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1. Human Fetal Cell Therapy in Huntington's Disease: A Randomized, Multicenter, Phase <scp>II</scp> Trial

Author

Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Schramm, Catherine, Remy, Philippe, Aubin, Ghislaine, Blond, Serge, Bocket, Laurence, Brugières, Pierre, Calvas, Fabienne, Calvier, Elisabeth, Cassim, François, Challine, Dominique, Gagou, Clarisse Scherer, De Langavant, Laurent Cleret, Collier, Francis, Cottencin, Olivier, David, Philippe, Damier, Philippe, Delliaux, Marie, Delmaire, Christine, Delval, Arnaud, Démonet, Jean‐François, Descamps, Philippe, Gaura, Véronique, Gohier, Bénédicte, Goldman, Serge, Haddad, Bassam, Izopet, Jacques, Jeny, Roland, Kerr-Conte, Julie, Krystowiak, Pierre, Lalanne, Christophe, Lavisse, Sonia, Lefaucheur, Jean‐Pascal, Lemoine, Laurie, Levivier, Marc, Lotterie, Jean‐Albert, Lunel‐Fabiani, Françoise, Maison, Patrick, Massager, Nicolas, Massart, Renaud, Menei, Philippe, Montero‐Menei, Claudia, Neveu, Isabelle, Parant, Olivier, Pautot, Vivien, Payoux, Pierre, Péréon, Yann, Rialland, Amandine, Rosser, Anne, Rouard, Hélène HR, Schmitz, David, Simonetta‐Moreau, Marion, Simonin, Clémence, Slama, Hichem, Sol, Jean‐Christophe, Supiot, Frédéric, Tanguy, Jean‐Yves, Tenenbaum, Liliane, Verny, Christophe, Youssov, Katia, Peschanski, Marc, Audureau, Etienne, Palfi, Stéphane, Hantraye, Philippe, Centre de référence maladie de Huntington, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), IMRB - 'NeuroPsychologie Interventionnelle' [Créteil] (U955 Inserm - UPEC), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Faculté de médecine (UPEC Médecine), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), AOM00139 and AOM04021 Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Association Française contre les Myopathies., Collaborators : on behalf the Multicentric Intracerebral Grafting in Huntington's Disease Group : Catherine Schramm, Philippe Remy, Ghislaine Aubin, Serge Blond, Laurence Bocket, Pierre Brugières, Fabienne Calvas, Elisabeth Calvier, François Cassim, Dominique Challine, Clarisse Scherer Gagou, Laurent Cleret de Langavant, Francis Collier, Olivier Cottencin, Philippe David, Philippe Damier, Marie Delliaux, Christine Delmaire, Arnaud Delval, Jean-François Démonet, Philippe Descamps, Véronique Gaura, Bénédicte Gohier, Serge Goldman, Bassam Haddad, Jacques Izopet, Roland Jeny, Julie Kerr-Conte, Pierre Krystowiak, Christophe Lalanne, Sonia Lavisse, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, Laurie Lemoine, Marc Levivier, Jean-Albert Lotterie, Françoise Lunel-Fabiani, Patrick Maison, Nicolas Massager, Renaud Massart, Philippe Menei, Claudia Montero-Menei, Isabelle Neveu, Olivier Parant, Vivien Pautot, Pierre Payoux, Yann Pereon, Amandine Rialland, Anne Rosser, Hélène Rouard, David Schmitz, Marion Simonetta-Moreau, Clémence Simonin, Hichem Slama, Jean-Christophe Sol, Frédéric Supiot, Jean-Yves Tanguy, Liliane Tenenbaum, Christophe Verny, Katia Youssov, Marc Peschanski, Etienne Audureau, Stéphane Palfi, Philippe Hantraye., and Montero-Menei, claudia

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Huntington s disease, MIG-' HD, Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Disease, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Huntington's disease, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Stage (cooking), Adverse effect, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, business.industry, phase 2 trial, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Transplantation, Huntington Disease, 030104 developmental biology, Neurology (clinical), cell therapy, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background\ud Huntington's disease is a rare, severe, inherited neurodegenerative disease in which we assessed the safety and efficacy of grafting human fetal ganglionic eminence intrastriatally.\ud \ud Methods\ud Patients at the early stage of the disease were enrolled in the Multicentric Intracerebral Grafting in Huntington's Disease trial, a delayed‐start phase II randomized study. After a run‐in period of 12 months, patients were randomized at month 12 to either the treatment group (transplanted at month 13–month 14) or the control group and secondarily treated 20 months later (month 33–month 34). The primary outcome was total motor score compared between both groups 20 months postrandomization (month 32). Secondary outcomes included clinical, imaging, and electrophysiological findings and a comparison of pregraft and postgraft total motor score slopes during the entire study period (month 0–month 52) regardless of the time of transplant.\ud \ud Results\ud Of 54 randomized patients, 45 were transplanted; 26 immediately (treatment) and 19 delayed (control). Mean total motor score at month 32 did not differ between groups (treated controls difference in means adjusted for M12: +2.9 [95% confidence interval, −2.8 to 8.6]; P = 0.31). Its rate of decline after transplantation was similar to that before transplantation. A total of 27 severe adverse events were recorded in the randomized patients, 10 of which were related to the transplant procedure. Improvement of procedures during the trial significantly decreased the frequency of surgical events.We found antihuman leucocytes antigen antibodies in 40% of the patients.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud No clinical benefit was found in this trial. This may have been related to graft rejection. Ectopia and high track number negatively influence the graft outcome. Procedural adjustments substantially improved surgical safety. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00190450.) © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Published
2020
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2. Impact of Endothelial 18-kDa Translocator Protein on the Quantification of 18F-DPA-714

Author

Wimberley, Catriona, Lavisse, Sonia, Brulon, Vincent, Peyronneau, Marie-Anne, Leroy, Claire, Bodini, Benedetta, Remy, Philippe, Stankoff, Bruno, Buvat, Irène, and Bottlaender, Michel

Subjects
PET, 18F-DPA-714, TSPO, quantification, neuroinflammation
Abstract

18F-DPA-714 is a second-generation tracer for PET imaging of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of neuroinflammation. Analysis and interpretation of TSPO PET are challenging, especially because of the basal expression of TSPO. The aim of this study was to evaluate a compartmental model that accounts for the effect of endothelial TSPO binding on the quantification of 18F-DPA-714 PET scans from a cohort of healthy subjects. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (9 high-affinity binders and 6 mixed-affinity binders) underwent 18F-DPA-714 PET scans with arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis. The kinetic parameters were quantified using a 2-tissue compartmental model (2TC) as well as a 2TC with an extra, irreversible, compartment for endothelial binding (2TC-1K). These regional parameters and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression specific to endothelial cells were correlated with regional TSPO mRNA expression. Results: The 2TC-1K model was more appropriate than the 2TC for 81% of fits. The total volume of distribution was significantly reduced by 21% ± 12% across all regions with the 2TC-1K, compared with the 2TC. The endothelial binding parameter Kb varied highly across brain regions. Kb strongly and significantly correlated with all 3 probes extracted for TSPO mRNA expression (r = 0.80, r = 0.79, and r = 0.90), but no correlation was seen with the other binding parameters from the 2TC-1K. For the 2TC, there was a lower but significant correlation between the volume of distribution and one of the TSPO mRNA probes (r = 0.65). A strong, significant correlation was seen between mRNA for TSPO and genes specific to endothelial cells. Conclusion: Accounting for endothelial TSPO in the kinetic model improved the fit of PET data. The high correlation between Kb and TSPO mRNA suggests that the 2TC-1K model reveals more biologic information about the regional density of TSPO than the 2TC. The correlation between TSPO and endothelial cell mRNA supports the relationship between the regional variation of Kb and endothelial TSPO. These results can improve the estimation of binding parameter estimates from 18F-DPA-714 PET, especially in diseases that induce vascular change.

Published
2017

3. Optimized Quantification of Translocator Protein Radioligand 18F-DPA-714 Uptake in the Brain of Genotyped Healthy Volunteers

Author

Michel Bottlaender, Daniel García-Lorenzo, Marie-Anne Peyronneau, Benedetta Bodini, Bruno Stankoff, Philippe Remy, Sonia Lavisse, Bertrand Kuhnast, Claire Thiriez, Claude Comtat, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives - UMR 9199 (LMN), Service MIRCEN (MIRCEN), Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Imagerie Moléculaire in Vivo (IMIV - U1023 - ERL9218), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Henri Mondor (CIC Henri Mondor), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Service de neurologie [Mondor], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), ANR-08-MNPS-0016,INFLASEP,Imagerie de l'inflammation intracérébrale dans les formes progressives de sclérose en plaques(2008), ANR-10-IAHU-0006,IHU-A-ICM,Institut de Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris(2010), ANR-11-INBS-0011,NeurATRIS,Infrastructure de Recherche Translationnelle pour les Biothérapies en Neurosciences(2011), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), lavisse, sonia, Maladies Neurologiques et Psychiatriques - Imagerie de l'inflammation intracérébrale dans les formes progressives de sclérose en plaques - - INFLASEP2008 - ANR-08-MNPS-0016 - MNP - VALID, Institut de Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris - - IHU-A-ICM2010 - ANR-10-IAHU-0006 - IAHU - VALID, Infrastructures - Infrastructure de Recherche Translationnelle pour les Biothérapies en Neurosciences - - NeurATRIS2011 - ANR-11-INBS-0011 - INBS - VALID, and Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB)

Subjects
Volume of distribution, education.field_of_study, biology, Chemistry, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Coefficient of variation, Population, Neurodegeneration, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, genotyped human, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, quantification, DPA-714, PET, In vivo, Radioligand, Translocator protein, biology.protein, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, $^{18}$F-DPA-714, education, TSPO
Abstract

International audience; Translocator protein (TSPO) is expressed at a low level in healthy brain and is upregulated during inflammatory processes that may occur in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, TSPO may be a suitable in vivo indicator of neurodegeneration. Here, we quantified the $^{18}$F-DPA-714 radioligand in healthy TSPO-genotyped volunteers and developed a method to eliminate the need for invasive arterial blood sampling. Methods: Ten controls (7 high-affinity binders [HABs] and 3 mixed-affinity binders [MABs]) underwent $^{18}$F-DPA-714 PET with arterial and venous sampling. $^{18}$F-DPA-714 binding was quantified with a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function, using the 1-and 2-tissue-compartment models (TCMs) as well as the Logan analysis to estimate total volume distribution (V$_T$) in the regions of interest. Alternative quantification methods were tested, including tissue-to-plasma ratio or population-based input function approaches normalized by late time points of arterial or venous samples. Results: The distribution pattern of $^{18}$F-DPA-714 was consistent with the known distribution of TSPO in humans, with the thalamus displaying the highest binding and the cerebellum the lowest. The 2-TCM best described the regional kinetics of 18 F-DPA-714 in the brain, with good identifiability (percentage coefficient of variation , 5%). For each region of interest, V$_T$ was 47.6% ± 6.3% higher in HABs than in MABs, and estimates from the 2-TCM and the Logan analyses were highly correlated. Equilibrium was reached at 60 min after injection. V$_T$ calculated with alternative methods using arterial samples was strongly and significantly correlated with that calculated by the 2-TCM. Replacement of arterial with venous sampling in these methods led to a significant but lower correlation. Conclusion: Gen-otyping of subjects is a prerequisite for a reliable quantification of $^{18}$F-DPA-714 PET images. The 2-TCM and the Logan analyses are accurate methods to estimate $^{18}$F-DPA-714 V T in the human brain of both HAB and MAB individuals. Population-based input function and tissue-to-plasma ratio with a single arterial sample are promising alternatives to classic arterial plasma input function. Substitution with venous samples is promising but still requires methodologic improvements.

Published
2015
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4. Reactive Astrocytes Overexpress TSPO and Are Detected by TSPO Positron Emission Tomography Imaging

Author

Frédéric Dollé, Martine Guillermier, Nadja Van Camp, Carole Escartin, Gilles Bonvento, Sonia Lavisse, Thierry Delzescaux, Lucile Ben Haim, Marion Delahaye, Fanny Petit, Philippe Hantraye, Anne-Sophie Hérard, Philippe Remy, Vincent Lebon, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives - UMR 9199 (LMN), Service MIRCEN (MIRCEN), Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de neurologie [Mondor], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Imagerie Moléculaire in Vivo (IMIV - U1023 - ERL9218), Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), lavisse, sonia, Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB)

Subjects
Male, Pathology, Indoles, Ciliary neurotrophic factor, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Radioligand Assay, 0302 clinical medicine, Acetamides, Receptor, 0303 health sciences, CD11b Antigen, biology, Microglia, General Neuroscience, Microfilament Proteins, Neurodegeneration, Articles, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Protein Binding, Astrocyte, medicine.medical_specialty, Genetic Vectors, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigens, CD, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, In vivo, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, medicine, Translocator protein, Animals, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, RNA, Messenger, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neuroinflammation, 030304 developmental biology, Analysis of Variance, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Receptors, GABA-A, medicine.disease, Corpus Striatum, Rats, Astrocytes, Positron-Emission Tomography, biology.protein, Radiopharmaceuticals, Carrier Proteins, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Astrocytes and microglia become reactive under most brain pathological conditions, making this neuroinflammation process a surrogate marker of neuronal dysfunction. Neuroinflammation is associated with increased levels of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) and binding sites for TSPO ligands. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of TSPO is thus commonly used to monitor neuroinflammation in preclinical and clinical studies. It is widely considered that TSPO PET signal reveals reactive microglia, although a few studies suggested a potential contribution of reactive astrocytes. Because astrocytes and microglia play very different roles, it is crucial to determine whether reactive astrocytes can also overexpress TSPO and yield to a detectable TSPO PET signalin vivo. We used a model of selective astrocyte activation through lentiviral gene transfer of the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) into the rat striatum, in the absence of neurodegeneration. CNTF induced an extensive activation of astrocytes, which overexpressed GFAP and become hypertrophic, whereas microglia displayed minimal increase in reactive markers. Two TSPO radioligands, [18F]DPA-714 [N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide] and [11C]SSR180575 (7-chloro-N,N-dimethyl-5-[11C]methyl-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole-1-acetamide), showed a significant binding in the lenti-CNTF-injected striatum that was saturated and displaced by PK11195 [N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-isoquinoline-3-carboxamide]. The volume of radioligand binding matched the GFAP immunopositive volume. TSPO mRNA levels were significantly increased, and TSPO protein was overexpressed by CNTF-activated astrocytes. We show that reactive astrocytes overexpress TSPO, yielding to a significant and selective binding of TSPO radioligands. Therefore, caution must be used when interpreting TSPO PET imaging in animals or patients because reactive astrocytes can contribute to the signal in addition to reactive microglia.

Published
2012
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