de la non-pertinence de la figure du consentement éclairé dans le procès en responsabilité, question qui remet en question certaines des hypothèses de base pour l'émergence d'une obligation d'indemnisation dans le domaine de la responsabilité médicale. CODE JEL : H75, I18. Questo articolo fornisce una rassegna generale della responsabilità medica nell'esperienza colombiana, in particolare sulla base della giurisprudenza della Camera Civile della Corte Suprema di Giustizia e della Terza Sezione del Consiglio di Stato. Tutto quanto sopra, intendono sollevare una critica all'irrilevanza della figura del consenso informato nel processo di responsabilità, questione che riconsidera alcuni dei presupposti fondamentali per l'emergere di un obbligo risarcitorio nell'ambito della responsabilità medica. CODICE JEL: H75, I18.

BACKGROUND: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) may cause cervical myelopathy. In its multilevel form, it may not be easy to manage. Minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical decompression may be an alternative to traditional laminectomy surgery. METHODS: Thirteen patients with multilevel OPLL and symptomatic cervical myelopathy were treated with endoscopic spine surgery from January 2019 to June 2020. In this consecutive observational cohort study, pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were analyzed at a final follow-up of 2 years postoperatively. RESULTS: There were 13 patients consisting of 3 women and 10 men. The patient’s average age was 51.15 years. At the final 2-year follow-up, the JOA score improved from a preoperative value of 10.85 ± 2.91 to 14.77 ± 2.13 postoperatively (P < 0.001). The corresponding NDI scores decreased from 26.61 ± 12.88 to 11.12 ± 10.85 (P < 0.001). There were no infections, wound complications, or reoperations. CONCLUSION: Direct posterior endoscopic decompression for multilevel OPLL is feasible in symptomatic patients when executed at a high skill level. While 2-year outcomes were encouraging and on par with historic data obtained with traditional laminectomy, future studies will need to show whether any long-term shortcomings exist. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Odontomas are common benign odontogenic tumors, being often detected on routine radiographs during the first two decades of life. Rarely, odontoma can interfere with jaw movements, causing mouth opening limitation. A 28-year-old male patient was referred complaining of restriction of mouth opening and mandibular movements, which started 6 months ago. Clinical examination revealed a painless increase of volume on the right maxilla, which interfered the mandibular movements, being associated with pain in these attempts. A well-defined, oval radiopaque lesion in close relationship with the impacted maxillary right third molar was detected in tomographic reconstructions. A surgical excision of the lesion was performed, and microscopy revealed complex odontoma. After 4 months of follow-up, the patient achieved adequate mouth opening and recovered mandibular movements. In the current case, the lesion was placed in a difficult access site, which directly interfered with the displacement of coronoid process. Odontoma should be included in the differential diagnosis when assessing causes of restricted mouth opening.

El presente trabajo se centra en el Proyecto Básico de la estructura correspondiente a la construcción de un autocine, con zona de ocio y restauración, en una parcela situada en Paterna. El objetivo académico consiste en mostrar de forma consistente los procesos de análisis, de diseño y de cálculo que se han realizado para alcanzar la solución definitiva. Para ello se realiza: un estudio detallado del proyecto de arquitectura, del estudio geotécnico, de las cargas actuantes y de las tipologías estructurales a emplear, el proceso de modelado de la estructura y un proceso iterativo de cálculo y diseño para optimizar la solución alcanzada, el cálculo de la estructura aérea y de la cimentación sobre el modelo definitivo, un análisis considerando no linealidad geométrica para comparar los resultados obtenidos, y los planos y la documentación correspondientes al proyecto básico.

[Resumen] En este artículo se profundiza en el modelado matemático de la odometría para robots hexápodos con extremidades denominadas C-legs. El estudio no es trivial, y se analizan todas las posibilidades que puede tener el sistema según las variables que se definan. Todo el estudio se ve reforzado con una serie de simulaciones realizadas donde los resultados obtenidos coinciden con los esperados. Esta investigación ha recibido fondos del proyecto RoboCity2030-III-CM (Robótica aplicada a la mejora de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Fase III; S2013/MIT-2748), financiado por los Programas de Actividades I+D en la Comunidad de Madrid y los Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea, y del proyecto DPI2014-56985-R (Protección robotizada de infraestructuras críticas), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España Comunidad de Madrid; S2013/MIT‐2748 https://doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498081

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

The amacrine neurons in the mammalian retina comprise a large variety of cell types with distinct properties and functions that serve to integrate and modulate signals presented to output neurons. The majority of them use either glycine or GABA as inhibitory neurotransmitters and express the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) and GABA transporters (GAT1 and GAT3), as a glycinergic or GABAergic marker respectively. We report here a novel subpopulation of amacrine neurons expressing both, GABAergic and glycinergic markers, in retinas from wild-type C57BL/6J mice and two transgenic lines. In retinal sections from the transgenic line expressing eGFP under the control of the glycine transporter 2, eGFP expression was exclusively found in cell bodies and dendrites of inhibitory amacrine neurons, identified for their immunoreactivity to syntaxin 1A. All of the glycinergic and a large portion of the GABAergic amacrine neurons contained eGFP; of these, 8-10% of GlyT1 positive neurons were also labeled either with GAD67, GAT1 or GAT3. These findings were confirmed in retinas from a wild-type and a mouse line expressing eGFP under the GAD67 promoter and two different anti-GlyT1 antibodies, showing the presence of a subpopulation with a dual phenotype. Moreover, eGFP-positive dendrites on both mouse lines were found juxtaposed to GlyR subunits and the scaffold protein gephyrin in several areas of the inner plexiform layer, demonstrating the glycinergic character of these neurons. This dual phenotype was also demonstrated in primary retina cultures, in which isolated neurons were positive for GlyT1 and GAD67 or GAT1/3. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence of a subpopulation of dual inhibitory, glycinergic/GABAergic amacrine neurons. The co-release of both neurotransmitters may serve to strengthen the inhibition on ganglion cells under synaptic hyperexcitability.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-6-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-4-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

This article assesses the use and benefits of computer tools by teachers of the Ibarra Educational Unit during the school year 2019-2020. In this mixed research work using a descriptive method, an online questionnaire was submitted to the population made of 71 women and 41 men. Based on the analysis, it is established that all of the teachers questioned have integrated technology in their daily activities. Their use of computer devices and applications differ though. It is observed in the survey that only 5.36% of teachers consider their proficiency of technology as advanced, while 20.54% consider their knowledge as sufficient. Operating system, basic internet, e-mail and office software are the most common applications used by teachers. In conclusion, it can be said that teachers have partially incorporated these tools in their pedagogical and administrative activities. However, deciders must absolutely support teachers training in order to improve their teaching skills and contribute to the quality assurance of education. Este artículo permite conocer la frecuencia y beneficios de la utilización de las herramientas informáticas por parte de los docentes de la Unidad Educativa Ibarra en el año lectivo 2019-2020. En esta investigación mixta se utilizó un método descriptivo, se aplicó un cuestionario en línea a toda la población (71 mujeres y 41 hombres). Del análisis realizado se determina que la totalidad de los docentes encuestados han incorporado en diferente medida el uso de dispositivos y aplicaciones tecnológicas en sus actividades diarias. Se observa que solo el 5,36% de los encuetados consideran que tienen un nivel avanzado, mientras que un 20,54% tienen suficientes conocimientos en este campo. Las aplicaciones más utilizadas por los maestros son: sistema operativo, internet básico, correo electrónico y programas ofimáticos. Se concluye que los profesores por sus medios han incorporado parcialmente estas herramientas en sus actividades pedagógicas y administrativas; no obstante, es de vital importancia que las autoridades viabilicen nuevas formas de actualización y perfeccionamiento docente, de esta manera se contribuya al aseguramiento de la calidad educativa. Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-6-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-5-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605221099458 for Features of antibody responses after SARS-COV-2 infection in healthcare workers in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City by Maria del Rocío Thompson-Bonilla, Jorge A León, Martha Beatriz Cárdenas-Turrent, Alba Peña-Thompson, Diana Hanessian-De la Garza, Sergio Zavala-Vega, Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes, Sara A Ochoa, Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova and José Arellano-Galindo in Journal of International Medical Research

Leishmania es un género de protistas responsables de la enfermedad conocida como leishmaniasis o leishmaniosis. El principal vector de infección son los mosquitos de los géneros Phlebotomus (en Eurasia y África) y Lutzomyia (en América). La leishmaniasis afecta a varios grupos de vertebrados, entre ellos, marsupiales, cánidos, roedores y primates, y se estima que afecta actualmente a 6 millones de personas en 98 países. Cada año se producen entre 0,9 y 1,6 millones de nuevos casos, y se conocen 21 especies que causan enfermedades en los seres humanos. En el presente trabajo se propone un sistema de detección de una serie de características de estos organismos, como su cantidad, posición en la imagen y tamaño mediante técnicas de visión por computador. Las imágenes a tratar son tomadas mediante el uso de un microscopio óptico, en condiciones de aumento y luminosidad variables pero registradas en el nombre del fichero contenedor de la imagen. Las imágenes de laboratorios son analizadas con éxito por el software, ya que los parásitos son detectados y medidos, las imágenes son marcadas para que las caracteristicas relevantes puedan ser discernidas a primera vista y se genera un documento con datos relevantes al análisis. Leishmania is a genus of protists responsible for the disease known as leishmaniasis or leishmaniasis. The main vector of infection is mosquitoes of the genera Phlebotomus (in Eurasia and Africa) and Lutzomyia (in the Americas). Leishmaniasis affects several vertebrate groups, including marsupials, canids, rodents and primates, and is currently estimated to affect 6 million people in 98 countries. Between 0.9 and 1.6 million new cases occur each year, and 21 species are known to cause disease in humans. This work proposes a system for detecting a series of characteristics of these organisms, such as their number, position in the image and size, by means of computer vision techniques. The images to be processed are taken using an optical microscope, under variable magnification and luminosity conditions, but registered in the name of the file containing the image. The laboratory images are successfully analyzed by the software, as the parasites are detected and measured, the images are marked so that the relevant features can be discerned at first glance and a document with data relevant to the analysis is generated.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-5-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-4-epb-10.1177_23998083221075635 for Urban form planning and tsunami risk vulnerability: Analysis of 12 Chilean coastal cities by Magdalena Vicuña, Jorge León and Simón Guzmán in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

El presente plan de negocio consiste en desarrollar el estudio de factibilidad financiera para la Empresa de Servicio Al Toke. Operará en el sector de servicios generales para el hogar, bajo la estructura de un Marketplace de servicios para el mejoramiento del hogar, que conecte especialistas ofertantes con hogares demandantes. Actualmente, cuando tenemos algún problema dentro de nuestra vivienda, recurrimos a alguna recomendación de nuestro círculo social y/o familiar para solucionarlo, esto en vista de que no conocemos una fuente de recomendación estructurada, que nos pueda obtener datos certeros y seguros sobre proveedores de servicios para el hogar. Además, existe el natural miedo de no permitir ingresar a nuestro hogar a una persona desconocida, esto debido a malas experiencias, propias o de terceros. Es así que proponemos un Marketplace, donde los proveedores de servicios puedan mostrar su oferta y los demandantes, puedan crear un ecosistema en base a una economía colaborativa y satisfacer mutuamente la oferta y demanda. En un entorno seguro para ambos, mediante el cual puedan conocer el historial de trabajos realizados, las calificaciones recibidas, y los rangos de precios de manera transparente. nuestra propuesta busca aportar valor, paralelamente, a ofertantes y demandantes, creando un ecosistema amigable para ambos, que permita satisfacer necesidades para los demandantes, de manera efectiva.

RESUMEN La hipercementosis se clasifica como una proliferación no neoplásica que implica un depósito excesivo de cemento a lo largo del cemento radicular normal. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 77 años que acude al dentista por una lesión supurativa en la encía que evoluciona desde hace varios meses. El examen radiográfico mostró una gran área radiopaca involucrando la raíz del diente 46, que estaba completamente rodeada por un área radiolúcida, sugiriendo un cementoblastoma asociado con el proceso infeccioso. El examen histopatológico del diente afectado reveló hipercementosis extensa asociada con inflamación supurativa crónica, además de osteomielitis crónica localizada. Esta presentación es infrecuente y, debido a los hallazgos clínico-patológicos, se propone el término “hipercementitis crónica”. Los dentistas, especialmente los patólogos orales y endodoncistas, deben estar tener conocimiento de esta inusual presentación para establecer el diagnóstico correcto.

Orientador: Pablo Agustin Vargas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Resumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever as características histopatológicas, immunoistoquímicas e de hibridização "in situ" (HIS) das lesões encontradas nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual de pacientes autopsiados com AIDS entre 1996 e 1999 no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOC) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). Dados referentes ao gênero, idade, contagem de células TCD4 e história clínica foram obtidos dos prontuários clínicos de 105 pacientes, destes 103 casos corresponderam às glândulas submandibulares e 92 casos às sublinguais. Todas as glândulas foram examinadas macroscopicamente e no estudo histopatológico utilizamos colorações de H&E, Gomori-Grocott; Ziehl-Neelsen e Mucicarmin. Análise imunoistoquímica foi realizada para detectar os agentes infecciosos (CMV, LMP-EBV, HSV-l, HSV-2, p24-HIV e BCG) e caracterizar as sialadenites (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68), já a HIS analizou a presença do VEB (EBER1/2). A média de idade dos pacientes e o nível de células TCD4 nos casos das glândulas submandibular e sublingual foi de 36,62 '+ ou ¿ ¿ 11,18 anos e 74,37 '+ ou ¿ ¿ 112,82 células/¿mu'L, e 35,93 '+ ou ¿ ¿ 0,2 anos e 78,75 '+ ou ¿ ¿ 118,98 células/¿mu'L, respectivamente. Foram considerados microscopicamente normais .51 (49,5%) casos da glândula submandibular e 54 (58,7%) casos da sublingual. As lesões infecciosas foram as mais freqüentes na glândula submandibular (n=35), seguida pela sialadenite crônica inespecífica em ambas as glândulas (n=25). Micobacteriose (11 e 07 casos nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente), citomegalovirose (14 e 02 casos nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente) e criptococose (03 e 04 casos nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente) foram freqüentemente detectadas. A análise imunoistoquímica mostrou que todos os casos em ambas as glândulas foram negativos para LMP-EBV, HSV-l e HSV-2, enquanto BCG mostrou intensa imunopositividade somente nos casos de micobacteriose com padrão macrofágico difuso (n=2). Dos 16 casos de citomegalovirose, apenas 06 casos (05 e 01 caso nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente) foram detectados pela imunoistoquímica. A proteína p24-HIV (02 e 01 caso nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente) e EBER1/2 (09 e 04 casos nas glândulas submandibular e sublingual, respectivamente), este último avaliado somente nos casos de sialadenités, foram expressas somente em escassos histiócitos e linfócitos, respectivamente, indicando que a participação destes vírus na etiopatogênese das sialadenites é pouco provável e precisa ser ainda melhor definida. As sialadenites crônicas inespecíficas foram principalmente compostas por linfócitos TCD8 (p=0,323); enquanto as sialadenites granulomatosas, as sialadenites macrofágicas difusas associada com micobacteriose e as sialadenites macrofágicas difusas inespecíficas apresentaram grande quantidade de macrófagos CD68+ (p=0,99) permeados por numerosos linfócitos TCD8, em ambas as glândulas. Além disso, um caso de linfoma não-Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B afetou ambas as glândulas. Estes resultados mostram que as glândulas submandibular e sublingual foram principalmente acometidas por lesões infecciosas disseminadas e sialadenite crônica inespecífica. Similarmente, as glândulas parótidas, num estudo previamente publicado por nossa equipe, foram acometidas por lesões infecciosas sistêmicas. Sendo assim, os clínicos devem estar atentos à ocorrência destas lesões em glândulas salivares maiores de pacientes com AIDS em fase avançada Abstract: This study describes the histopathological, immunohistochemical (lHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH) features found in the submandibular (n=103) and sublingual (n=92) glands of autopsied patients who died with AIDS between 1996 and 1999 in the SVOC FMUSP (Medical School of São Paulo University). Sex, age, CD4 cell count, and clinical history were obtained from the clinical records of 105 patients, of them 103 cases corresponded to the submandibular glands and 92 cases to the sublingual glands. All glands were examined for macroscopical alterations and stained using H&E, Gomori-Grocott, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Mucicarmine. IHC analysis to detect infectious agents (CMV, LMP-EBV, HSV-l, HSV-2, HIV-p24, and BCG) and to characterize the sialadenitis (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68) was performed, while the ISH assessed the presence of EBV (EBERl/2). The mean age of the patients and CD4 cell count of the cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands were 36,62 '+ or ¿ ¿ 11,18 years and 74,37 '+ or ¿ ¿ 112,82 cells¿mu¿L POT .-1¿, and 35,93 '+ or ¿ ¿ 10,2 years and 78,75 '+ or ¿ ¿ 118,98 cells¿mu¿¿L POT .-1¿, respectively. There were no histological alterations in 51 (49,5%) and 54 (58,7%) cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively. The infection conditions were the most common in the submandibular gland (n=35), followed by chronic non-specific sialadenitis in both glands (n=25). Mycobacteriosis (11 and 07 cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively), cytomegalovirosis (14 and 02 cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively), and cryptococcosis (03 and 04 cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively) were found frequently. The IHC analysis did not show immunoreactivity for LMP-EBV, HSV-l, and HSV-2; while BCG displayed strong immunopositivity only in cases of chronic diffuse macrophagic infiltrate associated to mycobacteriosis (n=2). Six out of 16 cases of cytomegalovirosis (05 and 01 case of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively) were detected for IHC analysis only. The p24-HIV protein (02 and 01 case of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively) and EBERl/2 (09 and 04 cases of the submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively), this latter evaluated only in the sialadenitis cases, were expressed only in macrophages and lymphocytes, respectively, indicating that the participation of these viruses in the etiopathogenesis of the sialadenitis is still unc1ear. Chronic non-specific sialadenitis revealed CD8+ T-lymphocytes predominance (p=0,323), hile the granulomatous, diffuse macrophagic associated to mycobacteriosis, and chronic non-specific diffuse macrophagic sialadenitis showed great amount of CD68+ macrophages (p=0,99) surrounded by numerous CD8+ T-lymphocytes, in both glands. Moreover, one case of diffuse large B-celllymphoma affected both glands. These results indicate that both submandibular and sublingual glands were affected mainly by infectious diseases and chronic non-specific sialadenitis. Similarly, the parotid glands in a study previously published by our team, were mainly affected for systemic infectious diseases. Therefore, c1inicians should consider more carefully the occurrence of these lesions in major salivary glands of patients with advanced AIDS Doutorado Patologia Doutor em Estomatopatologia

Orientador: Pablo Agustin Vargas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Mestrado

Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of the jaw that likely arises from remnants of the dental lamina. It is a slow-growing lesion, with a radiolucent appearance in the central variant. Microscopically, SOT shows islands of squamous epithelium supported by fibrous stroma. In rare cases, squamous odontogenic tumor-like proliferation (SOT-LP) can be observed arising from odontogenic cysts (SOT-LPOC). Herein, we describe the case of a 42-year-old man who presented with discreet bleeding in the maxillary gingiva. Imaging revealed a well-defined, ovoid-shaped lesion with sclerotic margins involving tooth #18 in the intraosseous location. Fine needle aspiration supported the cystic nature of the lesion. After surgery, microscopy revealed a dentigerous cyst showing SOT-LP features. There was no recurrence after a 3-year follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a dentigerous cyst showing SOT-LP features in the maxilla. Such cysts should be identified to avoid misdiagnosis, with the finding having therapeutic and prognostic implications.

Introduction:Xanthismorxanthocromismis a phenotypic anomaly evidenced by the predominant production of xanthine, a pigment that gives the organism a yellowish coloration. In Costa Rica there are few records of organisms exhibiting such anomaly in natural environments.Objective: To present cases ofxanthismin Costa Rican cichlid fish.Methods: We collected records ofxanthismfrom social media, museum specimens and field work. In addition, we reproduced twoxanthochromicspecimens ofParachromisdoviito determine ontogenetic changes.Results:We recordedxanthismin eight species, six of them cichlids. In the case of the specimens raised in captivity, 100% of the offspring hadxanthismafter about four months.Conclusions:At least eight species of Costa Rican fish showxanthism, and a genetic (heritable) origin is presumed; this was corroborated in the captive breeding exercise. Introducción:Elxantismooxantocromismoes una anomalía fenotípica que se evidencia por la producción predominante de xantina, un pigmento que le da al organismo una coloración amarillenta. En Costa Rica existen pocos registros de organismos con esa anomalía en ambientes naturales.Objetivo:Presentar casos dexantismoen peces cíclidos de Costa Rica.Métodos:Recolectamos registros dexantismopor redes sociales, así como de especímenes de museos y trabajo de campo. Además, reproducimos dos especímenesxantocrómicosdeParachromisdoviipara determinar cambios ontogenéticos.Resultados:Registramosxantismoen ocho especies, seis de ellas cíclidos. En el caso de los ejemplares criados en cautiverio, el 100% de la descendencia presentóxantismoa los cuatro meses aproximadamente.Conclusiones:Al menos ocho especies de peces costarricenses presentanxantismo, para lo cual se presume un origen genético (heredable); esto fue corroborado en el ejercicio de reproducción en cautiverio.&nbsp

En el volumen se reúnen distintos trabajos relacionados con la Adquisición del español como lengua primera (L1), el Análisis del discurso, la Antropología lingüística, el Español como lengua extranjera (ELE), el Español como segunda lengua (EL2), la Fonética, la Fonología, las Humanidades digitales, la Lexicografía, la Lexicología, la Lingüística computacional, la Lingüística de corpus, etc. Universidad de Costa Rica/[745-A5-907]/UCR/Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica/[745–B7-097]/UCR/Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica/[745-B6-A20]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Artes y Letras::Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüísticas (INIL)

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado plantea la cuestión de si es posible reducir el consumo de ancho de banda haciendo uso de las aplicaciones desde el navegador web en lugar de instalarlas en el ordenador y ejecutarlas en el mismo. Para la consecución de este trabajo se han hecho tres comparaciones de dichas ejecuciones con servicios que basan su funcionamiento en el uso de Internet. Se han hecho experimentos en los cuales se ha capturado la red del cliente usando la herramienta Wireshark mientras se está ejecutando el servicio. Los servicios escogidos para esta experimentación han sido el servicio de correo, el servicio de streaming de contenido multimedia almacenado y el servicio de videollamadas. Una vez se ha capturado el flujo de la red mientras se usaban los servicios, se han analizado las gráficas y las estadísticas que definen el consumo de ancho de banda producido por la utilización de dichos servicios y se ha comparado dicho consumo para corroborar la tesis planteada. El resultado en todos los experimentos ha sido que para el mismo servicio ejecutado bajo las mismas condiciones, la ejecución de la aplicación ene le navegador web consume considerablemente menos ancho de banda que la ejecución en la aplicación de escritorio.

Introducción: El xantismo o xantocromismo es una anomalía fenotípica que se evidencia por la producción predominante de xantina, un pigmento que le da al organismo una coloración amarillenta. En Costa Rica existen pocos registros de organismos con esa anomalía en ambientes naturales. Objetivo: Presentar casos de xantismo en peces cíclidos de Costa Rica. Métodos: Recolectamos registros de xantismo por redes sociales, así como de especímenes de museos y trabajo de campo. Además, reproducimos dos especímenes xantocrómicos de Parachromis dovii para determinar cambios ontogenéticos. Resultados: Registramos xantismo en ocho especies, seis de ellas cíclidos. En el caso de los ejemplares criados en cautiverio, el 100% de la descendencia presentó xantismo a los cuatro meses aproximadamente. Conclusiones: Al menos ocho especies de peces costarricenses presentan xantismo, para lo cual se presume un origen genético (heredable); esto fue corroborado en el ejercicio de reproducción en cautiverio. Introduction: Xanthism or xanthocromism is a phenotypic anomaly evidenced by the predominant production of xanthine, a pigment that gives the organism a yellowish coloration. In Costa Rica there are few records of organisms exhibiting such anomaly in natural environments. Objective: To present cases of xanthism in Costa Rican cichlid fish. Methods: We collected records of xanthism from social media, museum specimens and field work. In addition, we reproduced two xanthochromic specimens of Parachromis dovii to determine ontogenetic changes. Results: We recorded xanthism in eight species, six of them cichlids. In the case of the specimens raised in captivity, 100% of the offspring had xanthism after about four months. Conclusions: At least eight species of Costa Rican fish show xanthism, and a genetic (heritable) origin is presumed; this was corroborated in the captive breeding exercise. Universidad de Costa Rica/[808-C1-125]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)

Objective: Analyze the flow of foreign direct investment of the People's Republic of China from 2008 to 2017 in 7 Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. Method: The research is quantitative, non-experimental, longitudinal panel, descriptive and explanatory scope. Seven variables were analyzed: gross domestic product, trade balance, inflation, distance from Beijing to the capital of the Latin American country and natural resources, from 2008 to 2017. Results: Research results show that the only variable that currently attracts Chinese investment to Latin America is the size of the economy. Conclusions: The variable that seems to determine the investment in this region it lead based on the size of the economy, which was represented in this analysis with the GDP., Objetivo: Analizar el flujo de inversión extranjera directa de la República Popular China desde el 2008 al 2017 en 7 países latinoamericanos: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México, Perú y Uruguay. Método: La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, no experimental, longitudinal de panel, de alcance descriptivo y explicativo. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: Producto Interno Bruto, balanza comercial, instituciones, inflación, distancia de Beijing a la capital del país latinoamericano y los recursos naturales, desde el 2008 al 2017. Resultados: Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la única variable que por el momento atrae la inversión china a Latinoamérica es el tamaño de la economía. Conclusiones: Por consiguiente, se concluye que aquellos países que cuenten con un PIB más elevado, serán mayormente atractivos para la deslocalización de la inversión China.

Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SpSCC) is a rare biphasic malignant neoplasm, uncommonly affecting the oral cavity. The SpSCC diagnosis is difficult, especially when it exhibits inconspicuous morphology, inadequate tissue sampling, or association with an exuberant inflammatory reaction. Post-radiotherapy recurrent SpSCC occurring at the same site of conventional SCC is a rare phenomenon. A 59-year-old man was complained of “painful injury on the tongue” with 20 days of duration. He reported smoking and alcohol consumption. Medical history revealed conventional SCC on the tongue treated with surgery and radiotherapy 10 years ago. Intraoral examination showed a polypoid lesion with ulcerated areas, measuring 3 cm in diameter, on the tongue and floor of the mouth, at the same site of previous conventional SCC. The microscopical analysis showed small foci of carcinomatous component admixed with an exuberant inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry highlighted the sarcomatoid component. Both malignant components were positive for EMA, CD138, p40 (deltaNp63), p63, and p53. Moreover, CK AE1/AE3 evidenced the carcinomatous component, whereas vimentin stained the sarcomatoid component. The Ki-67 was >10%. The current case emphasizes the importance of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of SpSCC from mimics and documents a rare complication of Ionizing Radiation.

Lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma (LEC) is a rare malignant neoplasm, which can be associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Histologically, LEC is an undifferentiated carcinoma with an intermixed reactive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. LEC appears to be an uncommon tumor type of lip carcinoma. An 82-year-old white woman presented a lesion on her lower lip that developed over the last year. The lesion was characterized by ulceration with flat edges, hardened base, painful, and absence of regional lymphadenopathy. Microscopical analysis evidenced an intense inflammatory infiltrate, composed of lymphoplasmacytic cells, associated with scarce pleomorphic epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry highlighted the LEC cells with strong expression of pan-CK AE1/AE3, EMA, p63, and p53. CD138 was also faintly positive. Ki-67 was >85%. In situ hybridization analysis did not show evidence of EBV. A diagnostic of EBV-negative LEC was made. We present an uncommon type of lip carcinoma, which can represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists.

In Costa Rican Spanish, as in other varieties, clitic sequences, with a final pronoun in singular indirect object, can accept a plural mark which refers anaphorically to a subject; this is the case, for example, “tienen que ponersen vivos”, where the {-n} agrees with the subject of the main sentence. This produces the effect of infinitive agreement, something that, in principle, is excluded by the morphology of non-finite forms in standard Spanish. In this article, we advocate a global approach to this type of plural, by putting it in relation to other similar structures. En el español de Costa Rica, al igual que en otras variedades, las secuencias clíticas, con un pronombre final en objeto indirecto singular, pueden aceptar un plural referido anafóricamente a un sujeto; es el caso, por ejemplo, de “tienen que ponersen vivos”, donde la {-n} concuerda con el sujeto de la oración principal. Esto produce el efecto de una concordancia de infinitivo, algo que, en principio, excluye la morfología de las formas infinitivas en español estándar. En este artículo, abogamos por un abordaje global de este tipo de plural, al ponerlo en relación con otras estructuras similares.

Th e dead´s ritual homage comprises three ritual cycles: fi rst, the funeral rites involving farewell, prepared with death and burial; the second is the maintenance of diverse symbols of pain, in which relatives or deudos hold signs of grief for his permanent absence; and the third is the celebration of Día de Difuntos which means their reintegration into the world of the living like a reminiscence of its intangible presence or his memory. Th e culinary rite of Día de Difuntos is a banquet or ritual treat consisting of a drink known as colada morada that is consumed with breads of anthropo and zoomorphic fi gures. Colada and bread assume various forms in their preparation, as well as diff erent table habits or modes of consumption. Several rituals are organized for that day: in the liturgy, misa, and in the fi eld of religious traditions, visits to the tombs, prayers, responsos, invocations of animeros, holding ritual banquets, processions of angels beggars and games. Th ey are theatrical performances staged as mitigating resources of the irreducible opposition life/death. Th is article is dedicated to the description and analysis of the ideological, symbolic and social implications of the ritual culinary, the colada morada. Tres ciclos rituales forman parte del culto a los muertos: el primero comprende los ritos funerarios que implican una despedida y son organizados con el deceso y el sepelio; el segundo, consiste en la guarda del duelo, en la que los parientes o deudos ostentan signos de dolor por su defi nitiva ausencia; y el tercero, radica en la celebración del Día de Difuntos que supone su reinserción en el mundo de los vivos con un culto a su presencia intangible o a su memoria. El rito culinario del Día de Difuntos es un banquete o convite ritual que consiste en una bebida conocida como colada morada que se consume con panes de fi guras antropo y zoomorfas. La colada y el pan asumen diversas formas en su preparación, así como son diferentes las maneras de mesa o modalidades de consumo. Varios ritos son organizados para ese día: en la liturgia, misas, y en el ámbito de religiosidad, visitas a las tumbas, rezos, responsos, invocaciones de animeros, celebración de banquetes rituales, comparsas de ángeles pedigüeños y juegos. Son representaciones teatrales que se escenifi can como recursos atenuantes de la oposición irreductible vida/muerte. Este artículo está dedicado a la descripción y análisis de las implicaciones ideológicas, simbólicas y sociales de la culinaria ritual, la colada morada.

Resumen El pioderma gangrenoso es una rara dermatosis idiopática, crónica, caracterizada por pústulas y úlceras coalescentes que aparece por lo general sobre la piel previamente traumatizada, con preferencia en extremidades inferiores y tronco. Se asocia a enfermedades sistémicas y los tratamientos quirúrgicos tienden a empeorar el cuadro clínico por el fenómeno de patergia. No hay un tratamiento de elección, pero se acepta el tratamiento inmunosupresor. Presentamos 2 casos de pioderma gangrenoso asociado a quemaduras, una entidad escasamente recogida en la literatura, con abordaje y evolución diferente. Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, chronic, and idiopathic dermatosis, characterized by pustules and coalescent ulcers. It usually develops on previously traumatized skin, especially on the lower extremities and trunk. It is associated with systemic diseases, and surgical treatments tend to worsen clinical signs and symptoms as a result of pathergy. There is no treatment of choice, but immunosuppressive therapy is accepted. Two cases of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with burns, an entity rarely collected in the literature, are presented, with different approaches and courses.

Objective. This paper characterizes mother-baby interaction styles for the purpose of identifying dyadic bonding throughout the first year of life. The Forms of Interaction are emphasized as a central concept for the incorporation of the subject into communication and then to language. Method. Records of natural interactions from eight dyads to six weeks, six months and one year of age identify the progressive constitution of the dyadic communication system. Results. The elucidation of body signs and the emergence of emotional regulation at six weeks, the interplay with social scenes at six months, and the establishment of the dyadic semantic field at one year are salient features that intertwine during the process. Triangulation with the social environment is a constant within the interaction. Objetivo. La investigación caracteriza estilos de interacción mamá - bebé con el propósito de identificar la construcción del vínculo diádico. Se enfatizan las Formas de Interacción como concepto central para la incorporación del sujeto a la comunicación y luego al lenguaje. Método. Registros de interacciones naturales de ocho díadas a las seis semanas, seis meses y un año de vida infantil, identifican la constitución progresiva del sistema de comunicación diádico. Resultados. La elucidación de signos corporales y el surgimiento de la regulación emocional a las seis semanas, el juego con escenas sociales a los seis meses y la instauración del campo semántico diádico al año son rasgos destacados que se concatenan entre sí durante el proceso. La triangulación con el entorno social es una constante en la interacción.

Key to species of fishes from the Coto River basin, Pacific coast, Costa Rica The following key is based on our research and data available in the literature (Bussing 1987, 1998, Angulo et al. 2015 and Robertson & Allen 2015). 1 Body asymmetrical, strongly compressed laterally; both eyes on the same side of head.............................. 2 - Body symmetrical, not strongly compressed laterally; one eye on each side of head................................. 3 2 Pigment and eyes on the left side of fish (PARALICHTHYIDAE) …....................... Citharichthys gilberti (Fig. 8C; Other diagnostic features include: teeth equally developed on both sides of the jaws, in a single series of immovable teeth on each jaw, no canines but front teeth a little enlarged; gill rakers slender, moderately long, lower rakers 12–15; length of the pectoral fin of the eyed side 43–59% of head length) - Pigment and eyes on right side of fish (ACHIRIDAE) ….. Trinectes fonsecensis (Fig. 8B; Other diagnostic features include: interbranchial foramen absent; dorsal fin rays 58–60; scales on eyed side without black hair like filaments) 3 Body covered by bony plates or rings..................................................................... 4 - Body not covered by bony plates or rings, naked or with normal scales.......................................... 7 4 Body robust to elongated, covered by a kind of armor composed by a series of bone segments in the form of plates; mouth ventral, intermediate in size, with teeth, prominent lips with papillae (small projections) and chins, snout non-tubular; eyes in dorsolateral position; pelvic fins present (LORICARIIDAE)................................................... 5 - Body slim and extremely elongated, covered by a kind of armor composed by a series of bone segments in the form of rings; mouth small, without teeth or prominent lips, located at the end of a long and tubular snout; eyes in lateral position; pelvic fins absent (SYNGNATHIDAE) ….......................................................................... 6 5 Ventral portion of the body (abdomen) naked, not covered by no or few bone plates (the species has abdominal plates in other portions of its range); adipose fin present; caudal peduncle not very elongated (postdorsal portion of body shorter or about equal than the predorsal portion) nor dorsally compressed …...... Hypostomus aspidolepi s (Fig. 8 H–I; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration greenish-brown to reddish-brown with black circular blotches on fins and the ventral portion of the body, which tend to be more pronounced at the anterior portion of the body; adipose dorsal fin with strong spines) - Ventral portion of the body (abdomen) covered by bone plates; adipose fin absent; caudal peduncle elongated (postdorsal portion of body larger than the predorsal portion) and dorsally compressed …..................... Rineloricaria uracantha (Fig. 8J; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-brown to gray, darker dorsally, with four or five gray or black bars crossing the dorsum, abdomen straw-colored, fins yellowish-brown to grayish with black spots) 6 Dorsal fin rays 37–44; snout short 35–37% of head length; head with a dark lateral stripe …............... Pseudophallus elcapitanensis (Fig. 8M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark brown, usually darker dorsally, with lighter specks along the body) - Dorsal fin rays 30–35; snout long 38–43% of head length; head without marks ….... Pseudophallus starksii (Fig. 8M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark or light brown dorsally with the belly always pale, light yellow to straw) 7 Pectoral and pelvic fins absents; dorsal, anal and caudal fins vestigial (SYNBRANCHIDAE) … Synbranchus marmoratus (Fig. 8L; Other diagnostic features include: body elongated, anguilliform; scales absent; general coloration grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, darker above and paler with dark speckles ventrally) - Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal and caudal fins presents and well developed …...................................... 8 8 Pelvic fins united into an adhesive disc..................................................................… 9 - Pelvic fins separated, not in the form of an adhesive disc...................................................… 11 9 Upper jaw teeth minute, compressed; gill rakers absent; adhesive disc circular, its width greater than its median length; males with the first dorsal fin spines elongated (filamentous).................. Sicydium salvini (Fig. 6 M–O; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark brown to grayish or yellowish brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, usually with 6–7 dark bars on the sides and/or a longitudinal dark band; dorsal margin of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins usually red) - Upper jaw teeth conspicuous, conical to caniniform; gill rakers present; adhesive disc oval, its width less than its median length; first dorsal fin spines not elongated................................................................... … 10 10 Snout pointed in lateral view; scales in lateral series 67–73; second dorsal fin short, with 9–12 rays; anal fin short, with 9–11 rays; caudal fin short, about equal to head length, and rounded … Awaous transandeanus (Fig. 6 J–K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration light brown dorsally, with the sides light yellow to tan; ventral surface white or pale yellow; sides of head with 3 black slanted bars; body with about 7 irregular black bars on the upper side and 7–8 black blotches on the flanks; back with a series of black irregular small spots, in front of and along the first dorsal fin; dorsal fin yellowish) - Snout rounded in lateral view; scales in lateral series 55–65; second dorsal fin long, with 12–15 rays; anal fin short, with 13–15 rays; caudal fin relatively long, larger than head length, and pointed......................................................................... Ctenogobius sagittula (Fig. 6L; Other diagnostic features include: head and body light tan, with 4 dark brown blotches along the middle of the sides plus a dark brown spot at the middle of the caudal fin base; a brown stripe on the cheek and a brown blotch just behind the center of the gill cover; a dark blotch on the side of the nape, above the pectoral fin base; second dorsal and caudal fin with brown spots) 11 Body naked; barbels present........................................................................... 12 - Body covered by scales; barbels absent.................................................................. 15 12 Opercular odontodes present; pectoral and dorsal fin spines absent; dorsal adipose fin absent; caudal fin rounded to truncate (TRICHOMYCTERIDAE)............................... Trichomycterus striatus (Fig. 8K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration brown, light brown, yellowish or light orange, darker on dorsal surface, and paler ventrally, usually with a continuous black lateral band (of variable thickness), extending from opercle to caudal-fin base; paired, dorsal and anal fins light brown, yellowish (usually darker at base) or translucent; caudal fin brown or yellowish) - Opercular odontodes absent; pectoral and dorsal fin spines present; dorsal adipose fin present; caudal fin forked (HEPTAPTER- IDAE)............................................................................................. 13 13 Occipital process continuous with the osseous plate of the dorsal spine (see Fig. 22a in Bussing 1998, page 143); dorsal fin spine strong and pungent, like the pectoral spine................................ Pimelodella chagresi (Fig. 8D; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration light brown to light gray with a lateral band of intensive black color that extends from the tip of the snout to the edge of the caudal fin and another dark band, a bit thinner, in the dorsal margin, from the nape to the caudal peduncle; maxillary barbels extending to the end of the dorsal fin) - Occipital process no continuous with the osseous plate of the dorsal spine, i.e., not reaching the dorsal plate (see Fig. 22a in Bussing 1998, page 143); dorsal-fin spine weak and usually flexible............................................ 14 14 Maxillary barbels long, usually extending beyond the origin of the dorsal fin; serrations present on both margins of the pectoral spines; space between the dorsal and adipose fins shorter than the length of the base of the dorsal fin................... Rhamdia guatemalensis (Fig. 8 E–F; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark gray to grayish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, some specimens shows a lateral black band of variable thickness) - Maxillary barbels short, not extending beyond the pectoral fins; serrations present only on the inner (posterior) margin of the pectoral spines, sometimes without serrations; space between the dorsal and adipose fins usually larger than the length of the base of the dorsal fin........... Rhamdia laticauda (Fig. 8G; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration gray to grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally) 15 Dorsal adipose fin present............................................................................. 16 - Dorsal adipose fin absent.............................................................................. 22 16 Anal fin rays 8–10................................................................................... 17 - Anal fin rays more than 20............................................................................ 18 17 Body rhomboidal, higher in the middle portion of the body (approximately at the origin of the dorsal fin), slightly compressed laterally; teeth absent; eye diameter greater than the length of the mouth; longitudinal series with 36–37 scales (CURIMATI- DAE).. Cyphocharax magdalenae (Fig. 2 L–M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration silver to silvery-golden, without marks on body; fins transparent, yellowish or brownish) - Body elongate, fusiform, height relatively uniform along the body, robust, not compressed laterally; eye small, eye diameter less than the length of the mouth; teeth present; longitudinal series with 26–27 scales (LEBIASINIDAE)................ Lebiasina boruca (Fig. 3 A–B; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration silver to gray above and on the flanks and white below, with three longitudinal red stripes on each side formed by a red blotch on each scale of the three lateral rows; fins transparent, yellowish, reddish or brownish) 18 Upper jaw projected anteriorly (i.e., its anterior margin clearly surpasses the anterior margin of the lower jaw in the vertical plane); upper jaw with three or four rows of teeth (in ventral view); adults easily exceeding 15 cm in total length (BRYCONI- DAE). Brycon behreae (Fig. 2 C–E; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration greenish-silvery to pinkish-silvery, greenish-gray dorsally, whitish-gray dorsally; fins transparent to reddish or yellowish-gray) - Upper jaw not very projected anteriorly (i.e., its anterior margin about at the same level as the anterior margin of the lower jaw in the vertical plane); upper jaw with one or two rows of teeth (in ventral view), in Roeboides (see below) it is also possible to observe two pairs of external teeth in the premaxilla; adults not exceed 15 cm in total length (CHARACIDAE)......... 19 19 Body strongly compressed; nape concave; two pairs of external teeth on premaxillary; anal fin very long, with 42–45 rays.. Roeboides bussingi (Fig. 2 I–K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) - Body not strongly compressed; nape convex or straight; no external teeth on premaxillary; anal fin short, with 20–29 rays..................................................................................................... 20 20 Premaxillary teeth in two rows; humeral spot present, always shaped like the letter P; caudal fin usually without yellow spots; maximum body size about 130 mm SL................................................... Astyanax orstedii (Fig. 2F; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration grayish to withish-silvery, darker dorsally, usually greenish-brown or gray, and paler ventrally; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) - Premaxillary teeth in a single row; humeral spot absent or, if present, not shaped like a letter P; caudal fin with two yellow spots, above and below the dark caudal fin blotch; maximum body size about 50 mm SL................................ 21 21 Maxillary long, its length 52.6–58.5% of eye diameter; upper margin of the eye usually without pigment or brownish; anal fin rays 20–23... Odontostilbe dialeptura (Fig. 2G; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange) - Maxillary short, its length 28.6–43.5% of eye diameter; upper margin of the eye usually reddish; anal fin rays 23–27....... Pseudocheirodon terrabae (Fig. 2H; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration whitish to yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) 22 One dorsal fin...................................................................................... 23 - Two dorsal fins..................................................................................... 48 23 Fins without spines; caudal fin rounded.................................................................. 24 - One or more fins with prominent spines; caudal fin slightly rounded or truncated to forked......................... 36 24 Maxillary bone long, extending beyond the posterior margin of the eye in the vertical plane; anal fin origin located posterior to the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane, closer to the caudal fin origin than to the dorsal fin origin (ERY- THRINIDAE)........... Hoplias microlepis (Fig. 2 N–O; Other diagnostic features include: mouth large, with a few long, sharp teeth; pelvic fins placed well back on the abdomen; general coloration brown to yellowish-brown, darker dorsally, paler ventrally, with darker blotches on the back and light brown to white blotches on the lower part of the flanks and the abdomen; all fins dark brown with some clear areas alternating with brown blotches) - Maxillary bone long, usually not reaching the anterior margin of the eye in the vertical plane; anal fin origin usually located anterior to the dorsal fin origin, not very close of the caudal fin origin.......................................... 25 25 Eyes with free borders; dorsal fin origin at or very close to the middle of the body; males with anal fin modified into a copulatory organ called gonopodium; third anal fin ray not branched (POECILIIDAE).................................. 26 - Eyes with or without free borders; dorsal fin origin at the posterior portion of the body, close to the caudal fin origin; males with normal anal fin, i.e. not modified into a gonopodium; third anal fin ray (counting rudiments) branched................ 33 26 Anal fin with a black blotch........................................................................... 27 - Anal fin clear or dusky, without a black blotch............................................................. 28 27 Predorsal distance 45.45–52.63% of standard length; dorsal fin rays 10 o 11....................................... Brachyrhaphis roseni (Fig. 5 C–D; Other diagnostic features include: dorsal fin base short, usually shorter or of the same length than head length; general coloration yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, with 12 dark bars on the sides; anal fin usually yellowish; margin of the caudal fin usually orange with a darkened submarginal band in males) - Predorsal distance 50.00–62.50% of SL; dorsal fin rays 12–16............................. Brachyrhaphis terrabensis (Fig. 5F; Other diagnostic features include: dorsal fin base long, longer than head length; general coloration yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, with diffuse dark vertical bars, more conspicuous in adults, and a tenuous dark band along the body; anal fin usually yellowish-orange to reddish; margin of the caudal fin usually usually bluish-white) 28 Pelvic fins of mature males modified, with the tip of first ray with a soft swelling and the second ray thickened; gonopodium short, rarely reaching the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin origin of females usually above the origin of the anal fin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin usually with black spotting or a blotch proximally; cross-hatch pattern faint; caudal fin profusely spotted its base, often on entire fin; rows of yellow or black spots along sides...... Poecilia gillii (Fig. 5 G–H; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silver to greenish-silver, with blue highlights, the dorsum usually greenish-brown and the ventral portion withish-silver) - Pelvic fins not modified in males; gonopodium relatively long, reaching or extending beyond the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin; dorsal fin origin of females slightly behind the anal fin origin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin usually without black spotting or a blotch proximally (present in Priapichthys panamensis; see below); cross-hatch pattern on body usually evident.................................................................................................. 29 29 Dorsal and caudal fins with small brown blotches at the proximal half of the fin......................... Priapichthys panamensis (Fig. 5N; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile slightly convex; dorsal fin inserted behind the anal fin base; general coloration yellowish-brown, with 3–7 thin dark bands on the sides; fins usually transparent or yellowish) - Dorsal and caudal fins without small brown blotches........................................................ 30 30 Two or three oval black spots present on flanks..... Poeciliopsis paucimaculata (Fig. 5J; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile convex; gill rakers 19–20; dorsal scales with dark brown posterior borders) - No black oval spots on flanks.......................................................................... 31 31 Sides of body without marks.. Poeciliopsis retropinna (Fig. 5L; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile slightly convex; gill rakers 27–34; general coloration grayish-brown; fins usually transparent) - Sides of body with 6–9 narrow bars..................................................................... 32 32 Total gill rakers 29–32; pectoral fin longer, usually

Key to species of fishes from the Coto River basin, Pacific coast, Costa Rica The following key is based on our research and data available in the literature (Bussing 1987, 1998, Angulo et al. 2015 and Robertson & Allen 2015). 1 Body asymmetrical, strongly compressed laterally; both eyes on the same side of head.............................. 2 - Body symmetrical, not strongly compressed laterally; one eye on each side of head................................. 3 2 Pigment and eyes on the left side of fish (PARALICHTHYIDAE) …....................... Citharichthys gilberti (Fig. 8C; Other diagnostic features include: teeth equally developed on both sides of the jaws, in a single series of immovable teeth on each jaw, no canines but front teeth a little enlarged; gill rakers slender, moderately long, lower rakers 12–15; length of the pectoral fin of the eyed side 43–59% of head length) - Pigment and eyes on right side of fish (ACHIRIDAE) ….. Trinectes fonsecensis (Fig. 8B; Other diagnostic features include: interbranchial foramen absent; dorsal fin rays 58–60; scales on eyed side without black hair like filaments) 3 Body covered by bony plates or rings..................................................................... 4 - Body not covered by bony plates or rings, naked or with normal scales.......................................... 7 4 Body robust to elongated, covered by a kind of armor composed by a series of bone segments in the form of plates; mouth ventral, intermediate in size, with teeth, prominent lips with papillae (small projections) and chins, snout non-tubular; eyes in dorsolateral position; pelvic fins present (LORICARIIDAE)................................................... 5 - Body slim and extremely elongated, covered by a kind of armor composed by a series of bone segments in the form of rings; mouth small, without teeth or prominent lips, located at the end of a long and tubular snout; eyes in lateral position; pelvic fins absent (SYNGNATHIDAE) ….......................................................................... 6 5 Ventral portion of the body (abdomen) naked, not covered by no or few bone plates (the species has abdominal plates in other portions of its range); adipose fin present; caudal peduncle not very elongated (postdorsal portion of body shorter or about equal than the predorsal portion) nor dorsally compressed …...... Hypostomus aspidolepi s (Fig. 8 H–I; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration greenish-brown to reddish-brown with black circular blotches on fins and the ventral portion of the body, which tend to be more pronounced at the anterior portion of the body; adipose dorsal fin with strong spines) - Ventral portion of the body (abdomen) covered by bone plates; adipose fin absent; caudal peduncle elongated (postdorsal portion of body larger than the predorsal portion) and dorsally compressed …..................... Rineloricaria uracantha (Fig. 8J; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-brown to gray, darker dorsally, with four or five gray or black bars crossing the dorsum, abdomen straw-colored, fins yellowish-brown to grayish with black spots) 6 Dorsal fin rays 37–44; snout short 35–37% of head length; head with a dark lateral stripe …............... Pseudophallus elcapitanensis (Fig. 8M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark brown, usually darker dorsally, with lighter specks along the body) - Dorsal fin rays 30–35; snout long 38–43% of head length; head without marks ….... Pseudophallus starksii (Fig. 8M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark or light brown dorsally with the belly always pale, light yellow to straw) 7 Pectoral and pelvic fins absents; dorsal, anal and caudal fins vestigial (SYNBRANCHIDAE) … Synbranchus marmoratus (Fig. 8L; Other diagnostic features include: body elongated, anguilliform; scales absent; general coloration grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, darker above and paler with dark speckles ventrally) - Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal and caudal fins presents and well developed …...................................... 8 8 Pelvic fins united into an adhesive disc..................................................................… 9 - Pelvic fins separated, not in the form of an adhesive disc...................................................… 11 9 Upper jaw teeth minute, compressed; gill rakers absent; adhesive disc circular, its width greater than its median length; males with the first dorsal fin spines elongated (filamentous).................. Sicydium salvini (Fig. 6 M–O; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark brown to grayish or yellowish brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, usually with 6–7 dark bars on the sides and/or a longitudinal dark band; dorsal margin of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins usually red) - Upper jaw teeth conspicuous, conical to caniniform; gill rakers present; adhesive disc oval, its width less than its median length; first dorsal fin spines not elongated................................................................... … 10 10 Snout pointed in lateral view; scales in lateral series 67–73; second dorsal fin short, with 9–12 rays; anal fin short, with 9–11 rays; caudal fin short, about equal to head length, and rounded … Awaous transandeanus (Fig. 6 J–K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration light brown dorsally, with the sides light yellow to tan; ventral surface white or pale yellow; sides of head with 3 black slanted bars; body with about 7 irregular black bars on the upper side and 7–8 black blotches on the flanks; back with a series of black irregular small spots, in front of and along the first dorsal fin; dorsal fin yellowish) - Snout rounded in lateral view; scales in lateral series 55–65; second dorsal fin long, with 12–15 rays; anal fin short, with 13–15 rays; caudal fin relatively long, larger than head length, and pointed......................................................................... Ctenogobius sagittula (Fig. 6L; Other diagnostic features include: head and body light tan, with 4 dark brown blotches along the middle of the sides plus a dark brown spot at the middle of the caudal fin base; a brown stripe on the cheek and a brown blotch just behind the center of the gill cover; a dark blotch on the side of the nape, above the pectoral fin base; second dorsal and caudal fin with brown spots) 11 Body naked; barbels present........................................................................... 12 - Body covered by scales; barbels absent.................................................................. 15 12 Opercular odontodes present; pectoral and dorsal fin spines absent; dorsal adipose fin absent; caudal fin rounded to truncate (TRICHOMYCTERIDAE)............................... Trichomycterus striatus (Fig. 8K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration brown, light brown, yellowish or light orange, darker on dorsal surface, and paler ventrally, usually with a continuous black lateral band (of variable thickness), extending from opercle to caudal-fin base; paired, dorsal and anal fins light brown, yellowish (usually darker at base) or translucent; caudal fin brown or yellowish) - Opercular odontodes absent; pectoral and dorsal fin spines present; dorsal adipose fin present; caudal fin forked (HEPTAPTER- IDAE)............................................................................................. 13 13 Occipital process continuous with the osseous plate of the dorsal spine (see Fig. 22a in Bussing 1998, page 143); dorsal fin spine strong and pungent, like the pectoral spine................................ Pimelodella chagresi (Fig. 8D; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration light brown to light gray with a lateral band of intensive black color that extends from the tip of the snout to the edge of the caudal fin and another dark band, a bit thinner, in the dorsal margin, from the nape to the caudal peduncle; maxillary barbels extending to the end of the dorsal fin) - Occipital process no continuous with the osseous plate of the dorsal spine, i.e., not reaching the dorsal plate (see Fig. 22a in Bussing 1998, page 143); dorsal-fin spine weak and usually flexible............................................ 14 14 Maxillary barbels long, usually extending beyond the origin of the dorsal fin; serrations present on both margins of the pectoral spines; space between the dorsal and adipose fins shorter than the length of the base of the dorsal fin................... Rhamdia guatemalensis (Fig. 8 E–F; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration dark gray to grayish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, some specimens shows a lateral black band of variable thickness) - Maxillary barbels short, not extending beyond the pectoral fins; serrations present only on the inner (posterior) margin of the pectoral spines, sometimes without serrations; space between the dorsal and adipose fins usually larger than the length of the base of the dorsal fin........... Rhamdia laticauda (Fig. 8G; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration gray to grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally) 15 Dorsal adipose fin present............................................................................. 16 - Dorsal adipose fin absent.............................................................................. 22 16 Anal fin rays 8–10................................................................................... 17 - Anal fin rays more than 20............................................................................ 18 17 Body rhomboidal, higher in the middle portion of the body (approximately at the origin of the dorsal fin), slightly compressed laterally; teeth absent; eye diameter greater than the length of the mouth; longitudinal series with 36–37 scales (CURIMATI- DAE).. Cyphocharax magdalenae (Fig. 2 L–M; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration silver to silvery-golden, without marks on body; fins transparent, yellowish or brownish) - Body elongate, fusiform, height relatively uniform along the body, robust, not compressed laterally; eye small, eye diameter less than the length of the mouth; teeth present; longitudinal series with 26–27 scales (LEBIASINIDAE)................ Lebiasina boruca (Fig. 3 A–B; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration silver to gray above and on the flanks and white below, with three longitudinal red stripes on each side formed by a red blotch on each scale of the three lateral rows; fins transparent, yellowish, reddish or brownish) 18 Upper jaw projected anteriorly (i.e., its anterior margin clearly surpasses the anterior margin of the lower jaw in the vertical plane); upper jaw with three or four rows of teeth (in ventral view); adults easily exceeding 15 cm in total length (BRYCONI- DAE). Brycon behreae (Fig. 2 C–E; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration greenish-silvery to pinkish-silvery, greenish-gray dorsally, whitish-gray dorsally; fins transparent to reddish or yellowish-gray) - Upper jaw not very projected anteriorly (i.e., its anterior margin about at the same level as the anterior margin of the lower jaw in the vertical plane); upper jaw with one or two rows of teeth (in ventral view), in Roeboides (see below) it is also possible to observe two pairs of external teeth in the premaxilla; adults not exceed 15 cm in total length (CHARACIDAE)......... 19 19 Body strongly compressed; nape concave; two pairs of external teeth on premaxillary; anal fin very long, with 42–45 rays.. Roeboides bussingi (Fig. 2 I–K; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) - Body not strongly compressed; nape convex or straight; no external teeth on premaxillary; anal fin short, with 20–29 rays..................................................................................................... 20 20 Premaxillary teeth in two rows; humeral spot present, always shaped like the letter P; caudal fin usually without yellow spots; maximum body size about 130 mm SL................................................... Astyanax orstedii (Fig. 2F; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration grayish to withish-silvery, darker dorsally, usually greenish-brown or gray, and paler ventrally; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) - Premaxillary teeth in a single row; humeral spot absent or, if present, not shaped like a letter P; caudal fin with two yellow spots, above and below the dark caudal fin blotch; maximum body size about 50 mm SL................................ 21 21 Maxillary long, its length 52.6–58.5% of eye diameter; upper margin of the eye usually without pigment or brownish; anal fin rays 20–23... Odontostilbe dialeptura (Fig. 2G; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange) - Maxillary short, its length 28.6–43.5% of eye diameter; upper margin of the eye usually reddish; anal fin rays 23–27....... Pseudocheirodon terrabae (Fig. 2H; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration whitish to yellowish-silvery; fins transparent to yellowish-orange or red) 22 One dorsal fin...................................................................................... 23 - Two dorsal fins..................................................................................... 48 23 Fins without spines; caudal fin rounded.................................................................. 24 - One or more fins with prominent spines; caudal fin slightly rounded or truncated to forked......................... 36 24 Maxillary bone long, extending beyond the posterior margin of the eye in the vertical plane; anal fin origin located posterior to the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane, closer to the caudal fin origin than to the dorsal fin origin (ERY- THRINIDAE)........... Hoplias microlepis (Fig. 2 N–O; Other diagnostic features include: mouth large, with a few long, sharp teeth; pelvic fins placed well back on the abdomen; general coloration brown to yellowish-brown, darker dorsally, paler ventrally, with darker blotches on the back and light brown to white blotches on the lower part of the flanks and the abdomen; all fins dark brown with some clear areas alternating with brown blotches) - Maxillary bone long, usually not reaching the anterior margin of the eye in the vertical plane; anal fin origin usually located anterior to the dorsal fin origin, not very close of the caudal fin origin.......................................... 25 25 Eyes with free borders; dorsal fin origin at or very close to the middle of the body; males with anal fin modified into a copulatory organ called gonopodium; third anal fin ray not branched (POECILIIDAE).................................. 26 - Eyes with or without free borders; dorsal fin origin at the posterior portion of the body, close to the caudal fin origin; males with normal anal fin, i.e. not modified into a gonopodium; third anal fin ray (counting rudiments) branched................ 33 26 Anal fin with a black blotch........................................................................... 27 - Anal fin clear or dusky, without a black blotch............................................................. 28 27 Predorsal distance 45.45–52.63% of standard length; dorsal fin rays 10 o 11....................................... Brachyrhaphis roseni (Fig. 5 C–D; Other diagnostic features include: dorsal fin base short, usually shorter or of the same length than head length; general coloration yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, with 12 dark bars on the sides; anal fin usually yellowish; margin of the caudal fin usually orange with a darkened submarginal band in males) - Predorsal distance 50.00–62.50% of SL; dorsal fin rays 12–16............................. Brachyrhaphis terrabensis (Fig. 5F; Other diagnostic features include: dorsal fin base long, longer than head length; general coloration yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, with diffuse dark vertical bars, more conspicuous in adults, and a tenuous dark band along the body; anal fin usually yellowish-orange to reddish; margin of the caudal fin usually usually bluish-white) 28 Pelvic fins of mature males modified, with the tip of first ray with a soft swelling and the second ray thickened; gonopodium short, rarely reaching the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin origin of females usually above the origin of the anal fin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin usually with black spotting or a blotch proximally; cross-hatch pattern faint; caudal fin profusely spotted its base, often on entire fin; rows of yellow or black spots along sides...... Poecilia gillii (Fig. 5 G–H; Other diagnostic features include: general coloration yellowish-silver to greenish-silver, with blue highlights, the dorsum usually greenish-brown and the ventral portion withish-silver) - Pelvic fins not modified in males; gonopodium relatively long, reaching or extending beyond the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin; dorsal fin origin of females slightly behind the anal fin origin in the vertical plane; dorsal fin usually without black spotting or a blotch proximally (present in Priapichthys panamensis; see below); cross-hatch pattern on body usually evident.................................................................................................. 29 29 Dorsal and caudal fins with small brown blotches at the proximal half of the fin......................... Priapichthys panamensis (Fig. 5N; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile slightly convex; dorsal fin inserted behind the anal fin base; general coloration yellowish-brown, with 3–7 thin dark bands on the sides; fins usually transparent or yellowish) - Dorsal and caudal fins without small brown blotches........................................................ 30 30 Two or three oval black spots present on flanks..... Poeciliopsis paucimaculata (Fig. 5J; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile convex; gill rakers 19–20; dorsal scales with dark brown posterior borders) - No black oval spots on flanks.......................................................................... 31 31 Sides of body without marks.. Poeciliopsis retropinna (Fig. 5L; Other diagnostic features include: predorsal profile slightly convex; gill rakers 27–34; general coloration grayish-brown; fins usually transparent) - Sides of body with 6–9 narrow bars..................................................................... 32 32 Total gill rakers 29–32; pectoral fin longer, usually, Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, Gil-León, Jorge San, Oviedo-Soto, Alejandro, Abarca- Odio, Juan I. & Umaña-Villalobos, Gerardo, 2020, The fishes from the Coto River basin, Pacific coast, Costa Rica, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 18-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3974692, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (1987) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica / Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 271 pp.","Bussing WA (1998) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica / Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 468 pp.","Angulo, A., Molina-Arias, A., Murase, A., Miyazaki, Y., Bussing, W. A. & Lopez, M. I. (2015) Fishes from the Tusubres River basin, Pacific coast, Costa Rica: checklist, identification key and photographic album. Check List, 11 (3), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.3.1666","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Online Information System. Available from: http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / taxon. php (accessed 22 October 2019)"]}

A medida que el tiempo avanza, se hace cada vez más notoria la contaminación, y en especial la contaminación del agua pues la escasez de esta nos afecta directamente. Por esto y con el ánimo de aportar con la conservación de este líquido tan importante para la vida, se decidió diseñar y construir un prototipo que trate las aguas grises de los hogares para reutilización allí mismo. Con la puesta en marcha de este, se logró evidenciar un ahorro del 29,73 % en el consumo de agua en la vivienda, un buen resultado en cuanto cantidad de agua tratada e impacto ambiental se refiere; para este último se estima que el agua tratada anualmente sería laequivalente para llenar 305 piscinas olímpicas siendo este un ahorro importante y un excelente aporte medio ambiental.

In this paper, we describe the evolution of the term maje (‘dude, guy’) from its introduction into the Spanish of Costa Rica in the mid-twentieth century to its current use; the definitions compiled in various lexicographical works that have registered the term at specific moments of its evolution constitute our starting point. Thus, we explain the change of its original use, limited to the juvenile jargon and masculine underworld, as synonym of ‘idiot’ (Nunca falta un maje que lo haga ‘There will always be a moron who does it’), up to its contemporary use, which presents two remarkable characteris- tics: (1) loss of the voiceless velar fricative /x/ in intervocalic position (so that maje be- comes mae) and (2) extension of its use without gender distinction (El mae vino ‘The dude came’, La mae se quedó ‘The dude (female form) stayed’). In the course of this research, we detected two new usages of mae: (1) in reference to animated non-human beings (Le di de comer al gato; el mae no quiso las croquetas ‘I fed the cat; it did not want the croquettes’) and (2) in reference to objects with a certain degree of animation (Cargué el teléfono, pero el mae no encendió ‘I charged the phone, but it did not turn on’). As part of this evolutionary process, we describe the appearance of a third instance of mae, preceded by a masculine or feminine determinant, which we identify as a pro- nominal phrase: Vi a Ana, la mae sale con Carlos (‘I saw Ana, she is dating Carlos’). These forms, refractory to modifiers with prenominals (*La buena mae no me habla ‘The good woman does not speak to me’), recover the full nominal sense of ‘person’ if they are modified by postnominal adjectives (El mae guapo no vino ‘The handsome guy did not come’). UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Artes y Letras::Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüísticas (INIL)

El pioderma gangrenoso es una rara dermatosis idiopática, crónica, caracterizada por pústulas y úlceras coalescentes que aparece por lo general sobre la piel pre-viamente traumatizada, con preferencia en extremidades inferiores y tronco. Se asocia a enfermedades sistémi-cas y los tratamientos quirúrgicos tienden a empeorar el cuadro clínico por el fenómeno de patergia. No hay un tratamiento de elección, pero se acepta el tratamiento in-munosupresor. Presentamos 2 casos de pioderma gangrenoso asocia-do a quemaduras, una entidad escasamente recogida en la literatura, con abordaje y evolución diferente. Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, chronic, and idiopathic dermatosis, characterized by pustules and coalescent ulcers. It usually develops on previously traumatized skin, especially on the lower extremities and trunk. It is associated with systemic diseases, and surgical treatments tend to worsen clinical signs and symptoms as a result of pathergy. There is no treatment of choice, but immunosuppressive therapy is accepted. Two cases of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with burns, an entity rarely collected in the literature, are presented, with different approaches and courses.

In the vertebrate nervous system, glycinergic neurotransmission is tightly regulated by the action of the glycine transporters 1 and 2 (GlyT1 and GlyT2). Unlike GlyT1, the GlyT2 is characterized by the presence of a cytosolic 201 amino acids N-terminal tail of unknown function. In the present study, we stably expressed a set of GlyT2 N-terminal deletion mutants and characterized the effect on uptake, trafficking and PKC-dependent post-translational modifications. The deletion of the first 43, 109 or 157 amino acids did not affect the trafficking and maturation of GlyT2. Similarly, a chimeric protein replacing GlyT2 N-terminus by the corresponding tail of GlyT1b or deletion of the entire N-terminus domain (Δ201), was able to reach the plasma membrane but showed faster turnover compared to the wild-type. All of these mutant proteins appeared as a mature, glycosylated transporter and a lower protein band corresponding to the non-glycosylated transporter. Interestingly, glycine uptake and PKC-mediated endocytosis and further reduction of transport were not affected by the deletions of 43–157 amino acids. Moreover, the analysis of PKC-dependent post-translational modifications for the mutants demonstrated that GlyT2 transporter ubiquitination was not affected; however, PKC-dependent transporter phosphorylation was completely abolished in the deletions of 157 and 201 amino acids. Altogether, these results suggest that the GlyT2 N-terminus does not directly participate in the modulation of transport properties but it could be relevant for scaffold formation and retention at active zones or communication to an intracellular signaling pathway.

The viperid genus Metlapilcoatlus (previously Atropoides) is represented in Mexico by four species: M. olmec, M. mexicanus, M. occidus, and M. nummifer. To date, no studies on their venoms have been reported. Here, we comparatively characterized the venom from M. nummifer neonates (≤8 months of age), young adults (18 months) and adults (≥24 months). We performed biological and enzymatic activities, as well as electrophoretic and RP-HPLC profiling combined with proteomic assignment of major fractions. Venoms from neonates and adults differed in their electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles, indicating that an ontogenetic compositional shift occurs in this species. Protein family assignments showed that neonates produce a venom rich in Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and Snake Venom Serine Proteases (SVSPs), but lacking Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). In contrast, adults express abundant venom PLA2s, and lower molecular weight proteins, as evidenced by SDS-PAGE. Functionally, neonate venom did not display PLA2 or procoagulant activities, whereas adult venom did. Hemorrhagic activity was present in both neonate and adult venoms, with similar potencies. Finally, it is of considerable concern that the lethal activity of neither neonate nor adult venoms was neutralized by two therapeutic antivenoms produced in Mexico. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP)