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1. Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms Determining Arctic Amplification: A Review of First Results and Prospects of the (AC)3 Project

Author

Wendisch, M., Brückner, M., Crewell, Susanne, Ehrlich, A., Notholt, J., Lüpkes, C., Macke, A., Burrows, J. P., Rinke, A., Quaas, J., Maturilli, M., Schemann, V., Shupe, M. D., Akansu, E. F., Barrientos-Velasco, C., Bärfuss, K., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Block, K., Bougoudis, I., Bozem, H., Böckmann, C., Bracher, A., Bresson, H., Bretschneider, L., Buschmann, M., Chechin, D. G., Chylik, J., Dahlke, S., Deneke, H., Dethloff, K., Donth, T., Dorn, W., Dupuy, R., Ebell, K., Egerer, U., Engelmann, R., Eppers, O., Gerdes, R., Gierens, R., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Gottschalk, M., Griesche, H., Gryanik, V. M., Handorf, D., Harm-Altstädter, B., Hartmann, J., Hartmann, M., Heinold, B., Herber, A., Herrmann, H., Heygster, G., Höschel, I., Hofmann, Z., Hölemann, J., Hünerbein, A., Jafariserajehlou, S., Jäkel, E., Jacobi, C., Janout, M., Jansen, F., Jourdan, O., Jurányi, Z., Kalesse-Los, H., Kanzow, T., Käthner, R., Kliesch, L. L., Klingebiel, M., Knudsen, E. M., Kovács, T., Körtke, W., Krampe, D., Kretzschmar, J., Kreyling, D., Kulla, B., Kunkel, D., Lampert, A., Lauer, M., Lelli, L., von Lerber, A., Linke, O., Löhnert, U., Lonardi, M., Losa, S. N., Losch, M., Maahn, M., Mech, M., Mei, L., Mertes, S., Metzner, E., Mewes, D., Michaelis, J., Mioche, G., Moser, Manuel, Nakoudi, K., Neggers, R., Neuber, R., Nomokonova, T., Oelker, J., Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I., Pätzold, F., Pefanis, V., Pohl, C., van Pinxteren, M., Radovan, A., Rhein, M., Rex, Markus, Richter, A., Risse, N., Ritter, C., Rostosky, P., Rozanov, V. V., Ruiz Donoso, E., Saavedra-Garfias, P., Salzmann, M., Schacht, J., Schäfer, M., Schneider, J., Schnierstein, N., Seifert, P., Seo, S., Siebert, H., Soppa, M. A., Spreen, G., Stachlewska, I. S., Stapf, J., Stratmann, F., Tegen, I., Viceto, C., Voigt, Christiane, Vountas, M., Walbröl, A., Walter, M., Wehner, B., Wex, H., Willmes, S., Zanatta, M., Zeppenfeld, S., Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], clouds, Arctic amplification
Abstract

Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To contribute to this debate, the (AC)3 project was established in 2016 (www.ac3-tr.de/). It comprises modeling and data analysis efforts as well as observational elements. The project has assembled a wealth of ground-based, airborne, shipborne, and satellite data of physical, chemical, and meteorological properties of the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and upper ocean that are available for the Arctic climate research community. Short-term changes and indications of long-term trends in Arctic climate parameters have been detected using existing and new data. For example, a distinct atmospheric moistening, an increase of regional storm activities, an amplified winter warming in the Svalbard and North Pole regions, and a decrease of sea ice thickness in the Fram Strait and of snow depth on sea ice have been identified. A positive trend of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) column densities during polar spring was verified. Local marine/biogenic sources for cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles were found. Atmospheric–ocean and radiative transfer models were advanced by applying new parameterizations of surface albedo, cloud droplet activation, convective plumes and related processes over leads, and turbulent transfer coefficients for stable surface layers. Four modes of the surface radiative energy budget were explored and reproduced by simulations. To advance the future synthesis of the results, cross-cutting activities are being developed aiming to answer key questions in four focus areas: lapse rate feedback, surface processes, Arctic mixed-phase clouds, and airmass transport and transformation.

Published
2023

2. Store-operated calcium entry controls innate and adaptive immune cell function in inflammatory bowel disease

Author

Letizia, M., Wang, Y.H., Kaufmann, U., Gerbeth, L., Sand, A., Brunkhorst, M., Weidner, P., Ziegler, J.F., Böttcher, C., Schlickeiser, S., Fernández, C., Yamashita, M., Stauderman, K., Sun, K., Kunkel, D., Prakriya, M., Sanders, A.D., Siegmund, B., Feske, S., and Weidinger, C.

Subjects
Cancer Research, Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System
Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by dysregulated intestinal immune responses. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF) to analyze the immune cell composition in the lamina propria (LP) of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), we observed an enrichment of CD(4+) effector T cells producing IL-17A and TNF, CD(8+) T cells producing IFNγ, T regulatory (Treg) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). The function of these immune cells is regulated by store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), which results from the opening of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels formed by ORAI and STIM proteins. We observed that the pharmacologic inhibition of SOCE attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF, and IFNγ by human colonic T cells and ILCs, reduced the production of IL-6 by B cells and the production of IFNγ by myeloid cells, but had no effect on the viability, differentiation, and function of intestinal epithelial cells. T cell-specific deletion of CRAC channel genes in mice showed that Orai1, Stim1, and Stim2-deficient T cells have quantitatively distinct defects in SOCE, which correlate with gradually more pronounced impairment of cytokine production by Th1 and Th17 cells and the severity of IBD. Moreover, the pharmacologic inhibition of SOCE with a selective CRAC channel inhibitor attenuated IBD severity and colitogenic T cell function in mice. Our data indicate that SOCE inhibition may be a suitable new approach for the treatment of IBD.

Published
2022

3. Single-cell mass cytometry reveals complex myeloid cell composition in active lesions of progressive multiple sclerosis

Author

Böttcher, C., van der Poel, M., Fernández-Zapata, C., Schlickeiser, S., Leman, J.K.H., Hsiao, C.-C., Mizee, M.R., Adelia, Vincenten, M.C.J., Kunkel, D., Huitinga, I., Hamann, J., Priller, J., Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Graduate School, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Experimental Immunology, and Structural and Functional Plasticity of the nervous system (SILS, FNWI)

Subjects
methods [Cell Separation], methods [Single-Cell Analysis], Research, methods [Flow Cytometry], Brain, Cell Separation, Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive, Flow Cytometry, pathology [Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive], lcsh:RC346-429, Active lesion, pathology [Brain], Myeloid cells, Humans, Myeloid Cells, Mass cytometry, ddc:610, Microglia, Single-Cell Analysis, Progressive multiple sclerosis, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system
Abstract

Myeloid cells contribute to inflammation and demyelination in the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), but it is still unclear to what extent these cells are involved in active lesion formation in progressive MS (PMS). Here, we have harnessed the power of single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to compare myeloid cell phenotypes in active lesions of PMS donors with those in normal-appearing white matter from the same donors and control white matter from non-MS donors. CyTOF measurements of a total of 74 targeted proteins revealed a decreased abundance of homeostatic and TNFhi microglia, and an increase in highly phagocytic and activated microglia states in active lesions of PMS donors. Interestingly, in contrast to results obtained from studies of the inflammatory early disease stages of MS, infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages were scarce in active lesions of PMS, suggesting fundamental differences of myeloid cell composition in advanced stages of PMS.

Published
2020

4. Contribution of tissue inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption to brain softening in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Author

Silva, R.V., Morr, A.S., Mueller, S., Koch, S.P., Boehm-Sturm, P., Rodriguez-Sillke, Y., Kunkel, D., Tzschätzsch, H., Kühl, A.A., Schnorr, J., Taupitz, M., Sack, I., and Infante-Duarte, C.

Subjects
Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System
Abstract

Neuroinflammatory processes occurring during multiple sclerosis cause disseminated softening of brain tissue, as quantified by in vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). However, inflammation-mediated tissue alterations underlying the mechanical integrity of the brain remain unclear. We previously showed that blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption visualized by MRI using gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) does not correlate with tissue softening in active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unknown how confined BBB changes and other inflammatory processes may determine local elasticity changes. Therefore, we aim to elucidate which inflammatory hallmarks are determinant for local viscoelastic changes observed in EAE brains. Hence, novel multifrequency MRE was applied in combination with GBCA-based MRI or very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs) in female SJL mice with induced adoptive transfer EAE (n = 21). VSOPs were doped with europium (Eu-VSOPs) to facilitate the post-mortem analysis. Accumulation of Eu-VSOPs, which was previously demonstrated to be sensitive to immune cell infiltration and ECM remodeling, was also found to be independent of GBCA enhancement. Following registration to a reference brain atlas, viscoelastic properties of the whole brain and areas visualized by either Gd or VSOP were quantified. MRE revealed marked disseminated softening across the whole brain in mice with established EAE (baseline: 3.1 ± 0.1 m/s vs. EAE: 2.9 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.0001). A similar degree of softening was observed in sites of GBCA enhancement i.e., mainly within cerebral cortex and brain stem (baseline: 3.3 ± 0.4 m/s vs. EAE: 3.0 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.018). However, locations in which only Eu-VSOP accumulated, mainly in fiber tracts (baseline: 3.0 ± 0.4 m/s vs. EAE: 2.6 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.023), softening was more pronounced when compared to non-hypointense areas (percent change of stiffness for Eu-VSOP accumulation: −16.81 ± 16.49% vs. for non-hypointense regions: −5.85 ± 3.81%, p = 0.048). Our findings suggest that multifrequency MRE is sensitive to differentiate between local inflammatory processes with a strong immune cell infiltrate that lead to VSOP accumulation, from disseminated inflammation and BBB leakage visualized by GBCA. These pathological events visualized by Eu-VSOP MRI and MRE may include gliosis, macrophage infiltration, alterations of endothelial matrix components, and/or extracellular matrix remodeling. MRE may therefore represent a promising imaging tool for non-invasive clinical assessment of different pathological aspects of neuroinflammation.

Published
2021

5. The IL-1 Pathway Is Hyperactive in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contributes to Skin Infiltration and Destruction

Author

Witte-Händel, E. Wolk, K. Tsaousi, A. Irmer, M.L. Mößner, R. Shomroni, O. Lingner, T. Witte, K. Kunkel, D. Salinas, G. Jodl, S. Schmidt, N. Sterry, W. Volk, H.-D. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. Pokrywka, A. Döcke, W.-D. Schneider-Burrus, S. Sabat, R.

Abstract

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)(also designated acne inversa)is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful purulent skin lesions and progressive destruction of skin architecture. Despite the high burden for the patients, pathogenetic pathways underlying HS alterations remain obscure. When we examined the HS cytokine pattern, IL-1β turned out to be a highly prominent cytokine, overexpressed even compared with psoriatic lesions. Analyses of IL-1β–induced transcriptome in various cell types showed overlapping profiles, with upregulations of molecules causing immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix degradation, and of specific cytokines including IL-6, IL-32, and IL-36. Matching cellular IL-1 receptor levels, dermal fibroblasts showed both the strongest and broadest IL-1β response, which was not clearly shared or strengthened by other cytokines. The IL-1β signature was specifically present in HS lesions and could be reversed by application of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Search for blood parameters associated with IL-1β pathway activity in HS identified serum amyloid A, which was synergistically induced by IL-1β and IL-6 in hepatocytes. Consequently, strongly elevated blood serum amyloid A levels in HS correlated positively with the extent of inflammatory skin alterations. In summary, the IL-1β pathway represents a pathogenetic cascade, whose activity may be therapeutically targeted and monitored by blood SAA levels. © 2018 The Authors

Published
2019

6. Multi-parameter immune profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry in patients with early multiple sclerosis

Author

Böttcher, C., Fernández-Zapata, C., Schlickeiser, S., Kunkel, D., Schulz, A.R., Mei, H.E., Weidinger, C., Gieß, R.M., Asseyer, S., Siegmund, B., Paul, F., Ruprecht, K., and Priller, J.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Neuroimmunology, lcsh:Medicine, metabolism [Leukocytes, Mononuclear], multiple sclerosis, Mass Spectrometry, Article, Young Adult, immunology [Leukocytes, Mononuclear], Humans, lcsh:Science, methods [Single-Cell Analysis], methods [Mass Spectrometry], lcsh:R, methods [Flow Cytometry], Middle Aged, Flow Cytometry, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Healthy Volunteers, blood [Multiple Sclerosis], Case-Control Studies, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, immunology [Multiple Sclerosis], lcsh:Q, Female, Single-Cell Analysis, Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System, ddc:600, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in rodent models demonstrated an association of CNS-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages with disease severity. However, little is known about humans. Here,we performed an exploratory analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy controls and drug-naïve patients with early MS using multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry and algorithm-based data analysis. Two antibody panels comprising a total of 64 antibodies were designed to comprehensively analyse diverse immune cell populations, with particular emphasis on monocytes. PBMC composition and marker expression were overall similar between the groups. However, an increased abundance of CCR7(+) and IL-6(+) T cells was detected in early MS-PBMCs, whereas NFAT1(hi)T-bet(hi)CD4(+) T cells were decreased. Similarly, we detected changes in the subset composition of the CCR7(+) and MIPβ(hi) HLA-DR(+) lymphocyte compartment. Only mild alterations were detected in monocytes/myeloid cells of patients with early MS, namely a decreased abundance of CD141(hi)IRF8(hi)CXCR3(+)CD68(−) dendritic cells. Unlike in Crohn’s disease, no significant differences were found in the monocyte fraction of patients with early MS compared to healthy controls. This study provides a valuable resource for future studies designed to characterise and target diverse PBMC subsets in MS.

Published
2019
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8. Aerosol pollution potential from major population centers

Author

Kunkel, D., Tost, H., and Lawrence, M.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Major population centers (MPCs) or mega-cities represent the largest of growing urban agglomerations with major societal and environmental implications. In terms of air quality they are seen as localized but strong emission sources of aerosols and trace gases which in turn affect air pollution levels in the city or in downwind regions. In the state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC, generic aerosol and gas phase tracers with equal emission source strengths at 46 MPC locations are used to study the balance between local pollution build up and pollution export, either vertically into the upper troposphere or horizontally, but remaining in the lower atmosphere. The insoluble gas phase tracers with fixed lifetimes are transported with the atmospheric circulation, while the aerosol tracers also undergo gravitational sedimentation as well as dry and wet deposition processes. The strength of low-level tracer export depends on the location of the emission source and prevailing meteorology, in particular on atmospheric stability and the height of the boundary layer and the mixing out of this layer. In contrast, vertical transport of tracer mass depends on the tracer's solubility: the more soluble a tracer is the less mass reaches altitudes above five kilometers. Hence, the mass of insoluble gas phase tracer above five kilometers can be up to ten times higher than the hydrophilic aerosol mass from the same source. In the case of aerosol tracers, pollution build up around the source is determined by meteorological factors which have only indirect effects on tracer lifetime, like surface wind, boundary layer height, and turbulent mixing as well as those which affect the lifetime of the tracers such as precipitation. The longer a tracer stays in the atmosphere, the lower is the relative importance of the location of the source to the atmospheric mass and thus the lower is the relative local pollution build up. We further use aerosol deposition fields to estimate regions with high deposition, that is more than 1% or more than 5% of the corresponding tracer emission deposited in this region. In doing so, we find that the high deposition areas are larger for larger aerosols, and these differ less between the MPCs than for smaller aerosols due to faster deposition. Furthermore, cities in regions with high precipitation rates or unfavorable geographic location, e.g. in a basin, suffer most of this high deposition. Most of the high deposition occurs over land, although about 50% of the MPCs are located along coastlines. By folding the aerosol deposition fields with geographical distributions of cropland, pasture, and forest, the impact on different land ecosystems is assessed. In general, forest are exhibited most to deposition from MPCs while pasture land is least affected. Moreover, the impact on humans, measured with a threshold exceedance of pollutant surface mixing ratios, is more dependent on population densities than on the size of the area holding a certain mixing ratio.

Published
2013

9. Assessment of the types of catheter infectivity caused by Candida species and their biofilm formation. First study in an intensive care unit in Algeria

Author

Seddiki SML, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Boucherit K, Badsi-Amir S, Taleb M, and Kunkel D

Subjects
lcsh:R5-920, lcsh:Medicine (General)
Abstract

Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki,1 Zahia Boucherit-Otmani,1 Kebir Boucherit,1 Souad Badsi-Amir,2 Mourad Taleb,3 Dennis Kunkel41Laboratory: Antifungal Antibiotic, Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, Algeria; 2Department of Anesthesiology, 3Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; 4Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc, Kailua, HI, USAAbstract: Nosocomial candidiasis remains a potential risk in intensive care units (ICUs), wherein Candida albicans is most responsible for its occurrence. Equally, non-C. albicans species, especially C. glabrata, are also involved. These infections are frequently associated with biofilms that contaminate medical devices, such as catheters. These biofilms constitute a significant clinical problem, and cause therapeutic failures, because they can escape the immune response and considerably decrease sensitivity to antifungal therapy. The diagnosis of catheter-related candidiasis is difficult; however, the differentiation between an infection of the catheter (or other medical implant) and a simple contamination is essential to start an antifungal treatment. Among the methods used for this type of study is the Brun-Buisson method, but this method only examines the infectivity of catheters caused by bacteria. For this reason, we wanted to adapt this method to the yeast cells of Candida spp. To assess the various types of infectivity of catheters (contamination, colonization, or infection) and their corresponding rates, as well as the responsible yeast species, we conducted our study, between February 2011 and January 2012, in the ICU at the University Hospital Center of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; during this study, we took photographic images of the tongue of one patient and of that patient's implanted orobronchial catheter. In addition, catheters contaminated by C. albicans biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Keywords: ICU, contamination, colonization, infection

Published
2013

10. Global risk of radioactive fallout after major nuclear reactor accidents

Author

Lelieveld, J., Kunkel, D., and Lawrence, M.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Major reactor accidents of nuclear power plants are rare, yet the consequences are catastrophic. But what is meant by "rare"? And what can be learned from the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents? Here we assess the cumulative, global risk of exposure to radioactivity due to atmospheric dispersion of gases and particles following severe nuclear accidents (the most severe ones on the International Nuclear Event Scale, INES 7), using particulate 137Cs and gaseous 131I as proxies for the fallout. Our results indicate that previously the occurrence of INES 7 major accidents and the risks of radioactive contamination have been underestimated. Using a global model of the atmosphere we compute that on average, in the event of a major reactor accident of any nuclear power plant worldwide, more than 90% of emitted 137Cs would be transported beyond 50 km and about 50% beyond 1000 km distance before being deposited. This corroborates that such accidents have large-scale and trans-boundary impacts. Although the emission strengths and atmospheric removal processes of 137Cs and 131I are quite different, the radioactive contamination patterns over land and the human exposure due to deposition are computed to be similar. High human exposure risks occur around reactors in densely populated regions, notably in West Europe and South Asia, where a major reactor accident can subject around 30 million people to radioactive contamination. The recent decision by Germany to phase out its nuclear reactors will reduce the national risk, though a large risk will still remain from the reactors in neighbouring countries.

Published
2012

11. In situ measurements of tropical cloud properties in the West African Monsoon: upper tropospheric ice clouds, Mesoscale Convective System outflow, and subvisual cirrus

Author

Frey, W., Borrmann, S., Kunkel, D., Weigel, R., De Reus, M., Schlager, H., Roiger, Anke, Voigt, C., Hoor, P., Curtius, J., Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Volk, C. M., Homan, C. D., Fierli, Federico, Di Donfrancesco, G., Ulanovsky, A., Ravegnani, F., Sitnikov, N. M., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., Shur, G. N., Belyaev, G. V., Law, Kathy S., Cairo, F., Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Frankfurt/Main] (IAU), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics und Natural Sciences [Wuppertal], University of Wuppertal, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Myasishchev Design Bureau (MDB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS, convective System outflow, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, in-situ measurements, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, ice crystal size distributions, ddc:550, Life Science, TROPOPAUSE-LAYER, MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, lcsh:QC1-999, troposphere, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS, SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

In situ measurements of ice crystal size distributions in tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) clouds were performed during the SCOUT-AMMA campaign over West Africa in August 2006. The cloud properties were measured with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) operated aboard the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica with the mission base in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 117 ice particle size distributions were obtained from the measurements in the vicinity of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Two to four modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature bins. The measurements showed proportionately more large ice particles compared to former measurements above maritime regions. With the help of trace gas measurements of NO, NOy, CO2, CO, and O3 and satellite images, clouds in young and aged MCS outflow were identified. These events were observed at altitudes of 11.0 km to 14.2 km corresponding to potential temperature levels of 346 K to 356 K. In a young outflow from a developing MCS ice crystal number concentrations of up to (8.3 ± 1.6) cm−3 and rimed ice particles with maximum dimensions exceeding 1.5 mm were found. A maximum ice water content of 0.05 g m−3 was observed and an effective radius of about 90 μm. In contrast the aged outflow events were more diluted and showed a maximum number concentration of 0.03 cm−3, an ice water content of 2.3 × 10−4 g m−3, an effective radius of about 18 μm, while the largest particles had a maximum dimension of 61 μm. Close to the tropopause subvisual cirrus were encountered four times at altitudes of 15 km to 16.4 km. The mean ice particle number concentration of these encounters was 0.01 cm−3 with maximum particle sizes of 130 μm, and the mean ice water content was about 1.4 × 10−4 g m−3. All known in situ measurements of subvisual tropopause cirrus are compared and an exponential fit on the size distributions is established for modelling purposes. A comparison of aerosol to ice crystal number concentrations, in order to obtain an estimate on how many ice particles may result from activation of the present aerosol, yielded low ratios for the subvisual cirrus cases of roughly one cloud particle per 30 000 aerosol particles, while for the MCS outflow cases this resulted in a high ratio of one cloud particle per 300 aerosol particles.

Published
2011

14. How alpha beta T cells deal with induced TCR ablation

Author

Polić, Bojan, Kunkel, D., Scheffold, A., and Rajewsky, K.

Subjects
Cre/loxP, BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Basic Medical Sciences, T-cell homeostasis, T cells, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, CD8, BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Temeljne medicinske znanosti, TCR, CD4
Abstract

On deletion of the gene encoding the constant region of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) a chain in mature T cells by induced Cremediated recombination, the cells lose most of their TCR from the cell surface within 7–10 days, but minute amounts of surfacebound TCR b chains are retained for long periods of time. In a situation in which cellular influx from the thymus is blocked, TCR-deficient naı¨ve T cells decay over time, the decay rates being faster for CD81 cells (t1/2 ' 16 days) than for CD41 cells (t1/2 ' 46 days).TCR1 naı¨vecellsareeithermaintained(CD81)ordecaymore slowly (CD41; t1/2 ' 78 days.) Numbers of TCR-deficient memory T cells decline very slowly (CD81 cells; t1/2 ' 52 days) or not at all (CD41 cells), but at the population level, these cells fail to expand as their TCR1 counterparts do. Together with earlier data on T cell maintenanceinenvironmentslackingappropriatemajorhistocompatibility complex antigens, these data argue against the possibility that spontaneous ligand-independent signaling by the ab TCR contributes significantly to T-cell homeostasis.

Published
2001

15. High levels of circulating beta-amyloid peptide do not cause cerebral beta-amyloidosis in transgenic mice

Author

Fukuchi, K., Ho, L., Younkin, S. G., Kunkel, D. D., Ogburn, C. E., LeBoeuf, R. C., Furlong, C. E., Deeb, S. S., Nochlin, D., Wegiel, J., Wisniewski, H. M., and Martin, G. M.

Subjects
Cerebral Cortex, Male, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Myocardium, Blotting, Western, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Mice, Transgenic, Amyloidosis, Immunohistochemistry, Peptide Fragments, Blotting, Southern, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Intestine, Small, Animals, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Female, RNA, Messenger, Research Article
Abstract

We have established transgenic mice that constitutively overproduce the signal sequence and the 99-amino-acid carboxyl-terminal region of the human beta-amyloid precursor protein. The transgenic mice strongly expressed the transgene in multiple tissues under the control of a cytomegalovirus enhancer/chick beta-actin promoter. There were exceptionally high levels of beta-amyloid peptides in the plasma (approximately 17 times or more compared with the human plasma level). Although some transgenic mice from one founder line developed amyloidosis in the intestine, no neuropathology was found in transgenic mice up to age 29 months. Given the absence of cerebral beta-amyloidosis despite extremely high levels of circulating beta-amyloid peptides in the transgenic mice, the results suggest that local cerebral metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein may play a predominant role in cerebral beta-amyloidosis in transgenic mice. Such transgenic mice may be useful for the investigation of the etiology of the disease and for the establishment of therapeutic strategies.

Published
1996

17. In situ observations of new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere: the role of clouds and the nucleation mechanism

Author

Weigel, Ralf, Borrmann, Stephan, Kazil, Jan, Minikin, Andreas, Stohl, Andreas, Wilson, James C., Kunkel, D., De Reus, Marian, Frey, Wiebke, Lovejoy, Edward R., Volk, C.M., Viciani, Silvia, D'Amato, Francesco, Schiller, C., Peter, Thomas, Schlager, Hans, Cairo, Francesco, Law, K.S., Belyaev, G.V., and Curtius, Joachim

Subjects
13. Climate action
Abstract

New particle formation (NPF), which generates nucleation mode aerosol, was observed in the tropical Upper Troposphere (UT) and Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) by in situ airborne measurements over South America (January–March 2005), Australia (November–December 2005), West Africa (August 2006) and Central America (2004–2007). Particularly intense NPF was found at the bottom of the TTL. Measurements with a set of condensation particle counters (CPCs) with different dp50 (50% lower size detection efficiency diameter or "cut-off diameter") were conducted on board the M-55 Geophysica in the altitude range of 12.0–20.5 km and on board the DLR Falcon-20 at up to 11.5 km altitude. On board the NASA WB-57F size distributions were measured over Central America in the 4 to 1000 nm diameter range with a system of nucleation mode aerosol spectrometers. Nucleation mode particle concentrations (NNM) were derived from these measurements which allow for identifying many NPF events with NNM in the range of thousands of particles per cm3. Over Australia and West Africa, we identified NPF in the outflow of tropical convection, in particular of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS). Newly formed particles with NNM > 1000 cm−3 were found to coexist with ice cloud particles (dp > 2 μm) as long as cloud particle concentrations remained below 2 cm−3. The occurrence of NPF within the upper troposphere and the TTL was generally confined within 340 K to 380 K potential temperature, but NPF was of particular strength between 350 K and 370 K (i.e. ~1–4 km below the cold point tropopause). Analyses of the aerosol volatility (at 250 °C) show that in the TTL on average 75–90% of the particles were volatile, compared to typically only 50% in the extra-tropical UT, indicative for the particles to mainly consist of H2SO4-H2O and possibly organic compounds. Along two flight segments over Central and South America (24 February 2005 and 7 August 2006, at 12.5 km altitude) in cloud free air, above thin cirrus, particularly high NNM were observed. Recent lifting had influenced the probed air masses, and NNM reached up to 16 000 particles cm−3 (ambient concentration). A sensitivity study using an aerosol model, which includes neutral and ion induced nucleation processes, simulates NNM in reasonable agreement with the in situ observations of clear-air NPF. Based on new, stringent multi-CPC criteria, our measurements corroborate the hypothesis that the tropical UT and the TTL are regions supplying freshly nucleated particles. Our findings narrow the altitude of the main source region to the bottom TTL, i.e. to the level of main tropical convection outflow, and, by means of measurements of carbon monoxide, they indicate the importance of anthropogenic emissions in NPF. After growth and/or coalescence the nucleation mode particles may act as cloud condensation nuclei in the tropical UT, or, upon ascent into the stratosphere, contribute to maintain the stratospheric background aerosol., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11 (18), ISSN:1680-7375, ISSN:1680-7367

18. Evidence for ice particles in the tropical stratosphere from in-situ measurements

Author

Reus, M., Borrmann, S., Bansemer, A., Heymsfield, A. J., Weigel, R., Schiller, C., Mitev, V., Frey, W., Kunkel, D., Kürten, A., Curtius, J., Sitnikov, N. M., Ulanovsky, A., and Fabrizio Ravegnani

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, ddc:550, Life Science, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

In-situ ice crystal size distribution measurements are presented within the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere. The measurements were performed using a combination of a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP), which were installed on the Russian high altitude research aircraft M55 "Geophysica" during the SCOUT-O3 campaign in Darwin, Australia. One of the objectives of the campaign was to characterise the Hector convective system, which appears on an almost daily basis during the pre-monsoon season over the Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. In total 90 encounters with ice clouds, between 10 and 19 km altitude were selected from the dataset and were analysed. Six of these encounters were observed in the lower stratosphere, up to 1.4 km above the local tropopause. Concurrent lidar measurements on board "Geophysica" indicate that these ice clouds were a result of overshooting convection. Large ice crystals, with a maximum dimension up to 400 μm, were observed in the stratosphere. The stratospheric ice clouds included an ice water content ranging from 7.7×10−5 to 8.5×10−4 g m−3 and were observed at ambient relative humidities (with respect to ice) between 75 and 157%. Three modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature intervals, showing that the shape of the size distribution of the stratospheric ice clouds are similar to those observed in the upper troposphere. In the tropical troposphere the effective radius of the ice cloud particles decreases from 100 μm at about 10 km altitude, to 3 μm at the tropopause, while the ice water content decreases from 0.04 to 10−5 g m−3. No clear trend in the number concentration was observed with altitude, due to the thin and inhomogeneous characteristics of the observed cirrus clouds. The ice water content calculated from the observed ice crystal size distribution is compared to the ice water content derived from two hygrometer instruments. This independent measurement of the ice water content agrees within the combined uncertainty of the instruments for ice water contents exceeding 3×10−4g m−3. Stratospheric residence times, calculated based on gravitational settling, and evaporation rates show that the ice crystals observed in the stratosphere over the Hector storm system had a high potential of humidifying the stratosphere locally. Utilizing total aerosol number concentration measurements from a four channel condensation particle counter during two separate campaigns, it can be shown that the fraction of ice particles to the number of aerosol particles remaining ranges from 1:300 to 1:30 000 for tropical upper tropospheric ice clouds with ambient temperatures below −75°C.

19. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)

Author

Lara Gibellini, Sussan Nourshargh, Susanna Cardell, Wlodzimierz Maslinski, Mar Felipo-Benavent, Florian Mair, Hans-Martin Jäck, Lilly Lopez, Klaus Warnatz, John Trowsdale, Diana Ordonez, Marcus Eich, William Hwang, Anne Cooke, Dirk Mielenz, Alberto Orfao, Winfried F. Pickl, Vladimir Benes, Alice Yue, T. Vincent Shankey, Maria Tsoumakidou, Virginia Litwin, Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz, Andrea Cavani, Sara De Biasi, Larissa Nogueira Almeida, Jonathan J M Landry, Claudia Haftmann, Charlotte Esser, Ana Cumano, Anneke Wilharm, Francesco Dieli, Rudi Beyaert, Alessio Mazzoni, Burkhard Ludewig, Carlo Pucillo, Dirk H. Busch, Joe Trotter, Stipan Jonjić, Marc Veldhoen, Josef Spidlen, Aja M. Rieger, Dieter Adam, Srijit Khan, Todd A. Fehniger, Giuseppe Matarese, Maximilien Evrard, Christian Maueröder, Steffen Schmitt, Kristin A. Hogquist, Barry Moran, Raghavendra Palankar, Markus Feuerer, S Schmid, Susann Rahmig, Amy E. Lovett-Racke, James V. Watson, Megan K. Levings, Susanne Melzer, Dinko Pavlinic, Christopher M. Harpur, Christina Stehle, A. Graham Pockley, Toshinori Nakayama, Attila Tárnok, Juhao Yang, Michael Lohoff, Paulo Vieira, Francisco Sala-de-Oyanguren, Christian Kurts, Anastasia Gangaev, Alfonso Blanco, Hans Scherer, Regine J. Dress, Bruno Silva-Santos, Kiyoshi Takeda, Bimba F. Hoyer, Ilenia Cammarata, Daryl Grummitt, Isabel Panse, Günnur Deniz, Bianka Baying, Friederike Ebner, Esther Schimisky, Leo Hansmann, Thomas Kamradt, Edwin van der Pol, Daniel Scott-Algara, Anna Iannone, Giorgia Alvisi, Sebastian R. Schulz, Francesco Liotta, Irmgard Förster, Beatriz Jávega, Hans-Peter Rahn, Caetano Reis e Sousa, Livius Penter, Xuetao Cao, David P. Sester, Keisuke Goda, Peter Wurst, Iain B. McInnes, Ricardo T. Gazzinelli, Federica Piancone, Gerald Willimsky, Yotam Raz, Pärt Peterson, Wolfgang Fritzsche, Yvonne Samstag, Martin Büscher, Thomas Schüler, Susanne Hartmann, Robert J. Wilkinson, Anna E. S. Brooks, Steven L. C. Ketelaars, Catherine Sautès-Fridman, Anna Rubartelli, Petra Bacher, Katja Kobow, Marco A. Cassatella, Andrea Hauser, Henrik E. Mei, Kilian Schober, Silvia Della Bella, Graham Anderson, Michael D. Ward, Garth Cameron, Sebastian Lunemann, Katharina Kriegsmann, Katarzyna M. Sitnik, Brice Gaudilliere, Chantip Dang-Heine, Marcello Pinti, Paul Klenerman, Frank A. Schildberg, Joana Barros-Martins, Laura G. Rico, Hanlin Zhang, Christian Münz, Thomas Dörner, Jakob Zimmermann, Andrea M. Cooper, Jonni S. Moore, Andreas Diefenbach, Yanling Liu, Wolfgang Bauer, Tobit Steinmetz, Katharina Pracht, Leonard Tan, Peter K. Jani, Alan M. Stall, Petra Hoffmann, Christine S. Falk, Jasmin Knopf, Simon Fillatreau, Hans-Dieter Volk, Luis E. Muñoz, David L. Haviland, William W. Agace, Jonathan Rebhahn, Ljiljana Cvetkovic, Mohamed Trebak, Jordi Petriz, Mario Clerici, Diether J. Recktenwald, Anders Ståhlberg, Tristan Holland, Helen M. McGuire, Sa A. Wang, Christian Kukat, Thomas Kroneis, Laura Cook, Wan Ting Kong, Xin M. Wang, Britta Engelhardt, Pierre Coulie, Genny Del Zotto, Sally A. Quataert, Kata Filkor, Gabriele Multhoff, Bartek Rajwa, Federica Calzetti, Hans Minderman, Cosima T. Baldari, Jens Geginat, Hervé Luche, Gert Van Isterdael, Linda Schadt, Sophia Urbanczyk, Giovanna Borsellino, Liping Yu, Dale I. Godfrey, Achille Anselmo, Rachael C. Walker, Andreas Grützkau, David W. Hedley, Birgit Sawitzki, Silvia Piconese, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Burkhard Becher, Ramon Bellmas Sanz, Michael Delacher, Hyun-Dong Chang, Immanuel Andrä, Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren, José-Enrique O'Connor, Ahad Khalilnezhad, Sharon Sanderson, Federico Colombo, Götz R. A. Ehrhardt, Inga Sandrock, Enrico Lugli, Christian Bogdan, James B. Wing, Susann Müller, Tomohiro Kurosaki, Derek Davies, Ester B. M. Remmerswaal, Kylie M. Quinn, Christopher A. Hunter, Andreas Radbruch, Timothy P. Bushnell, Anna Erdei, Sabine Adam-Klages, Pascale Eede, Van Duc Dang, Rieke Winkelmann, Thomas Korn, Gemma A. Foulds, Dirk Baumjohann, Matthias Schiemann, Manfred Kopf, Jan Kisielow, Lisa Richter, Jochen Huehn, Gloria Martrus, Alexander Scheffold, Jessica G. Borger, Sidonia B G Eckle, John Bellamy Foster, Anna Katharina Simon, Alicia Wong, Mübeccel Akdis, Gisa Tiegs, Toralf Kaiser, James McCluskey, Anna Vittoria Mattioli, Aaron J. Marshall, Hui-Fern Koay, Eva Orlowski-Oliver, Anja E. Hauser, J. Paul Robinson, Jay K. Kolls, Luca Battistini, Mairi McGrath, Jane L. Grogan, Natalio Garbi, Timothy Tree, Kingston H. G. Mills, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, Wolfgang Schuh, Ryan R. Brinkman, Tim R. Mosmann, Vincenzo Barnaba, Andreas Dolf, Lorenzo Cosmi, Bo Huang, Andreia C. Lino, Baerbel Keller, René A. W. van Lier, Alexandra J. Corbett, Paul S. Frenette, Pleun Hombrink, Helena Radbruch, Sofie Van Gassen, Olivier Lantz, Lorenzo Moretta, Désirée Kunkel, Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge, Armin Saalmüller, Leslie Y. T. Leung, Salvador Vento-Asturias, Paola Lanuti, Alicia Martínez-Romero, Sarah Warth, Zhiyong Poon, Diana Dudziak, Andrea Cossarizza, Kovit Pattanapanyasat, Konrad von Volkmann, Jessica P. Houston, Agnès Lehuen, Andrew Filby, Pratip K. Chattopadhyay, Stefano Casola, Annika Wiedemann, Hannes Stockinger, Jürgen Ruland, Arturo Zychlinsky, Claudia Waskow, Katrin Neumann, Ari Waisman, Lucienne Chatenoud, Sudipto Bari, Kamran Ghoreschi, David W. Galbraith, Yvan Saeys, Hamida Hammad, Andrea Gori, Miguel López-Botet, Gabriel Núñez, Sabine Ivison, Michael Hundemer, Dorothea Reimer, Mark C. Dessing, Günter J. Hämmerling, Rudolf A. Manz, Tomas Kalina, Jonas Hahn, Holden T. Maecker, Hendy Kristyanto, Martin S. Davey, Henning Ulrich, Michael L. Dustin, Takashi Saito, Yousuke Takahama, Milena Nasi, Johanna Huber, Jürgen Wienands, Paolo Dellabona, Andreas Schlitzer, Michael D. Leipold, Kerstin H. Mair, Christian Peth, Immo Prinz, Chiara Romagnani, José M. González-Navajas, Josephine Schlosser, Marina Saresella, Matthias Edinger, Dirk Brenner, Nicole Baumgarth, Rikard Holmdahl, Fang-Ping Huang, Guadalupe Herrera, Malte Paulsen, Gergely Toldi, Luka Cicin-Sain, Reiner Schulte, Christina E. Zielinski, Thomas Winkler, Christoph Goettlinger, Philip E. Boulais, Jennie H M Yang, Antonio Celada, Heike Kunze-Schumacher, Julia Tornack, Florian Ingelfinger, Jenny Mjösberg, Andy Riddell, Leonie Wegener, Thomas Höfer, Christoph Hess, James P. Di Santo, Anna E. Oja, J. Kühne, Willem van de Veen, Mary Bebawy, Alberto Mantovani, Bart Everts, Giovanna Lombardi, Laura Maggi, Anouk von Borstel, Pia Kvistborg, Elisabetta Traggiai, A Ochel, Nima Aghaeepour, Charles-Antoine Dutertre, Matthieu Allez, Thomas Höllt, Wenjun Ouyang, Regina Stark, Maries van den Broek, Shimon Sakaguchi, Paul K. Wallace, Silvano Sozzani, Francesca LaRosa, Annette Oxenius, Malgorzata J. Podolska, Ivana Marventano, Wilhelm Gerner, Oliver F. Wirz, Britta Frehse, Gevitha Ravichandran, Martin Herrmann, Carl S. Goodyear, Gary Warnes, Helen Ferry, Stefan Frischbutter, Tim R. Radstake, Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann, Yi Zhao, Axel Schulz, Angela Santoni, Pablo Engel, Daniela C. Hernández, Andreas Acs, Cristiano Scottà, Francesco Annunziato, Thomas Weisenburger, Wolfgang Beisker, Sue Chow, Fritz Melchers, Daniel E. Speiser, Immanuel Kwok, Florent Ginhoux, Dominic A. Boardman, Natalie Stanley, Carsten Watzl, Marie Follo, Erik Lubberts, Andreas Krueger, Susanne Ziegler, Göran K. Hansson, David Voehringer, Antonia Niedobitek, Eleni Christakou, Lai Guan Ng, Sabine Baumgart, Nicholas A Gherardin, Antonio Cosma, Orla Maguire, Jolene Bradford, Daniel Schraivogel, Linda Quatrini, Stephen D. Miller, Rheumatology, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum (DRFZ), Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis - Hématologie Immunologie Oncologie (Département de recherche de l’UFR de médecine, ex- Institut Universitaire Hématologie-IUH) (IRSL), Université de Paris (UP), Ecotaxie, microenvironnement et développement lymphocytaire (EMily (UMR_S_1160 / U1160)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Department of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI)-DENOTHE Center, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Department of Life Sciences [Siena, Italy], Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena (UNISI), Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Caprotec Bioanalytics GmbH, International Occultation Timing Association European Section (IOTA ES), International Occultation Timing Association European Section, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] (EMBL), VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research [Gand, Belgique] (IRC), VIB [Belgium], Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiopatology and Transplantation, University of Milan (DEPT), University of Milan, Monash University [Clayton], Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Thérapies Innovantes (IMETI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Lymphopoïèse (Lymphopoïèse (UMR_1223 / U1223 / U-Pasteur_4)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Experimental Immunology Unit, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Immunité Innée - Innate Immunity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Department of Biopharmacy [Bruxelles, Belgium] (Institute for Medical Immunology IMI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Charité Hospital, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Agency for science, technology and research [Singapore] (A*STAR), Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Howard Hughes Institute, Rockefeller University [New York], Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology [Oxford, UK], Imperial College London, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine [Düsseldorf, Germany] ( IUF), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), University of Edinburgh, Integrative Biology Program [Milano], Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare [Milano] (INGM), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Rheumatologie, Cell Biology, Department of medicine [Stockholm], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Department of Photonics Engineering [Lyngby], Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Dpt of Experimental Immunology [Braunschweig], Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Internal Medicine V, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Freiburg University Medical Center, Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford [Oxford]-NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Integrative Biology, Molecular Biomedicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Research Center, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Immunité et cancer (U932), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Department of Surgery [Vancouver, BC, Canada] (Child and Family Research Institute), University of British Columbia (UBC)-Child and Family Research Institute [Vancouver, BC, Canada], College of Food Science and Technology [Shangai], Shanghai Ocean University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, King‘s College London, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Centre d'Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brustzentrum Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Pette Institute [Hamburg], Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Mario Negri Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, Institute of Translational Medicine, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm]-Lipid Laboratory, Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Radiation Oncology [Munich], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Centre de Recherche Publique- Santé, Université du Luxembourg (Uni.lu), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CSIC), Universitario de Salamanca, Molecular Pathology [Tartu, Estonia], University of Tartu, Hannover Medical School [Hannover] (MHH), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cytometry Laboratories and School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine [Ghent, Belgium], VIB Center for Inflammation Research [Ghent, Belgium], Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Osaka University [Osaka], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP), Institute of Medical Immunology [Berlin, Germany], FACS and Array Core Facility, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Otto-von-Guericke University [Magdeburg] (OVGU), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [University of St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland]-Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes - Lymphocyte Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), General Pathology and Immunology (GPI), University of Brescia, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC)-British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Department of Molecular Immunology, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Dept. Pediatric Cardiology, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Dept Pathol, Div Immunol, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Information Technology [Gent], Universiteit Gent, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon [Eugene], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Colorado [Colorado Springs] (UCCS), FACS laboratory, Cancer Research, London, Cancer Research UK, Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models of Hematopoiesis, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes (BDC), University of Colorado Anschutz [Aurora], School of Computer and Electronic Information [Guangxi University], Guangxi University [Nanning], School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (MPIIB), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Work in the laboratory of Dieter Adam is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Projektnummer 125440785 – SFB 877, Project B2.Petra Hoffmann, Andrea Hauser, and Matthias Edinger thank BD Biosciences®, San José, CA, USA, and SKAN AG, Bale, Switzerland for fruitful cooperation during the development, construction, and installation of the GMP‐compliant cell sorting equipment and the Bavarian Immune Therapy Network (BayImmuNet) for financial support.Edwin van der Pol and Paola Lanuti acknowledge Aleksandra Gąsecka M.D. for excellent experimental support and Dr. Rienk Nieuwland for textual suggestions. This work was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research – Domain Applied and Engineering Sciences (NWO‐TTW), research program VENI 15924.Jessica G Borger, Kylie M Quinn, Mairi McGrath, and Regina Stark thank Francesco Siracusa and Patrick Maschmeyer for providing data.Larissa Nogueira Almeida was supported by DFG research grant MA 2273/14‐1. Rudolf A. Manz was supported by the Excellence Cluster 'Inflammation at Interfaces' (EXC 306/2).Susanne Hartmann and Friederike Ebner were supported by the German Research Foundation (GRK 2046).Hans Minderman was supported by NIH R50CA211108.This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the grant TRR130 (project P11 and C03) to Thomas H. Winkler.Ramon Bellmàs Sanz, Jenny Kühne, and Christine S. Falk thank Jana Keil and Kerstin Daemen for excellent technical support. The work was funded by the Germany Research Foundation CRC738/B3 (CSF).The work by the Mei laboratory was supported by German Research Foundation Grant ME 3644/5‐1 and TRR130 TP24, the German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative ‐ Joint Undertaking ‐ RTCure Grant Agreement 777357, the Else Kröner‐Fresenius‐Foundation, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research e:Med sysINFLAME Program Grant 01ZX1306B and KMU‐innovativ 'InnoCyt', and the Leibniz Science Campus for Chronic Inflammation (http://www.chronische-entzuendung.org).Axel Ronald Schulz, Antonio Cosma, Sabine Baumgart, Brice Gaudilliere, Helen M. McGuire, and Henrik E. Mei thank Michael D. Leipold for critically reading the manuscript.Christian Kukat acknowledges support from the ISAC SRL Emerging Leaders program.John Trowsdale received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement 695551)., European Project: 7728036(1978), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI)-DENOTHE Center, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Humboldt University Of Berlin, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine [Düsseldorf, Germany] (IUF), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Universitäts Klinikum Freiburg = University Medical Center Freiburg (Uniklinik), University of Oxford-NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Universidad de Salamanca, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg = Otto-von-Guericke University [Magdeburg] (OVGU), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Universität Leipzig, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), HZI,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7,38124 Braunschweig, Germany., Cossarizza, A., Chang, H. -D., Radbruch, A., Acs, A., Adam, D., Adam-Klages, S., Agace, W. W., Aghaeepour, N., Akdis, M., Allez, M., Almeida, L. N., Alvisi, G., Anderson, G., Andra, I., Annunziato, F., Anselmo, A., Bacher, P., Baldari, C. T., Bari, S., Barnaba, V., Barros-Martins, J., Battistini, L., Bauer, W., Baumgart, S., Baumgarth, N., Baumjohann, D., Baying, B., Bebawy, M., Becher, B., Beisker, W., Benes, V., Beyaert, R., Blanco, A., Boardman, D. A., Bogdan, C., Borger, J. G., Borsellino, G., Boulais, P. E., Bradford, J. A., Brenner, D., Brinkman, R. R., Brooks, A. E. S., Busch, D. H., Buscher, M., Bushnell, T. P., Calzetti, F., Cameron, G., Cammarata, I., Cao, X., Cardell, S. L., Casola, S., Cassatella, M. A., Cavani, A., Celada, A., Chatenoud, L., Chattopadhyay, P. K., Chow, S., Christakou, E., Cicin-Sain, L., Clerici, M., Colombo, F. S., Cook, L., Cooke, A., Cooper, A. M., Corbett, A. J., Cosma, A., Cosmi, L., Coulie, P. G., Cumano, A., Cvetkovic, L., Dang, V. D., Dang-Heine, C., Davey, M. S., Davies, D., De Biasi, S., Del Zotto, G., Dela Cruz, G. V., Delacher, M., Della Bella, S., Dellabona, P., Deniz, G., Dessing, M., Di Santo, J. P., Diefenbach, A., Dieli, F., Dolf, A., Dorner, T., Dress, R. J., Dudziak, D., Dustin, M., Dutertre, C. -A., Ebner, F., Eckle, S. B. G., Edinger, M., Eede, P., Ehrhardt, G. R. A., Eich, M., Engel, P., Engelhardt, B., Erdei, A., Esser, C., Everts, B., Evrard, M., Falk, C. S., Fehniger, T. A., Felipo-Benavent, M., Ferry, H., Feuerer, M., Filby, A., Filkor, K., Fillatreau, S., Follo, M., Forster, I., Foster, J., Foulds, G. A., Frehse, B., Frenette, P. S., Frischbutter, S., Fritzsche, W., Galbraith, D. W., Gangaev, A., Garbi, N., Gaudilliere, B., Gazzinelli, R. T., Geginat, J., Gerner, W., Gherardin, N. A., Ghoreschi, K., Gibellini, L., Ginhoux, F., Goda, K., Godfrey, D. I., Goettlinger, C., Gonzalez-Navajas, J. M., Goodyear, C. S., Gori, A., Grogan, J. L., Grummitt, D., Grutzkau, A., Haftmann, C., Hahn, J., Hammad, H., Hammerling, G., Hansmann, L., Hansson, G., Harpur, C. M., Hartmann, S., Hauser, A., Hauser, A. E., Haviland, D. L., Hedley, D., Hernandez, D. C., Herrera, G., Herrmann, M., Hess, C., Hofer, T., Hoffmann, P., Hogquist, K., Holland, T., Hollt, T., Holmdahl, R., Hombrink, P., Houston, J. P., Hoyer, B. F., Huang, B., Huang, F. -P., Huber, J. E., Huehn, J., Hundemer, M., Hunter, C. A., Hwang, W. Y. K., Iannone, A., Ingelfinger, F., Ivison, S. M., Jack, H. -M., Jani, P. K., Javega, B., Jonjic, S., Kaiser, T., Kalina, T., Kamradt, T., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Keller, B., Ketelaars, S. L. C., Khalilnezhad, A., Khan, S., Kisielow, J., Klenerman, P., Knopf, J., Koay, H. -F., Kobow, K., Kolls, J. K., Kong, W. T., Kopf, M., Korn, T., Kriegsmann, K., Kristyanto, H., Kroneis, T., Krueger, A., Kuhne, J., Kukat, C., Kunkel, D., Kunze-Schumacher, H., Kurosaki, T., Kurts, C., Kvistborg, P., Kwok, I., Landry, J., Lantz, O., Lanuti, P., Larosa, F., Lehuen, A., LeibundGut-Landmann, S., Leipold, M. D., Leung, L. Y. T., Levings, M. K., Lino, A. C., Liotta, F., Litwin, V., Liu, Y., Ljunggren, H. -G., Lohoff, M., Lombardi, G., Lopez, L., Lopez-Botet, M., Lovett-Racke, A. E., Lubberts, E., Luche, H., Ludewig, B., Lugli, E., Lunemann, S., Maecker, H. T., Maggi, L., Maguire, O., Mair, F., Mair, K. H., Mantovani, A., Manz, R. A., Marshall, A. J., Martinez-Romero, A., Martrus, G., Marventano, I., Maslinski, W., Matarese, G., Mattioli, A. V., Maueroder, C., Mazzoni, A., Mccluskey, J., Mcgrath, M., Mcguire, H. M., Mcinnes, I. B., Mei, H. E., Melchers, F., Melzer, S., Mielenz, D., Miller, S. D., Mills, K. H. G., Minderman, H., Mjosberg, J., Moore, J., Moran, B., Moretta, L., Mosmann, T. R., Muller, S., Multhoff, G., Munoz, L. E., Munz, C., Nakayama, T., Nasi, M., Neumann, K., Ng, L. G., Niedobitek, A., Nourshargh, S., Nunez, G., O'Connor, J. -E., Ochel, A., Oja, A., Ordonez, D., Orfao, A., Orlowski-Oliver, E., Ouyang, W., Oxenius, A., Palankar, R., Panse, I., Pattanapanyasat, K., Paulsen, M., Pavlinic, D., Penter, L., Peterson, P., Peth, C., Petriz, J., Piancone, F., Pickl, W. F., Piconese, S., Pinti, M., Pockley, A. G., Podolska, M. J., Poon, Z., Pracht, K., Prinz, I., Pucillo, C. E. M., Quataert, S. A., Quatrini, L., Quinn, K. M., Radbruch, H., Radstake, T. R. D. J., Rahmig, S., Rahn, H. -P., Rajwa, B., Ravichandran, G., Raz, Y., Rebhahn, J. A., Recktenwald, D., Reimer, D., Reis e Sousa, C., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., Richter, L., Rico, L. G., Riddell, A., Rieger, A. M., Robinson, J. P., Romagnani, C., Rubartelli, A., Ruland, J., Saalmuller, A., Saeys, Y., Saito, T., Sakaguchi, S., Sala-de-Oyanguren, F., Samstag, Y., Sanderson, S., Sandrock, I., Santoni, A., Sanz, R. B., Saresella, M., Sautes-Fridman, C., Sawitzki, B., Schadt, L., Scheffold, A., Scherer, H. U., Schiemann, M., Schildberg, F. A., Schimisky, E., Schlitzer, A., Schlosser, J., Schmid, S., Schmitt, S., Schober, K., Schraivogel, D., Schuh, W., Schuler, T., Schulte, R., Schulz, A. R., Schulz, S. R., Scotta, C., Scott-Algara, D., Sester, D. P., Shankey, T. V., Silva-Santos, B., Simon, A. K., Sitnik, K. M., Sozzani, S., Speiser, D. E., Spidlen, J., Stahlberg, A., Stall, A. M., Stanley, N., Stark, R., Stehle, C., Steinmetz, T., Stockinger, H., Takahama, Y., Takeda, K., Tan, L., Tarnok, A., Tiegs, G., Toldi, G., Tornack, J., Traggiai, E., Trebak, M., Tree, T. I. M., Trotter, J., Trowsdale, J., Tsoumakidou, M., Ulrich, H., Urbanczyk, S., van de Veen, W., van den Broek, M., van der Pol, E., Van Gassen, S., Van Isterdael, G., van Lier, R. A. W., Veldhoen, M., Vento-Asturias, S., Vieira, P., Voehringer, D., Volk, H. -D., von Borstel, A., von Volkmann, K., Waisman, A., Walker, R. V., Wallace, P. K., Wang, S. A., Wang, X. M., Ward, M. D., Ward-Hartstonge, K. A., Warnatz, K., Warnes, G., Warth, S., Waskow, C., Watson, J. V., Watzl, C., Wegener, L., Weisenburger, T., Wiedemann, A., Wienands, J., Wilharm, A., Wilkinson, R. J., Willimsky, G., Wing, J. B., Winkelmann, R., Winkler, T. H., Wirz, O. F., Wong, A., Wurst, P., Yang, J. H. M., Yang, J., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Yu, L., Yue, A., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Ziegler, S. M., Zielinski, C., Zimmermann, J., Zychlinsky, A., UCL - SSS/DDUV - Institut de Duve, UCL - SSS/DDUV/GECE - Génétique cellulaire, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, German Research Foundation, European Commission, European Research Council, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, CCA - Imaging and biomarkers, Experimental Immunology, AII - Infectious diseases, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, and Landsteiner Laboratory

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Consensus, Immunology, Consensu, Cell Separation, Biology, Article, Flow cytometry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Guidelines, Allergy and Immunology, medicine, Cell separation, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, guidelines, flow cytometry, immunology, medicine.diagnostic_test, BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Basic Medical Sciences, Cell sorting, Flow Cytometry, Cell selection, Data science, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Phenotype, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Temeljne medicinske znanosti, 030215 immunology, Human
Abstract

All authors: Andrea Cossarizza Hyun‐Dong Chang Andreas Radbruch Andreas Acs Dieter Adam Sabine Adam‐Klages William W. Agace Nima Aghaeepour Mübeccel Akdis Matthieu Allez Larissa Nogueira Almeida Giorgia Alvisi Graham Anderson Immanuel Andrä Francesco Annunziato Achille Anselmo Petra Bacher Cosima T. Baldari Sudipto Bari Vincenzo Barnaba Joana Barros‐Martins Luca Battistini Wolfgang Bauer Sabine Baumgart Nicole Baumgarth Dirk Baumjohann Bianka Baying Mary Bebawy Burkhard Becher Wolfgang Beisker Vladimir Benes Rudi Beyaert Alfonso Blanco Dominic A. Boardman Christian Bogdan Jessica G. Borger Giovanna Borsellino Philip E. Boulais Jolene A. Bradford Dirk Brenner Ryan R. Brinkman Anna E. S. Brooks Dirk H. Busch Martin Büscher Timothy P. Bushnell Federica Calzetti Garth Cameron Ilenia Cammarata Xuetao Cao Susanna L. Cardell Stefano Casola Marco A. Cassatella Andrea Cavani Antonio Celada Lucienne Chatenoud Pratip K. Chattopadhyay Sue Chow Eleni Christakou Luka Čičin‐Šain Mario Clerici Federico S. Colombo Laura Cook Anne Cooke Andrea M. Cooper Alexandra J. Corbett Antonio Cosma Lorenzo Cosmi Pierre G. Coulie Ana Cumano Ljiljana Cvetkovic Van Duc Dang Chantip Dang‐Heine Martin S. Davey Derek Davies Sara De Biasi Genny Del Zotto Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz Michael Delacher Silvia Della Bella Paolo Dellabona Günnur Deniz Mark Dessing James P. Di Santo Andreas Diefenbach Francesco Dieli Andreas Dolf Thomas Dörner Regine J. Dress Diana Dudziak Michael Dustin Charles‐Antoine Dutertre Friederike Ebner Sidonia B. G. Eckle Matthias Edinger Pascale Eede Götz R.A. Ehrhardt Marcus Eich Pablo Engel Britta Engelhardt Anna Erdei Charlotte Esser Bart Everts Maximilien Evrard Christine S. Falk Todd A. Fehniger Mar Felipo‐Benavent Helen Ferry Markus Feuerer Andrew Filby Kata Filkor Simon Fillatreau Marie Follo Irmgard Förster John Foster Gemma A. Foulds Britta Frehse Paul S. Frenette Stefan Frischbutter Wolfgang Fritzsche David W. Galbraith Anastasia Gangaev Natalio Garbi Brice Gaudilliere Ricardo T. Gazzinelli Jens Geginat Wilhelm Gerner Nicholas A. Gherardin Kamran Ghoreschi Lara Gibellini Florent Ginhoux Keisuke Goda Dale I. Godfrey Christoph Goettlinger Jose M. González‐Navajas Carl S. Goodyear Andrea Gori Jane L. Grogan Daryl Grummitt Andreas Grützkau Claudia Haftmann Jonas Hahn Hamida Hammad Günter Hämmerling Leo Hansmann Goran Hansson Christopher M. Harpur Susanne Hartmann Andrea Hauser Anja E. Hauser David L. Haviland David Hedley Daniela C. Hernández Guadalupe Herrera Martin Herrmann Christoph Hess Thomas Höfer Petra Hoffmann Kristin Hogquist Tristan Holland Thomas Höllt Rikard Holmdahl Pleun Hombrink Jessica P. Houston Bimba F. Hoyer Bo Huang Fang‐Ping Huang Johanna E. Huber Jochen Huehn Michael Hundemer Christopher A. Hunter William Y. K. Hwang Anna Iannone Florian Ingelfinger Sabine M Ivison Hans‐Martin Jäck Peter K. Jani Beatriz Jávega Stipan Jonjic Toralf Kaiser Tomas Kalina Thomas Kamradt Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Baerbel Keller Steven L. C. Ketelaars Ahad Khalilnezhad Srijit Khan Jan Kisielow Paul Klenerman Jasmin Knopf Hui‐Fern Koay Katja Kobow Jay K. Kolls Wan Ting Kong Manfred Kopf Thomas Korn Katharina Kriegsmann Hendy Kristyanto Thomas Kroneis Andreas Krueger Jenny Kühne Christian Kukat Désirée Kunkel Heike Kunze‐Schumacher Tomohiro Kurosaki Christian Kurts Pia Kvistborg Immanuel Kwok Jonathan Landry Olivier Lantz Paola Lanuti Francesca LaRosa Agnès Lehuen Salomé LeibundGut‐Landmann Michael D. Leipold Leslie Y.T. Leung Megan K. Levings Andreia C. Lino Francesco Liotta Virginia Litwin Yanling Liu Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren Michael Lohoff Giovanna Lombardi Lilly Lopez Miguel López‐Botet Amy E. Lovett‐Racke Erik Lubberts Herve Luche Burkhard Ludewig Enrico Lugli Sebastian Lunemann Holden T. Maecker Laura Maggi Orla Maguire Florian Mair Kerstin H. Mair Alberto Mantovani Rudolf A. Manz Aaron J. Marshall Alicia Martínez‐Romero Glòria Martrus Ivana Marventano Wlodzimierz Maslinski Giuseppe Matarese Anna Vittoria Mattioli Christian Maueröder Alessio Mazzoni James McCluskey Mairi McGrath Helen M. McGuire Iain B. McInnes Henrik E. Mei Fritz Melchers Susanne Melzer Dirk Mielenz Stephen D. Miller Kingston H.G. Mills Hans Minderman Jenny Mjösberg Jonni Moore Barry Moran Lorenzo Moretta Tim R. Mosmann Susann Müller Gabriele Multhoff Luis Enrique Muñoz Christian Münz Toshinori Nakayama Milena Nasi Katrin Neumann Lai Guan Ng Antonia Niedobitek Sussan Nourshargh Gabriel Núñez José‐Enrique O'Connor Aaron Ochel Anna Oja Diana Ordonez Alberto Orfao Eva Orlowski‐Oliver Wenjun Ouyang Annette Oxenius Raghavendra Palankar Isabel Panse Kovit Pattanapanyasat Malte Paulsen Dinko Pavlinic Livius Penter Pärt Peterson Christian Peth Jordi Petriz Federica Piancone Winfried F. Pickl Silvia Piconese Marcello Pinti A. Graham Pockley Malgorzata Justyna Podolska Zhiyong Poon Katharina Pracht Immo Prinz Carlo E. M. Pucillo Sally A. Quataert Linda Quatrini Kylie M. Quinn Helena Radbruch Tim R. D. J. Radstake Susann Rahmig Hans‐Peter Rahn Bartek Rajwa Gevitha Ravichandran Yotam Raz Jonathan A. Rebhahn Diether Recktenwald Dorothea Reimer Caetano Reis e Sousa Ester B.M. Remmerswaal Lisa Richter Laura G. Rico Andy Riddell Aja M. Rieger J. Paul Robinson Chiara Romagnani Anna Rubartelli Jürgen Ruland Armin Saalmüller Yvan Saeys Takashi Saito Shimon Sakaguchi Francisco Sala‐de‐Oyanguren Yvonne Samstag Sharon Sanderson Inga Sandrock Angela Santoni Ramon Bellmàs Sanz Marina Saresella Catherine Sautes‐Fridman Birgit Sawitzki Linda Schadt Alexander Scheffold Hans U. Scherer Matthias Schiemann Frank A. Schildberg Esther Schimisky Andreas Schlitzer Josephine Schlosser Stephan Schmid Steffen Schmitt Kilian Schober Daniel Schraivogel Wolfgang Schuh Thomas Schüler Reiner Schulte Axel Ronald Schulz Sebastian R. Schulz Cristiano Scottá Daniel Scott‐Algara David P. Sester T. Vincent Shankey Bruno Silva‐Santos Anna Katharina Simon Katarzyna M. Sitnik Silvano Sozzani Daniel E. Speiser Josef Spidlen Anders Stahlberg Alan M. Stall Natalie Stanley Regina Stark Christina Stehle Tobit Steinmetz Hannes Stockinger Yousuke Takahama Kiyoshi Takeda Leonard Tan Attila Tárnok Gisa Tiegs Gergely Toldi Julia Tornack Elisabetta Traggiai Mohamed Trebak Timothy I.M. Tree Joe Trotter John Trowsdale Maria Tsoumakidou Henning Ulrich Sophia Urbanczyk Willem van de Veen Maries van den Broek Edwin van der Pol Sofie Van Gassen Gert Van Isterdael René A.W. van Lier Marc Veldhoen Salvador Vento‐Asturias Paulo Vieira David Voehringer Hans‐Dieter Volk Anouk von Borstel Konrad von Volkmann Ari Waisman Rachael V. Walker Paul K. Wallace Sa A. Wang Xin M. Wang Michael D. Ward Kirsten A Ward‐Hartstonge Klaus Warnatz Gary Warnes Sarah Warth Claudia Waskow James V. Watson Carsten Watzl Leonie Wegener Thomas Weisenburger Annika Wiedemann Jürgen Wienands Anneke Wilharm Robert John Wilkinson Gerald Willimsky James B. Wing Rieke Winkelmann Thomas H. Winkler Oliver F. Wirz Alicia Wong Peter Wurst Jennie H. M. Yang Juhao Yang Maria Yazdanbakhsh Liping Yu Alice Yue Hanlin Zhang Yi Zhao Susanne Maria Ziegler Christina Zielinski Jakob Zimmermann Arturo Zychlinsky., These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer‐reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion., This work was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research – Domain Applied and Engineering Sciences (NWO-TTW), research program VENI 15924. This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative - Joint Undertaking - RTCure Grant Agreement 777357 and innovation program (Grant Agreement 695551).

Published
2019

20. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies

Author

Guadalupe Herrera, Jens Geginat, Daryl Grummitt, Vincenzo Barnaba, Joanne Lannigan, Beate Rückert, Elisabetta Traggiai, Christian Münz, Susanne Melzer, Ari Waisman, Pratip K. Chattopadhyay, Jonas Hahn, T. Vincent Shankey, S Schmid, Julia Tornack, David W. Hedley, Paolo Dellabona, Jürgen Wienands, Ana Cumano, Ester B. M. Remmerswaal, Christopher A. Hunter, Van Duc Dang, Anis Larbi, Timothy P. Bushnell, Mor Gross, Wenjun Ouyang, Vera S. Donnenberg, Lilly Lopez, Holden T. Maecker, Jenny Mjösberg, Christina Stehle, Yanling Liu, Alan M. Stall, Anja E. Hauser, Yousuke Takahama, Mark C. Dessing, Gergely Toldi, Klaus Warnatz, Raghav Palankar, Sussan Nourshargh, Enrico Lugli, Bimba F. Hoyer, Pleun Hombrink, Bartek Rajwa, Sarah Warth, Isabel Panse, Rachael C. Walker, Silvia Piconese, Andrew Filby, Pärt Peterson, Kilian Schober, Silvia Della Bella, Leonie Wegener, Merle Stein, Anne Cooke, Alessandro Moretta, Deborah Kienhöfer, Andrea Cossarizza, Hyun-Dong Chang, Konrad von Volkmann, Jessica P. Houston, Mübeccel Akdis, Andreas Grützkau, Tristan Holland, Jakob Zimmermann, Jonni S. Moore, Dirk Mielenz, Iain B. McInnes, Bo Huang, Paulo Vieira, Thomas Kroneis, Tobit Steinmetz, Kerstin Juelke, Sharon Sanderson, James V. Watson, Srijit Khan, Sally A. Quataert, Winfried F. Pickl, Annika Wiedemann, Sara De Biasi, Andreas Radbruch, James B. Wing, Susann Müller, Ton N. Schumacher, Katy Rezvani, Gloria Martrus, Alexander Scheffold, Toralf Kaiser, Carlo Pucillo, Lara Gibellini, Anna Rubartelli, Qingyu Cheng, Luca Battistini, David Mirrer, David W. Galbraith, Giovanna Borsellino, Ryan R. Brinkman, Tim R. Mosmann, Laura G. Rico, Anita Dreher, Désirée Kunkel, Francesco Annunziato, Pia Kvistborg, Andrea Gori, Chiara Romagnani, Anat Shemer, Toshinori Nakayama, Francisco Sala-de-Oyanguren, Attila Tárnok, Alfonso Blanco, Anna Iannone, Giuseppe Matarese, Thomas Dörner, Virginia Litwin, Michael Lohoff, Petra Bacher, Jordi Petriz, Lorenzo Moretta, Götz R. A. Ehrhardt, Qianjun Zhang, Andrea Cavani, Barry Moran, Christian Maueröder, Immanuel Andrä, Dirk H. Busch, Joe Trotter, Timothy R D J Radstake, Stipan Jonjić, Fritz Melchers, Hans-Martin Jäck, Beatriz Jávega, Gerald Willimsky, Martin Büscher, Henrik E. Mei, Christine S. Falk, Zhigang Tian, Martin Herrmann, Alice Yue, Steffen Jung, Bart Everts, Frank A. Schildberg, John Bellamy Foster, Giovanna Lombardi, Milena Nasi, John P. Nolan, Todd A. Fehniger, Francesco Dieli, Steffen Schmitt, Andreas Dolf, A. Graham Pockley, Claudia Berek, Josef Spidlen, Megan K. Levings, Werner Müller, Baerbel Keller, René A. W. van Lier, Daisy Philips, Susanne Ziegler, Christian Kurts, Malgorzata J. Podolska, Jürgen Ruland, David Voehringer, Kenneth M. Murphy, Marlous van der Braber, Maria Dolores García-Godoy, Sabine Baumgart, Yi Zhao, Antonio Cosma, Falk Hiepe, Charlotte Esser, Pablo Engel, Marcello Veldhoen, Irmgard Förster, Amy E. Lovett-Racke, Günnur Deniz, Burkhard Ludewig, Esther Schimisky, Cristiano Scottà, Marcello Pinti, Jonathan Rebhahn, Regina Stark, Mario Clerici, Liping Yu, Shimon Sakaguchi, Derek Davies, Anna Katharina Simon, Lorenzo Cosmi, Gabriele Multhoff, Kamran Ghoreschi, Quirin Hammer, Henning Ulrich, J. Paul Robinson, Yvonne Samstag, Olivier Lantz, Hannes Stockinger, Xuetao Cao, Simon Fillatreau, David L. Haviland, Natalio Garbi, C. Neudörfl, Kingston H. G. Mills, Salvador Vento-Asturias, Christian Peth, Philip E. Boulais, Diether J. Recktenwald, Burkhard Becher, Tomas Kalina, Michael D. Leipold, Christoph Goettlinger, Gemma A. Foulds, Jane L. Grogan, Axel R. Schulz, James P. Di Santo, Matthias Schiemann, Michael D. Ward, Britta Engelhardt, Birgit Sawitzki, Annette Oxenius, Carl S. Goodyear, Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann, Wolfgang Beisker, Sue Chow, Carsten Watzl, Marie Follo, Erik Lubberts, Peter Wurst, Thomas Schüler, Andreas Diefenbach, Wolfgang Bauer, Hans-Dieter Volk, Luis E. Muñoz, Elmar Endl, Genny Del Zotto, José-Enrique O'Connor, Mairi McGrath, Paul S. Frenette, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Cell Biology, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Department of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI)-DENOTHE Center, Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Inorganic Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, Caprotec Bioanalytics GmbH, International Occultation Timing Association European Section (IOTA ES), International Occultation Timing Association European Section, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC)-British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes (IMVA - U1184), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Experimental Immunology Unit, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Département d'Immunologie - Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Charité Hospital, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Rheumatologie, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Immunité et cancer (U932), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Institute of Virology [Zürich], College of Food Science and Technology [Shangai], Shanghai Ocean University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, Centre for Transplantation, King's College London (MRC), Guy's Hospital [London], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Heinrich Pette Institute [Hamburg], Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm]-Lipid Laboratory, Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Viral Immunobiology, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Institute of Experimental Immunology [Zurich], Department of Radiation Oncology [Munich], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Cytometry Laboratories and School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Osaka University [Osaka], FACS and Array Core Facility, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrueck, Department of Molecular Immunology, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences-University of Science & Technology of China [Suzhou], Lymphopoïèse (Lymphopoïèse (UMR_1223 / U1223 / U-Pasteur_4)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute for Immunology, Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 (PROTEE), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Enrico Lugli and Pratip K. Chattopadhyay were supported by grants from the Fondazione Cariplo (Grant Ricerca Biomedica 2012/0683), the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori GR-2011-02347324) and the European Union Marie Curie Career Integration Grant 322093 (all to E.L.). E.L. and P.K.C. are International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) Marylou Ingram scholars. Alice Yue and Ryan R. Brinkman were funded by Genome BC and NSERC. Klaus Warnatz received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1303) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DECIDE, DFG WA 1597/4-1 and the TRR130). The Jung laboratory is supported by funds of the ERC and ISF. Henrik Mei is a 2017-2021 ISAC scholar. Antonio Cosma is supported by the French government program: 'Investissement d'avenir: Equipements d'Excellence' (EQUIPEX)-2010 FlowCyTech, Grant number: ANR-10-EQPX-02-01. Henrik Mei is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grants Me3644/5-1 and TRR130/TP24)., Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI)-DENOTHE Center, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Humboldt University Of Berlin, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Universität Leipzig, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rheumatology, Pediatrics, Landsteiner Laboratory, Other departments, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, DENOTHE Center-University of Florence, Santa Lucia Foundation ( IRCCS ), International Occultation Timing Association European Section ( IOTA ES ), Fondazione Santa Lucia ( IRCCS ), BC Cancer Agency ( BCCRC ) -British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Fondazione IRCCS, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes ( IMVA - U1184 ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Département d'Immunologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Universitat de Barcelona ( UB ), Charité, Weizmann Institute of Science, Université de Bonn, Immunité et cancer ( U932 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut Curie-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Singapore Immunology Network ( SIgN ), Agency for Science Technology and Research, College of Food Science and Technology, Centre for Transplantation, King's College London ( MRC ), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ( UFZ ), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research ( HZI ), University of Zürich [Zürich] ( UZH ) -Institute of Experimental Immunology [Zurich], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz ( JGU ), Medical University of Vienna, Lymphopoïèse, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Johannes Gutenberg - University of Mainz ( JGU ), Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 ( PROTEE ), Université de Toulon ( UTLN ), Universita degli studi di Genova, Cossarizza, Andrea, Chang, Hyun-Dong, Radbruch, Andrea, Akdis, Mübeccel, Andrä, Immanuel, Annunziato, Francesco, Bacher, Petra, Barnaba, Vincenzo, Battistini, Luca, Bauer, Wolfgang M., Baumgart, Sabine, Becher, Burkhard, Beisker, Wolfgang, Berek, Claudia, Blanco, Alfonso, Borsellino, Giovanna, Boulais, Philip E., Brinkman, Ryan R., Büscher, Martin, Busch, Dirk H., Bushnell, Timothy P., Cao, Xuetao, Cavani, Andrea, Chattopadhyay, Pratip K., Cheng, Qingyu, Chow, Sue, Clerici, Mario, Cooke, Anne, Cosma, Antonio, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Cumano, Ana, Dang, Van Duc, Davies, Derek, De Biasi, Sara, Del Zotto, Genny, Della Bella, Silvia, Dellabona, Paolo, Deniz, Günnur, Dessing, Mark, Diefenbach, Andrea, Di Santo, Jame, Dieli, Francesco, Dolf, Andrea, Donnenberg, Vera S., Dörner, Thoma, Ehrhardt, Götz R. A., Endl, Elmar, Engel, Pablo, Engelhardt, Britta, Esser, Charlotte, Everts, Bart, Dreher, Anita, Falk, Christine S., Fehniger, Todd A., Filby, Andrew, Fillatreau, Simon, Follo, Marie, Förster, Irmgard, Foster, John, Foulds, Gemma A., Frenette, Paul S., Galbraith, David, Garbi, Natalio, García-Godoy, Maria Dolore, Geginat, Jen, Ghoreschi, Kamran, Gibellini, Lara, Goettlinger, Christoph, Goodyear, Carl S., Gori, Andrea, Grogan, Jane, Gross, Mor, Grützkau, Andrea, Grummitt, Daryl, Hahn, Jona, Hammer, Quirin, Hauser, Anja E., Haviland, David L., Hedley, David, Herrera, Guadalupe, Herrmann, Martin, Hiepe, Falk, Holland, Tristan, Hombrink, Pleun, Houston, Jessica P., Hoyer, Bimba F., Huang, Bo, Hunter, Christopher A., Iannone, Anna, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Jávega, Beatriz, Jonjic, Stipan, Juelke, Kerstin, Jung, Steffen, Kaiser, Toralf, Kalina, Toma, Keller, Baerbel, Khan, Srijit, Kienhöfer, Deborah, Kroneis, Thoma, Kunkel, Désirée, Kurts, Christian, Kvistborg, Pia, Lannigan, Joanne, Lantz, Olivier, Larbi, Ani, LeibundGut-Landmann, Salome, Leipold, Michael D., Levings, Megan K., Litwin, Virginia, Liu, Yanling, Lohoff, Michael, Lombardi, Giovanna, Lopez, Lilly, Lovett-Racke, Amy, Lubberts, Erik, Ludewig, Burkhard, Lugli, Enrico, Maecker, Holden T., Martrus, Glòria, Matarese, Giuseppe, Maueröder, Christian, Mcgrath, Mairi, Mcinnes, Iain, Mei, Henrik E., Melchers, Fritz, Melzer, Susanne, Mielenz, Dirk, Mills, Kingston, Mirrer, David, Mjösberg, Jenny, Moore, Jonni, Moran, Barry, Moretta, Alessandro, Moretta, Lorenzo, Mosmann, Tim R., Müller, Susann, Müller, Werner, Münz, Christian, Multhoff, Gabriele, Munoz, Luis Enrique, Murphy, Kenneth M., Nakayama, Toshinori, Nasi, Milena, Neudörfl, Christine, Nolan, John, Nourshargh, Sussan, O'Connor, José-Enrique, Ouyang, Wenjun, Oxenius, Annette, Palankar, Raghav, Panse, Isabel, Peterson, Pärt, Peth, Christian, Petriz, Jordi, Philips, Daisy, Pickl, Winfried, Piconese, Silvia, Pinti, Marcello, Pockley, A. Graham, Podolska, Malgorzata Justyna, Pucillo, Carlo, Quataert, Sally A., Radstake, Timothy R. D. J., Rajwa, Bartek, Rebhahn, Jonathan A., Recktenwald, Diether, Remmerswaal, Ester B. M., Rezvani, Katy, Rico, Laura G., Robinson, J. Paul, Romagnani, Chiara, Rubartelli, Anna, Ruckert, Beate, Ruland, Jürgen, Sakaguchi, Shimon, Sala-de-Oyanguren, Francisco, Samstag, Yvonne, Sanderson, Sharon, Sawitzki, Birgit, Scheffold, Alexander, Schiemann, Matthia, Schildberg, Frank, Schimisky, Esther, Schmid, Stephan A., Schmitt, Steffen, Schober, Kilian, Schüler, Thoma, Schulz, Axel Ronald, Schumacher, Ton, Scotta, Cristiano, Shankey, T. Vincent, Shemer, Anat, Simon, Anna-Katharina, Spidlen, Josef, Stall, Alan M., Stark, Regina, Stehle, Christina, Stein, Merle, Steinmetz, Tobit, Stockinger, Hanne, Takahama, Yousuke, Tarnok, Attila, Tian, Zhigang, Toldi, Gergely, Tornack, Julia, Traggiai, Elisabetta, Trotter, Joe, Ulrich, Henning, van der Braber, Marlou, van Lier, René A. W., Veldhoen, Marcello, Vento-Asturias, Salvador, Vieira, Paulo, Voehringer, David, Volk, Hans-Dieter, von Volkmann, Konrad, Waisman, Ari, Walker, Rachael, Ward, Michael D., Warnatz, Klau, Warth, Sarah, Watson, James V., Watzl, Carsten, Wegener, Leonie, Wiedemann, Annika, Wienands, Jürgen, Willimsky, Gerald, Wing, Jame, Wurst, Peter, Yu, Liping, Yue, Alice, Zhang, Qianjun, Zhao, Yi, Ziegler, Susanne, Zimmermann, Jakob, Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Akdis, M., Andrã¤, I., Annunziato, F., Bacher, P., Barnaba, V., Battistini, L., Bauer, W., Baumgart, S., Becher, B., Beisker, W., Berek, C., Blanco, A., Borsellino, G., Boulais, P., Brinkman, R., Bã¼scher, M., Busch, D., Bushnell, T., Cao, X., Cavani, A., Chattopadhyay, P., Cheng, Q., Chow, S., Clerici, M., Cooke, A., Cosma, A., Cosmi, L., Cumano, A., Dang, V., Davies, D., De Biasi, S., Del Zotto, G., Della Bella, S., Dellabona, P., Deniz, G., Dessing, M., Diefenbach, A., Di Santo, J., Dieli, F., Dolf, A., Donnenberg, V., Dã¶rner, T., Ehrhardt, G., Endl, E., Engel, P., Engelhardt, B., Esser, C., Everts, B., Dreher, A., Falk, C., Fehniger, T., Filby, A., Fillatreau, S., Follo, M., Fã¶rster, I., Foster, J., Foulds, G., Frenette, P., Galbraith, D., Garbi, N., García-Godoy, M., Geginat, J., Ghoreschi, K., Gibellini, L., Goettlinger, C., Goodyear, C., Gori, A., Grogan, J., Gross, M., Grã¼tzkau, A., Grummitt, D., Hahn, J., Hammer, Q., Hauser, A., Haviland, D., Hedley, D., Herrera, G., Herrmann, M., Hiepe, F., Holland, T., Hombrink, P., Houston, J., Hoyer, B., Huang, B., Hunter, C., Iannone, A., Jã¤ck, H., Jã¡vega, B., Jonjic, S., Juelke, K., Jung, S., Kaiser, T., Kalina, T., Keller, B., Khan, S., Kienhã¶fer, D., Kroneis, T., Kunkel, D., Kurts, C., Kvistborg, P., Lannigan, J., Lantz, O., Larbi, A., LeibundGut-Landmann, S., Leipold, M., Levings, M., Litwin, V., Liu, Y., Lohoff, M., Lombardi, G., Lopez, L., Lovett-Racke, A., Lubberts, E., Ludewig, B., Lugli, E., Maecker, H., Martrus, G., Matarese, G., Mauerã¶der, C., Mcgrath, M., Mcinnes, I., Mei, H., Melchers, F., Melzer, S., Mielenz, D., Mills, K., Mirrer, D., Mjã¶sberg, J., Moore, J., Moran, B., Moretta, A., Moretta, L., Mosmann, T., Mã¼ller, S., Mã¼ller, W., Mã¼nz, C., Multhoff, G., Munoz, L., Murphy, K., Nakayama, T., Nasi, M., Neudã¶rfl, C., Nolan, J., Nourshargh, S., O'Connor, J., Ouyang, W., Oxenius, A., Palankar, R., Panse, I., Peterson, P., Peth, C., Petriz, J., Philips, D., Pickl, W., Piconese, S., Pinti, M., Pockley, A., Podolska, M., Pucillo, C., Quataert, S., Radstake, T., Rajwa, B., Rebhahn, J., Recktenwald, D., Remmerswaal, E., Rezvani, K., Rico, L., Robinson, J., Romagnani, C., Rubartelli, A., Ruckert, B., Ruland, J., Sakaguchi, S., Sala-de-Oyanguren, F., Samstag, Y., Sanderson, S., Sawitzki, B., Scheffold, A., Schiemann, M., Schildberg, F., Schimisky, E., Schmid, S., Schmitt, S., Schober, K., Schã¼ler, T., Schulz, A., Schumacher, T., Scotta, C., Shankey, T., Shemer, A., Simon, A., Spidlen, J., Stall, A., Stark, R., Stehle, C., Stein, M., Steinmetz, T., Stockinger, H., Takahama, Y., Tarnok, A., Tian, Z., Toldi, G., Tornack, J., Traggiai, E., Trotter, J., Ulrich, H., van der Braber, M., van Lier, R., Veldhoen, M., Vento-Asturias, S., Vieira, P., Voehringer, D., Volk, H., von Volkmann, K., Waisman, A., Walker, R., Ward, M., Warnatz, K., Warth, S., Watson, J., Watzl, C., Wegener, L., Wiedemann, A., Wienands, J., Willimsky, G., Wing, J., Wurst, P., Liping, Y., Yue, A., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Ziegler, S., and Zimmermann, J.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, T-Lymphocytes, Cell Separation, T cell precursors, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunophenotyping, Human lymphopoiesis, [ SDV.IMM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Non-U.S. Gov't, Immunologic Technique, medicine.diagnostic_test, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, virus diseases, hemic and immune systems, False Positive Reaction, Cell sorting, Flow Cytometry, natural killer and innate lymphoid cells differentiation, 3. Good health, Research Design, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Human, Quality Control, medicine.drug_class, Immunology, Animals, Cell Proliferation, DNA, False Positive Reactions, Humans, RNA, Software, Guidelines as Topic, Immunologic Techniques, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Computational biology, Biology, Monoclonal antibody, Research Support, Article, Flow cytometry, N.I.H, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, medicine, early lymphoid progenitors, Journal Article, Mass cytometry, IMUNOLOGIA, Animal, Extramural, B cell ontogeny, 030104 developmental biology, T-Lymphocyte, Cytometry, 030215 immunology
Abstract

The marriage between immunology and cytometry is one of the most stable and productive in the recent history of science. A rapid search in PubMed shows that, as of July 2017, using “flow cytometry immunology” as a search term yields more than 68 000 articles, the first of which, interestingly, is not about lymphocytes. It might be stated that, after a short engagement, the exchange of the wedding rings between immunology and cytometry officially occurred when the idea to link fluorochromes to monoclonal antibodies came about. After this, recognizing different types of cells became relatively easy and feasible not only by using a simple fluorescence microscope, but also by a complex and sometimes esoteric instrument, the flow cytometer that is able to count hundreds of cells in a single second, and can provide repetitive results in a tireless manner. Given this, the possibility to analyse immune phenotypes in a variety of clinical conditions has changed the use of the flow cytometer, which was incidentally invented in the late 1960s to measure cellular DNA by using intercalating dyes, such as ethidium bromide. The epidemics of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s then gave a dramatic impulse to the technology of counting specific cells, since it became clear that the quantification of the number of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells was crucial to follow the course of the infection, and eventually for monitoring the therapy. As a consequence, the development of flow cytometers that had to be easy-to-use in all clinical laboratories helped to widely disseminate this technology. Nowadays, it is rare to find an immunological paper or read a conference abstract in which the authors did not use flow cytometry as the main tool to dissect the immune system and identify its fine and complex functions. Of note, recent developments have created the sophisticated technology of mass cytometry, which is able to simultaneously identify dozens of molecules at the single cell level and allows us to better understand the complexity and beauty of the immune system.

Published
2017

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