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The perceptibility of a prehistoric monument (the property of being perceptible from its surrounding landscape) can be quite difficult to analyse by means of traditional static models. Such difficulty lies in the fact that perceptibility depends upon many other factors beyond simple topographical position, such as size, colour, contrast with the surroundings or even the specific circumstances of the audience, many such circumstances being of an immaterial nature. In this paper, we explore the potential use of Agent-Based Modelling for the analysis of archaeological perceptibility, La perceptibilidad de un monumento prehistórico (la propiedad que este tiene de ser divisado desde el paisaje circundante) puede resultar bastante difícil de analizar a partir de modelos estáticos tradicionales. Tal dificultad reside en el hecho de que la perceptibilidad depende de muchos otros factores además de la posición topográfica, como el tamaño, color, contraste con el entorno o incluso las circunstancias específicas de la audiencia, muchas de ellas de naturaleza inmaterial. En este trabajo, exploraremos el potencial uso del Modelado Basado en Agentes para el análisis de la perceptibilidad arqueológica., Programa Emergia (Junta de Andalucía, Spain) (EMERGIA20_00349)

El NO de Las Merindades, Burgos, era un área con poca presencia de Arte Rupestre Postpaleolítico, a diferencia de otras zonas de la parte meridional de la Cordillera Cantábrica, como la vecina comarca de Campoo-Los Valles, Cantabria, y del Complejo Kárstico de Ojo Guareña, en Merindad de Sotoscueva, Burgos, pese a compartir unas características geográficas similares. Así, el principal objetivo de nuestra investigación ha estado encaminado a resolver dicha carencia. Para ello, se ha empleado como método una prospección intensiva, centrada en una serie de áreas definidas a partir de un modelo predictivo de potencialidad arqueológica, creado mediante la aplicación de Sistemas de Información Geográfica ?SIG?. Como resultado de ello, se documentaron 14 nuevas estaciones de arte rupestre al aire libre, atribuibles al periodo de la Prehistoria Reciente, las cuales vendrían a sumarse a las 5 estaciones de esta cronología ya conocidas en el sector estudiado. Esto convierte al Alto Ebro en una de las regiones con una mayor concentración de arte postpaleolítico de la Península Ibérica. The NW of Las Merindades, Burgos, was an area with little presence of post-palaeolithic rock art, unlike other areas in the southern part of the Cordillera Cantábrica, such as the neighbouring region of Campoo-Los Valles, Cantabria, and the Karst Complex of Ojo Guareña, in Merindad de Sotoscueva, Burgos, despite sharing similar geographical characteristics with both places. Thus, the main objective of our research was aimed at solving this lack. For this, an intensive survey was used as a method, focused on a series of areas defined from a predictive model of archaeological potentiality, created through the application of Geographic Information Systems ?GIS?. As a result, 14 new open-air rock art stations were documented, attributable to the recent prehistoric period, which would be added to the 5 stations of this chronology already known in the studied sector. This makes the Alto Ebro one of the regions with the highest concentration of post-Palaeolithic art in the Iberian Peninsula

El presente texto sintetiza las novedosas metodologías de registro, así como el modo de elaboración de materiales de divulgación, puestos en marcha en el proyecto de la Cobertoria, orientado al estudio de los paisajes megalíticos del área centro-occidental asturiana. Las dos líneas de trabajo preferentes son, en la actualidad, la excavación de sitios de especial interés, como el dolmen de la Cobertoria, y la actualización del catálogo de túmulos prehistóricos de todo el concejo de Salas. Durante la primera, se reunió un registro tridimensional a través de técnicas fotogramétricas y se realizaron dos vuelos de dron sobre la estructura megalítica, en 2016 y 2019, que permitieron el montaje de varios modelos 3D que ya están disponibles en web. Además, dos aproximaciones y dos visitas (ambas virtuales) a las necrópolis de San Juan y Penausén completan el lote de materiales empleados para el análisis del paisaje arqueológico, sirviendo también de itinerarios virtuales por estos lugares., Nuestro primer agradecimiento va dirigido a la Fundación Valdés-Salas y la Fundación Banco Sabadell, junto con el Ayuntamiento de Salas, pues sin el apoyo y colaboración de estas instituciones el proyecto no hubiera sido posible. También la gratitud hacia todos los colaboradores que a lo largo de distintos años participaron con especial interés y dedicación en el proyecto de la Cobertoria.

Many institutions and reasearchers have supported our research and/or contributed with their samples, among them: Museo Arqueológico Regional de Madrid, Museo de Guadalajara, Museo de Albacete, Raquel Aliaga, Rodrigo de Balbín, Enrique Baquedano, Jess Beck, Primitiva Bueno, Susana Consuegra, Miguel Contreras, Rafael Garrido, Raúl Flores, Mauro Hernández and Rubi Sanz. This material is based upon work supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain, under Grant No. PGC2018-095506-B-I00. The reviewers positive and careful comments have substantially improved and clarified the manuscript., All data used is attached and available on line at www.idearq.org, We examine the quantity, contextual quality and spatial distribution of the data gathered in the strontium isotope archaeological database for the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, an open source available as part of IDEArq (www.idearq.org), the spatial data infrastructure hosted at the Instituto de Historia (CSIC). It has to date 1635 87Sr/86Sr values from human and animal samples, and environmental proxies recovered during archaeological research. The data has allowed us to produce the first regional and peninsular strontium isoscapes for Iberia. We discuss the benefits and limitations of approaching mobility in Iberia through 87Sr/86Sr isotope analysis and suggest directions for future collaborative research., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain, under Grant No. PGC2018-095506-B-I00

The results of this study allow for a review of the iconography in Pala de Cabras rock-shelter (Ourense). This site, with 15 art panels, is one of the most complex sites with Iberian Schematic Art in the Northwestern part of Iberia.Within this ensemble, three representations of the so-called eyed-idols, soliform, ramiform and zig-zag stand out. The identification of new figures implied the revision of the chronological frame of this rock art site and, therefore, implies a new analisys on its cultural context into the Iberian rock art regions. The presence of this rock-shelter in the eastern Galician mountain range is helping to define the encounter zone of two different rock art traditions: the Schematic art and the Atlantic art. Los resultados del presente estudio han permitido redefinir la iconografía del abrigo de Pala de Cabras (Ourense). Este yacimiento, con 15 paneles, constituye uno de los conjuntos con Arte Esquemático más complejos del noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Entre las figuras pintadas destacan 3 representaciones de las llamadas figuras oculadas, soliformes, ramiformes y zig-zag. La identificación de nuevas figuras obliga a una revisión del marco cronológico del yacimiento y, por lo tanto, a un nuevo análisis de su contexto cultural dentro de las regiones rupestres de la Península Ibérica. La presencia de este abrigo en las sierras orientales gallegas, está ayudando a definir la zona de encuentro entre dos tradiciones rupestres: la Esquemática y la Atlántica.

The Coval Simó shelter provides some of the oldest evidence for settlement on the island of Mallorca and the Balearic archipelago. It also has the peculiarity of being a habitat in a mountain area, so that the human groups that settled there had to adapt their agricultural and farming sys­tem to this environment. The plant remains (wood charcoal and seeds) recovered in the occupation levels allow us to address these issues, since they are the result of the different activities developed in this cavity: fuel for domestic activities, food for livestock, etc. The results of this study show that between the III and II millennium cal BC, an agricultural system based on livestock and cereal farming was implement­ed, which exploited local forest formations to obtain resources, among them, firewood. The plants that were exploit­ed show the existence of juniper forests, with the presence of maples and legumes, among other shrubs and bushes. El Coval Simó constituye una de las evidencias más antiguas de poblamiento en la isla de Mallorca y en el ar­chipiélago balear. Tiene, además, la particularidad de ser un hábitat en zona de montaña, de modo que los grupos huma­nos que se asentaron allí debieron de adaptar su sistema agropecuario y de explotación del entorno a este medio. Los restos vegetales (carbones y semillas) recuperados en los niveles de ocupación del yacimiento permiten aproximarse a estas cuestiones, ya que son resultado de las distintas ac­tividades desarrolladas en esta cavidad: combustible para las actividades domésticas, alimento para el ganado, etc. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que entre el III y II milenio cal BC se implantó un sistema agropecuario basado en la ganadería y en el cultivo de cereales, que realizaba una explotación de las formaciones forestales locales para la ob­tención de recursos, entre ellos, el combustible leñoso. Las formaciones vegetales explotadas remiten a la existencia de bosques de enebros o sabinas, con presencia de arces y ma­torrales de leguminosas, entre otros arbustos y matas.

The Coval Simó shelter provides some of the oldest evidence for settlement on the island of Mallorca and the Balearic archipelago. It also has the peculiarity of being a habitat in a mountain area, so that the human groups that settled there had to adapt their agricultural and farming sys­tem to this environment. The plant remains (wood charcoal and seeds) recovered in the occupation levels allow us to address these issues, since they are the result of the different activities developed in this cavity: fuel for domestic activities, food for livestock, etc. The results of this study show that between the III and II millennium cal BC, an agricultural system based on livestock and cereal farming was implement­ed, which exploited local forest formations to obtain resources, among them, firewood. The plants that were exploit­ed show the existence of juniper forests, with the presence of maples and legumes, among other shrubs and bushes., El Coval Simó constituye una de las evidencias más antiguas de poblamiento en la isla de Mallorca y en el ar­chipiélago balear. Tiene, además, la particularidad de ser un hábitat en zona de montaña, de modo que los grupos huma­nos que se asentaron allí debieron de adaptar su sistema agropecuario y de explotación del entorno a este medio. Los restos vegetales (carbones y semillas) recuperados en los niveles de ocupación del yacimiento permiten aproximarse a estas cuestiones, ya que son resultado de las distintas ac­tividades desarrolladas en esta cavidad: combustible para las actividades domésticas, alimento para el ganado, etc. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que entre el III y II milenio cal BC se implantó un sistema agropecuario basado en la ganadería y en el cultivo de cereales, que realizaba una explotación de las formaciones forestales locales para la ob­tención de recursos, entre ellos, el combustible leñoso. Las formaciones vegetales explotadas remiten a la existencia de bosques de enebros o sabinas, con presencia de arces y ma­torrales de leguminosas, entre otros arbustos y matas.

Gorgociles del Escabezado II es un pequeño enclave cerrado por un gran muro perimetral de tendencia circular-ovalada, habitado durante un breve periodo de tiempo una vez iniciado el II milenio BC. Su estudio permite profundizar en su desarrollo arquitectónico y formas constructivas, realizadas con mampostería y amasado de barro, así como en la organización social y características del poblamiento del altiplano murciano en la Edad del Bronce. Su singular planta combina muros de tendencia recta y curva, situándonos entre rasgos arquitectónicos característicos del Calcolítico y de la Edad del Bronce. Se han podido reconocer distintas estructuras para el equipamiento interno de las estancias, incluyendo un posible troje, con una completa documentación de su materialidad en relación con sus espacios. Ello supone una aportación fundamental al conocimiento de las comunidades humanas que habitaron dicho territorio, así como a la investigación de los grupos arqueológicos del sudeste de la península ibérica en estas cronologías. Gorgociles del Escabezado II is a small enclave closed by a perimeter wall of circular-oval form, inhabited during a short period in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Research on this settlement allows to deepen the knowledge on its architectural development and building forms, of masonry as well as cob, but also on the social organization and the characteristics of the settlements in the Murcia Altiplano during the Bronze Age. Its singular layout combines curved and rectilinear walls, architectural features characteristic of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age respectively. Different structures have been recorded for its internal equipment, including a possible granary, along with the complete documentation of its materiality in relation to its spaces. Its study contributes to the knowledge on the human communities that inhabited this area, as well as on the archaeological groups of the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in these chronologies. Este artículo ha sido desarrollado dentro del proyecto de investigación de I+D+i PID2020-115956GB-I00 “Origen y conformación del Bronce Valenciano”, concedido por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España. María Pastor Quiles es investigadora Juan de la Cierva-formación (FJC2019-039469-I) financiada por el mismo ministerio.

International audience; En nous basant sur le cas de Philippi-Dikili Tash, un important site du Néolithique et de l'âge du Bronze situé au nord de la Grèce, nous nous intéressons ici aux défis que représente la présentation des vestiges préhistoriques à un public plus large, nourri d'images et de discours faisant référence à un passé ancien plus monumental et glorieux. Nous proposons de nous concentrer sur : le caractère « international » des réalisations des populations préhistoriques ; le lien avec l'environnement et les ressources naturelles dont certaines sont actuellement menacées ou perdues ; le caractère a-temporel de certaines des solutions adoptées par les peuples préhistoriques et leur utilité en tant que sources d'inspiration pour les agriculteurs, les constructeurs ou les artistes modernes.

Este capítulo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 3.0, Contrary to copper ore resources, tin is scarce in southeastern Iberia. However, tin is essential to produce the copper/tin alloy called tin bronze. The fi rst use of this alloy in the so-called El Argar Culture is detected in its later phases (from 1900–1800 calBC), although it never constituted the predominant alloy. The absence of metallurgical debris related to bronze smelting limits our understanding on how the alloy was obtained and if cassiterite was co-smelted with copper ores in the Argaric territory or whether metallic tin bronzes were imported to El Argar from regions further away. Tin, as an external resource, would have been exchanged or traded, but there is also the possibility that fi nished bronze objects were imported as well. Some differential pattern in the presence/absence of arsenic in the composition of metal objects could refl ect a double strategy, suggesting that local production of tin bronzes usually contains some arsenic, but tin bronzes without any arsenic could have come from other Iberian regions, or at least that different copper ores for the production of arsenical copper and tin bronze were used. This hypothesis is tested using the available lead isotopes analyses., This paper has been produced within the R&D Project ‘Metal y Ámbar: Modelos de Circulación de Materias Primas en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Península Ibérica’ (HAR2017–82685–R) funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the R&D Project ‘Metal y Ámbar II: Circulacion de bronce y ámbar en el Sureste peninsular durante la Edad del Bronce’ (PID2019– 108289GB-I00) funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.

Traballo Fin de Grao en Historia. Curso 2021-2022 Preténdese facer unha revisión dos asentamentos ao aire libre da prehistoria galega partindo do estudo sistemático de dous xacementos, analizados e comparados: O Xacemento de Caldagra/ Os Castros (Vilalba) e a zona arqueolóxica de Penas do Caldeiro (Adai, Lugo). O primeiro foi obxecto dunha escavación en área de urxencia pola construcción da autovía A-8, desvelando un poboado conformado por estruturas en negativo e delimitado por fosos, destacando tamén as fosas. O segundo, coñecido especialmente por una singular cabana prehistórica tipo longhouse esculpida na rocha, Pena Fita, tamén é relevante pola concentración de estruturas prehistóricas e grabados rupestres no seu entorno. Partindo do estudo detallado destes dous xacementos e da súa contextualización rexional, realizaremos unha caracterización mellor definida de este tipo de xacementos en relación coas súas estruturas domésticas e coa articulación complexa multifuncional do espazo, especialmente na fase final da prehistoria recente. Ambos xacementos son similares na presencia neles de longhouses, nunha recoñecible función funeraria e na súa resignificación co paso do tempo, pero o seu estudo comparativo permite abordar e completar de xeito amplo unha fase da prehistoria galega pouco coñecida ata o momento. Se pretende hacer una revisión de los asentamientos al aire libre de la prehistoria gallega partiendo del estudio sistemático de dos yacimientos, analizados y comparados: El Yacimiento de Caldagra/ Os Castros (Vilalba) y la zona arqueológica de Penas do Caldeiro (Adai, Lugo). El primero fue objeto de una excavación en área de urgencia por la construcción de la autovía A-8, desvelando un poblado prehistórico conformado por estructuras en negativo y delimitado por fosos, destacando también las fosas. El segundo, conocido especialmente por una singular cabaña prehistórica tipo longhouse esculpida en roca, Pena Fita, también es relevante por la concentración de estructuras prehistóricas y grabados rupestres en su entorno. Partiendo del estudio detallado de estos dos yacimientos y su contextualización regional, realizaremos una caracterización mejor definida de este tipo de yacimientos en relación con sus estructuras domésticas y con la articulación compleja multifuncional del espacio, especialmente en la fase final de la prehistoria reciente. Ambos yacimientos son similares en la presencia en ellos de longhouses, en una reconocible función funeraria y en su resignificación con el paso del tiempo, pero su estudio comparativo permite abordar y completar de forma amplia una fase de la prehistoria gallega poco conocida hasta el momento. Galician open air prehistoric settlements are intended to be reviewed from a systematic study of two sites, which are analyzed and compared: The Yacimiento de Caldagra/ Os Castros (Vilalba) and the archaeological area of Penas do Caldeiro (Adai, Lugo). The first one was the object of an in area emergency excavation because of the construction of the A-8 motorway, relevaling a prehistoric settlement conformed by in negative structures and delimited by ditches, being pits also important. The second one, which is renowned because of a singular longhouse type prehistoric hut sculptured in the rock, Pena Fita, is also relevant because of the concentration of prehistoric structures and petroglyphs in the place. Starting from a detailed study of these two sites and their regional contextualization, a better defined charactization of this kind of archaeological sites will be made from their domestic structures and the mutifunctional complex articulation of espace, particularlly in the final moments of late prehistory. Both sites are similar in the presence of longhouses, the funerary function and in the resignification of the space throughout time. However, their comparative study allows us to comprehensively address and complete a galician prehistoric fase which is little known at the moment.

Los equipos de molienda rupestres (EMR) son un tipo de artefactos que en ocasiones ha sido identificado como un motivo más dentro del Arte Rupestre Atlántico (ARA), que apenas ha recibido atención en la investigación. A diferencia de los molinos de vaivén tradicionales éstos tienen la particularidad de estar realizados sobre superficies rocosas, lo que les confiere un carácter eminentemente fijo, compartiendo - en ocasiones - soporte con arte rupestre. Los datos actuales disponibles definen un ámbito de distribución geográfica muy específica y localizada en el entorno sur de las Rías Baixas gallegas. El objetivo de este este trabajo es hacer una síntesis actualizada del conocimiento y una primera sistematización de estos artefactos, así como una búsqueda de paralelos arqueológicos y/o etnográficos. Los datos publicados en la actualidad indican la escasez de artefactos de molienda y/o triturado de materiales sobre soportes rocosos fijos en el continente europeo, probablemente por falta de investigación. Ahora bien, existen diversos paralelos en otras regiones del globo, que evidencian la complejidad funcional y cultural de este tipo de elementos. Rock milling equipment (EMR) is an artifact that has sometimes been identified as a motif of Atlantic Rock Art (ARA), but has received few attentions by researchers. Unlike traditional mills, these have the particularity of being made on outcropping surfaces, which gives them an eminently fixed feature, and share – sometimes - support with rock art. The current available data define a specific and localised geographical range in the south of the Galician Rías Baixas. This work is aimed at performing an updated synthesis of knowledge and a first systematization of these artifacts, as well as a find for archaeological and/or ethnographic parallels. Currently published data displays a shortage of milling and/or grinding artifacts on fixed rock supports on the European continent, probably due to low research intensity. However, there are several parallels in other regions of the globe, which highlight the functional and cultural complexity of these artefacts. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. HAR2012-34029 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2018/063

Gorgociles del Escabezado II is a small enclave closed by a perimeter wall of circular-oval form, inhabited during a short period in the beginning of the 2ndmillennium BC. Research on this settlement allows to deepen the knowledge on its architectural development and building forms, of masonry as well as cob, but also on the social organization and the characteristics of the settlements in the Murcia Altiplano during the Bronze Age. Its singular layout combines curved and rectilinear walls, architectural features characteristic of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age respectively. Different structures have been recorded for its internal equipment, including a possible granary, along with the complete documentation of its materiality in relation to its spaces. Its study contributes to the knowledge on the human communities that inhabited this area, as well as on the archaeological groups of the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in these chronologies. Gorgociles del Escabezado II es un pequeño enclave cerrado por un gran muro perimetral de tendencia circular-ovalada, habitado durante un breve periodo de tiempo una vez iniciado el II milenio BC. Su estudio permite profundizar en su desarrollo arquitectónico y formas constructivas, realizadas con mampostería y amasado de barro, así como en la organización social y características del poblamiento del altiplano murciano en la Edad del Bronce. Su singular planta combina muros de tendencia recta y curva, situándonos entre rasgos arquitectónicos característicos del Calcolítico y de la Edad del Bronce. Se han podido reconocer distintas estructuras para el equipamiento interno de las estancias, incluyendo un posible troje, con una completa documentación de su materialidad en relación con sus espacios. Ello supone una aportación fundamental al conocimiento de las comunidades humanas que habitaron dicho territorio, así como a la investigación de los grupos arqueológicos del sudeste de la península ibérica en estas cronologías.

Despite all research potentials for island archaeology, northern Dalmatian islands have not yet been a subject of systematic approach. Among them is the island of Ist, a small inhabited Adriatic island located in the NW part of Zadar archipelago. Island has been a case study of student research project „Archaeological Landscape of the Island of Ist – Archaeo.IST“ launced in 2020 with the main aim of collecting qualitative and quantitative data for understanding how insularity affected human interactions and material practices in the island landscape. Field survey revealed the predominant number of late prehistoric sites - hillforts and burial mounds. Test trenching on all three fortified sites yielded strong evidence of Bronze Age occupation. Intensive landscape activities characterized by the emergence of hillfort constructions as well as burial mounds dispersed in a significant number across the island, could be linked to the first permanent colonization of the island which brought new spatial patterns and social practices. The possible reasons and factors involved in the idea of settling a small island with limited resources are being discussed as well as the question of what was the scale of island isolation in comparison to the integration in the broader regional network of maritime interactions with surrounding islands and short-distanced mainland. Still ongoing project has, so far, provided important implications for understanding Adriatic insular communities of the Bronze Age.

Producción Científica, The relationship between infant and child feeding practices and early mortality is difficult to address in past societies. Here, stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope measurements of bulk bone and sequential dentine samples of deciduous second and/or permanent first molars of four younger children, one older child, one late adolescent, and two young adults (n = 8) from Moro de Alins cave, north-eastern Iberia, are used to explore the potential impact of early-life nutrition on mortality in the Bronze Age. Isotope results are compatible with generally short exclusive breastfeeding and standard weaning periods compared to other pre-modern populations. However, there are differences in exclusive breastfeeding mean δ13C values and in Δ13C trophic shifts between exclusive breastfeeding and immediate post-weaning isotope values for those individuals who survived into adolescence and adulthood and those who did not. While the former seem to be consistent with trophic distances published for modern mother–infant pairs, the latter are above most of them. This may suggest that individuals who consumed similar foods to their mothers or suffered from less physiological stress during or after weaning had greater chances of survival during early childhood and beyond. Post-weaning seems to have been a particularly stressful period of life, where a number of instances of patterns of opposing isotopic covariance compatible with catabolic changes, often preceding death among non-survivors, are detected. This outcome shows the key role of nutritional and/or physiological status in early-life morbidity and mortality among partially and especially fully weaned children from pre-antibiotic, pre-vaccination, and poor sanitation contexts and proposes that adult survival is rooted in early life experiences, in keeping with the developmental origins of health and disease., This work was supported and funded by the British Academy under the Newton International Fellowship NF170854, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 790491, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under the project (HAR2015-65620-P), Publicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCLE

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio preliminar a las características especiales de la necrópolis megalítica de Las Peñas de los Gitanos (Montefrío, Granada). A pesar de que el interior de cada tumba (cámara y corredor) está construido con grandes losas y toda la estructura se coloca debajo de un montículo, estas sepulturas son diferentes porque pueden considerarse semihipogéicas. En este sentido, la cámara generalmente se incluye en un amplio espacio excavado y el corredor llega a la superficie desde esta área inferior con un fuerte gradiente. También se puede apreciar que no se busca la visibilidad hacia y desde las tumbas. Por este motivo se hace necesaria una discusión sobre las verdaderas funciones de las tumbas y de su monumentalidad en la que concluimos que las tumbas no están ubicadas para reforzar el control territorial, incluso si están ubicadas en áreas de explotación económica. El uso principal del ritual funerario se puede relacionar con la prevención de los riesgos que las diferencias visibles de riqueza y de movilización de recursos en los funerales podrían tener en una sociedad que está cambiando rápidamente. Por este motivo, se enfatizan el secreto y el enmascaramiento mediante el ritual funerario., A preliminary approach to Las Peñas de los Gitanos (Montefrío, Granada) megalithic necropolis special features is searched by this paper. In spite of every inner tomb part (chamber and corridor) is built using large stones and all the structure is placed under a low mound, these graves are different because they can be considered semi-hypogea. In this sense chamber is usually included in a wide dug space and corridor reaches the surface from this bottom area with a strong gradient. We can also see that visibility, to and from tombs, is never looked for. A discussion about graves true functions and monumentality has become necessary. We conclude that tombs are not located in order to territorial control, even if they are placed on exploitation areas. Funerary ritual main use can be related to avoid the risks that visible wealth differences and resources mobilization in funerals could have in a society which is fastly changing. In this way, secret and masking are emphasized by funerary ritual., Este trabajo se ha completado en el marco del Proyecto “Arqueobiología del Neolítico del Sur de la Península Ibérica – NeArqBioSI (A-HUM- 460-UGR18)” financiado por la Junta de Andalucía en el marco operativo FEDER. Convocatoria 2018.

In this study, total mercury (THg) was analyzed in archaeological human bone from 23 sites dating to between the Middle Neolithic and the Antiquity. A total of 370 individuals from individual or collective burials was sampled, mostly using cortical bone from the humerus. These individuals were recovered from over 50 different funerary structures ranging from tholoi, pits, caves, and hypogea. Although cinnabar (HgS) is a likely cause of mercury poisoning and toxicity for people exposed to this mineral from mining or use as a paint or pigment, not all sites investigated here had cinnabar associated with the burials or other excavated areas. We found unusual levels of THg in many of the sampled individuals that we assume were caused by exposure to cinnabar in life, and not by diagenetic processes or other exposures to mercury such as through diet, which would only cause negligible accumulation of THg in bone. Our data, based on the largest sampling ever undertaken on contamination of human bone through archaeological evidence, provide a baseline for additional research on cinnabar and its use in Prehistory. Moderate to high levels of THg in human bone are mainly associated with societies dating from the second half of the 4th to late 3rd millennia B.C. (Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic) in southern Iberia. By the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, the use of cinnabar decreased significantly and became minimal or absent. The use and abuse of cinnabar appears to have been pervasive throughout the above-mentioned period and particularly between c. 2900-2300 B.C. This occurred in connection with the high symbolic and probably sacred value of the substance, which was sought after, traded, and extensively used in a variety of rituals and social practices. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Main type of settlements in the prehistory of the Adriatic are hillforts and as such have been a focus of most prehistoric settlement research. Given their nature and their visible position in the landscape, they remain an emblem of prehistory. This is also evident in Northern Dalmatia, a predominantly karst relief. Several examples of different sites have been documented through various archaeological methods, such as analysis of areal and satellite imagery and field survey. These sites are not positioned on hills and other strategic positions. Hence such sites remained unmentioned throughout earlier archaeological research. Furthermore, they have never been the focus of local population as can be seen in their lack of toponyms inspired by archaeological remains. Here we will show different examples of said sites recorded in the aforementioned area from the period of late prehistory. They are characterized by position on flat ground or on gentle hill slopes and they are lacking defensive elements such as ramparts. They also do not have rich cultural layers, even though there are surface finds. What can these examples show? Land use in later prehistory is not limited to hillforts and other strategic positions but is much wider in character.

Fluorite ornaments have been recorded in different sites of Europe since Upper Paleolithic. Due to its visual appearance and physical properties, some translucent or transparent mineralogies like fluorite were searched for or casually acquired by late prehistory’s human communities. After intensive research on archaeological contexts from the Iberian Peninsula with personal ornaments from 4th to 2nd millennia BCE, we have recently identified and characterized for the first time an important number of fluorite ornaments, confronting a previous background where little attention was paid. Our work has been carried out in different archaeological collections and museums from the whole Iberian Peninsula by non-destructive techniques (Raman spectroscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), that revealed the nature of fluorite ornaments and points to its consideration as scarce and highly symbolic items during late prehistory. A total of 36 fluorite beads from 23 sites are here recorded and studied, many of them unpublished or wrong catalogued as other mineralogies. These adornments could have important roles in trade and use among the communities of Iberia from the 4th millennium BCE onwards, because of their scarcity and its recurrent association with important funerary complex and exotic materials. Fluorite ornaments could have been significant and special symbols in the development of new and exclusive raw materials in the context of increasing social complexity and inequality.

Fluorite ornaments have been recorded in different sites of Europe since Upper Paleolithic. Due to its visual appearance and physical properties, some translucent or transparent mineralogies like fluorite were searched for or casually acquired by late prehistory’s human communities. After intensive research on archaeological contexts from the Iberian Peninsula with personal ornaments from 4th to 2nd millennia BCE, we have recently identified and characterized for the first time an important number of fluorite ornaments, confronting a previous background where little attention was paid. Our work has been carried out in different archaeological collections and museums from the whole Iberian Peninsula by non-destructive techniques (Raman spectroscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), that revealed the nature of fluorite ornaments and points to its consideration as scarce and highly symbolic items during late prehistory. A total of 36 fluorite beads from 23 sites are here recorded and studied, many of them inedits or wrong catalogued as other mineralogies. These adornments could have important roles in trade and use among the communities of Iberia from the 4th millennium BCE onwards, because of their scarcity and its recurrent association with important funerary complex and exotic materials. Fluorite ornaments could have been significant and special symbols in the development of new and exclusive raw materials in the context of increasing social complexity and inequality. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

El jaciment de La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) s’emmarca en l’Edat del Bronze Argàrica. Habitat entre 2200 i 1600 cal ANE, fou un dels centres més importants d’aquella societat, arribant a assolir l’estatus d’urbà. Ocupava unes 4,5 hectàrees d’un turó escarpat i ben protegit per barrancs i una potent fortificació. En el seu interior s’han documentat restes arquitectòniques de diversa entitat durant tres fases d’ocupació. En el subsol de l’assentament s’han identificat nombroses tombes en urna, cista, fosa i, esporàdicament, covetes artificials (“covachas”), la majoria individuals. El registre funerari de La Bastida el conformen 236 tombes, excavades entre 1869 i 2013. La col·lecció antropològica analitzada en aquesta tesi doctoral correspon a 153 esquelets, en la seva major part procedents de les excavacions a càrrec del grup d’investigació Arqueocologia Social Mediterrània (ASOME-UAB). Això la converteix en una de les col·leccions osteològiques més amplies de la arqueologia argàrica. La recerca s’ha fonamentat en les dades obtingudes durant les excavacions (tractament i disposició dels cadàvers) i, de manera especial, en el registre informatiu que ha proporcionat l’anàlisi antropològic de les restes esquelètiques. Tot això ha permès identificar diferencies diacròniques en les pràctiques funeràries, així com aproximar-nos al perfil demogràfic i les condicions de vida de la població que va rebre sepultura en La Bastida. L’anàlisi antropològic ha considerat aspectes relatius a la conservació i representació esquelètica, abans d’emprendre la reconstrucció del perfil biològic i els indicadors d’activitat (processos degeneratius en les articulacions, marcadors musculoesquelètics i altres patologies). La recerca també ha generat aportacions metodològiques rellevants, entre les que destaca les fórmules discriminants que permetran determinar el sexe amb major fiabilitat altres col·leccions argàriques. La conjunció de diverses línies d’anàlisi ha proporcionat una imatge inèdita de les condicions de vida de la comunitat argàrica de La Bastida. El yacimiento de La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) se enmarca en la Edad del Bronce Argárica. Habitado entre 2200 y 1600 cal ANE, fue uno de los centros más importantes de aquella sociedad, llegando a alcanzar un estatus urbano. Ocupó 4,5 hectáreas de extensión en un cerro muy bien protegido gracias a su topografía escarpada y a una potente fortificación. En su interior se han documentado restos arquitectónicos de diversa entidad a lo largo de tres fases de ocupación. En el subsuelo del asentamiento se han hallado numerosas tumbas en urna, cista, fosa y, esporádicamente, covacha, la mayoría individuales. El registro funerario de La Bastida consta de 236 tumbas, excavadas entre 1869 y 2013. La colección antropológica analizada en esta tesis doctoral corresponde a 153 esqueletos, en su mayor parte procedentes de las excavaciones a cargo del grupo de investigación Arqueoecología Social Mediterránea (ASOME-UAB). Ello la convierte en una de las colecciones osteológicas más amplias de la arqueología argárica. La investigación se ha basado en los datos obtenidos durante las excavaciones (tratamiento y disposición de los cadáveres) y, de forma especial, en el registro informativo que ha proporcionado el análisis antropológico de los restos esqueléticos. Todo ello ha permitido identificar diferencias diacrónicas en las prácticas funerarias, así como aproximarnos al perfil demográfico y las condiciones de vida de la población que recibió sepultura en La Bastida. El análisis antropológico ha considerado aspectos relativos a la conservación y representación esquelética, antes de abordar la reconstrucción del perfil biológico y los indicadores de actividad (procesos degenerativos en las articulaciones, marcadores musculoesqueléticos y otras patologías). La investigación también ha generado aportaciones metodológicas relevantes, entre las que destacan las fórmulas discriminantes que permitirán sexuar con mayor fiabilidad otras colecciones argáricas. La conjunción de diversas líneas de análisis ha proporcionado una imagen inédita de las condiciones de vida de la comunidad argárica de La Bastida. La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) was one of key sites in southeast Iberia during the Argaric Early Bronze Age. With a continuous occupation from 2200 to 1600 cal BCE, this urban hilltop center occupied approximately 4,5 hectares, and was very well protected by means of its topography and complex ramparts. The settlement underwent major architectural remodeling all along its three occupation phases. A large number of burials have been found under the dwelling area either in large jars (pithos burials), cists, pits or, more rarely, rock-cut tombs. La Bastida funerary record is made up of 236 tombs excavated between 1869 and 2013. The anthropological sample that has been investigated in this dissertation comprises 153 skeletons, most of them recovered by the ASOME-UAB research group (Mediterranean Social Archeoecology). It is one of the largest osteological series in Argaric archaeology. The anthropological research of this dissertation relies on first-hand data gather directly both in the field and in the laboratory. This has made it possible to identify differences in the treatment of the bodies throughout the occupation of La Bastida and a demographic approach of who inhabited this settlement and the conditions in which they lived. The osteoarchaeological analysis has assessed the skeletal conservation and representation, before approaching the biological profile and different activity indicators such as degenerative joint disease, musculoskeletal markers and other pathologies. In the course of this research, relevant methodological contributions have also been made, as the discriminant functions that will enhance sex estimation in Argaric populations. The combination of all these studies have allowed us to approach the living conditions of the Argaric community of La Bastida. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Arqueologia Prehistòrica

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio preliminar a las características especiales de la necrópolis megalítica de Las Peñas de los Gitanos (Montefrío, Granada). A pesar de que el interior de cada tumba (cámara y corredor) está construido con grandes losas y toda la estructura se coloca debajo de un montículo, estas sepulturas son diferentes porque pueden considerarse semihipogéicas. En este sentido, la cámara generalmente se incluye en un amplio espacio excavado y el corredor llega a la superficie desde esta área inferior con un fuerte gradiente. También se puede apreciar que no se busca la visibilidad hacia y desde las tumbas. Por este motivo se hace necesaria una discusión sobre las verdaderas funciones de las tumbas y de su monumentalidad en la que concluimos que las tumbas no están ubicadas para reforzar el control territorial, incluso si están ubicadas en áreas de explotación económica. El uso principal del ritual funerario se puede relacionar con la prevención de los riesgos que las diferencias visibles de riqueza y de movilización de recursos en los funerales podrían tener en una sociedad que está cambiando rápidamente. Por este motivo, se enfatizan el secreto y el enmascaramiento mediante el ritual funerario. A preliminary approach to Las Peñas de los Gitanos (Montefrío, Granada) megalithic necropolis special features is searched by this paper. In spite of every inner tomb part (chamber and corridor) is built using large stones and all the structure is placed under a low mound, these graves are different because they can be considered semi-hypogea. In this sense chamber is usually included in a wide dug space and corridor reaches the surface from this bottom area with a strong gradient. We can also see that visibility, to and from tombs, is never looked for. A discussion about graves true functions and monumentality has become necessary. We conclude that tombs are not located in order to territorial control, even if they are placed on exploitation areas. Funerary ritual main use can be related to avoid the risks that visible wealth differences and resources mobilization in funerals could have in a society which is fastly changing. In this way, secret and masking are emphasized by funerary ritual. Este trabajo se ha completado en el marco del Proyecto “Arqueobiología del Neolítico del Sur de la Península Ibérica – NeArqBioSI (A-HUM- 460-UGR18)” financiado por la Junta de Andalucía en el marco operativo FEDER. Convocatoria 2018.

International audience; This paper aims to bring new insights about weighing practices and instruments during Late Bronze Age in Western Europe. Northern France and Southern England share the particularity of providing tiny balance beams and weights dedicated to weigh small quantities. It is traditionally accepted that most of the Bronze Age weights found in Western Europe correspond roughly to a same practice built around one metrological system. Nevertheless, the deviations observed between several weights which should correspond to the same values in the metrological system raise questions about the accuracy of the Bronze Age balances.This paper synthetizes the general categories of weights and beams used during the Bronze Age in Northern France and Southern England and their main characteristics. Using new mathematical and digital protocols – sensitivity analysis, 3D modelling and simulation, and finite element analysis – we highlight the main mechanical features of the Bronze Age balances, the accuracy that should be expected with them and their resistance to use.Our results show than ancient balances were way more accurate that what is generally estimated. They show that most of them should probably allow to see differences between the loading of the two pans less than 0.5 g in most of cases. These results also raise new interpretations about the use of metrological systems during the Bronze Age considering that certain weights, generally interpreted as the same value, would appear as completely different if they were put on each pan of such a balance. The resistance simulations also show that the bone beams were very robust and could support loading much heavier than the weights identified for the same period.

Translucent minerals were valued in prehistoric societies for their rarity and socially used as highly symbolic elements. This work addresses the use and nature of Iberian translucent beads. We present the results of chemical (Raman spectroscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and visible (Vis)/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy) and contextual analyses and provide a review of the archaeological literature on the manufacture and use of translucent items during Iberian Late Prehistory. A total of 54 translucent beads from 47 sites, primarily burials, were analyzed; 33 were made from fluorite, while the remaining 21 were made of diverse translucent minerals (calcite, quartz and different silicates). The scarcity of translucent items in the archaeological record, the regional and supraregional scale of its exchange, and its recursive association to other valuables in singular contexts reinforces the idea that their owners/wearers enjoyed a high status., Los minerales translúcidos fueron apreciados por las sociedades prehistóricas por su rareza, y fueron utilizados como elementos altamente simbólicos. Este trabajo aborda el uso y la caracterización de las cuentas translúcidas de la península ibérica, mediante análisis químico (espectroscopía Raman, espectrómetro de fluorescencia de rayos X portátil, difracción de rayos X y espectroscopia en región visible y en infrarrojo cercano) y contextual, junto a una revisión de la bibliografía arqueológica sobre la producción y uso de adornos y elementos translúcidos durante la Prehistoria Reciente ibérica. Un total de 54 cuentas de 47 yacimientos, mayoritariamente funerarios, han sido analizadas; 33 fueron trabajadas en fluorita, mientras que las restantes 21 fueron realizadas en distintos minerales translúcidos (calcita, cuarzo y varios silicatos). La escasez de adornos translúcidos en el registro arqueológico, su escala regional y suprarregional de intercambio, y su asociación recurrente a otros elementos de prestigio en contextos singulares refuerzan la hipótesis del alto estatus de sus poseedores/portadores.

En este artículo pretendemos dar a conocer un elemento mueble de barro endurecido que presenta una morfología poco habitual en las formas materiales de la Prehistoria reciente peninsular. Fue hallado en el interior de un calzo de poste en la unidad habitacional 8 del asentamiento de la Edad del Bronce de Terlinques. Con este trabajo mostramos sus características y planteamos algunas de las posibles motivaciones de su fabricación. En aquest article volem donar a conèixer un element moble de fang endurit que presenta una morfologia poc habitual en les formes materials de la Prehistòria recent peninsular. Va ser trobat a l’interior d’una falca de pal a la unitat d’habitació 8 de l’assentament de l’ Edat del Bronze de Terlinques. Amb aquest treball mostrem les seues característiques i plantegem algunes de les possibles motivacions de la seua fabricació. In this paper we intend to make known a portable object made of hardened mud which has unusual morphological characteristics in the material culture of the Late Prehistory in the Iberian Peninsula. It was found inside a posthole in the occupation unit 8 of the Bronze Age settlement of Terlinques. With this contribution we present and put forward its characteristics and also, we discuss the possible purposes of its fabrication. Este trabajo ha sido realizado dentro del proyecto “Espacios sociales y espacios de frontera durante el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el Levante de la península ibérica” (HAR2016-76586-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España.

Translucent minerals were valued in prehistoric societies for their rarity and socially used as highly symbolic elements. This work addresses the use and nature of Iberian translucent beads. We present the results of chemical (Raman spectroscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and visible (Vis)/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy) and contextual analyses and provide a review of the archaeological literature on the manufacture and use of translucent items during Iberian Late Prehistory. A total of 54 translucent beads from 47 sites, primarily burials, were analyzed; 33 were made from fluorite, while the remaining 21 were made of diverse translucent minerals (calcite, quartz and different silicates). The scarcity of translucent items in the archaeological record, the regional and supraregional scale of its exchange, and its recursive association to other valuables in singular contexts reinforces the idea that their owners/wearers enjoyed a high status., Los minerales translúcidos fueron apreciados por las sociedades prehistóricas por su rareza, y fueron utilizados como elementos altamente simbólicos. Este trabajo aborda el uso y la caracterización de las cuentas translúcidas de la península ibérica, mediante análisis químico (espectroscopía Raman, espectrómetro de fluorescencia de rayos X portátil, difracción de rayos X y espectroscopia en región visible y en infrarrojo cercano) y contextual, junto a una revisión de la bibliografía arqueológica sobre la producción y uso de adornos y elementos translúcidos durante la Prehistoria Reciente ibérica. Un total de 54 cuentas de 47 yacimientos, mayoritariamente funerarios, han sido analizadas; 33 fueron trabajadas en fluorita, mientras que las restantes 21 fueron realizadas en distintos minerales translúcidos (calcita, cuarzo y varios silicatos). La escasez de adornos translúcidos en el registro arqueológico, su escala regional y suprarregional de intercambio, y su asociación recurrente a otros elementos de prestigio en contextos singulares refuerzan la hipótesis del alto estatus de sus poseedores/portadores.

La reutilización de materias primas y artefactos se ha practicado por las comunidades humanas desde tiempos paleolíticos. En el ámbito de la arquitectura, la reutilización puede aplicarse a los espacios −reuso de un edificio o de partes del mismo− y a los materiales. Con este artículo pretendemos contribuir a visibilizar la extensión y la importancia de las prácticas de reempleo de materiales en el ámbito de la construcción en la Prehistoria reciente de la península ibérica. The reutilization of raw materials and artifacts has been carried out by human communities since Palaeolithic times. In the realm of architecture, reutilization can be applied to spaces −reuse of a building or parts of it− and materials. With this paper we aim to contribute to make visible the extension and importance of the reuse practices of materials in building activities during the Late Prehistory in the Iberian Peninsula.

El yacimiento de la cueva de Abittaga, excavado por J.M. Barandiarán entre 1964 y 1965, contiene una secuencia arqueológica con ocupaciones del Magdaleniense Superior y de la Prehistoria Reciente. Este yacimiento apenas ha participado en los debates de la prehistoria vasca de los últimos 40 años, fundamentalmente porque el yacimiento había sido estudiado de manera parcial y porque la información estratigráfica resultaba confusa. En este trabajo presentamos la revisión la colección arqueológica de Abittaga (industria lítica, ósea, cerámica, macrofauna y restos humanos). Se presentan además nuevas dataciones para las ocupaciones magdalenienses (nivel VII), y las de la Prehistoria Reciente (niveles I-III), y los resultados de la intervención arqueológica realizada en 2016. Estos resultados proporcionan una visión actualizada de un yacimiento usado con fines sepulcrales en la Edad del Bronce y como campamento ocasional, dentro de una amplia red de emplazamientos en la cuenca del Lea, durante el Magdaleniense Superior., J.M. Barandiaranek, 1964 eta 1965 artean, Goi Madeleine aldiko eta Historiarre Hurbileko okupazioak dituen Abittaga kobazuloko aztarnategiaren segida arkeologikoa induskatu zuen. Aztarnategi horrek oso parte-hartze txikia izan du euskal historiaurrearen inguruan azken 40 urteotan egin izan diren eztabaidetan; horretarako arrazoiak bi dira batez ere: aztarnategia modu partzialean aztertu zutelako eta informazio estratigrafikoa nahasia zelako. Lan honetan, Abittagako bilduma arkeologikoaren (industria litikoa, hezurrak, zeramikoa, makrofauna eta giza aztarnak) berrikusketa aurkezten dugu. Gainera, Madeleine aldiko okupazioetarako datazio berriak (VII. maila) eta Historiaurre Hurbilekoak (I-III mailak), eta 2016an egindako lan arkeologikoko emaitzak aurkezten dira. Emaitza hauek aztarnatergiaren ikuspegi eguneratua eskaintzen dute. Brontze Aroan kobazuloa hilobi gisa erabilia izan zen. Bestalde, Goi Madeleine aldian Lea ibaiaren arroan garai horrentan zegoen kokaleku sareko aldizkako kanpamentua bezala erabilia izan zen., The archaeological site of Abittaga cave, excavated by J.M. Barandiarán between 1964 and 1965, has yielded a stratigraphic sequence with Late Magdalenian and Recent Prehistory occupations. For several reasons, this site has barely contributed to the debates about the Basque Prehistory during the last 40 years, debates such as the subsistence strategies and cultural transformations of the last hunter gatherers in the region, or the use of caves by the first farmer communities. This can probably be explained not only by the absence of a complete comprehensive analysis of the site and the archaeological materials, but also because some of the information provided by J.M. Barandiarán about the site, specially about its stratigraphy, was rather confusing. In this work we present the systematic revision of the archaeo-palaeontological collection, and we offer new data about the lithic tools, bone industry, pottery, and faunal and human remains. The analysis of the documentation of the site recorded by J.M. Barandiarán and J.M. Apellániz complemented with the results of the excavation made in 2016 at the site, suggest that the archaeological deposits excavated by J.M. Barandiarán probably correspond with deposits in primary position preserved only by the right wall of the entrance hall of the cave. The analysis of the pottery assemblage suggests different uses of the cave between the III and the I millennium cal BC. The presence of a single human individual buried in levels I-III, directly dated between 1895-1689 cal BC, indicates a funerary use of the cave during the Bronze Age. Levels IV-VI are really poor in archaeological materials and thus very difficult to interpret. Level VII presents the bulk of the archaeological material and it has been dated between 14321-14051 cal BP. In this level, the lithic assemblage is well preserved, with different refitting series. Almost all the lithic artifacts have been knapped using Flysch flint, but there are examples of flint varieties coming from more than 50 km of distance. We have recognized an in situ bladelet production obtained from carinated burins and small blocks, and the production of larger blades outside the cave, that were subsequently carried to Abittaga. The retouched toolkit is composed basically by burins, partially retouched blades and backed bladelets, with a remarkable absence of endscrapers. On the other hand, the bone industry is rich and varied, with bone points, single-row barbed harpoons, and rods. This lithic and bone industry is similar to other coeval sites in the same region such as Santa Catalina or Atxurra. The Late Magdalenian occupation of Abittaga cave is interpreted as a short-term occupation which was part of a wider settlement network that existed at that time in the Lea basin.

La reutilización de materias primas y artefactos se ha practicado por las comunidades humanas desde tiempos paleolíticos. En el ámbito de la arquitectura, la reutilización puede aplicarse a los espacios −reuso de un edificio o de partes del mismo− y a los materiales. Con este artículo pretendemos contribuir a visibilizar la extensión y la importancia de las prácticas de reempleo de materiales en el ámbito de la construcción en la Prehistoria reciente de la península ibérica. The reutilization of raw materials and artifacts has been carried out by human communities since Palaeolithic times. In the realm of architecture, reutilization can be applied to spaces −reuse of a building or parts of it− and materials. With this paper we aim to contribute to make visible the extension and importance of the reuse practices of materials in building activities during the Late Prehistory in the Iberian Peninsula.

Figure 1 - Localisation du site d’Asgoumhati © B. Poisblaud Les deux campagnes de fouilles réalisées en janvier (Poisblaud 2004) et octobre 2004 ont permis de découvrir un site important de la Préhistoire récente de Djibouti. Asgoumhati est en effet le site éponyme d’une nouvelle culture de la Corne de l’Afrique, l’Asgoumatien, dont le territoire s’étend maintenant sur une grande partie du nord-ouest de Djibouti. La découverte du site d’Asgoumhati date des prospections effectuées en 2001 da...

This text aims to approach late prehistoric walled enclosures, mainly based on research conducted within a Portuguese context and through the study of the architecture of the sites. The periodization of the sites will be presented, and the problems involved in studying temporality at the “site level” will be addressed. The multiple ways of constructing and using space will also be questioned. Finally, the use of the typological designation “walled enclosure” will be discussed bearing in mind the singularity of each site., Este texto procura abordar os recintos murados da Pré-história Recente, tendo por base os estudos efetuados em contexto português e partindo da análise da arquitetura destes sítios. Apresenta as periodizações propostas e as problemáticas inerentes à analise da temporalidade de cada sítio e procura questionar as múltiplas formas construtivas e modos de usar o espaço. Finalmente propõe-se discutir as possibilidades do tipo “recintos murados” em articulação com a singularidade de cada sítio particular.

This text reviews a previous study about the loom weights from Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão (Gomes 2003). By analyzing how the contextual analysis was developed and how it was focused on the identification of deposition contexts/practices, it is discussed how the importance of such contexts is then diminished regarding a hegemonic discourse on the architecture of the enclosure. Indeed, the study suspends the interpretation of depositions on a contextual scale, moving up to the scale of the site within which depositions practices are interpreted as part of intra and inter-community relationships associated to the construction of the enclosures. Moreover, this orientation of the interpretation also seems to ignore that within the deposition practices – as practices of consigning different elements – emerged new entities forged by the assembling and mixing of different elements. These new entities would have participated in the social scene of prehistoric communities, however in the construction of the archaeological narrative they are overshowed regarding a main actor: the enclosure. In view of this, it is argued that it is necessary to reorient the analysis and narrative schemas in order to create a place for these new entities; to create a point of view on their existence., Neste texto é reavaliado um trabalho anteriormente apresentado acerca dos pesos de tear do recinto de Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão (Gomes 2013). É discutido o modo como tal trabalho desenvolve a análise dos contextos onde aparecem este tipo de artefactos e as conclusões a que se chegou em tal análise. A partir da ênfase que foi dada à prática de deposição na interpretação dos contextos, salienta-se que não foram exploradas as possibilidades interpretativas que as deposições comportavam enquanto uma unidade do registo arqueológico. Com efeito, a argumentação suspende a interpretação das deposições a uma escala contextual, subindo à escala do recinto para posicionar as práticas de deposição no quadro de relações intra e inter-comunitárias que estariam associadas à sua construção. Neste movimento, é reproduzido um esquema narrativo que tem privilegiado a ação de outras entidades (a arquitetura e a cerâmica, por exemplo) como estratégia de organizar a narrativa. Para além disto, este movimento também parece ignorar que as práticas de deposição – enquanto práticas de consignação de diferentes elementos – fazem emergir novas entidades, que teriam participado na cena social das comunidades pré-históricas. Face a isto, defende-se que é necessário reorientar a análise e os esquemas narrativos para recriar o lugar destas existências nas narrativas que produzimos sobre a pré-história.

Les recherches archéologiques conduites au Soudan suggèrent que les communautés de la préhistoire récente se sont développées au travers de transitions majeures et d’une diversité régionale notable. Dans les régions centrale et septentrionale, un nombre important de sites d’habitat des périodes mésolithique et néolithique ont été identifiés. Les données inédites émergeant de projets en cours comme le Sabaloka Dam archaeological project (SDASP) and the El Salha project complètent progressivement la carte archéologique complexe du Soudan pour les périodes de la préhistoire récente apportant de nouvelles informations sur les modalités des transitions et l’emplacement des sites. De nombreux sujets ont déjà été explorés mais certaines problématiques restent vierges et de vastes régions encore inexplorées. Cet article rend compte des récents travaux de prospection et fouille menés dans la région de Sabaloka, au nord de Khartoum, depuis 2013-2015. Il est également l’occasion de proposer une discussion autour des particularismes régionaux dans la préhistoire récente du Soudan central, à partir d’études comparatives de mobilier. Evidence from several sites suggests that the late prehistoric communities in Sudan developed over transitional times and regional diversities. Central and Northern Sudan have yielded an important record of late prehistoric settlements with several Mesolithic and Neolithic sites. New data from current projects such as the Sabaloka Dam Archaeological Project (SDASP, El Salha project) are progressively updating the archaeological map of Sudan and bringing fresh information about the complex transitions having occurred during the late prehistoric periods. Although many topics have been discussed, some issues remain untouched and geographical gaps are still uninvestigated. This paper reports about the survey and excavation conducted in the Sabaloka area, North of Khartoum, since 2013-2015. It is also a first attempt to discuss the importance of the area in the field of Sudanese prehistory and to explore the range of regional diversities through comparative studies.

The open-air rock art site of Arroyo de las Almas, in the municipality of La Fregeneda (Salamanca), was discovered by the authors of this text in September 2015. The survey and documentation work carried out in the months following the first discoveries, with the aim of getting to know the site in a precise manner, led us to new and relevant artistic evidences, both Palaeolithic and Postpalaeolithic. As a result of these archaeological works, four different engraved settings have been distinguished in the site, located in the stream and in several of its main tributaries, with 24 schist rocks decorated with approximately 600 engraved motifs. The aim of the present text is to provide a detailed description of the geomorphological and landscape environment of this new ensemble, along with a first and general introduction of its graphic repertoire for each of the four cultural and chronological registered periods: Upper Palaeolithic, Late Prehistory, Iron Age and Modern Age. El conjunto arqueológico rupestre al aire libre del Arroyo de las Almas, en el municipio salmantino de La Fregeneda, fue descubierto por los autores de este texto a partir de septiembre de 2015. Los trabajos de prospección y documentación desarrollados en los meses subsiguientes a los primeros hallazgos, con el fin de conocer el entorno de manera precisa, nos condujeron a nuevas y relevantes evidencias artísticas, tanto paleolíticas como postpaleolíticas. Como resultado final de estas tareas arqueológicas se han diferenciado 4 núcleos grabados localizados en dicho arroyo y en varios de sus principales afluentes, con 24 rocas de pizarras y esquistos y, aproximadamente, 600 motivos grabados. En este trabajo presentamos una descripción detallada del ambiente geomorfológico y paisajístico de este nuevo conjunto además de una visión general de su repertorio gráfico en cada uno de los cuatro períodos cronoculturales registrados: Paleolítico Superior, Prehistoria Reciente, Edad del Hierro y Época Moderna y Contemporánea.

En este artículo se analizan el conjunto de cambios observados entre el 2800 y el 1500 cal BC en el patrón de asentamiento, las áreas residenciales y las áreas de actividad de los yacimientos excavados en el Este de la península Ibérica. Todas estas transformaciones están vinculadas con el desarrollo social que se observa en el marco del proceso histórico del conjunto de sociedades gestado en el Sureste y mediodía de la península Ibérica desde el III milenio cal BC. En aquest article s’analitzen el conjunt de canvis observats entre el 2800 i el 1500 cal BC en el patró d’assentament, les àrees residencials i les àrees d’activitat dels jaciments excavats a la zona est de la península Ibérica. Totes aquestes transformacions estan vinculades amb el desenvolupament social que s’observa en el marc del procés històric del conjunt de societats gestat en el Sud-est i migdia de la península Ibèrica des del III mil·lenni cal BC. In this paper, we analyze the transformations observed between 2800 and 1500 BC in the settlement pattern, residential areas and areas of activity within the excavated sites at Eastern Iberian Peninsula. All these transformations are linked to the social development in the historical process of the set of societies developed in the Southeast and midday of the Iberian Peninsula since the 3rd millennium BC. El presente trabajo ha sido realizado dentro del proyecto HAR 2016-76586-P “Espacios sociales y espacios de frontera durante el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el este de la península Ibérica”, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España.

La investigación de los recintos de fosos de la Prehistoria de la península ibérica ha vivido un gran avance en las últimas dos décadas. Uno de los casos más importantes del sur peninsular es el conocido yacimiento arqueológico de Perdigões (Portugal). Presentamos aquí el estudio del denominado Foso 2, dando a conocer su morfología, la dinámica estratigráfica de su relleno y su cronología, para la que se cuenta con 12 dataciones radiocarbónicas inéditas. Los resultados de estas últimas han puesto de manifiesto que, junto al Foso 1, estos dos grandes recintos configuran una fase monumental tardía del yacimiento, acontecida entre el 2500 - 2250 cal AC. Por último, el estudio cronológico confirma la importancia que tuvo la presencia de un grupo de sepulcros tipo tholos más antiguos para el trazado de dichos fosos., Research on Iberian Prehistoric ditched enclosures has seen a significant progress in the last two decades. One of the best-known sites of Southern Iberia is Perdigões (Portugal). We present the study of the so-called Ditch 2, describing in detail its morphology, the stratigraphic sequence of its filling and its chronology, on the basis of 12 unpublished radiocarbon dates. Results confirm that this feature, together with Ditch 1, represents the last monumental phase of the site, dated in the third quarter of the 3rd millennium. They also confirm the importance that a group of pre-existing tombs had in the layout of the ditches.

Research on Iberian Prehistoric ditched enclosures has seen a significant progress in the last two decades. One of the best-known sites of Southern Iberia is Perdigões (Portugal).We present the study of the so-called Ditch 2, describing in detail its morphology, the stratigraphic sequence of its filling and its chronology, on the basis of 12 unpublished radiocarbon dates.Results confirm that this feature, together with Ditch 1, represents the last monumental phase of the site, dated in the third quarter of the 3rd millennium. They also confirm the importance that a group of pre-existing tombs had in the layout of the ditches, La investigación de los recintos de fosos de la Prehistoria de la península ibérica ha vivido un gran avance en las últimas dos décadas. Uno de los casos más importantes del sur peninsular es el conocido yacimiento arqueológico de Perdigões (Portugal). Presentamos aquí el estudio del denominado Foso 2, dando a conocer su morfología, la dinámica estratigráfica de su relleno y su cronología, para la que se cuenta con 12 dataciones radiocarbónicas inéditas. Los resultados de estas últimas han puesto de manifiesto que, junto al Foso 1, estos dos grandes recintos configuran una fase monumental tardía del yacimiento, acontecida entre el 2500 - 2250 cal AC. Por último, el estudio cronológico confirma la importancia que tuvo la presencia de un grupo de sepulcros tipo tholos más antiguos para el trazado de dichos fosos.

The discovery of a partially preserved vessel in the course of the excavations carried out in Cova Eirós brings forth new data on the material culture of the regional Neolithic.The pot, both in its bottle-like shape and decoration (shell impressed), recalls strongly the cardial ware, so characteristic of the archaeological record in the Early Neolithic groups of South Iberia.We discuss the circumstances of the finding and the closest parallels to be found among the pottery collections from South Portugal.As a result, we suggest that the vessel found at Cova Eirós would date back to the end of the 6th Millennium BC., El hallazgo de un vaso cerámico parcialmente conservado en el curso de las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en Cova Eirós permite aportar nuevos datos sobre la cultura material del Neolítico regional. El recipiente, tanto por su forma de botella como por su decoración (impresión de concha), recuerda claramente a la cerámica cardial, tan característica del registro arqueológico entre los primeros grupos neolíticos del sur de la península ibérica. Se abordan las circunstancias del hallazgo y los paralelos más cercanos, que se encuentran entre las colecciones cerámicas del sur de Portugal. A modo de conclusión, sugerimos que la pieza analizada se remonta probablemente al final del VI milenio a. C.

With the aim of offering a first approach to issues of such importance as the number of sites that make up the Galician rock art, their iconographic variability or geographical distribution, we have analysed the official archaeological inventory of the Galician autonomous government (Servizo de Arqueoloxía da la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia). The database obtained was subsequently analyzed by using Geographic Information System and statistical software. The results show how, nowadays, there is a total of 3,374 known petroglyphs unevenly distributed across the Galician territory. Our analysis shows an absolute predominance of geometric motifs over the naturalists, but it also hints at the existence of a remarkable heterogeneity, which becomes patent not only in the density of petroglyphs, but also in the relative frequency of motifs and their tendency to appear or not together on the same panels or with respect to the location of rock art sites on the landscape., Con el objetivo de ofrecer una primera aproximación a cuestiones tan fundamentales como el número de estaciones que conforman el fenómeno rupestre gallego, su composición temática o su distribución geográfica, hemos llevado a cabo un vaciado del Preinventario del Servizo de Arqueoloxía de la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia. La base de datos obtenida ha sido analizada posteriormente por medio de sistemas de información geográfica y software estadístico. En la actualidad, se conocen un total de 3.374 estaciones rupestres distribuidas de modo desigual a lo largo del territorio gallego. Su análisis evidencia el dominio absoluto de las figuras geométricas frente a las naturalistas, pero también la existencia de una considerable heterogeneidad que se manifiesta no sólo en la densidad de petroglifos, sino también en la frecuencia relativa de motivos, en su tendencia a comparecer o no de modo conjunto en los mismos paneles o en la propia implantación de las rocas grabadas en el paisaje.

We present the first summed calibrated date probability distributions for the later prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. The SCDPD is based on 4402 determination between 8000 and 3000 BP, a time range beginning in the regional late Mesolithic and running through the Bronze Age. This period is known to see the first introduction of farming at the beginning of the Neolithic, the development of the first large population aggregations during the Copper Age and the subsequent abrupt transition to the substantially diverse Iberian Bronze Age ‘cultures’. The results conform to an exponential model for demographic growth, with a slight “boom and bust” episode between 5300 and 5150 cal BC, some 300 years after the first dated evidence for agriculture in Iberia. The evidence suggest that if migrants from outside Iberia were involved in the introduction of domesticates, this must have happened at a small scale, one not observable through SCDPD. The dating of the observed population “boom” coincides with the decline in frequency of the cardial-impressed and the wide spread of “epicardial” wares throughout the Peninsula. It thus seems reasonable to suppose that these patterns indicate a moderate increase in fertility rates of early farming groups. The SCDPD analysis also suggests that explanatory models for the rise of Copper Age ‘complexity’ or the transition to the Bronze Age should not rely on substantial changes in overall Iberian population densities.

Debido al carácter colectivo de los sepulcros, la escasa espectacularidad de los ajuares y la dificultad para atribuir éstos a individuos concretos, las sociedades calcolíticas del sur de la Península Ibérica tienden a ser consideradas como igualitarias. Determinados indicios, sin embargo, sugieren que esta imagen responde al uso del ritual en el enmascaramiento de la desigualdad y a la lenta incorporación en la esfera ideológica de los cambios sociales acontecidos. Según el análisis de diversos contextos funerarios calcolíticos del este de Andalucía se puede señalar que el proceso de exhibición de las diferencias vio la combinación creciente de determinadas estrategias: la movilización diferencial de recursos en el funeral, la monumentalización del contenedor y el aumento de la visibilidad de éste y de su papel en el control del territorio (con visibilidad hacia y desde él), la reiteración cíclica de ceremonias con amortización de recursos en las tumbas y en torno a ellas y la representación de los ancestros en imágenes. Due to the collective nature of the tombs, the scarce striking features of grave goods and the difficulty to attribute these to specific individuals, the Chalcolithic societies of Southern Iberia tend to be considered as egalitarian. Certain clues, however, suggest that this image is related to the use of ritual in the concealment of inequality and to the slow incorporation into the ideological sphere of the social changes that had taken place. We analyze several Chalcolithic funerary contexts of eastern Andalusia that suggest increasing exhibition of social differences throughout certain strategies: the differential mobilization of resources during the funeral, the conversion of funerary containers in monuments and the increase of their visibility and their role in territorial control (with visibility towards and from them), the cyclical withdrawal of ceremonies with deposition of resources in tombs and around them and the ancestors figurative representations.

The river area Maaskant and adjacent sand area of Oss, located ‘between’ the current course of the river Meuse and the city Oss, are among the most intensively researched regions in the Netherlands. Extensive archaeological and palynological research provides ample opportunities for an interregional research of the occupation and vegetation history of both areas. This article describes the intertwinement between the Holocene river area and the adjacent Pleistocene sandy soils, to eventually get a first insight of the relation(s) between the inhabitants of both regions in late prehistoric and Early Roman period (3000 BC – 250 AD).

Debido al carácter colectivo de los sepulcros, la escasa espectacularidad de los ajuares y la dificultad para atribuir éstos a individuos concretos, las sociedades calcolíticas del sur de la Península Ibérica tienden a ser consideradas como igualitarias. Determinados indicios, sin embargo, sugieren que esta imagen responde al uso del ritual en el enmascaramiento de la desigualdad y a la lenta incorporación en la esfera ideológica de los cambios sociales acontecidos. Según el análisis de diversos contextos funerarios calcolíticos del este de Andalucía se puede señalar que el proceso de exhibición de las diferencias vio la combinación creciente de determinadas estrategias: la movilización diferencial de recursos en el funeral, la monumentalización del contenedor y el aumento de la visibilidad de éste y de su papel en el control del territorio (con visibilidad hacia y desde él), la reiteración cíclica de ceremonias con amortización de recursos en las tumbas y en torno a ellas y la representación de los ancestros en imágenes., Due to the collective nature of the tombs, the scarce striking features of grave goods and the difficulty to attribute these to specific individuals, the Chalcolithic societies of Southern Iberia tend to be considered as egalitarian. Certain clues, however, suggest that this image is related to the use of ritual in the concealment of inequality and to the slow incorporation into the ideological sphere of the social changes that had taken place. We analyze several Chalcolithic funerary contexts of eastern Andalusia that suggest increasing exhibition of social differences throughout certain strategies: the differential mobilization of resources during the funeral, the conversion of funerary containers in monuments and the increase of their visibility and their role in territorial control (with visibility towards and from them), the cyclical withdrawal of ceremonies with deposition of resources in tombs and around them and the ancestors figurative representations.

With the aim of offering a first approach to issues of such importance as the number of sites that make up the Galician rock art, their iconographic variability or geographical distribution, we have analysed the official archaeological inventory of the Galician autonomous government (Servizo de Arqueoloxía da la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia). The database obtained was subsequently analyzed by using Geographic Information System and statistical software. The results show how, nowadays, there is a total of 3,374 known petroglyphs unevenly distributed across the Galician territory. Our analysis shows an absolute predominance of geometric motifs over the naturalists, but it also hints at the existence of a remarkable heterogeneity, which becomes patent not only in the density of petroglyphs, but also in the relative frequency of motifs and their tendency to appear or not together on the same panels or with respect to the location of rock art sites on the landscape. Con el objetivo de ofrecer una primera aproximación a cuestiones tan fundamentales como el número de estaciones que conforman el fenómeno rupestre gallego, su composición temática o su distribución geográfica, hemos llevado a cabo un vaciado del Preinventario del Servizo de Arqueoloxía de la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia. La base de datos obtenida ha sido analizada posteriormente por medio de sistemas de información geográfica y software estadístico. En la actualidad, se conocen un total de 3.374 estaciones rupestres distribuidas de modo desigual a lo largo del territorio gallego. Su análisis evidencia el dominio absoluto de las figuras geométricas frente a las naturalistas, pero también la existencia de una considerable heterogeneidad que se manifiesta no sólo en la densidad de petroglifos, sino también en la frecuencia relativa de motivos, en su tendencia a comparecer o no de modo conjunto en los mismos paneles o en la propia implantación de las rocas grabadas en el paisaje.

The HLC (Heritage-Landscape-Community) archaeological metaproject, carried out since 2016 by the Jagiellonian University in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, targets the archaeological heritage of southern Jordan (Tafila region), focusing currently on remains of the Early Bronze Age and earlier cultures that were found in the region. The project has already identified and verified several previously undocumented or poorly documented sites. Its main objective is to establish chronological phasing of human activity in this microregion, particularly during the Early Bronze Age and to assess the scale and nature of human presence in that period. Two sites, Faysaliyya and Munqata’a, were excavated within the frame of the project. The article presents the preliminary results of this work. An important side issue is the protection of Jordanian heritage in the Tafila region through the identification of natural and human agents that may damage or destroy it. The HLC (Heritage-Landscape-Community) archaeological metaproject, carried out since 2016 by the Jagiellonian University in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, targets the archaeological heritage of southern Jordan (Tafila region), focusing currently on remains of the Early Bronze Age and earlier cultures that were found in the region. The project has already identified and verified several previously undocumented or poorly documented sites. Its main objective is to establish chronological phasing of human activity in this microregion, particularly during the Early Bronze Age, and to assess the scale and nature of human presence in that period. Two sites, Faysaliyya and Munqata’a, were excavated within the frame of the project. The article presents the preliminary results of this work. An important side issue is the protection of Jordanian heritage in the Tafila region through the identification of natural and human agents that may damage or destroy it.

The aim of this paper is to analyze large-sized domestic architectures dated in the early medieval period attested in some areas of North-western Iberia, defined as longhouses. This term has been used implicitly by different archaeological traditions to designate elongated structures that have very heterogeneous dimensions, functionalities and social meanings. Some European traditions have defined this type of structures in functional (byre-houses), formal (elongated plants) or typological terms, while in central Italy early medieval longhouses are considered as residence of intermediate elites. The Alava Plain case study is discussed in order to analyze the social context of longhouses occupations. Hereafter, these buildings are analyzed in the context of the house biography approach, arguing these households had a seminal role in the articulation of local and supralocal political communities. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar un grupo de construcciones domésticas de cronología altomedieval de notables dimensiones que ha sido identificado en el último decenio en algunos sectores del noroeste de la península ibérica y que han sido definidas como longhouses. Este es un término que ha sido utilizado de forma implícita por parte de varias tradiciones arqueológicas para designar estructuras alargadas que cuentan con dimensiones, funcionalidades y significados sociales muy heterogéneos entre sí. Algunas tradiciones europeas han definido este tipo de estructuras en términos funcionales (casa-establo), formales (plantas alargadas) o tipológicos, mientras que en el centro de Italia se han identificado con residencias de las élites intermedias. Tomando como caso de estudio la llanada de Álava, en este artículo se realiza una caracterización social de los contextos en los que se han hallado este tipo de construcciones y, a continuación, se analiza desde la perspectiva de la biografía cultural de la casa la articulación de las comunidades políticas locales y supralocales de este territorio.