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Cystoscopy (CS) is considered to be the gold standard in the follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, CS is invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. On the other hand, modern sensitive transducers have improved the imaging of urinary tract rendering transabdominal ultrasonography (US) more effective in visualizing intraluminal filling defects in the bladder than it was in the past. Twenty-five follow-up patients of low-risk bladder cancer meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in study. Ultrasonography of the bladder was performed by a single senior radiologist, and subsequently, these patients were subjected to flexible cystoscopy under local anesthesia. Pain score was calculated for each of the cystoscopies done. Findings of transabdominal ultrasound of the bladder were correlated and compared with those of cystoscopy. Subjects with US and/or CS findings suggestive of recurrence underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) under general anesthesia and confirmation of the bladder carcinoma was achieved by the histopathological examination. Mean patient age was 60.56 years with range of 29 to 77 years. The sensitivity of modern ultrasonographic techniques was found to be 84.61% with specificity of 91.7% taking flexible cystoscopy as the gold standard for detection of recurrence. The accuracy of US was 88% with positive predictive value of 91.7% and negative predictive value of 84.61%. Technological evolution has improved the accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of bladder carcinoma. It represents a valuable surveillance tool in selected sub group of low risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients.

Introduction. The recently recognized renal cell carcinomas associated with Xp11.2 translocations are rare tumors predominantly reported in children. Chromosome Xp11.2 translocation results in gene fusion related to transcription factor E3 (TFE3) that plays an important role in proliferation and survival. Case Report. Herein, we present two cases of a TFE3 translocation-associated RCC in young female adults, one detected incidentally and the other one presenting with gross hematuria. Tumor is characterized by immunohistochemistry and a literature review with optimal treatment regimen is presented. Discussion. Xp11.2 translocation RCCs in adult patients are associated with advanced stages, large tumors, and extracapsular disease and usually have an aggressive clinical course. Conclusion. In TFE3 RCC, the genetic background may not only contribute to tumorigenesis, but also determine the response to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Therefore it is necessary to diagnose this tumor entity accurately. Because of the small number of TFE3 gene fusion-related renal tumors described in the literature, the exact biologic behavior and impact of current treatment modalities remain to be uncertain.

Prophylactic ureteric stenting has been shown to reduce ureteric leaks and collecting system obstruction following renal transplantation and is in widespread use. However, the optimal time for removal of ureteric stents after renal transplantation remains unclear. Aim of this study was to compare the result of early versus late removal of ureteric stents after kidney transplantation of the laparoscopically retrieved live related donor grafts. Eligible patients were live donor kidney transplant recipients with normal urinary tracts. All recipients underwent extravesical Lich-Gregoire ureteroneocystostomy over 4F/160 cm polyurethane double J stents by a uniform technique. They were randomized on seventh postoperative day for early removal of stents on postoperative day 7 (Group I), or for late removal on postoperative day 28 (Group II). The incidence of urinary tract infections, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and urological complications were compared. Between 2007 and 2009, 130 kidney transplants were performed at one centre of which 100 were enrolled for the study, and 50 each were randomized into the two groups. Donor and recipient age, sex, native renal disease, immunosupression, number of rejection episodes, and antirejection therapy were similar in the two groups. The occurrence of symptomatic urinary tract infection during the follow-up period of 6 months was significantly less in the early stent removal group [5 out of 50 (10%) in Group I, vs 50 out of 15 (30%) in Group II, P=0.02]. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was documented in 2 out of 50 (4%) in Group I and 4 out of 50 (8%) in Group II (P=0.3). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of ureteric leak, ureteric obstruction, or hematuria in the two groups (P=1.0). We conclude that, in kidney transplant recipients of laparoscopically retrieved live donor grafts, early stent removal at the end of first week reduces the incidence of urinary tract infection without increasing the rate of urine leak or ureteric obstruction.