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Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-tia-10.1177_23312165231153280 for Time-specific Components of Pupil Responses Reveal Alternations in Effort Allocation Caused by Memory Task Demands During Speech Identification in Noise by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Lorenz Fiedler, Sophia E. Kramer and Dorothea Wendt in Trends in Hearing

Objective: This study assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial health among individuals with different levels of hearing ability. Design: For this cross-sectional study, adults completed an online digits-in-noise test and survey. Participants were categorised into “good”, “insufficient”, or “poor” hearing groups. Survey questions included topics on depression, anxiety, distress, somatisation, and loneliness levels. Multiple logistic, linear, and negative binomial regressions examined differences in psychosocial health between hearing groups. Moderation analyses identified vulnerable subgroups. Mediation analyses examined mediating effects of pandemic measures on hearing ability and psychosocial health. Study sample: Eight-hundred and sixty-five adults with or without hearing impairment. Results: Individuals with poor hearing had a higher odds of having elevated anxiety levels and had higher somatisation levels compared to participants with good hearing. Chronic diseases significantly moderated the relationship between poor hearing ability and loneliness. Difficulties with communicating through facemasks, 1.5 m distance, plastic screens, and during video calls significantly mediated the relationships between hearing ability, anxiety and somatisation. Conclusions: Results highlight the elevated anxiety and somatisation levels experienced among individuals with hearing impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic. More awareness is needed of the negative impact pandemic measures can have on psychosocial health during future health crises.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tia-10.1177_23312165231153280 for Time-specific Components of Pupil Responses Reveal Alternations in Effort Allocation Caused by Memory Task Demands During Speech Identification in Noise by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Lorenz Fiedler, Sophia E. Kramer and Dorothea Wendt in Trends in Hearing

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-tia-10.1177_23312165231153280 for Time-specific Components of Pupil Responses Reveal Alternations in Effort Allocation Caused by Memory Task Demands During Speech Identification in Noise by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Lorenz Fiedler, Sophia E. Kramer and Dorothea Wendt in Trends in Hearing

ObjectiveAn instrument that facilitates the advancement of hearing healthcare delivery from a biomedical model to a biopsychosocial one that underpins the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework (ICF) brief and comprehensive Core Sets for Hearing Loss (CSHL) is currently unavailable. The objective is to describe the process of developing and validating a new questionnaire named the HEAR-COMMAND Tool created by transferring the ICF CSHL into a theory-supported, practically manageable concept.DesignA team from Germany, the USA, the Netherlands, and Egypt collaborated on development. The following ICF domains were considered; “Body Functions” (BF), “Activities and Participation” (AP), and “Environmental Factors” (EF). The development yielded English, German, and Arabic versions. A pilot validation study with a total of 109 respondents across three countries, Germany, Egypt, and the USA was conducted to revise the item terminology according to the feedback provided by the respondents.ResultsThe questionnaire included a total of 120 items. Ninety items were designed to collect information on the functioning and 30 items inquiring about demographic information, hearing status, and Personal Factors. Except for the “Body Structures” (BS) domain, all the categories of the brief ICF CSHL were covered (a total of 85% of the categories). Moreover, the items covered 44% of the comprehensive ICF CSHL categories including 73% of BF, 55% of AP, and 27% of EF domains. Overall, the terminology of 24 ICF-based items was revised based on the qualitative analysis of the respondents' feedback to further clarify the items that were found tod be unclear or misleading. The tool highlighted the broad connection of HL with bodily health and contextual factors.ConclusionsThe HEAR-COMMAND Tool was developed based on the ICF CSHL and from multinational experts' and patients' perspectives with the aim to improve the execution of audiological services, treatment, and rehabilitation for adult patients with HL. Additional validation of the tool is ongoing. The next step would be to pair the tool with BS categories since it was excluded from the tool and determine its effectiveness in guiding hearing health care practitioners to holistically classify categories influencing hearing, communication, and conversation disability.

Additional file 2. Search strategy for PubMed (26 August 2019)

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-tia-10.1177_23312165211009351 for Effect of Speech-to-Noise Ratio and Luminance on a Range of Current and Potential Pupil Response Measures to Assess Listening Effort by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Dorothea Wendt, Lorenz Fiedler, Thomas Lunner and Sophia E. Kramer in Trends in Hearing

Additional file 5. Vertigo questionnaires

Additional file 4. Tinnitus questionnaires

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-tia-10.1177_23312165211009351 for Effect of Speech-to-Noise Ratio and Luminance on a Range of Current and Potential Pupil Response Measures to Assess Listening Effort by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Dorothea Wendt, Lorenz Fiedler, Thomas Lunner and Sophia E. Kramer in Trends in Hearing

Additional file 6. Hearing loss questionnaires

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-tia-10.1177_23312165211009351 for Effect of Speech-to-Noise Ratio and Luminance on a Range of Current and Potential Pupil Response Measures to Assess Listening Effort by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Dorothea Wendt, Lorenz Fiedler, Thomas Lunner and Sophia E. Kramer in Trends in Hearing

Additional file 1. PRISMA Checklist

Additional file 3. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO)-specific checklist

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-tia-10.1177_23312165211009351 for Effect of Speech-to-Noise Ratio and Luminance on a Range of Current and Potential Pupil Response Measures to Assess Listening Effort by Patrycja Książek, Adriana A. Zekveld, Dorothea Wendt, Lorenz Fiedler, Thomas Lunner and Sophia E. Kramer in Trends in Hearing

Additional file 7. Multiple complaint questionnaires

For those with hearing impairment, listening in daily life communication requires excessive mental effort, even when using a hearing aid. This increased daily effort causes fatigue and reduced well-being. In recent years, researchers have utilised physiological measures to quantify listening effort; however, the chosen methods are seldom driven by psychophysiological theories. Despite a considerable number of empirical articles, the evidence in support of the physiological quantification of listening effort is inconclusive.This thesis employed empirical evidence on autonomic nervous system activity and motivational intensity theory (Brehm, 1989; Wright, 1996), to provide a systematic, inclusive and theory-driven examination of the physiological correlates of listening effort. It was hypothesised that, to avoid wasting essential resources, (listening) effort occurs as a function of (listening) demand while success is possible and the required effort is justified. Listening effort was quantified as myocardial reactivity driven by parasympathetic nervous system withdrawal and sympathetic nervous system activation.Utilising a systematic and theory-driven approach, three phases of experiments tested the multi-layer predictions of motivational intensity theory in relation to effortful listening. The first phase found empirical evidence for the impact of listening demand on listening effort-driven myocardial sympathetic activation (quantified as pre-ejection period), only while successful speech comprehension was possible. Subjective effort increased alongside myocardial sympathetic activity, but was less limited by the possibility of success. The second phase provided the first evidence for the impact of reward (the importance of success) on listening effort-driven myocardial sympathetic activation (pre-ejection period) in listening tasks with an unclear performance standard. Subjective effort increased, alongside myocardial sympathetic activity, as a function of reward for successful comprehension. The final phase, grounded in the results from phase one and two, provided evidence for a trend of cardiovascular reactivity that partially supported the final hypothesis that an interaction effect between listening demand and reward should affect listening3effort. However, the final experiment failed to provide evidence for specific cardiovascular reactivity caused by listening effort-related myocardial sympathetic activation as a function of the listening demand- reward interaction.Overall, this thesis found evidence that, listening effort driven by myocardial sympathetic activation occurs as a function of listening demand while task success is both possible and the required effort is justified by the importance of successful comprehension. No experiment within this thesis found compelling evidence for the impact of either listening demand or the importance of successful comprehension on cardiovascular reactivity influenced by the withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system.This thesis exists to highlight the importance of a holistic evaluation of the physiological correlates of effortful listening guided by psychophysiological theories and motivation science. The experiments in this thesis outline a novel comprehensive approach towards the quantification of listening effort. The results highlight the importance of motivational factors and promote the perspective that both listening demand and fluctuations in the motivation to listen determine listening effort, quantified by sympathetic myocardial activation. In the future, incorporating empirically supported measures of listening effort into audiology might improve the quality of hearing assessments and the calibration of hearing aids.

PURPOSE: In the Netherlands, a great variety of objectively measured geo-data is available, but these data are scattered and measured at varying spatial and temporal scales. The centralisation of these geo-data and the linkage of these data to individual-level data from longitudinal cohort studies enable large-scale epidemiological research on the impact of the environment on public health in the Netherlands. In the Geoscience and Health Cohort Consortium (GECCO), six large-scale and ongoing cohort studies have been enriched with a variety of existing geo-data. Here, we introduce GECCO by describing: (1) the phenotypes of the involved cohort studies, (2) the collected geo-data and their sources, (3) the methodology that was used to link the collected geo-data to individual cohort studies, (4) the similarity of commonly used geo-data between our consortium and the nationwide situation in the Netherlands and (5) the distribution of geo-data within our consortium.PARTICIPANTS: GECCO includes participants from six prospective cohort studies (eg, 44 657 respondents (18-100 years) in 2006) and it covers all municipalities in the Netherlands. Using postal code information of the participants, geo-data on the address-level, postal code-level as well as neighbourhood-level could be linked to individual-level cohort data.FINDINGS TO DATE: The geo-data could be successfully linked to almost all respondents of all cohort studies, with successful data-linkage rates ranging from 97.1% to 100.0% between cohort studies. The results show variability in geo-data within and across cohorts. GECCO increases power of analyses, provides opportunities for cross-checking and replication, ensures sufficient geographical variation in environmental determinants and allows for nuanced analyses on specific subgroups.FUTURE PLANS: GECCO offers unique opportunities for (longitudinal) studies on the complex relationships between the environment and health outcomes. For example, GECCO will be used for further research on environmental determinants of physical/psychosocial functioning and lifestyle behaviours.

Supplemental material for The Pupil Dilation Response to Auditory Stimuli: Current State of Knowledge by Adriana A. Zekveld, Thomas Koelewijn and Sophia E. Kramer in Trends in Hearing

This paper presents data on the Dutch translation of the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA). The inventory was used as an additional postal tool in a nationwide study on the benefits of bilateral hearing aid fitting. Responses of 505 hearing aid users were analysed. Descriptive statistics and inter-item correlations are reported. Factor analysis resulted in the extraction of two factors, Cronbach's alpha coefficients and corrected item total correlations showed high internal consistency of the scales. Significant correlations were found between 101 Factor 2 and the Hearing Handicap and Disability Inventory and subscales of the Amsterdam Inventory for Hearing Disability and Handicap

About one-third of all recently published studies on listening effort have used at least one physiological measure, providing evidence of the popularity of such measures in listening effort research. However, the specific measures employed, as well as the rationales used to justify their inclusion, vary greatly between studies, leading to a literature that is fragmented and difficult to integrate. A unified approach that assesses multiple psychophysiological measures justified by a single rationale would be preferable because it would advance our understanding of listening effort. However, such an approach comes with a number of challenges, including the need to develop a clear definition of listening effort that links to specific physiological measures, customized equipment that enables the simultaneous assessment of multiple measures, awareness of problems caused by the different timescales on which the measures operate, and statistical approaches that minimize the risk of type-I error inflation. This article discusses in detail the various obstacles for combining multiple physiological measures in listening effort research and provides recommendations on how to overcome them.

The pupil of the eye constricts when moving focus from an object further away to an object closer by. This is called the pupil near response, which typically occurs together with accommodation and vergence responses. When immersed in virtual reality mediated through a head-mounted display, this triad is disrupted by the vergence-accommodation conflict. However, it is not yet clear if the disruption also affects the pupil near response. Two experiments were performed to assess this. The first experiment had participants follow a target that first appeared at a far position and then moved to either a near position (far-to-near; FN) or to another far position (far-to-far; FF). The second experiment had participants follow a target that jumped between five positions, which was repeated at several distances. Experiment 1 showed a greater pupil constriction amplitude for FN trials, compared to FF trials, suggesting that the pupil near response is intact in head-mounted display mediated virtual reality. Experiment 2 did not find that average pupil dilation differed when fixating targets at different distances, suggesting that the pupil near response is transient and does not result in sustained pupil size changes.