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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-4-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-exn-10.1177_26331055221138508 for Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats by Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai and Hiroshi Kuroki in Neuroscience Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-4-car-10.1177_19476035231154510 for Treadmill Exercise Suppresses Histological Progression of Disuse Atrophy in Articular Cartilage in Rat Knee Joints during Hindlimb Suspension by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-car-10.1177_19476035211043202 for Intra-Articular Injections of Curcumin Monoglucuronide TBP1901 Suppresses Articular Cartilage Damage and Regulates Subchondral Bone Alteration in an Osteoarthritis Rat Model by Akihiro Nakahata, Akira Ito, Ryo Nakahara, Atsuhiro Kishimoto, Atsushi Imaizumi, Tadashi Hashimoto, Shogo Mukai, Yasuaki Nakagawa and Hiroshi Kuroki in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-car-10.1177_19476035211043202 for Intra-Articular Injections of Curcumin Monoglucuronide TBP1901 Suppresses Articular Cartilage Damage and Regulates Subchondral Bone Alteration in an Osteoarthritis Rat Model by Akihiro Nakahata, Akira Ito, Ryo Nakahara, Atsuhiro Kishimoto, Atsushi Imaizumi, Tadashi Hashimoto, Shogo Mukai, Yasuaki Nakagawa and Hiroshi Kuroki in CARTILAGE

sj-pptx-1-car-10.1177_19476035211043202 for Intra-Articular Injections of Curcumin Monoglucuronide TBP1901 Suppresses Articular Cartilage Damage and Regulates Subchondral Bone Alteration in an Osteoarthritis Rat Model by Akihiro Nakahata, Akira Ito, Ryo Nakahara, Atsuhiro Kishimoto, Atsushi Imaizumi, Tadashi Hashimoto, Shogo Mukai, Yasuaki Nakagawa and Hiroshi Kuroki in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-car-10.1177_19476035211043202 for Intra-Articular Injections of Curcumin Monoglucuronide TBP1901 Suppresses Articular Cartilage Damage and Regulates Subchondral Bone Alteration in an Osteoarthritis Rat Model by Akihiro Nakahata, Akira Ito, Ryo Nakahara, Atsuhiro Kishimoto, Atsushi Imaizumi, Tadashi Hashimoto, Shogo Mukai, Yasuaki Nakagawa and Hiroshi Kuroki in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-car-10.1177_1947603520982350 for Disuse Atrophy of Articular Cartilage Induced by Unloading Condition Accelerates Histological Progression of Osteoarthritis in a Post-traumatic Rat Model by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-car-10.1177_1947603520982350 for Disuse Atrophy of Articular Cartilage Induced by Unloading Condition Accelerates Histological Progression of Osteoarthritis in a Post-traumatic Rat Model by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-car-10.1177_1947603520982350 for Disuse Atrophy of Articular Cartilage Induced by Unloading Condition Accelerates Histological Progression of Osteoarthritis in a Post-traumatic Rat Model by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-car-10.1177_1947603520982350 for Disuse Atrophy of Articular Cartilage Induced by Unloading Condition Accelerates Histological Progression of Osteoarthritis in a Post-traumatic Rat Model by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-car-10.1177_1947603520982350 for Disuse Atrophy of Articular Cartilage Induced by Unloading Condition Accelerates Histological Progression of Osteoarthritis in a Post-traumatic Rat Model by Ikufumi Takahashi, Taro Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Kuroki and Masahiro Hoso in CARTILAGE

Additional file 1. Percent weight bearing during standing still. The weight bearing is significantly decreased in accordance with the lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) (ANOVA, p

Additional file 2. Effects of heat stimulation between 41 °C to 45 °C on the mRNA expression of HSPA1A, COL2A1, and ACAN. To confirm the effects of higher heat stimulation, we performed an additional experiment applying heat stimulus between 41 °C to 45 °C. The pre-cultured pellets were subjected to heat stimulation at 41 °C, 43 °C, or 45 °C for 20 min in a water bath. A shows the temperature transitions in a conical tube immersed in a water bath set at the specific temperature. After the heat stimulus, the mRNA expression of COL2A1, ACAN, and HSPA1A was analyzed at 3, 6, and 24 hours after the stimulus (B, C, and D). The pellets cultured at 32°C were used as controls (n = 3 pellets/time point). The results showed that HSPA1A expression was apparently upregulated, indicating successful heat stimulus (B). However, the 41°C and 43°C groups showed no positive effects on COL2A1 and ACAN expression (C and D). Transient upregulation of COL2A1 and ACAN was observed at 6 hours after stimulation in the 45°C group (C and D), but these were downregulated at 24 h after the stimulus.

関節軟骨治療における低出力超音波パルス（LIPUS）の応用が模索されているが、未だその効果の詳細は解明されていない。本研究の目的は、LIPUSの関節軟骨破壊因子に対する即時的効果および骨軟骨欠損モデル動物に対する組織修復効果を検討することである。ラット培養軟骨細胞に対してIL-1βを添加し、LIPUSを0～120 mW/cm2強度で照射した。1時間後に関節軟骨破壊因子であるMMP13を中心としたmRNAの発現を解析した。その結果、IL-1βの添加によってMMP13の発現は有意に増加したが、LIPUS照射はその発現上昇の抑制効果を示し、その抑制効果はLIPUS強度が高い程大きかった。次に、ラット大腿骨滑車面に骨軟骨欠損を作成し、LIPUS照射を実施した。骨軟骨欠損部へのLIPUS照射は、擬似照射と比較して軟骨修復を促進した。以上のことから、LIPUSはIL-1βによって惹起されたMMP13 mRMA発現を強度依存性に即時的に抑制する可能性を有することが示唆された。また、LIPUSは骨軟骨欠損モデルラットの関節軟骨修復を促進する可能性を有することが示唆された。, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has not been used clinically for treating the articular cartilage, and the detailed effects of LIPUS on the degeneration and regeneration of the articular cartilage have not been elucidated in laboratory studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effect of LIPUS on articular cartilage degeneration factors, and the effect of this treatment on tissue repair in an animal model of osteochondral defect. Cultured chondrocytes supplemented with IL-1beta were exposed to LIPUS (0–120 mW/cm2 intensities). After incubation for 1 h, mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 and other related gene expressions were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our result indicated that MMP13 mRNA was upregulated by IL-1beta; however, the upregulation was in part repressed by LIPUS exposure. In addition, the repressive effect of LIPUS on MMP13 was higher in the chondrocytes exposed to a high-intensity LIPUS. Next, an osteochondral defect was created at the femoral groove of rats, and this defect was exposed to LIPUS. Osteochondral defects in the LIPUS group showed a greater effect than those in the sham exposure. Therefore, our results suggest that LIPUS might repress the induction of MMP13 mRNA expression induced by IL-1beta in an intensity-dependent manner, and that LIPUS might promote articular cartilage repair in an animal model of osteochondral defect.

Table S1. Quartile of each functional measure (greater quartile indicates worse knee pain or physical function), Table S2. Results of ordinal logistic regression analysis (including the results of covariates) to characterize the association between depression and knee pain intensity (n = 95)*. Table S3. Results of ordinal logistic regression analysis (including the results of covariates) to characterize the association between depression and quartile of self-reported and performance-based physical function (n = 95)*. (DOCX 61 kb)

To date, there have been few studies on how temperature affects the phenotype and metabolism of human chondrocytes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of culture temperature on chondrocyte redifferentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation using dedifferentiated mature human chondrocytes in vitro. Dedifferentiated chondrocytes were cultured in a pellet culture system for up to 21 days. The pellets were randomly divided into three groups with different culture temperature (32, 37, and 41°C). Chondrocyte redifferentiation and ECM formation were evaluated by wet weight, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), histological, and biochemical analyses. The results showed that the wet weight and the mRNA expressions of collagen type II A1 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein at 37°C were higher than the corresponding values at 32°C. The histological and biochemical analyses revealed that the syntheses of type II collagen and proteoglycan were promoted at 37°C compared to those at 32°C, whereas they were considerably inhibited at 41°C. In conclusion, the results obtained herein indicated that temperature affects chondrocyte redifferentiation and ECM formation, and modulation of temperature might thus represent an advantageous means to regulate the phenotype and biosynthetic activity of chondrocytes.

The purpose of this study is to outline the physical therapy services and its service delivery. In Kyoto prefecture, 66 hospitals provided physical therapy services (30.3% of 2l8 hospitals). There were 39 hospitals in Kyoto city (59.1%) and 3 hospitals were registered as "Sogo-Rehabilitation-Shisetsu", the highest class of physical therapy. A questionnaire survey revealed that 7 hospitals provided the service delivery of physical therapy to the patient's residence. These results indicate that physical therapy services have well developed into the medical services at hospitals and that, especially in urban area, the services has progressed. On the other hand, however, the service delivery of physical therapy is rather poorly developed.

This study compared the torque-velocity relationship between eccentric and concentric contraction of the hip abductor during maximal voluntary contraction. Four healthy males and six healthy females (mean age 22.2 years old) were tested in three velocities (30°, 90°, 150°/sec) concentrically and eccentrically using an isokinetic dynamometer. The highest torque of three maximal efforts was considered the peak torque. Eccentric peak torque was greater than concentric peak torque. Concentric peak torque decreased as angular velocity increased from 30°/sec to 150°/sec. Eccentric peak torque increased as angular velocity increased from 30°/sec to 90°/sec, whereas decreased from 90°/sec to 150°/sec.

Injuries of the ankle joint, especially those involving lateral ligamentous structures are the most frequent type of acute injuries in sports activities. The purpose of this study is to present the specificities and rationale of rehabilitation in these injuries. The forced supination of the ankle joint in plantar flexion will tear the anterior talofibular ligament which is located nearly vertical to the line of stress. If the force is excessive, the calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligament will also be torn, and marked instability of the ankle joint will be aggravated. Conservative treatment is usually chosen for the first and second degree of injury according to DePalma's classification, and operative reconstruction of ligaments is performed for the third degree of injury which is routinely confirmed by X-ray studies. Primary care in the acute stage consisting of proper immobilization, icing and elevation of the ankle joint is essential for better results in conservative treatment. The rehabilitation process after reconstruction of ligaments in athletes consists of three steps: 1) medical care 2) medical rehabilitation and 3) athletic rehabilitation. The athletes return to athletic competition after rehabilitation with some type of preventive external support to the ankle joint and with instruction to prevent recurrent injury.

The relations between oxygen uptake and Brunnstrom's recovery stage, speed of walking, age and sex were investigated in nineteen hemiparetic patients. Nine of them were males and ten were females. Their mean age was 59.3. There were thirteen cases of cerebral hemorrhage and six of cerebral infarction. Oxygen uptake was determined by analysis of expired gas collected in a Douglas bag during walking. The mean of oxygen uptake was 12.85±4.14(S.D.) mlO_2/kg/min. There were no significant relationships between oxygen uptake and Brunnstrom's recovery stage, speed of walking or age. However, oxygen uptake in females was significantly less than in males. We speculated that males walked with more effort than females and found that several patients required more oxygen than normal subjects in unrestrained walking.

The purpose of this study was to examine gross anatomy of the suprascapular nerve using 20 cadavers (14 male and 6 female), with special reference to the anomalous branch to the supraspinatus muscle and funicular pattern in the scapular notch. The branch to the supraspinatus muscle did not ramify proximal to the scapular notch, whereas the suprascapular artery passed under the superior transverse scapular ligament in 17.5% of the cadavers. Fourty percent of the scapular notches were type II by the classification of Rengachary. There was no adhesion between the suprascapular nerve and superior transverse scapular ligament which varied in size and toughness; the inferior transverse scapular ligament was, however, thin in 72.5%. Pseudoneuromas found just proximal to the superior transverse scapular ligament had no correlation with supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle atrophy, which were not remarkable. The branch to the supraspinatus muscle superomedial in the scapular notch were located just below the superior transverse scapular ligament where friction neuritis was said to be occasionally seen. The present findings suggest that infraspinatus muscle atrophy is caused by suprascapular entrapment neuropathy at the spinoglenoid notch rather than at the scapular notch.

The bed-ridden senile cases tend to sustain fractures involving the spine, femoral neck, ribs and the distal end of the radius because of fragility of bone resulting from osteoporomalacia. As these fractures are often undisplaced without local symptoms, they are occasionally overlooked. The aim of initial treatment of these fractures is: relief of pain, bed exercise for activation of the cardiovascular and respiratory system and early ambulation. Complications associated with these fractures should be prevented by early diagnosis and proper initial treatment.

The purpose of this study was to discuss the clinical target of indoor independent gait in thirty-six hemiplegic inpatients, whose mean age was 59.4, twenty-two males and fourteen females, nineteen were caused by cerebral hemorrhage and seventeen were caused by cerebral infarction. The gait speed, time and distance while walking free or usually within twenty minutes in fifty meter hallway were measured and the degree of motor paresis was assessed with Brunnstrom's recovery stages. The patients were divided into independent group and dependent one on the evaluation, wether they walked independently without use of wheelchairs in any locomotive activities in hospital living or not. There were significant differences between two groups in regard to walking speed and distance, but no differences in walking time and the degree of motor paresis. The patients who belonged to the independent group walked at a speed more than 20.3 meter per minute and more than 200 meter on distance and the patients who belonged to the dependent group walked at a speed less than 21.1 meter per minutes and less than 391 meter on distance. It was proposed to use the range more than 21.1 meter per minute on speed and 391 meter on distance as a clinical target zoon of hemiplegic independent gait in hospital.