Search

Hradisko Háj v Sedliackej Dubovej, okr. Dolný Kubín bolo objavené na podklade LIDARových snímok v rámci medzinárodnej policajnej akcie "PANDORA VI". V roku 2021 sa uskutočnil nedeštruktívny prieskum prieskum detektorom kovov vrátane dvoch menších zisťovacích sond. Výskum realizovali autori príspevku v spolupráci so spolkom SEPTENTRIO, o. z. Našlo sa množstvo bronzových železných a keramických nálezov, ktoré pochádzajú z rôznych období mladšieho praveku, najmä z prelomu doby halštatskej a laténskej, tiež stredoveku a novoveku. The hillfort Háj in Sedliacka Dubová, dist. Dolný Kubín was discovered on LIDAR’s photo as part of the international police action so called “PANDORA VI”. In 2021, a non-destructive prospection and a detailed detector survey of the fortified area, including two survey trenches, took place by the authors of the paper in cooperation with the SEPTENTRIO Association. There was found a collection of several bronze, iron and ceramic artifacts, which can be dated to various periods from prehistory (younger stage of the Hallstatt period, La Tène period) to medieval and modern times.

Puklicové nánožníky jsou výrazným fenoménem tzv. období plochých laténských pohřebišť ve střední Evropě. Práce se zabývá soupisem, popisem charakteristik a vyhodnocením moravských puklicových nánožníků z hlediska provenience, typologie a relativní chronologie, garnitur kroje a otázkou pohlaví jejich nositelů. Práce je doplněna o fotografické a kresebné obrazové přílohy, katalog lokalit a mj. i seznam všech (autorovi známých) lokalit souvisejících s pohřbíváním z doby laténské na Moravě. Anklets with hollow hemispheres are a major phenomenon of a so-called period of La Tene flat cemeteries in central Europe. This thesis is dealing with listing, description of characteristics and evaluation of Moravian anklets with hollow hemispheres from a perspective of their provenance, typology and relative chronology, sets of artifacts (that include these anklets) and with a question of gender of people wearing them. Thesis is supplemented with fotographs and drawings of anklets with hollow hemispheres, catalogue of corresponding localities and among others with list of all localities related to burials from Moravian La Tene period (known to the author). https://theses.cz/id/4bvw78/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371159023_Latenske_puklicove_nanozniky_z_uzemi_Moravy https://www.academia.edu/102601628/Lat%C3%A9nsk%C3%A9_puklicov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1no%C5%BEn%C3%ADky_z_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD_Moravy

The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter. Príspevok prezentuje nové výskumy na opevnených sídliskách z doby halštatskej v doline Oravy a Dunajca. Na základe charakteristiky výstavby opevnení a podobností z pohľadu hmotnej kultúry, považujeme prezentované hradiská za prejav jedného kultúrneho a sídliskového horizontu (tzv. predpúchovský horizont). Analyzované radiokarbónové vzorky získané z kontextov stratigraficky súvisiacych s valmi z lokalít Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra a Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama, sa nachádzajú na kalibračnej krivke už po tzv. halštatskom plató a umožňujú tento horizont datovať. do 4. storočia pred Kristom, teda do čias zodpovedajúcich laténskej fáze LT B1–B2. Výsledky potvrdzujú názory objavujúce sa v novšej literatúre o potrebe skoršieho datovania predpúchovského horizontu na Slovensku a tiež o pokračovaní osídlenia na začiatku doby laténskej. V súvislosti s karpatskou oblasťou na území Poľska sú po prvýkrát prezentované argumenty naznačujúce možnosť prežívania osád s tradíciami v staršej doby železnej až do 4. storočia pred Kristom. To umožňuje predpokladať, že proces formovania kultúrnej tradície doby laténskej tu prebiehal podobne ako na Slovensku a nebol len dôsledkom neskoršej migrácie. The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter.

The Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’- necropolis was intermittently excavated from 1963–2003. One of the largest and most important cemeteries of the northern alpine salt centre, the ‘Eislfeld’ is characterized by the size and abundancy of grave furnishings. Similar to other Dürrnberg sites, the cemetery includes vertical sequences of grave chambers, and various multiple and secondary burials. 110 graves contained 194 buried individuals, with 84 females and 56 males as indicated by anthropological analysis. The cemetery was in use from Ha D1 until LT B1 with a focus in Ha D2/3 and LT A. Predominant inhumations are complemented by cremations, the relics of two pyres, and drystone remains of funeral architecture. Regular grave goods include food and drink, iron knives, jewellery, and some weaponry. Some female and children burials stand out with regard to exclusive grave goods including gold jewellery, imported vessels, cult items, and amulets. Burial mounds of considerable size conveyed power and wealth and promoted communal identity

The main focus of this thesis are proofs of buildings from urnfield period to La T?ne period and the development of the buildings during these periods. The main source of information is a research of archeological data gained from published or unpublished archeological excavations where these structures were detected. The main region on which this thesis if focus on is a microregion of Lomský and Loučenský streams in the northwestern Bohemia. With the help of these documented structures we can trace possible continuity of settlement between periods. Part of the paper is a rewier research of object 3/84 from Jenišův Újezd where the excavations were held during 1984-85 and 1989.

International audience; This article addresses the question of the transition from warrior to soldier in northern Gaul by evoking textual sources, in which Caesar is the first to speak of a real private army, and material sources. For the latter, particular attention is paid to the weaponry dated to the Second Iron Age (450–25 BC), from weapon sanctuaries and graves excavated in northern France. Statistical and cartographic analyses have made it possible, on the one hand, to reinforce the idea of a tendency towards standardization as well as to specify the typological evolution of the weaponry (illustrated here by the example of the scabbards), and on the other hand, to highlight privileged areas of funerary and non-funerary weapon deposits. The estimated number of weapons by generation thus shows the evolution of the warrior’s equipment during the Second Iron Age, particularly its numerical weakness during the LT D (150–25 BC), the period during which the Gallic War took place. The results obtained make it possible to formulate hypotheses on what the practices in use at the time may have covered, particularly on the transition from the warrior, who was buried armed, to the soldier, who was buried without weapons since they probably no longer belonged to him.; Cet article aborde la question du passage du guerrier au soldat en Gaule septentrionale à partir de l’évocation des sources textuelles, dans lesquelles César est le premier à parler d’une véritable armée privée, et des sources matérielles. Pour ces dernières, l’attention porte plus particulièrement sur l’armement daté du second âge du Fer (450–25 BCE), issu des sanctuaires et des sépultures mis au jour dans la région considérée. Les analyses statistiques et cartographiques permettent, d’une part, de conforter l’idée d’une tendance à la standardisation autant que de préciser l’évolution typologique de l’armement (illustré ici par l’exemple des fourreaux) et, d’autre part, de mettre en évidence des zones privilégiées de dépôts d’armes funéraires et non funéraires. L’estimation du nombre d’armes par génération montre ainsi l’évolution de l’équipement du guerrier durant le second âge du Fer, notamment sa faiblesse numérique durant le LT D (150–25 BCE), au cours duquel s’est déroulée la Guerre des Gaules. Les résultats obtenus permettent de formuler des hypothèses sur ce que peuvent recouvrir les pratiques alors en usage, notamment sur le passage du guerrier, enterré armé, au soldat, enterré sans armes puisqu’elles ne lui appartenaient probablement plus.

The paper aims to assess a few new finds of metal vessels from the Late La Tène sites in Eastern Bohemia. These objects are first analysed from a formal and stylistic perspective, and subsequently discussed in the context of other similar finds and their significance. The bronze vessel feet from Černčice, Rozběřice, and an unknown site which belong to the category of Mediterranean imports are discussed – along with other representatives of Late Republican toreutics – also from the point of view of the La Tène period and the Early Roman Iron Age occupation. The find from Bolehošť, on the other hand, represents an unparalleled applique in the shape of a stylised bull‑head whose rendition corresponds with the West La Tène artistic approach.

International audience; In Mayen wurde die Produktion von Handdrehmühlen "eisenzeitlichen Typs" von der Spätlatènezeit bis in die julisch-claudische Zeit fortgesetzt. Der Unterlieger dieser Mühlen besaß eine gewölbte Mahlfläche, der Läufer war im Querschnitt bikonkav. Während die Oberflächen der Mühlsteine gewöhnlich gepickt sind, sind die Mahlflächen später Exemplare durch in Segmenten angeordnete radiale Rillen geschärft. Ellenbogenförmige (L-förmige) Löcher für die Handhaben waren bereits eine Innovation der späten Eisenzeit.Seit augusteischer Zeit waren "typisch römische" Handmühlen das Hauptprodukt der Mayener Steinbrüche. Sie hatten eine meta mit einer flachkonischen Mahlfläche und einen catillus mit einem breiten erhabenen Rand. Die Mahlflächen waren aus funktionalen Gründen gerillt. Die Oberseite des catillus und die Seitenflächen der Steine waren jedoch mit Rillen verziert, was diese Mühlsteine zu einem charakteristischen "Markenprodukt" machte.Die meisten Handmühlsteine des 'eisenzeitlichen Typs' aus der frühen Kaiserzeit sind aus den Niederlanden bekannt, wo man sie unter dem Namen "Typ Brillerij" kennt. Ein Überblick über diese Mühlsteine zeigt mehrere Exemplare, die südöstlich dieser Region gefunden wurden. Selbst nachdem die typischen römischen Handmühlen zur dominierenden Form geworden waren, wurden noch einige "alte" eisenzeitliche Typen von Quersteinen für einen speziellen Kundenkreis hergestellt. Bislang sind jedoch praktisch keine eng datierten Exemplare aus Fundzusammenhängen nach dem Bataver-Aufstand bekannt.; In Mayen the production of lava rotary querns of 'Iron Age type' continued from the late La Tène period into Julio-Claudian times. The lower quernstone possessed a domed grinding face and the upper stone was double concave in section. While the surfaces of these querns are usually pecked, late examples show a segmented radial grooving on the grinding surfaces. Handle sockets with elbow-shaped (L-shaped) perforation were already an innovation of the late Iron Age. Since Augustan times 'typical Roman' hand-mills were the main product of the Mayen quarries. They had a meta with a flat conical grinding surface and a catillus with a broad raised rim. The active surfaces were grooved for functional reasons. However, the upper side of the catillus and the sides of upper and lower stones were grooved for decoration, making these rotary querns a characteristic 'branded' product. Most of the 'Iron Age type' quernstones of Early Imperial times are known from the Low Countries where they go under the name of Brillerij-type. A survey of these quernstones reveals several examples found to the southeast of this region. Even after the typical Roman hand mills became the dominant form, some 'vintage' Iron Age type querns were still produced for a special clientele. Though, so far, virtually no closely dated specimens are known from contexts after the Batavian revolt.; À Mayen, la production de meules rotatives en lave basaltiques de 'type celtique' s'est poursuivie de La Tène finale jusqu'à l'époque julio-claudienne. Les meules dormantes avaient une surface active convexe et les meules tournantes avaient une section biconcave. Alors que les surfaces de ces meules etait habilé « à coups perdus », des exemples récents montrent un rainurage radial segmenté sur les surfaces actives. Les trous pour la manette avec perforation en forme de coude (en L) étaient déjà une innovation de la fin de l'âge du fer. Depuis l'époque d'Auguste, les 'meules des légionnaires' typiques soient devenus le produit de marque standard des meulières de Mayen. Ils avaient un meta avec une surface active plat conique et un catillus avec un large bord surélevé. Les surfaces actives étaient rainurées pour des raisons fonctionnelles. Cependant, la face supérieure du catillus et les côtés des meules dormantes et tournantes étaient rainurés pour la décoration, ce qui faisait ces meules rotatives un produit "de marque" caractéristique. La plupart des meules de 'type celtique' en lave basaltiques dès le début de l'ère impériale, sont connues dans les Pays-Bas où elles se trouvent sous le nom de 'type Brillerij'. Une étude de ces meules révèle plusieurs exemples trouvés au sud-est de cette région. Même après que les 'meules des légionnaires' typiques soient devenus la forme dominante, quelques meules de forme ancienne étaient encore produites pour une clientèle particulière. Leur production semble avoir été abandonnée après le révolte des Bataves.

The following thesis addresses the Iron Age origins and development of the northern Gallic sanctuary of Ribemont-sur-Ancre, exploring the material remains of ritual practice it provides in comparison with material from neighbouring sanctuaries and sacred contexts. The material remains fall into three categories: human bones, animal bones, and iron armament, which will be examined individually in three main chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the questions to be addressed in the thesis and the material under discussion. Chapter 2 introduces the sanctuary of Ribemont andpresents an extended comparison with the sanctuary of Gournay-sur-Aronde and the cult enclosure within the aristocratic residence of Montmartin that will be the basis of the arguments made about Ribemontin Chapters 3–5. Chapter 2 examines the foundation, nature,and development of the installations that defined the sanctuary –the circular enclosure, quadrangular enclosure, and mass grave–and their chronology. It provides context forinterpretingthe material remains in the subsequent chapters. Chapter 3.Human Bones is primarily devoted to discussing the remains of more than five hundred warriors found at Ribemont. The human bones from Ribemont, like the armament, are divided between the three La Tène installations. This massive and unparalleled collection of corpses was subjected to complex, multi-stage ritual treatments, which differed by installation. Corpses were exposed to the elements, dismembered, de-fleshed, and some were built into cubic bone structures within the quadrangular enclosure. Employing comparative evidence from other northern Gallic sites, the chapter argues that human sacrifice, and the processing of corpses on these sites, was by no means straightforward, and did not correspond to classical authors’ portrayals of the Gauls. Chapter 4. Animal Bones explores banqueting practice within sacred contexts, large scale butchering with the distribution of meat and display of butchering remains, and non-consumption animal sacrifices, arguing that while ritual precepts were shared across multiple sites, each site had its own particular character.The significance of the ritual precepts and displays of remains are also addressed.Non-consumption animal sacrificesare discussed in comparison with the ritual treatments of human corpses, with which they share several commonalities. Chapter 5. Armament examines the assemblagesfrom the sanctuaries of Ribemont-sur-Ancre andGournay-sur-Aronde, the two largest collections in northern Gaul, in comparison with each other. The chapter addresses the problems with previous interpretations of the armament from Ribemont, which viewed it as a monolithic collection from a third century B.C. battle near the site. Like the human remains, the armament from Ribemont is divided across the three contexts ofthe site: the circular enclosure, quadrangular enclosure, and mass grave. While the assemblages from these contexts are largely similar, there are distinct differentiating elements in the nature and disposition of each assemblage. While the majority of the armament does seem to originate from a short conflict period, significant minorities of arms date to the decades before and the centuries after, comprising a collection dating from the third through the late first century B.C. The implications of this continuity will be discussed in comparison with the century-long dedicatory tradition at Gournay. In addition, the ritual mutilation of armament, a significant minority practice at Ribemont, finds parallels in the well-known ritual mutilation of armament at Gournay. The conclusion (chapter 6) provides a synthesis, addressing how the three categories of material remains illustrate the interwoven and multifaceted ritual practice at Ribemont-sur-Ancre and other sanctuary sites in northern Gaul. While Ribemont-sur-Ancre is well-known, its true history and nature in the Iron Age, and the material remains it provides, are poorly understood. This thesis will provide a revised interpretation of the La Tène history, structures, and material from Ribemont in order to address this deficiency. It is hoped that the ritual practices at Ribemont and other Iron Age sanctuaries will be better understood as a result.

The main aim of this thesis is to approach the economic history of a less explored period in our territory, which is the La T?ne period. The first part of the diploma thesis is focused on farming in the settlements of this period in Central Europe with an emphasis on the Czech environment. The practical part consists of the archaeozoological analysis of an osteological assemblage from Modlešovice site in South Bohemia, in order to approach the economic background of the settlement and the socio-economical significance of animals for humans in the La Tene period. The species composition of the fauna and their anatomical representation, age, health condition, etc. are monitored.

La construction du contournement routier nord-ouest de Quimper (Bretagne, Finistère) à Kergolvez en 2005 a permis de mettre au jour une installation humaine de la période gauloise dans la plaine d'inondation du Steïr, affluent de rive droite de l'Odet. Des recherches archéologiques y ont été menées en 2004 et 2005, sur un peu moins de 3 ha. Grâce à trois grandes coupes perpendiculaires au chenal actuel, les observations archéologiques et géomorphologiques détaillées permettent de comprendre le contexte environnemental de l'installation et de l'abandon du site, une agglomération artisanale et commerciale occupée entre la fin du IIIème ou le début du IIème siècle av. J.C. et le troisième quart du Ier siècle av. J.C. Les trois coupes révèlent, au-dessus de la nappe de graviers pléistocène, un comblement sédimentaire de fond de vallée, de 2 à 3 m de puissance, constitué de graviers, de sables et de particules fines, qui se rapporte à une partie du Tardiglaciaire et de l'Holocène. Elles révèlent également le paléochenal d'un méandre abandonné sur la rive gauche du cours d'eau. Ces observations permettent, d'une part, de préciser les dynamiques fluviales postglaciaires pour l'ouest de la péninsule armoricaine. Des liens peuvent être ainsi établis avec les dynamiques observées dans le Nord-Ouest de la France où le remplissage sédimentaire tardiglaciaire et holocène est déjà bien détaillé. Ces observations, qui restent encore insuffisantes à l'échelle régionale, fournissent, d'autre part, quelques éléments de connaissance sur les transferts sédimentaires régionaux depuis le continent vers les zones côtières au cours de l'Holocène. The building of the road to bypass of the town of Quimper (Finistère, Brittany) has allowed the discovery of a La Tene human settlement in the floodplain of the Steïr river valley upstream of Quimper at Kergolvez. Archeological works were realised in 2004 and 2005, on approximately 3 ha. Thanks to three long perpendicular excavations, the detailed archeological and geomorphological observations allows to understand the environmental context of the settlement and its later abandonment, a craft and trade agglomeration lived between the end of the third or the beginning the second century BC and the middle of the second part of the first century BC. The excavations show a thickness of 2 to 3 m of gravels, sands and fine particles which correspond to a part of the floodplain sedimentation during the Tardiglaciaire and Holocene. They also reveal the paleo-channel of a abandoned meander on the left bank of the river. On one hand, these observations allow to precise the post-glacial fluvial dynamics for the West of the Armorican peninsula. Links are also established with the Post-glacial fluvial dynamics of the northwest of France where the stages of the tardiglacial and Holocene valleys infillings are already specified. On the other hand, this kind of observations, that are still insufficient at the regional scale, provides some additional knowledge about the regional sedimentary transfers from the mainland to the coastal areas over the Holocene periods.

Bread or not bread — not an easy question. Methodological considerations on charred archaeological food remains and the revision of finds from the Gallo-Roman cemetery of Wederath-Belginum

International audience; In Mayen wurde die Produktion von Handdrehmühlen "eisenzeitlichen Typs" von der Spätlatènezeit bis in die julisch-claudische Zeit fortgesetzt. Der Unterlieger dieser Mühlen besaß eine gewölbte Mahlfläche, der Läufer war im Querschnitt bikonkav. Während die Oberflächen der Mühlsteine gewöhnlich gepickt sind, sind die Mahlflächen später Exemplare durch in Segmenten angeordnete radiale Rillen geschärft. Ellenbogenförmige (L-förmige) Löcher für die Handhaben waren bereits eine Innovation der späten Eisenzeit.Seit augusteischer Zeit waren "typisch römische" Handmühlen das Hauptprodukt der Mayener Steinbrüche. Sie hatten eine meta mit einer flachkonischen Mahlfläche und einen catillus mit einem breiten erhabenen Rand. Die Mahlflächen waren aus funktionalen Gründen gerillt. Die Oberseite des catillus und die Seitenflächen der Steine waren jedoch mit Rillen verziert, was diese Mühlsteine zu einem charakteristischen "Markenprodukt" machte.Die meisten Handmühlsteine des 'eisenzeitlichen Typs' aus der frühen Kaiserzeit sind aus den Niederlanden bekannt, wo man sie unter dem Namen "Typ Brillerij" kennt. Ein Überblick über diese Mühlsteine zeigt mehrere Exemplare, die südöstlich dieser Region gefunden wurden. Selbst nachdem die typischen römischen Handmühlen zur dominierenden Form geworden waren, wurden noch einige "alte" eisenzeitliche Typen von Quersteinen für einen speziellen Kundenkreis hergestellt. Bislang sind jedoch praktisch keine eng datierten Exemplare aus Fundzusammenhängen nach dem Bataver-Aufstand bekannt.; In Mayen the production of lava rotary querns of 'Iron Age type' continued from the late La Tène period into Julio-Claudian times. The lower quernstone possessed a domed grinding face and the upper stone was double concave in section. While the surfaces of these querns are usually pecked, late examples show a segmented radial grooving on the grinding surfaces. Handle sockets with elbow-shaped (L-shaped) perforation were already an innovation of the late Iron Age. Since Augustan times 'typical Roman' hand-mills were the main product of the Mayen quarries. They had a meta with a flat conical grinding surface and a catillus with a broad raised rim. The active surfaces were grooved for functional reasons. However, the upper side of the catillus and the sides of upper and lower stones were grooved for decoration, making these rotary querns a characteristic 'branded' product. Most of the 'Iron Age type' quernstones of Early Imperial times are known from the Low Countries where they go under the name of Brillerij-type. A survey of these quernstones reveals several examples found to the southeast of this region. Even after the typical Roman hand mills became the dominant form, some 'vintage' Iron Age type querns were still produced for a special clientele. Though, so far, virtually no closely dated specimens are known from contexts after the Batavian revolt.; À Mayen, la production de meules rotatives en lave basaltiques de 'type celtique' s'est poursuivie de La Tène finale jusqu'à l'époque julio-claudienne. Les meules dormantes avaient une surface active convexe et les meules tournantes avaient une section biconcave. Alors que les surfaces de ces meules etait habilé « à coups perdus », des exemples récents montrent un rainurage radial segmenté sur les surfaces actives. Les trous pour la manette avec perforation en forme de coude (en L) étaient déjà une innovation de la fin de l'âge du fer. Depuis l'époque d'Auguste, les 'meules des légionnaires' typiques soient devenus le produit de marque standard des meulières de Mayen. Ils avaient un meta avec une surface active plat conique et un catillus avec un large bord surélevé. Les surfaces actives étaient rainurées pour des raisons fonctionnelles. Cependant, la face supérieure du catillus et les côtés des meules dormantes et tournantes étaient rainurés pour la décoration, ce qui faisait ces meules rotatives un produit "de marque" caractéristique. La plupart des meules de 'type celtique' en lave basaltiques dès le début de l'ère impériale, sont connues dans les Pays-Bas où elles se trouvent sous le nom de 'type Brillerij'. Une étude de ces meules révèle plusieurs exemples trouvés au sud-est de cette région. Même après que les 'meules des légionnaires' typiques soient devenus la forme dominante, quelques meules de forme ancienne étaient encore produites pour une clientèle particulière. Leur production semble avoir été abandonnée après le révolte des Bataves.

International audience; The building of the road to bypass of the town of Quimper (Finistère, Brittany) has allowed the discovery of a La Tene human settlement in the floodplain of the Steïr river valley upstream of Quimper at Kergolvez. Archeological works were realised in 2004 and 2005, on approximately 3 ha. Thanks to three long perpendicular excavations, the detailed archeological and geomorphological observations allows to understand the environmental context of the settlement and its later abandonment, a craft and trade agglomeration lived between the end of the third or the beginning the second century BC and the middle of the second part of the first century BC. The excavations show a thickness of 2 to 3 m of gravels, sands and fine particles which correspond to a part of the floodplain sedimentation during the Tardiglaciaire and Holocene. They also reveal the paleo-channel of a abandoned meander on the left bank of the river. On one hand, these observations allow to precise the post-glacial fluvial dynamics for the West of the Armorican peninsula. Links are also established with the Post-glacial fluvial dynamics of the northwest of France where the stages of the tardiglacial and Holocene valleys infillings are already specified. On the other hand, this kind of observations, that are still insufficient at the regional scale, provides some additional knowledge about the regional sedimentary transfers from the mainland to the coastal areas over the Holocene periods.; La construction du contournement routier nord-ouest de Quimper (Bretagne, Finistère) à Kergolvez en 2005 a permis de mettre au jour une installation humaine de la période gauloise dans la plaine d'inondation du Steïr, affluent de rive droite de l'Odet. Des recherches archéologiques y ont été menées en 2004 et 2005, sur un peu moins de 3 ha. Grâce à trois grandes coupes perpendiculaires au chenal actuel, les observations archéologiques et géomorphologiques détaillées permettent de comprendre le contexte environnemental de l'installation et de l'abandon du site, une agglomération artisanale et commerciale occupée entre la fin du IIIème ou le début du IIème siècle av. J.C. et le troisième quart du Ier siècle av. J.C. Les trois coupes révèlent, au-dessus de la nappe de graviers pléistocène, un comblement sédimentaire de fond de vallée, de 2 à 3 m de puissance, constitué de graviers, de sables et de particules fines, qui se rapporte à une partie du Tardiglaciaire et de l'Holocène. Elles révèlent également le paléochenal d'un méandre abandonné sur la rive gauche du cours d'eau. Ces observations permettent, d'une part, de préciser les dynamiques fluviales postglaciaires pour l'ouest de la péninsule armoricaine. Des liens peuvent être ainsi établis avec les dynamiques observées dans le Nord-Ouest de la France où le remplissage sédimentaire tardiglaciaire et holocène est déjà bien détaillé. Ces observations, qui restent encore insuffisantes à l'échelle régionale, fournissent, d'autre part, quelques éléments de connaissance sur les transferts sédimentaires régionaux depuis le continent vers les zones côtières au cours de l'Holocène.

The largest known collection of La Tène glass from Němčice in Moravia dating to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC also includes glass beads originating in southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean. As in Pistiros, the beads could have been related to the same events of a military, trade or other nature. The relative scarcity of imported beads in Němčice is explained by the glass‑working activities at this site, which covered the needs of the local population.

Die Waffen der Hauptsammlung aus La Tène (Hieb- und Stichwaffen, Lanzen/Speere,Wurfspeere, Schilde) werden spurenkundlich untersucht. Die Stücke im Laténium sind dank Luftabschluss grossteils gut erhalten, manche haben eine einfache Patina. Die Doktorarbeit verbindet Chronotypologie, Experimentalarchäologie, «Ethnoarchäologie» und Forensik, um folgende Fragen zu beantworten: Kann man anhand der Spuren auf Objekten aus LaTène, aber auch aus anderen Fundstellen, feststellen, ob die Waffen willentlich, rituell, oder aber als Folge des Kampfs unbrauchbar wurden? Es geht nicht darum, die Funktion der enigmatische Fundstelle herzuleiten (Heiligtum, militärisches Siegesmal,…), sondern Wegezur Deutung der «Station» aufzuzeigen., The weapons from the main collection from La Tène (impact and thrusting weapons, lances, projectiles/throwing spears, shields) have been analysed for use-wear. Due to the anaerobic conditions, the pieces at the Laténium are largely well preserved, with many bearing a simple patina. This PhD thesis combines chronotypology, experimental archaeology, "ethnoarchaeology" and forensics to answer the following question: Is it possible by examining the traces visible on the objects from La Tène and other sites to ascertain whether the weapons were put beyond use deliberately, as part of a ritual, or did it occur during combat? The objective is not to deduce the function of the enigmatic site (sanctuary, monument to a military victory...) but to find ways of interpreting it., L'étude porte sur la principale collection d'armes celtiques issues du site de La Tène. Ce site majeur pour la Protohistoire, éponyme du Second Âge du Fer en Europe tempérée, a livré plusieurs milliers d'artefacts (armes, parures, outils, vaisselle, harnachements de chevaux, ossements animaux et humains...) dans un état de conservation inhabituel pour des objets vieux de 2200 ans. Au premier rang figurent plusieurs centaines d'armes en fer (épées, fourreaux, armes d'hast et/ou de jet, boucliers), parfois recouvertes d'une simple patine, en raison d'une conservation en milieu anaérobie. A l'examen typo-chronologique "conventionnel" de ces centaines d'armes s'est ajoutée l'analyse tracéologique. Il s'agissait d'interpréter les traces de destructions observables sur les armes de cet ensemble emblématique et de déterminer si ces marques étaient des mutilations liées à des actes rituels volontaires ou des déformations accidentelles liées à l'utilisation au combat de ces armes. Pour cela, une méthodologie originale a été proposée, combinant des approches issues de domaines variés : archéologie expérimentale, ethno-archéologie, sciences forensiques, mathématiques appliquées, biomécanique, etc. Cette entreprise heureuse, saluée par la communauté scientifique, a permis de confirmer que les armes du gisement ont été employées à la guerre, puis déposées sur un trophée, à l'issue d'un ou de plusieurs événements guerriers à l'articulation des IIIe et IIe siècles avant notre ère. La recherche a, par ailleurs, offert une meilleure compréhension des techniques martiales protohistoriques, et autorise une relecture de plusieurs sites gaulois. Une invitation à poursuivre les investigations, à La Tène et ailleurs, a été lancée., La principale collezione di armi del sito di La Tène (armi da taglio, da punta, inastate, dalancio, scudi) è stata studiata dal punto di vista delle tracce d’uso. Nell’insieme le armi del Laténium sono ben conservate grazie alle condizioni anaerobiche, alcune sono ricoperte da una semplice patina. La tesi di dottorato segue un approccio multidisciplinare, prendendo in considerazione la tipocronologia, l’archeologia sperimentale, l’«etnoarcheologia» e lescienze forensi per elucidare le seguenti domande: È possibile, partendo dalle tracce visibili sugli oggetti di La Tène e di altri siti celtichi, interpretare le tracce di distruzione che recanole armi? Quest’ultime sono da interpretare piuttosto come conseguenze di atti rituali o cometracce di combattimenti? Questa ricerca non pretende di trovare una risposta alla spinosa domanda sulla funzione del sito (santuario, trofeo militare,…), ma cerca di contribuire alla discussione presentando degli spunti di riflessione per l’interpretazione.

This article was translated from a book chapter produced by the authors :Lepetz S. and Zech-Matterne: 2018 – Systèmes agro-pastoraux à l'âge du Fer et à la période romaine (chapitre 6) in : Michel Reddé (éd.),Gallia Rustica 2. Les campagnes du nord-est de la Gaule, de la fin de l’âge du Fer à l’Antiquité tardive, Ausonius, Collection Mémoires (50),Bordeaux, p. 327-400.This paper discusses land use, crop husbandry practices and breeding during the Late Iron Age and Roman period,based on the animal and vegetal remains recovered from archaeological sites. Investigations were carried out within the ERCadvanced grants RurLand programme – covering the rural lands of north-eastern Gaul, from the Late La Tène period to LateAntiquity1. Although the RurLand project integrated the adjacent parts of Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Germanyand Switzerland that were included in ancient Gaul, we focussed purely on north-eastern France; the other regions havingalready been the subject of recent overviews (Lepetz & Zech-Matterne 2017)

V letech 2010–2016 byl prováděn detektorový průzkum v bezprostředním okolí zaniklých cest v k. ú. Křenov (okr. Svitavy, Pardubický kraj, Česká republika). Mimo jiné byl objeven depot sestávající z železné radlice a čepele meče typu Bell-Zemplín, kterou lze zařadit do pozdní doby laténské až časné doby římské. Z prospekce dále pochází hrot meče z doby římské zhotovený technikou damasku. Nálezy s největší pravděpodobností souvisí s překonáváním obtížného úseku na soudobé komunikaci.

For several decades, a growing number of protohistoric sites in Auvergne (Massif Central, France) - mostly excavated through preventive archaeology - have been subject to the collection of archaeobotanical analysis. This study presents the archaeobotanical results from ten La Tene sites dating from the last five centuries before the Roman conquest. In addition to providing an inventory of taxa, this paper concerns crops and crop cultivation methods. These results are interpreted in a wider context, dealing with crop husbandry, arable farming, storage and consumption practices. The sites are located in the Limagne plain within a fifty kilometre radius around the city of Clermont-Ferrand. A total of 23,579 carpological remains were identified from 163 sediment samples totalizing a volume of 1096 liters. Comparable to other sites in Gaul, the spectrum of cereals and pulses is restricted. Spelt (Triticum spelta), einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) are disappearing or become rare. A better control of agricultural techniques and increased yields are supposed during the ca. five centuries of the La Tene period. Mixed cultivation is hereby replaced by the sowing of monocrops. At the beginning of this period, farming systems are dominated by a polyculture of cereals and pulses. They become more specialized during the last two centuries before the Roman conquest; diversity of cereals and pulses is decreased.

International audience; Questioning the defensive role of the ramparts of Late La Tène oppida is a prevailing tendency in recent Celtic historiography, as it is assumed by most scholars that their function was predominantly symbolic and ostentatious. Lines of reasoning refuting the military functionality of these fortifications, especially the murus gallicus type, are discussed in this paper. Contrary to current interpretations, it appears that the building techniques, morphology and circuit outlines of these structures are perfectly congruent with a well-reasoned plan of defence, adapted to the warfare and siege tactics in use at that time in the Celtic world. From this perspective, their design is in no way less efficient than that of Hellenistic stone-masonry city walls. In the urbanization process that affects the La Tène culture from the 3rd century BC, fortifi cation appears late, a century after the first large proto-urban trading settlements. It is therefore not a fundamental attribute of Celtic urbanism per se and should rather be interpreted as a response to the global threats instigated by the historical conjuncture of 125–100 BC.

International audience; Géographie culturelle de la céramique décorée entre le vi e et le iv e s. a.C. dans le Bassin parisien et ses marges David Bardel, Marion Saurel (dir.), Laurence Augier, Hélène Delnef, Sophie Desenne, Francesca Di Napoli, Régis Labeaune et Christophe Maitay – Production et proto-industrialisation aux âges du Fer, p. 187-230 C ette enquête sur les procédés décoratifs de la céramique " fine " dans le Bassin parisien et ses marges, entre le vi e et le iv e siècle a.C. (du Hallstatt D2 à La Tène B) s'inscrit dans un projet à plusieurs facettes chronologiques développé à l'occasion du colloque de Nancy 1. La multiplication des données sur les contextes d'habitats et le territoire permet une approche renouvelée des décors de la céramique qui s'affranchit des forts déséquilibres géographiques de la documentation ancienne reposant essentiellement sur les découvertes funéraires. L'objectif est de synthétiser les connaissances sur les phénomènes décoratifs en définissant de façon commune les techniques décoratives et en analysant, à l'aide de données quantifiées, l'utilisation et la répartition de ces décors entre le Hallstatt final et La Tène ancienne. Au-delà, il s'agit de préciser la nature et l'évolution des principaux phénomènes stylistiques touchant la céramique afin de mieux appréhender leurs origines et leurs identités socio-culturelles. Les cadres de l'étude L'espace géographique Le cadre géographique de cette étude correspond à la vaste zone sédimentaire du Bassin parisien, qui s'étend du Seuil de Bourgogne aux limites du Massif armoricain et au Nord de la France. S'y ajoutent des extensions vers le sud correspondant aux limites du Massif central et à une grande partie du Bassin aquitain. Le choix de cet espace permet de couvrir une vaste zone des cultures celtiques occidentales en réunissant l'essentiel des bassins versants de la Loire – exception faite de sa haute vallée – et de la Seine jusqu'à ses limites orientales vers la vallée de la Meuse. La trame chronologique de l'analyse La trame chronologique choisie pour l'analyse commune et la cartographie des décors repose sur trois grandes étapes aux limites souples afin d'absorber les décalages liés aux différentes spécificités chronologiques des approches régionales. Les grandes périodes définies se chevauchent donc légèrement. Elles correspondent à des grandes étapes d'évolution culturelle marquées par des phénomènes stylistiques renouvelés et plus ou moins étirés dans le temps. La cartographie réalisée propose un état géographique général des principaux phénomènes décoratifs de chaque étape ; les nuances de l'évolution et de la diffusion sont abordées avec plus de détails dans la discussion synthétique. 1. Cf. l'article de Barral et al., dans ce volume.

International audience; In recent years, 3 deposits of semi-products with rolled extremity have been excavated by the Institut National de Recherche Archéologique Préventive (Inrap) in Ile-de-France and studied by the LAPA-NIMBE and LMC-IRAMAT. Six bars have been discovered and their morphological resemblances and exclusive localization in Ile-de-France suggest a possible local origin (Giorgi, 2016; Quenez, 2016; Rosenberger et al., 2010). They are characterized by a U-shaped socket, a rectangular cross section at the socket / bar transition and a square cross section in the center of the bar. The distal end become thinner while keeping the back straight and its extremity get rounded. Archaeometric (metallographic and chemical) analyzes were carried out on 4 of these bars. All the analyzes developed within the LMC-IRAMAT and the LAPA-NIMBE for several years (Bauvais et al., 2017; Disser et al., 2016; Leroy et al., 2012) made it possible to compare the manufacturing techniques, the composition of the alloys and the chemical signatures contained in the slag inclusions. It thus appears that the shaping techniques are surprisingly close for the four bars with the presence of a systematic homogenization kneading and the installation of multiple transverse welds. However, chemical analysis of the slag inclusions contained in the metal suggest that the bars were produced with different metal origins. Finally, the signatures of the 4 bars were confronted with the different production spaces known in Ile-de-France in order to verify the hypothesis of a local production.

International audience; In recent years, 3 deposits of semi-products with rolled extremity have been excavated by the Institut National de Recherche Archéologique Préventive (Inrap) in Ile-de-France and studied by the LAPA-NIMBE and LMC-IRAMAT. Six bars have been discovered and their morphological resemblances and exclusive localization in Ile-de-France suggest a possible local origin (Giorgi, 2016; Quenez, 2016; Rosenberger et al., 2010). They are characterized by a U-shaped socket, a rectangular cross section at the socket / bar transition and a square cross section in the center of the bar. The distal end become thinner while keeping the back straight and its extremity get rounded. Archaeometric (metallographic and chemical) analyzes were carried out on 4 of these bars. All the analyzes developed within the LMC-IRAMAT and the LAPA-NIMBE for several years (Bauvais et al., 2017; Disser et al., 2016; Leroy et al., 2012) made it possible to compare the manufacturing techniques, the composition of the alloys and the chemical signatures contained in the slag inclusions. It thus appears that the shaping techniques are surprisingly close for the four bars with the presence of a systematic homogenization kneading and the installation of multiple transverse welds. However, chemical analysis of the slag inclusions contained in the metal suggest that the bars were produced with different metal origins. Finally, the signatures of the 4 bars were confronted with the different production spaces known in Ile-de-France in order to verify the hypothesis of a local production.

International audience; This article presents one of the first steps of a project that aims at exploring the diffusion patterns of Mediterranean imported goods in Late Iron Age Europe (250–25 BC) and the organization of the commercial interactions of these goods. It brings together two archeologists and a mathematician in the study of a large inventory of 57,735 Italian and Greek imports discovered from England to Serbia. This large amount of new and unpublished data is analyzed through the joint use of network analysis tools and formal statistical methods. The analysis focuses on detecting patterns in the association of imported artifacts that are often found on the same sites. The objectives are to highlight groups of imports that may have circulated together and to emphasize regional selections by local populations. At this stage of the study, two main systems of imports have been highlighted used, respectively, in West and Central Europe. Interesting leads that will need further investigation include the imports status and the role they played in Celtic societies, as acculturated objects or more as objects for acculturation.

The circulation of different archaeological artefacts frequently reflects the manner in which a wide variety of communities used to communicate. The distribution of amphora-shaped glass and coral beads at the beginning of the Late Iron Age provides a relevant example. The analysis of these artefacts indicates that they came from Mediterranean workshops, subsequently being distributed across the Carpathian Basin through social contacts established between different groups and communities. The practice of exogamy was an important factor in the inter-community exchange of such cultural goods., Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Bd. 45, Nr. 3 (2015): Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt

This Master thesis is dedicated to pasture and the overall image of animal husbandry in Central Europe in La Téne Period and Roman Age. An important part is evaluation of osteological assemblages grazed animals, the question of the spectrum of species and creating models applied in the territory of today's Czech republic. A meaningful component of this study is comparison farmed animals at the time of La Téne and Roman period. Keywords: pasture - animal husbandry - agriculture - La Téne period - Roman period - archaeozoology

In recent years, 3 deposits of semi-products with rolled extremity have been excavated by the Institut National de Recherche Archéologique Préventive (Inrap) in Ile-de-France and studied by the LAPA-NIMBE and LMC-IRAMAT. Six bars have been discovered and their morphological resemblances and exclusive localization in Ile-de-France suggest a possible local origin (Giorgi, 2016; Quenez, 2016; Rosenberger et al., 2010). They are characterized by a U-shaped socket, a rectangular cross section at the socket / bar transition and a square cross section in the center of the bar. The distal end become thinner while keeping the back straight and its extremity get rounded. Archaeometric (metallographic and chemical) analyzes were carried out on 4 of these bars. All the analyzes developed within the LMC-IRAMAT and the LAPA-NIMBE for several years (Bauvais et al., 2017; Disser et al., 2016; Leroy et al., 2012) made it possible to compare the manufacturing techniques, the composition of the alloys and the chemical signatures contained in the slag inclusions. It thus appears that the shaping techniques are surprisingly close for the four bars with the presence of a systematic homogenization kneading and the installation of multiple transverse welds. However, chemical analysis of the slag inclusions contained in the metal suggest that the bars were produced with different metal origins. Finally, the signatures of the 4 bars were confronted with the different production spaces known in Ile-de-France in order to verify the hypothesis of a local production.

This paper will focus to animal exploitation for working purposes in the past, especially in agriculture, based on degeneration changes on the bones of cattle and horses, which are caused by intensive strain of these animals. Firstly, I would like to introduce these changes in general, their classification, ways of harnessing and the oldest archaeological evidences of working exploitation of animals as well. Secondly, in practical part I will deal with analysis of archaeozoological collection from La Téne site in Modlešovice and study several pathological signs on it.

In this thesis, I will concentrate on the finds of the prehistoric glass in the South Bohemia and I will try to analyze them. Primarily I will focus on the type of glass, their context, dating, color and decoration and then at the end I will compare these data. The main purpose of this thesis is to create the current list of the prehistoric glass in the South Bohemia region. Thanks to nondestructive chemical analysis (XRF) I will try to determinate the non-prehistoric glass and the set from the South Bohemia will be compared to other sets from the Czech Republic.

Dès le milieu du ve millénaire av. n.-è., les sociétés néolithiques ont recours à de nombreuses et diverses nouvelles formes d’espace mortuaire. Les premiers grands monuments funéraires sont érigés, les premières nécropoles apparaissent et scindent le paysage en plusieurs espaces spécialisés. Ces formes de regroupement, présentes à travers toute l’Europe occidentale, marquent les prémices de la complexification et de la hiérarchisation des sociétés, mettant ainsi en évidence l’ensemble des inégalités, qui seront présentes jusque dans la mort. Le recrutement des défunts se fait dès lors sur différents critères, que ce soit d’ordre biologique (traitement différentiel des périnataux et des enfants en bas-âge), d’ordre pathologique (épidémies par exemple), d’ordre politique (gestion des sépultures de crise, massacres) ou d’ordre social (fonction de son statut, de son appartenance quelconque). Si les champs de repos que sont les nécropoles se forment à ce moment-là, tous les défunts n’y sont pas dévolus ; en parallèle, d’autres formes d’espaces dédiés aux morts sont reconnues en contexte domestique. Les restes humains sont ainsi quelquefois identifiés dans des fosses circulaires s’apparentant à des silos, dans des cuvettes, dans des fossés d’enceinte, et parfois même se mêlent aux rejets détritiques. Morts et vivants habitent ainsi des espaces distincts mais jointifs. Cette stratification de la société, reconnue dans la vie comme dans l’au-delà, a perduré pendant toute la protohistoire. Nous proposons d’appréhender les différents questionnements liés aux limites, aux spécificités, à la pérennité et à la coexistence de ces espaces mortuaires, au fil du temps, en Alsace, afin d’en retracer au mieux les aspects historiographiques. From the middle of the fifth millennium BC., Neolithic societies have used many and various new forms of burial space. The first funerary major monuments are erected, the first burial appear and split the landscape in several specialized areas. These forms of grouping, present throughout Western Europe, marking the beginnings of the complexity and hierarchy of societies and highlighting all the inequalities that are present even in death. The recruitment of the deceased is therefore on various criteria, whether biological (differential treatment of perinatal and children in infancy), a pathological nature (eg epidemics), political (graves crisis massacres) or social (depending on its status, membership any). If the fields of rest that are cemeteries form at that time, all the dead are not vested, in parallel, other forms of space for dead are recognized domestic context. Humans remains are sometimes identified in circular pits resembling at silos, in bowls, in enclosure ditches, and even mingle with detrital discharges. Living and the dead live in separate but contiguous spaces. This stratification of society, recognized in life and in the Hereafter, will continue throughout the early history and we propose to understand the various questions relating to limitations, specificities, to the sustainability and to the coexistence of these burial areas, over time, in Elsass, in order to locate the best historiographical aspects.

The basis of this research is the compilation of a gazetteer of sites and finds of the La Tène and early Gallo-Roman periods (c. 475 BC - c. 31 BC) in north-west France. Two aspects of the evidence thus collected are examined in detail: settlement and coinage. For the early La Tène period, burial evidence provides the only significant source of information, and at present it is not of sufficient quality or quantity to do more than shed light on a few specific aspects of regional development. Similarly, the settlement evidence from the later periods is also relatively scarce. However the introduction of coinage in the middle La Tène, probably via mercenaries returning from service in the Greek world, provides a much more substantial body of information on developments between the third and first centuries BC. Following a consideration of the theoretical aspects of coin use and function, all the major types of coinage in north-west France are examined in detail, and a number of problems of attribution and interpretation are discussed. It is apparent from the study of settlement and coinage that several traditional interpretations of aspects of the La Tène and early Gallo-Roman periods in north-west France need to be reassessed, in particular questions concerning the development of oppida, and the function of coinage. In the concluding chapter a model of the development of coinage in the region is suggested, illuminated where possible by the application of settlement evidence. The result demonstrates clearly the extraordinarily cohesive nature of this area, which has been termed "greater Armorica", throughout the later Iron Age and into the Gallo-Roman era.

International audience; Cet ouvrage rassemble quelques-unes des contributions proposées lors d’un séminaire international tenuà Paris les 16 et 17 mars 2015 dans le cadre du programme européen “Rurland”, financé par l’EuropeanResearch Council (ERC). L’objectif était d’analyser et de comparer un certain nombre de territoires limités,mais archéologiquement bien documentés, choisis en fonction de leurs caractéristiques géographiqueset géomorphologiques (répartition dans l’espace, topographie et ensembles paysagers, potentialitésagronomiques des sols), de la diversité de leurs exploitations agricoles (“villas” / “fermes” / habitatgroupé /dispersé), de leurs systèmes de production et des formes d’organisation sociale qu’ils reflètent,de la Tène D1 à la fin de l’Antiquité. Cette enquête, menée en France à l’échelle du Nord-Est, connaîtbien évidemment des parallèles dans les autres pays limitophes de la frontière romaine ou situés dansson hinterland proche (Belgique, Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Luxembourg, Suisse). L’objectif de cet atelierétait de confronter les différentes expériences menées dans chaque pays et d’examiner comment unecomparaison générale des formes d’exploitation rurale est possible, sur quels critères, selon quellesmodalités. Comprendre les critères de classification de chacun, ses présupposés, ses méthodes de travail,ses objectifs constituait donc un préliminaire indispensable à la poursuite de l’enquête et à la constitutiond’un réseau scientifique international autour de ce projet.

In my bachelor thesis I try to clarify aspects of the use of an x-ray fluorescence analysis method in the study of a composition of the ceramics and its provenance. I try to gather information about this method, as well as its pluses and minuses, by means of study of domestic and especially international publications and projects dealing with this topic. Knowledge acquired is then used in the research during which I analyse chemical composition of South Bohemian ceramic with graphite admixture from the La Tene period and I try to discover its differences and thanks to that determine potential imports.

Presented work focuses on burial rite of the late La Tene Period, mainly in southern Bohemia. A latest catalog of burial components of the LTBLTC phases in the south Bohemian Region, which was consequently spatially analyzed. The results were compared with other contemporary components. The author also compares La Tene Period burial rite in southern Bohemia with different regions. The phenomenon of secondary burials in earlier burial mounds is then observed. Based on literature research, the up-to-date knowledge, possible interpretations, and a list of these sites was gathered and synthesized for the southern Bohemian Region. The final part of this work is dedicated to the shortage of burial districts at the end of the La Tene Period, and theoretical models on human remains treatment are presented here.

Anthropomorphic stone statuary from the second Iron Age contains about fifty sculptures (including busts, figures sitting cross-legged and heads) in the West of Gaul, whose catalogue is presented at the end of this article. These carved figures, considered often in the past as “ clumsy” Gallo-Roman productions, have recently been linked to the La Tene period thanks to well-dated archaeological contexts, as was the case in Paule (Côtes-d’Armor). Their hieratic style, their form close to the original stone block and the expressionist nature of the composition which aims to highlight the significant elements of sculpture, distinguish them as well from Gallo-Roman statues. This expressionism that mainly focuses on the carved attributes, leads to consider these figures as representations of important members of the Gallic society and can sometimes help to clarify their status., La statuaire anthropomorphe en pierre du Second âge du Fer compte une cinquantaine de sculptures (comprenant des bustes, des personnages assis en tailleur et des têtes) dans l’Ouest de la Gaule, dont l’inventaire sous forme de catalogue est présenté en fin d’article. Ces personnages sculptés, bien souvent par le passé considérés comme des productions gallo-romaines “malhabiles”, ont été récemment rattachés à l’époque de La Tène grâce à des découvertes en contexte archéologique bien daté, comme ce fut le cas à Paule (Côtes d’Armor). Leur style hiératique, leur forme proche du bloc de pierre équarri et le caractère expressionniste de leurs compositions, qui visent à mettre en avant les éléments significatifs de la sculpture, tels que les coiffures et les attributs, les distinguent de surcroît de la statuaire galloromaine. Ce caractère expressionniste qui met essentiellement l’accent sur les attributs sculptés, amènent à considérer ces personnages comme des représentations d’élites de la société gauloise, dont il est parfois possible de préciser le statut., Moreau Clhoé. La sculpture anthropomorphe en pierre du second âge du Fer dans l’Ouest de la Gaule. In: Aquitania : une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie, tome 32, 2016. pp. 59-118.

À travers deux campagnes de fouilles réalisées au nord de Falaise aux lieux-dits « L’Attache » et « Expansia » auxquelles s’ajoutent diverses données de survols aériennes et de diagnostics préventifs, il est possible d’aborder pour ce secteur la question de l’organisation spatiale et des modes d’exploitation des terroirs avant la conquête romaine, à l’image des réseaux laténiens du nord de la plaine de Caen et du bassin de la Seulles. L’étude des vestiges domestiques de ces deux établissements permet d’appréhender des différences régionales, notamment dans les besoins de stockage, entre ce secteur aux portes de la plaine d’Argentan et d’Alençon et les réseaux de fermes du nord de la plaine de Caen. L’étude typo-chronologique et pétrographique des corpus céramiques contribue à ce questionnement sur des mobiliers composant un assemblage à la marge des productions de la plaine de Caen et tourné vers celles de l’Orne, plus influencées par le domaine armoricain. The spatial organization and land use before the Roman conquest is a subject that can be tackled from two seasons of excavations to the north of Falaise at “L’Attache” and “Expansia” and also from aerial and mechanical surveys carried out in this sector. This data shows that land organisation is modelled on a similar network of latenian farms to the north of the Caen Plain and the Seulles valley. The study of these two settlement sites brings to light regional differences between this area near to the department of Orne and the Caen Plain, one example being storage capacity. The typo-chronological and petrographic study of the pottery corpus raises questions about the assemblage more characteristic of the productions of the Orne, influenced by the Armorican domain, rather than those of the Caen Plain. Nach zwei Ausgrabungskampagnen nördlich von Falaise (Calvados) im Bereich der Flurbezeichnungen „L’Attache“ und ‚Expansia“ und unter Berücksichtigung von den Ergebnissen der Luftbildarchäologie und den durchgeführten Baggerprospektionen können wir heute für diesen Bereich das räumliche Siedlungsmuster und die Landschaftsnutzung vor der römischen Eroberung rekonstruieren. Diese fügen sich in ein Gesamtbild der latènezeitlicher Besiedlung im Norden der Ebene von Caen und im Becken von Seulles ein. Die Untersuchung der Befunde und der Funde aus diesen zwei ländlichen Siedlungen erlaubt es, regionale Unterschiede zwischen dieser Zone am Zugang zur Ebene von Argentan und Alençon sowie der Siedlungsstruktur der ländlichen Besiedlung im Norden der Ebene von Caen herauszuarbeiten. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Vorrichtungen und Möglichkeiten zur Vorratshaltung. Die typo-chronologische und petrographische Analyse der Keramikfunde trägt wichtige Informationen zur vergleichenden Untersuchung bei, indem sie ein keramisches Fundgut charakterisiert, dass randlich zur Keramikproduktion der Ebene von Caen liegt und dessen Produktion mehr im Bereich der Orne zu lokalisieren sein dürfte, einer Zone, bei der sich Einflüsse aus dem amorikanischen Gebiet bereits deutlich bemerkbar machen. Merced a dos campañas de excavaciones realizadas al norte de Falaise en las localidades “L’Attache” y “Expansia”, a las que se añaden varios datos de vuelos aéreos y diagnósticos preventivos, es ahora posible abordar la cuestión de la organización espacial y de los modos de explotación de las tierras de este sector antes de la conquista romana, de la misma manera que se abordo el asunto para las redes de La Tène del norte del llano de Caen y de la cuenca de la Seulles. El estudio de los restos domésticos de estos dos establecimientos nos permite comprender las diferencias regionales, en particular en cuanto a los requisitos de almacenamiento entre esta zona situada en las afueras de la Llanura de Argentan y Alençon y las redes de granjas en el norte del llano de Caen. El estudio tipo-cronológico y petrográfico de los corpus cerámicos contribuye a esta pregunta sobre mobiliarios que constituyen una excepción comparándoles con las producciones del llano de Caen y más próximas a las del Orne, región más influenciada por el terreno armoricano.

This paper focuses on the analysis of settlement of hill-top sites in the middle and late La Tene period on the territory of today's Bohemia. The subject of interest will not be oppida, about which much has already been written, but other hill-top sites of La Tene period, both fortified and unfortified, which are often perceived as a marginal phenomenon. This paper shows that it is a phenomenon more common than it might seem. Base of the paper is catalog of these sites that offers their list and description, as well as history of research and attempt on interpretation of the motivation for choosing these sometimes very remote and inaccessible locations and an attempt to set them up into settlement structure.

Presented diploma thesis is devoted to the analysis of the female graves of the La Tène period in Bohemia, more particularly it relates to quantity, material and placement of every objects of the grave goods. Observed variability indicates time, regional and in some mesure social differences which influenced the composition of the grave set. Within the comparison, the graves from Moravia, Slovakia and Austria have been also taken into consideration.

Die Entdeckung einer grossen Anzahl von Webgewichten aus gebranntem Lehm auf der La Tène und gallo-römischen Fundstelle ,,Les Trois Mares" bei Palaiseau (Essonne) erlauben einen Zugang zu der Frage der praktizierten Webtechniken zwischen dem Ende der gallischen Unabhängigkeit und den ersten Jahren der Romanisierung. Die dreieckigen Webgewichte mit drei Lochungen sind während der gallischen Epoche gut belegt, vor allem im Norden Galliens. Sie scheinen nach der Eroberung weiter zu bestehen. Ihr Erhaltungszustand erlaubt, Gebrauchsspuren an den Lochungen zu beobachten, wo das stetige Hindurchfuhren von Schnuren sichtbar ist und so die Nutzung als Hängegewicht mit der Spitze nach unten erkennen lässt. Diese einfache Lôsung entspricht den Eigenschaften des Webgewichtes. Die Durchfiihrung von experimentellen Protokollen hat diese Théorie bestätigt und als schlussig bewiesen., With the discovery of a large quantities of fired clay weights on the La Tène (Celtic) and Gallo-Roman site of "Les Trois Mares" in Palaiseau (Essonne), the question of weaving techniques in use between the end of Gallic independence and the first years of romanization can be addressed. Triangular weights with three perforations are well attested in the Gallic period, especially in the north of Gaul, and seem to have been used after the conquest. Their state of preservation made it possible to observe consecutive traces of wear due to the movement of a fastener through the perforations and thus to identify their mode of suspension : point downwards. This simple solution is coherent with the characteristics of the weights. Experimental tests were undertaken and the results seem conclusive., La découverte d'une grande quantité de pesons en terre cuite sur le site laténien et gallo-romain des 'Trois Mares" à Palaiseau (Essonne) permet d'aborder la question des techniques de tissage pratiquées entre la fin de l'indépendance gauloise et les premières années de la romanisation. Les pesons triangulaires à trois perforations sont bien attestés à l'époque gauloise, surtout dans le Nord de la Gaule, et semblent perdurer après la Conquête. Leur état de conservation permet d'observer les traces d'usure consécutives au passage d'une attache dans les perforations et donc de reconnaître leur mode de suspension, pointe vers le bas. Cette solution, simple, est cohérente avec les caractéristiques du peson. La mise en place de protocoles expérimentaux a permis d'en tester la validité et s'est révélée concluante., Blin Olivier, Médard Fabienne, Puybaret Marie Pierre. Fils et pesons : éléments pour une approche des techniques de tissage en Gaule romaine du Nord. In: Revue archéologique de Picardie, n°1-2, 2003. Cultivateurs, éleveurs et artisans dans les campagnes de Gaule romaine., sous la direction de Sébastien Lepetz et Véronique Matterne. pp. 157-176.

U zaštitnim arheološkim iskopavanjima provedenim na položaju Sušine kraj Virja u jesen 2013. godine otvorena je površina od 300 m2 u dvije sonde. Sonde su pomno odabrane i postavljene prema rezultatima geofizičkih istraživanja koja su provedena tijekom proljeća 2013. godine, s ciljem dobivanja preciznih podataka o prepoznavanju i izgledu dijelova talioničke radionice. Arheološkim istraživanjima potvrđeno je postojanje ostataka talioničke radionice u sondi S-7 te dijelova naselja u sondi S-8. U zapadnom dijelu sonde S-7 evidentiran je i istražen dio prostora na kojem se odlagao talionički otpad, dok je u jugoistočnom dijelu bio prostor s ostacima četiriju peći za taljenje željezne rudače. U sjeverozapadnom dijelu iskopa istražena je izdužena prapovijesna tvorevina iz latenskog razdoblja. U sondi S-8 pronađeni su naseobinski ostaci od kojih je prepoznat jedan veći objekt i ognjište na otvorenom uz njega. Prema prikupljenim brojnim ulomcima keramike grube fakture, jednostavnih profilacija rubova i ukrašene češljastom valovnicom te prema indikativnom nalazu dijela brončanoga pojasnog jezičca, objekt se može preliminarno opredijeliti u ranosrednjovjekovno razdoblje. Je li istraženi dio talioničke radionice na Sušinama egzistirao u isto vrijeme kada i ranosrednjovjekovno naselje smješteno tik uz njezine dijelove ili vrijeme njezina funkcioniranja treba tražiti u širem razdoblju, bit će jasnije nakon provedenih planiranih interdisciplinarnih analiza., The archaeological excavations carried out at Virje-Volarski breg/Sušine in the autumn 2013 covered 300 m2 in two trenches. The trenches were carefully chosen and positioned according to the results of geophysical investigations carried out in spring 2013, with a view to obtaining precise information regarding the recognition and appearance of the elements of a smelting workshop. The archaeological investigations corroborated the existence of the remains of a smelting workshop in Trench S-7 and remains of a settlement in Trench S-8 at Sušine. In the western part of Trench S-7 we documented and excavated a part of the space used for dumping smelting waste, while in the south-eastern part there was a space with the remains of four furnaces for smelting iron ore. In the north-western part of Trench S-7 we investigated an elongated prehistoric feature from the La Tene period. Trench S-8 yielded the remains of habitation with a recognizable larger structure and an open-air fireplace next to it. Based on the abundant collected remains of pottery of coarse texture, simple rim profilations and combed waveline decoration, as well as the indicative find of a part of a bronze belt strap-end, the structure can preliminarily be dated to the early medieval period. At Sušine we investigated the remains of a smelting workshop and the remains of a settlement from the Early Middle Ages. In the investigated workshop complex a significant portion of the surface was covered by the waste dumped from the workshop. The excavations covered only a peripheral part of the workshop with the remains of furnaces that presumably extended further, beneath unexcavated ploughland. Based on the present state of research we cannot determine whether the smelting workshop at Sušine was in operation during the life of the early medieval settlement located adjacent to it, and the answer to this question will be provided by future planned interdisciplinary analyses.

Dieser Artikel behandelt die neue Entdeckung eines versteinerten Seeigels in einem archäologischen Fundkontext. Das Exemplar weist die notwendigen Charakteristika auf, um seine Art und seine vermutete Herkunft genauer bestimmen zu können. Der fossile Seeigel wurde wahrscheinlich aus einer Entfernung von mehreren Hundert Kilometern herbeigebracht. Es wird auch sein archäologischer Kontext untersucht, der sich im Bereich einer Straße in einer protourbanen Besiedlung befindet. Die archäologische Schicht mit dem Seeigel wird an das Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. datiert. Weiterhin wurde eine forschungsgeschichtliche Bilanz der Funde von versteinerten Seeigeln in ihrem vorkeltischen, keltischen und gallo-römischen Kontext in Westeuropa gezogen. Dies führt zu einem kosmologischen Verständnis dieser Art von Fossilien im keltischen Glauben nach den Berichten von Plinius dem Älteren. Dieser Überblick zeigt die Bedeutung des versteinerten Seeigels von Goincet, der nicht weit von Lugdunum, der Hauptstadt Galliens und Geburtsort des Kaisers Claudius, gefunden worden war. Die Kaiser Augustus, Tiberius und Claudius kämpften immer stärker gegen die religiöse Lehre der Druiden. Versteinerte Seeigel wurden aber weiterhin rituell verwendet., This article focuses on the discovery of a new fossil sea urchin in an archaeological find context. The specimen presents the necessary characteristics to define its species and its potential geographic origin. This sea urchin was probably transported for several hundred kilometres and comes from the archaeological context along a track in a Celtic proto-urban sector and from a layer dating to the end of the 1st century BC. A historiographical assessment of similar fossil sea urchins discovered in Proto-Celtic, Celtic or Gallo-Roman contexts of Western Europe results in a cosmological understanding of this fossil object based on a Celtic belief reported by Pliny the Elder. This overview shows the importance of the Goincet fossil urchin which was found near Lugdunum, capital of the Gauls and birthplace of Emperor Claudius. Historically, the emperors Augustus, Tiberius and Claudius fought increasingly bitterly against the religious doctrine of the Druids. Still, fossil sea urchins continued to be used in ritual contexts., Cet article relate la découverte d’un nouvel oursin fossile en contexte archéologique. Le spécimen présente les caractéristiques nécessaires à la définition de son espèce et de sa provenance la plus probable. Le transport de cet oursin fossile dépasse probablement plusieurs centaines de kilomètres. Il est aussi question de préciser son contexte archéologique qui se trouve le long d’une voie à l’intérieur d’un espace proto-urbain d’origine celtique. Le niveau archéologique qui contenait l’oursin date de la fin du 1er siècle av. J.-C. Par ailleurs, nous avons jugé bon d’opérer un bilan historiographique des découvertes d’oursins fossiles en contexte proto-celtique, celtique ou gallo-romain à l’échelle de l’Ouest de l’Europe. Cela débouche sur une approche cosmologique de cet objet fossile au travers d’une croyance celtique relatée par Pline l’Ancien. Ce tour d’horizon montre l’importance de l’oursin fossile de Goincet retrouvé non loin de Lugdunum, capitale des Gaules et lieu de naissance de l’Empereur Claude. Sur le plan historique, les empereurs Auguste, Tibère et Claude ont lutté de plus en plus fortement contre la doctrine religieuse des druides. Les oursins fossiles demeurent présents en contexte rituel.

An interpretation of cremated bones in the archaeological record presents a real challenge to the bioarchaeologists. The standard osteological procedures created primarily for unburned osteological material often fail to identify this highly fragmented samples transformed by fire. The aim of this study is to present possibilities for identification of human and animal burned bones in the archaeological record. Identification starts with an analysis of thermal destruction patterns visible on the bones and teeth remains. Time, temperature and environment leave a specific colour on the bone which could be observed on different levels. Finally, the results of histological methods with the accent on potentials and limits were presented. This study is a reconstruction and an interpretation of the human and animal osteological remains from sixty eight Celtic graves of the Middle La Tène period from Brežice in Slovenia.

The thesis focuses on reviewing the excavations from Počedělice between the years 1988-1989, during which two settlement objects from the break of the La Tene period and the Early Roman period (LT D2b/ R A) were identified. Tangible and intangible finds were further analysed and evaluated, such as ground sunken homes, ceramic fragments, daubings, osteological package, a furnace and an iron object. The second part of the thesis focuses on structure of the settlements and the burials in the eastern part of Louny area. It also outlines the current state of research and the basis for the future research. The second part also presents a created catalogue of sites dated in the break of the La Tene period and the Early Roman period in the discussed region.

International audience; Notes on imitations (?) of Mediterranean vessels from the Central Bohemian oppida. The article reconsiders the premises of a hypothesis according to which several pottery sherds found in the late La Tène oppida in central Bohemia imitate Mediterranean ceramic forms. The idea of the formal imitation of concrete vase types is questioned on the grounds of chronological and formal inconsistencies. Instead of a problematic theory of formal imitation, functional inspiration is proposed as a more appropriate mechanism to explain the reception of the Mediterranean influence. In one case, only change of the object's chronology (to the early La Tène period) could help it maintain its status of an imitation.

There are as y et no instances of excavations which have revealed extensive traces of the Iron Age on the plateau occupied by Angoulême. Only a few small-scale interventions dispersed across the town allow a glimpse of the presence of a settlement in use essentially during the First Iron Age and which seems to have covered several hectares. If one excludes use of the site during Ha D2-3/La Tène A, only three locations have provided indications of Second Iron Age occupation, but these are widely dispersed and not contemporary with each other. In addition, a feasting site is known at the foot of the plateau. Given the infrequency of the indications of La Tène use of the plateau, although it may be asked if they are in fact more common on other renowned la Tène sites, the succession between the capital of the independent people and the Roman settlement of Iculisma remains hypothetical, albeit not improbable., À ce jour, aucune fouille archéologique n’a permis d’observer sur de larges surfaces les vestiges de l’âge du Fer présents sur le plateau de la ville d’Angoulême. Seules quelques opérations limitées et dispersées nous permettent d’entrevoir la présence d’une agglomération du premier âge du Fer qui pourrait couvrir plusieurs hectares. Si l’on ne tient pas compte de la phase de transition Ha D2-3/La Tène A ancienne, seuls trois lieux occupés au cours du second âge du Fer sont connus sur le plateau, mais non contemporains et éloignés les uns des autres. S’ajoute, dans le plat pays à une certaine distance, un site de banquet possible. Du fait de la modicité des indices - mais sont-ils beaucoup plus nombreux sur d’autres sites laténiens autrement insignes ? - la succession entre la capitale d’un peuple indépendant et la ville romaine Iculisma reste hypothétique en l’état actuel des connaissances, mais non improbable.

International audience; Le Nord du Bassin parisien est caractérisé par une absence de sites de réduction du minerai de fer pour La Tène finale, voire pour toute l’antiquité. Toutefois, les activités de forge sont omniprésentes pour la fin de l’âge du Fer. Cette zone est en revanche cernée par plusieurs régions productrices de fer brut.Dans ce contexte, l’acquisition de la matière première, sous la forme de demi-produits, semble donc astreinte à un approvisionnement à moyenne ou longue distance. Les activités de forge doivent alors s’organiser selon un schéma particulier, propre à l’organisation socio-économique de cette période dans cette région.À travers l’analyse des demi-produits de la région et de la chaîne opératoire de post-réduction (forge) de 5 sites de l’Aisne, nous allons tenter de préciser les hypothèses et les questionnements sur la circulation des demi-produits et donc sur l’organisation régionale de la production d’objets en fer.Jusqu’à présent, dans le nord du Bassin parisien, les indices clairs permettant de caractériser la matière première travaillée sur les sites restaient rares. Récemment, plus de 500 demi-produits d’une morphologie particulière (que nous appellerons barres à douille) ont pu être identifiés.Toutefois, la matière première circulait sous de multiples formes et les déchets engendrés par leur transformation peuvent apporter un complément nous permettant d’aborder ce point crucial pour la compréhension de l’organisation de cette production. La quantification des pertes en parties retrouvées dans ces culots de forge ainsi que la propreté inclusionnaire de celles-ci, corrélée à celles des demi-produits et des objets, permettent de donner une idée de la qualité du métal travaillé.Suite à ces analyses, il est possible de classer schématiquement ces demi-produits, selon leur homogénéité inclusionnaire, en trois catégories : une qualité très médiocre proche de la masse brute, une mauvaise qualité et une bonne qualité inclusionnaire.Les résultats acquis jusqu’à présent permettent d’entrevoir une organisation complexe des activités de forge dont les principaux modes nous restent encore majoritairement inconnus.On remarque, dans cette région, en ce qui concerne les activités sidérurgiques, un croisement constant entre des impératifs d’ordre géographiques, technologiques et socio-économiques.