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Bolotov, Ivan N., Eliseeva, Tatyana A., Kondakov, Alexander V., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Aksenova, Olga V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Kropotin, Alexander V., Travina, Oksana V., Vinarski, Maxim V. (2023): Barbronia borealis sp. nov., the first salifid leech discovered in Russia, with a global checklist of this genus. Ecologica Montenegrina 63: 24-38, DOI: 10.37828/em.2023.63.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2023.63.3

Barbronia borealis Bolotov, Eliseeva & Kondakov sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 06EF7905-A09C-4F37-B686-36A0D67A7F7D Figures 4, 5 a-c Holotype: RMBH Hir_0405 (fixed and stored in 96% ethanol); RUSSIA: Kiparisovka River, 43.4578°N, 131.9017°E, Razdolnaya (Suifun) River basin, Primorye Region, September 05, 2020, O. V. Aksenova, Y. V. Bespalaya, A. V. Kropotin, O. V. Travina & M. V. Vinarski leg. Etymology: The name of this species reflects its record in the boreal zone of Eurasia. Differential diagnosis: The new species is externally similar to Barbronia gwalagwalensis and B. weberi. It differs from B. gwalagwalensis by having 5.5 annuli between gonopores (vs 7.5 annuli) and from B. weberi by having 6 annuli between accessory pore and corresponding gonopore (vs 5 annuli). However, DNA barcoding should be considered the most reliable approach for identification of these morphologically similar species. DNA-based diagnosis: The reference DNA sequences of the holotype: OQ940656 (COI) and OQ941865 (18S rRNA). This species represents a divergent phylogenetic lineage, which is distant from other species in the genus, the sequences of which are available (Table 2). Description: Small salifid leech: body length 20.1 mm, maximum body width 3.3 mm, maximum width of anterior sucker 0.9 mm, maximum width of posterior sucker 2.0 mm (Figure 4). Body elongated, vermiform, tapering anteriorly. Body surface smooth, without papillae. Posterior sucker ventrally directed. Dorsum light ochraceous, venter whitish. Anterior region with three pairs of circular eyespots: one labial on 3rd annulus and two buccal on 6-7th annuli (Figure 5 a-b). Complete mid-body somite 6 annulate: b1 + b2 + a2 + b5 + c11 + c12 (Figure 5c). Clitellum extends from X b5 to XIV b2. Gonopores large, well visible, separated by 5.5 annuli. Male accessory pore in the furrow X c12/XI b1, male gonopore in XII b1/b2, female gonopore in XIII b1, female accessory pore in XIII c12/XIV b1 (Figure 5c). Anus dorsally at XXVII, two postanal annuli anterior to posterior sucker (Figure 4). Reproductive and digestive systems remain unstudied because only the holotype was available for description. Distribution: This species is only known from its type locality, situated at the southeastern corner of the Russian Far East. However, numerous occurrences from Northeastern China attributed to B. cf. weberi (Figure 1) may belong to the new species. Habitats and ecology: The holotype was collected from a pool site of a small river with clay bottom (Figure 6). This leech specimen was fixed with its prey, an oligochaete, protruding from its mouth. A COI sequence was generated from this worm (GenBank acc. No. OQ933549). Searching with the BOLD IDS reveals that the COI sequence of the prey item is related to those of oligochaetes identified as Limnodrilus profundicola (Verrill, 1871) (Oligochaeta: Naididae). This finding indicates that Barbronia borealis sp. nov. feeds on small freshwater oligochaetes, as do some other species in this genus (Nesemann et al. 2007)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Eliseeva, Tatyana A., Kondakov, Alexander V., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Aksenova, Olga V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Kropotin, Alexander V., Travina, Oksana V. & Vinarski, Maxim V., 2023, Barbronia borealis sp. nov., the first salifid leech discovered in Russia, with a global checklist of this genus, pp. 24-38 in Ecologica Montenegrina 63 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.37828/em.2023.63.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8082901, {"references":["Nesemann, H., Sharma, S., Sharma, G., Khanal, S. N., Pradhan, B., Shah, D. N. & Tachamo, R. D. (2007) Aquatic Invertebrates of the Ganga River System: Volume 1 - Mollusca, Annelida, Crustacea (in part). Hasko Nesemann and Chandi Press, Kathmandu, 263 pp."]}

GENUS CORBICULA MEGERLE VON MÜHLFELD, 1811 Type species: Tellina fluminalis O.F. Müller, 1774., Published as part of Bespalaya, Yulia V., Kropotin, Alexander V., Kondakov, Alexander V., Aksenova, Olga V., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Kim, Sang Ki, Lee, Jin Hee, Travina, Oksana V., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Vinarski, Maxim V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of native and invasive species of Corbicula clams (Bivalvia: Cyrenidae) from the Russian Far East and Korea, pp. 104-126 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac078, http://zenodo.org/record/7499536, {"references":["Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium terrestrium et fluViatilium, seu animalium infusorium, Helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. vol 2: I - XXXVI, 1 - 214, 10 unnumbered pages. Havniae et Lipsiae, apud Heineck et Faber, ex officina Molleriana."]}

CORBICULA ELATIOR VON MARTENS, 1905 Corbicula elatior von Martens, 1905: 65, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Korea, Kyongsang-namdo and Kyonggi-do provinces) = Corbicula suifuensis Lindholm, 1925: 29 [Russia, Primorye Region, Suifun (nowadays Razdolnaya) River near Razdolnoye settlement] = Corbicula amurensis Bogatov & Starobogatov, 1994: 149, fig. 1D–F (Russia, Khabarovsk Region, the Lower Amur river near Balbinskiy Cliff, 22 km upstream of Kalinovka settlement and 337 km from the mouth), synon. nov. = Corbicula neƲelskoyi Bogatov & Starobogatov, 1994: 148–149, fig. 1A–C (Russia, Khabarovsk Region, the Lower Amur River near Balbinskiy Cliff, 22 km upstream of Kalinovka settlement and 337 km from the mouth), synon. nov. = Corbicula sirotskii Bogatov & Starobogatov, 1994: 149, fig. 1G–I (Russia, Khabarovsk Region, Lower Amur River, 7 km upstream of Maxim Gorky settlement and 397 km from the mouth), synon. nov. Type material: The lectotype [a pair of valves; ‘ Corbicula elatior Marts., Naktonggang’; designated by Glaubrecht et al., 2007], ZMB 55.624; paralectotypes ZMB 38.439 (ten pairs of valves, one right valve; ‘ Corbicula elatior jung, Naktonggang, mittl. Arm Korea, Gottsche’); paralectotypes ZMB 38.429 (six pairs of valves, one right valve; ‘ Corbicula No. 1, N’aktonggang, Gottsche’); paralectotypes ZMB 38.430 b (three pairs of valves, one tiny right valve; ‘ Corbicula no. 2, Imjingang bei Imjin 20/9 Gottsche’); paralectotype ZMB 55.626 (a pair of valves; specimen depicted in Fig. 6 as ‘ C. elatior ?’) (Glaubrecht et al., 2007). Type locality: ‘ Mittlerer Arm des Naktonggang, Hauptfluss der Provinz Kyöngsangdo, zwischen Tongnai und Kimhai. Imjingang bei Imjin, Provinz Kyöngkwido, Korea’; South Korea: restricted to Naktong River near Kimhae, Kyongsang-namdo (NakdongRivernearGimhae, Gyeongsangnam Prov., 35°11 ′ 57 ″ N, 128°54 ′ 00 ″ E). Locality of paralectotypes: Prov. Kyonggi-do: Imjin River near Imjin (Glaubrecht et al., 2007). Material examined: The type series. Our samples: Far East of Russia: lower reaches of the Lower Amur River near Nikolaevsk-on-Amur City, 53°7 ′ 12.948 ″ N, 140°50 ′ 47.646E ″, 17 July 2014, 28 specimens, Bolotov I.N. & Vikhrev I. V. leg. (lot nos RMBH Corb 15); Nizhnetambovskoe settlement, 16 September 2020, 50.952778N, 138.204444E, 89 specimens, Aksenova O. V., Kropotin A. V., Travina O. V. & Vinarski M. V. leg.; 61 specimens are stored in RMBH; 28 specimens from the same locality are kept in LMBI under accession number 21-044; Nizhnetambovskoe settlement, 7 July 2021, 50.921111N, 138.1775E, 23 specimens, Aksenova O. V., Kropotin A. V., Travina O. V. & Khrebtova I.S. leg.; one specimen from Razdolnaya River is kept in ZIN collection, accession number 3. Description: The shell is large, triangular, and the ventral margin is rounded (Fig. 6). The umbo issignificantly prominent and slightly offset. Sculpture is represented by well-marked deep concentric ridges; the width of the ribs and distance between them are variable in the same specimen. External shell coloration varies from dark brown, greenish brown to yellow–brown, sometimes with light or dark concentric bands. Internal shell coloration varies from matte white with pale violet marks to light purple. Hinge has a heterodont dentition type, with three cardinal teeth on each valve and two crenulated lateral teeth. Siphons conical, both narrow, with a row of short papillae. Black pigment is concentrated in rings internally at the base of both siphons and in the edge of the mantle forming the siphons. The outer surface of the siphons is white; on the inside, the siphons are bright orange. The papillae of both siphons are without dark rings. Corbicula elatior is dioecious. Differential diagnosis: This species could be distinguished from the sympatric Corbicula leana, C. f l u m i n e a a n d C. j a p o n i c a b y t h e f o l l o w i n g combination of characters: larger size, significantly prominent umbo, well-marked deep concentric ridges, external shell with light or dark concentric bands, the siphons without dark pigmentation and with short papillae. Distribution: East Asia: Amur River and the Korean Peninsula (Graf & Cummings, 2021). The records of this species in the South Primorye Region (Razdolnaya River) and China (Itunghe River) (Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987) need to be checked. Comments: Considering that the samples from the Lower Amur River are genetically identical to the samples from the Seomjin River (South Korea) collected by Park & Kim (2003), we also analysed the original descriptions of some nominal species described from South Korea: C. producta, C. elatior, C. colorata and C. papyracea. Presumably, C. producta is a junior synonym of C. fluminea (for details, see Discussion). According to their original descriptions (Heude, 1887; von Martens, 1905), C. colorata and C. papyracea are small clams with a flattened umbo. At the same time, the specimens of Corbicula from the Lower Amur River are distinguished by a relatively large shell and prominent umbo. We were unable to find any significant conchological differences between our samples of Corbicula from the Lower Amur and the type specimens of nominal species described by Bogatov & Starobogatov (1994) (Figs 6, 7). The original morphological description of C. elatior published by von Martens (1905) (Fig. 7E) corresponds well to the morphological features of our samples from the Lower Amur River. Hence, we assume that C. elatior represents a species endemic to the Far East of Russia and the Korean Peninsula. The nominal species C. amurensis, C. neƲelskoyi and C. sirotskii are considered here junior synonyms of C. elatior., Published as part of Bespalaya, Yulia V., Kropotin, Alexander V., Kondakov, Alexander V., Aksenova, Olga V., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Kim, Sang Ki, Lee, Jin Hee, Travina, Oksana V., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Vinarski, Maxim V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of native and invasive species of Corbicula clams (Bivalvia: Cyrenidae) from the Russian Far East and Korea, pp. 104-126 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (1) on pages 116-119, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac078, http://zenodo.org/record/7499536, {"references":["von Martens E. 1905. Koreanische Susswasser-Mollusken. Zoologische Jahrbucher Supplement 8: 23 - 70.","Lindholm WA. 1925. Ueber der Vorkommen der Gattung Corbicula in Ussuri-Gebiete. Doklady Rossiyskoi Akademii Nauk: 29 - 32.","Bogatov VV, Starobogatov YI. 1994. Genus Corbicula in the Amur River (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 4: 147 - 150.","Glaubrecht M, Feher Z, Kohler F. 2007. Inventorizing an invader: annotated type catalogue of Corbiculidae Gray, 1847 (Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Veneroidea), including Old World limnic Corbicula in the Natural History Museum Berlin. Malacologia 49: 243 - 272.","Graf DL, Cummings KS. 2021. The freshaeater mussels (Unionoida) of the aeorld (and other less consequential biValVes), updated 28 May 2021. MUSSEL Project Web Site. Available at: http: // www. mussel-project. net /","Zatravkin MN, Bogatov VV. 1987. Large biValVe mollusks of the fresh and brackish aeaters of Far East of the USSR. A guide. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.","Park JK, Kim W. 2003. Two Corbicula (Corbiculidae: Bivalvia) mitochondrial lineages are widely distributed in Asian freshwater environment. Molecular Phylogenetics and EVolution 29: 529 - 539.","Heude MP. 1887. Conchyliologie fluViatile de la proVince de Nanking [et de la Chine centrale]., Vol. 10, pl. 5, fig. 24. Paris: F. Savy."]}

CORBICULA JAPONICA PRIME, 1864 Corbicula japonica Prime, 1864: 68 (Japan, without a precise locality) = Corbicula biformis Reinhardt, 1877: 70 (Japan, ‘Jedo’ = Tokyo) = Cyrena (Corbicula) leana von Martens, 1877: 119, non Prime, 1864 (Yokohama) = Cyrena (Corbicula) transƲersa von Martens, 1877: 120 (Yokohama) = Cyrena yokohamensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1877: pl. 12, fig. 55 (Yokohama) = Corbicula oƲalis Reinhardt, 1878: 192, pl. 5, fig. 5, non Prime, 1860 (Japan) = Corbicula fuscata var. atrata Reinhardt, 1878: 191, pl. 5, fig. 4 (Japan) = Corbicula doenitziana Clessin, 1879: 197, pl. 39, fig. 4 (Japan, Yokohama) = Corbicula martensii Clessin, 1879: 196, pl. 38, figs 17, 18 (Japan, Yokohama) = Corbicula reiniana Clessin, 1879: 196, pl. 39, figs 8, 9 (Japan, Yokohama) = Corbicula sadoensis Pilsbry, 1901: 406 (Japan, Sado) H, C. elatior from the Lower Amur River (lot no. RMBH Corb 0015/1). I, longitudinal section of the siphon. J, gills. K, outgrowths on the mantle edge on the different parts of the mantle. L, section of the female gonad. M, section of the male gonad. Scale bars: 1 cm in A; 1 mm in B, F, G, J, K; 2 mm in D, E, H, I; 0.2 mm in L; 0.1 mm in M. Photographs: O.V. Aksenova. TAXONOMY OF NATIVE AND INVASIVE CLAMS 115 = Corbicula nipponensis Pilsbry, 1907: 159, pl. 7, figs 3, 4 (Japan, Kiogawaranuma, Mutsu) = Corbicula nipponensis delicata Pilsbry, 1907: 160, pl. 7, figs 11, 12 (Japan, Imaegata, Kaga) = Corbicula suifuensis var. finitima Lindholm, 1927: 552, pl. 32, fig. 2 [Russia, Primorye Region, estuary of the Mai-khé River (nowadays Artemovka)], synon. nov. = Corbicula fluminalis var. extrema Lindholm, 1927: 550 (Russia, Primorye Region, and Sakhalin Island) = Corbicula fluminea Zhadin, 1952: 317, non O.F. Müller, 1774, partim. = Corbicula lindholmi Kursalova & Starobogatov, 1971: 94 [Russia, Primorye Region, the lower course of the Pachikheza River (nowadays Kiparisovka) River)], synon. nov. Type material: Syntypes ZMB 32.198 (two pairs of valves ex coll. Gundlach; ‘ Corbicula japonica Prime, Japan, Gulick, Prime’); syntypes ZMB 170.411 (two pairs of valves ex coll. Dunker; ‘ Corbula japonica, von Mr Prime selbst erhalten’) inspected during this work. According to Glaubrecht et al. (2007), three other specimens (presumable syntypes) are kept in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA (not seen). Type locality: ‘ Japonia (fide Gulick) collect. Wheatley, Jay, Browne, Cooper, Lyc. Hist. Nat., Prime and Lea’ = Japan (Glaubrecht et al., 2007). Material examined: Far East of Russia: Artemovka, Kiparisovka, Razdolnaya, Partizanskaya and Kievka rivers, in total 194 specimens; IX.2020, Aksenova O. V., Bespalaya Yu. V., Kropotin A. V., Travina O. V., Vinarski M. V.leg.[lot nos RMBH Corb 54 and RMBH Corb 113–119], 43 specimens from the Razdolnaya and Artemovka rivers are kept in LMBI (accession numbers 21-043 and 21-045). Description: Shell relatively large, oval–triangular (Fig. 5). The umbo is centrally located and prominent. External shell colour varies from olive or greenish brown to black. The exterior exhibits concentric sculpture with regular ribs. Internal shell coloration matte white, with pale violet or dark purple marks in the area of the umbo. Hinge of the heterodont dentition type, with three cardinal teeth on each valve and two crenulated lateral teeth. Shell sculpture of young individuals characterized by well-marked concentric ridges and pronounced transverse stripes; shell coloration is lighter than in adults. Nacre varies from pure purple to purple with wide white marks. Siphons conical, both narrow. Inhalant siphon with a row of long papillae and with an additional row of short papillae. Black pigment is concentrated in rings internally at the base of both siphons and in the edge of the mantle forming the siphons. The outer surface of the siphons is white; on the inside, the siphons are bright orange. Larger papillae of the inhalant siphon, with dark rings. Distribution: East Asia: the Japan Sea (including some lakes and rivers near the sea), Korea, southern Sakhalin, southern Kurile Islands and the lower reaches of the Amur River (Glaubrecht et al., 2003; Yamada et al., 2014; Vinarski & Kantor, 2016)., Published as part of Bespalaya, Yulia V., Kropotin, Alexander V., Kondakov, Alexander V., Aksenova, Olga V., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Kim, Sang Ki, Lee, Jin Hee, Travina, Oksana V., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Vinarski, Maxim V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of native and invasive species of Corbicula clams (Bivalvia: Cyrenidae) from the Russian Far East and Korea, pp. 104-126 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (1) on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac078, http://zenodo.org/record/7499536, {"references":["Prime T. 1864. Notes on species of the family Corbiculadae, with figures. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of Neae York 8: 57 - 92.","von Martens E. 1905. Koreanische Susswasser-Mollusken. Zoologische Jahrbucher Supplement 8: 23 - 70.","Bogatov VV, Starobogatov YI. 1994. Genus Corbicula in the Amur River (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 4: 147 - 150.","Reinhardt O. 1877. [Herr Reinhardt legte eine Anzahl japanischer Land und Susswassermollusken]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Jarhgang 1877: 67 - 70.","von Martens E. 1877. [Herr von Martens gab im Anschluss an den vorhergehenden Vortrag eine Uebersicht uber die von den Herren Dr. Fr. Hilgendorf und Dr. W. Donitz in Japan gesammelten Binnenmollusken]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Jarhgang: 97 - 123.","Sowerby GB II. 1877. Monograph of the genus Cyrena. In: Conchologia iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, Vol. 20, London: L. Reeve, pl. 1, 1 - 19 and unpaginated text.","Reinhardt O. 1878. Ueber japanische Corbicula - Arten. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 5: 185 - 194.","Prime T. 1860. Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 28: 319 - 322.","Clessin S. 1879. Die Familie der Cycladeen. In: Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet Von Martini und Chemnitz. Nurnberg: Verlag von Bauer & Raspe. S. 201 - 283, pl. 43 - 46.","Pilsbry HA. 1901. New Japanese marine, land and fresh-water Mollusca. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 53: 385 - 408.","Pilsbry HA. 1907. On Japanese species of Corbicula. Annotationes Zoologiae Japonenses 6: 153 - 160.","Lindholm WA. 1927. Zur kenntnis der Corbicula-Formen (Lamellibranchiata) Sudost-Sibiriens. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Akademii Nauk SSSR 28: 550 - 554.","Zhadin VI. 1952. Mollusca of fresh and brackish waters of the USSR. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim institutom AN SSSR. Moscoae-Leningrad: SoVetskaya Nauka, 43: 1 - 346.","Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium terrestrium et fluViatilium, seu animalium infusorium, Helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. vol 2: I - XXXVI, 1 - 214, 10 unnumbered pages. Havniae et Lipsiae, apud Heineck et Faber, ex officina Molleriana.","Kursalova VI, Starobogatov YI. 1971. Mollusks of the genus Corbicula of the Antropogene of North and West Asia and Europe. In: Molluscs, trends, methods and results of their inVestigation. Fourth meeting on the Investigation of Mollus с s. Abstracts of communications. Moskva, Nauka, 93 - 96 [in Russian].","Glaubrecht M, Feher Z, Kohler F. 2007. Inventorizing an invader: annotated type catalogue of Corbiculidae Gray, 1847 (Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Veneroidea), including Old World limnic Corbicula in the Natural History Museum Berlin. Malacologia 49: 243 - 272.","Glaubrecht M, von Rintelen T, Korniushin AV. 2003. Towards a systematic revision of brooding freshwater Corbiculidae in southeast Asia (Bivalvia, Veneroida): on shell morphology, anatomy and molecular phylogenetics of endemic taxa from islands in Indonesia. Malacologica 45: 1 - 40.","Yamada M, Ishibashi R, Toyoda K, Kawamura K, Komaru A. 2014. Phylogeography of the brackish water clam Corbicula japonica around the Japanese archipelago inferred from mitochondrial COII gene sequences. Zoological Science 31: 168 - 179.","Vinarski MV, Kantor YI. 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish aeater molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. Moscow: A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS."]}

Estigena wallacei Spitsyn Bolotov, Kondakov & Tomilova, 2019 Estigena wallacei Spitsyn et al. (2019): 31, fig. 2a–b. Figures 1–6. Type locality: INDONESIA: Lesser Sunda Archipelago, East Nusa Tenggara Islands, Flores Island: Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the sea coast, 8.5225°S, 119.8711°E. Material examined. Holotype female RMBH Sph 0571, INDONESIA: Lesser Sunda Archipelago, East Nusa Tenggara Islands, Flores Island: Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the sea coast, 8.5225°S, 119.8711°E, 24 January 2015, Bolotov leg.; Flores Island, Labuan Bajo, Mbeliling Mountain Ecolodge, mountain monsoon forest, 8.5892°S, 119.9867°E, 05–07 February 2020, V. Spitsyn & E. Spitsyna leg. – 1♂ (RMBH Sph0828); Flores Island, Bajawa, Wolokoro Ecolodge, heavily disturbed monsoon forests and eucalyptus plantings, 8.8172°S, 120.9342°E, 08 February 2020, V. Spitsyn & E. Spitsyna leg. – 1♂, 1♀ (RMBH Sph0829 and Sph0922). Differential diagnosis. The male of E. wallacei (Flores) could be distinguished from that of E. caesarea (Timor) by having 6 strong, conical cornuti at the apex of vesica (vs 39–62 cornuti in E. caesarea). Description of the male. Wingspan 33–41 mm, forewing length 20–23 mm (N = 2). Head light brown to dark brown. Labial palpus large, its length ca. 2.5 of eye diameter, bears dark brown or blackish scales with white distal ends. Antenna brown, short, bipectinate. Thorax and legs light brown to brown. Forewing light brown to brown, without clear marking pattern. Hindwing narrow, elongated, with prominent cubital area, light brown to dark brown, with a lighter anal area and a large, distinct dark yellow spot with black points and wavy lines in the R-M area. Abdomen yellowish brown. Male genitalia. The genital capsule largely resembles that in E. caesarea, i.e. tegumen broad with two strong caudal hooks; vinculum narrowed; valva with short and massive dorsal process, ventral process finely toothed on inner margin; juxta fork-shaped with narrow lobes. Aedeagus short, tube-like; vesica elongated, tapering proximally, its apical part rounded, bag-like, and bears 6 strong, conical cornuti. DNA barcoding data. The GenBank acc. numbers of the reference COI sequences for E. wallacei are as follows: MK 419950 (holotype female); OK083723 (male); and OK083724 (male). All the sequences are identical (i.e., belong to one COI haplotype). Distribution. Indonesia: Flores Island., Published as part of Spitsyn, Vitaly M., Kondakov, Alexander V., Tomilova, Alena A., Spitsyna, Elizaveta A. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2022, The male of Estigena wallacei Spitsyn et al., 2019 (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), pp. 98-100 in Zootaxa 5138 (1) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/6552069, {"references":["Spitsyn, V. M., Bolotov, I. N., Kondakov, A. V. & Tomilova, A. A. (2019) Estigena wallacei sp. nov. from West Flores, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 22, 27 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.37828 / em. 2019.22.2"]}

Spitsyn, Vitaly M., Kondakov, Alexander V., Tomilova, Alena A., Spitsyna, Elizaveta A., Bolotov, Ivan N. (2021): Male of Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn, 2018, an endemic species from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago (Lepidoptera: Erebidae Arctiinae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 193-197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.9

Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn, 2018 Figs 1���14 Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov et al. (2018): 10, fig. 4. Type material examined. Holotype female SPH0695 [RMBH]. Type locality. INDONESIA: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island, Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 08��42���34���S, 119��59���51���E. Material examined. INDONESIA: Flores Island, Bajawa, Wolokoro Ecolodge, heavily disturbed monsoon forests and eucalyptus plantings, 08��49���02���S, 120��56���03���E, 28���31 January 2020, V. Spitsyn & E. Spitsyna leg.��� 18♂, 6♀; Flores Island, Bajawa, Manulalu Ecolodge, planting of eucalyptus with fragmented areas of natural vegetation, 08��51���45���S, 120��59���40���E, 01���02 February 2020, V. Spitsyn & E. Spitsyna leg.��� 1♀; Flores Island, Labuan Bajo, Mbeliling Mountain Ecolodge, mountain monsoon forest, 08��35���21���S, 119��59���12���E, 05���07 February 2020, V. Spitsyn & E. Spitsyna leg.��� 1♂. DNA barcoding. Reference COI sequences: GenBank accession numbers MG 735265 (holotype female); and MW 051031 ��� MW 051033 (males). Despite the high morphological variability discovered in both sexes (Figs 1���12), uncorrected COI p-distances between our samples were only 0.30���0.45 %. Description of the male. Morphology and markings. Wingspan 32���37 mm, forewing length 16���19 mm (N = 19; Figs 1���2, 5���9). Head yellowish brown. Frons smaller than eye diameter, and therefore the male���s eye looks larger than that of the female. Labial palpi stout, upright, short (slightly longer than eye diameter), black dorsally and reddish brown ventrally. Proboscis small, weakly developed. Antennae brown, outer side of each segment with one branch. Thorax yellowish brown. Legs yellow or pinkish yellow, tibia and tarsus usually black, femur sometimes pink. Wing marking pattern is highly variable (see Figs 1���2, 5���9). Forewing grayish yellow or grayish brown, usually with 2���5 transverse rows of dark dots and/or spots (some specimens lack these markings). Hindwing yellow, usually with some dark spots. Abdomen yellowish brown, with a row of black spots dorsally, and with one or two rows of black spots laterally. Male genitalia. Tegumen large and broad; uncus large, elongated, V-shaped, with broad base and rounded apex (Fig. 13). Saccus large, elongated, U-shaped. Valva narrow and curved, well sclerotized, its apex strongly curved. Valva broadening from the base to the medial part and then tapering apically. Juxta broad, with wide rounded base, with concave upper margin. Aedeagus large, slightly curved medially and dilated distally, with a robust dentate carinal plate. Vesica with two fields of small cornuti apically (Fig. 14). Distribution. Indonesia: Flores Island., Published as part of Spitsyn, Vitaly M., Kondakov, Alexander V., Tomilova, Alena A., Spitsyna, Elizaveta A. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2021, Male of Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn, 2018, an endemic species from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago (Lepidoptera: Erebidae Arctiinae), pp. 193-197 in Zootaxa 4975 (1) on pages 193-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4925119, {"references":["Bolotov, I. N., Kondakov, A. V. & Spitsyn, V. M. (2018) A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies. Ecologica Montenegrina, 16, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.37828 / em. 2018.16.1"]}

Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 Figures 3-6 Type. Holotype, AMNH Annelida 5261, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA). Type locality. ��� Maia���s Dam, Gwalagwala, a tented-camp near Hoedspruit, South Africa ��� (Westergren & Siddall 2004). Material examined. MYANMAR: Salween River drainage, Lake Inle basin, Kyee Phyu Lake, 20.8142��N, 96.9690��E, 23.ii.2018, 2 specimens, fixed in 96% ethanol [voucher RMBH Hir_58_3; one specimen sequenced: COI acc. no. MN 295405]. The sample is deposited in the RMBH ��� Russian Museum of Biodiversity Hotspots, N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Morphology of Myanmar���s sample. Small leeches, 10���15 mm long (ethanol-preserved specimens). Body subcylindrical, vermiform, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsum light brown. Three pairs of eyespots: first dorsal, on II; second and third pairs dorsolateral on IV, and separated from anterior pair by four complete annuli. Caudal sucker directed ventrally. Clitellum indistinct (juveniles), with male and female gonopores separated by seven and one-half annuli, and with two accessory copulatory pores ventrally: one anterior of the male gonopore at X/XI, and second posterior of the female gonopore at XIII/XIV. Three pairs of pharyngeal stylets. These features correspond well to the protologue of the species, although the type series comprised full-grown adults up to 25 mm long with pronounced clitellum and distinct accessory copulatory pores (Westergren & Siddall 2004). Habitat. The specimens were collected on a submerged bamboo stick and an empty shell of the freshwater mussel species Lamellidens ferrugineus (Annandale) found near the shore of a shallow eutrophic lake with silty bottom and rich aquatic plant assemblages. They co-occurred with the freshwater glossiphonid species Alboglossiphonia sp. (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae) [voucher no. RMBH 58_2; COI acc. no. MN 295404] and the triclad species Dugesia sp. (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) [voucher no. RMBH 58_1]. The Dugesia species was very abundant. Distribution. This species appears to be widespread throughout the Paleotropical Region as it was found in South Africa, Southeast Asia (Myanmar), and East Asia (Korea). The occurrence from the Durance River (Rh��ne Basin) in southeastern France (Corse et al. 2017) most likely reflects a recent human-mediated or native dispersal event towards southern Europe. Comments. The nominal taxon Trocheta quadrioculata Oka, 1922 was described from the Inle Lake in Myanmar (Oka 1922). The type locality of this species is close to our finding of B. gwalagwalensis (ca. 25-30 km SSW). Currently, Inle Lake���s taxon is placed within Salifidae as Odontobdella quadrioculata (see Nesemann & Sharma 2012). Based on the protologue (Oka 1922), it does not have accessory copulatory pores and, hence, cannot be linked to the genus Barbronia (see Westergren & Siddall 2004). The fauna of the family Salifidae in Myanmar seems to be largely underestimated, and comprises only two species, i.e. B. gwalagwalensis and O. quadrioculata., Published as part of Klass, Anna L., Kondakov, Alexander V., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Lunn, Zau, Chan, Nyein, Gofarov, Mikhail Y. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2021, Is the South African leech Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 (Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes: Salifidae) a Paleotropical species?, pp. 585-595 in Zootaxa 4974 (3) on pages 589-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4778124, {"references":["Westergren, S. & Siddall, M. E. (2004) Two new species of salifid leeches (Arhynchobdellida: Erpobdelliformes: Salifidae) from South Africa and Madagascar. American Museum Novitates, 3456, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2004) 456 2.0. CO; 2","Corse, E., Meglecz, E., Archambaud, G., Ardisson, M., Martin, J. F., Tougard, C., Chappaz, R. & Dubut, V. (2017) A from benchtop to desktop workflow for validating HTS data and for taxonomic identification in diet metabarcoding studies. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17 (6), e 146 - e 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1755 - 0998.12703","Oka, A. (1922) Hirudinea from Inle Lake, S. Shan States, Burma. Records of the Indian Museum, 24, 521 - 534.","Nesemann, H. & Sharma, G. (2012) Description of a new species of the leech family Salifidae (Odontobdella krishna sp. nov.) from the River Ganga at Patna, Bihar (India). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 111 (3), 1 - 7."]}

Klass, Anna L., Kondakov, Alexander V., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Lunn, Zau, Chan, Nyein, Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Bolotov, Ivan N. (2021): Is the South African leech Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 (Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes: Salifidae) a Paleotropical species? Zootaxa 4974 (3): 585-595, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.3.7

Sinanodonta cf. gibba (Benson in Cantor, 1842) Figs. 1–4, Table 1 Anodon gibbum Cantor (1842): 489. Sinanodonta gibba Kraszewski and Zdanowski (2001): 254; Izzatullaev and Boymurodov (2016): 17; Vinarski and Kantor (2016): 56. Anodonta woodiana Sarkany-Kiss (1986): 15; Watters (1997): 152 [partim]; Kraszewski and Zdanowski (2001): 253; Graf (2007): 86 [partim]. Sinanodonta woodiana Bogan et al. (2011): 41 [partim]; Vinarski and Kantor (2016): 54 [partim]; Vikhrev et al. (2017): 1. Sinanodonta orbicularis Izzatullaev and Boymurodov (2016): 17; Vinarski and Kantor (2016): 56. Sinanodonta puerorum Izzatullaev and Boymurodov (2016): 17; Vinarski and Kantor (2016): 57. Type locality: Chusan [Zhoushan] Island, China. Material examined: Uzbekistan: Xorazm Region, near the town of Xonqa, a lake in the floodplain of the Amu Darya River, 41.53583° N, 60.88639° E, 23.vi.2017, 2 specimens [RMBH: voucher nos. biv279_1 and biv279_2], Palatov leg. Molecular data: Two identical COI sequences (NCBI GenBank acc. nos. MG581711 and MG581712, voucher nos. biv279_1 and biv279_2, respectively) were obtained. Morphology: Shell elliptical, large and thick, rather inflated, slightly winged. Anterior margin rounded, posterior ridge truncated; ventral margin curved. Umbo elevated, in the first half of the shell. Periostracum brownyellowish with numbers of concentric striae. Nacre whitish, shining. Hinge edentulous. Muscle scars shallow. In our sample, shell length is 145–167 mm, height is 92–111 mm, and width is 58–64 mm (N = 2). Habitats and ecology: A broad habitat and host generalist (Watters 1997). In Middle Asia, the species inhabits plain rivers, canals, and ponds with clay-silty bottom; very common (Izzatullaev and Boymurodov 2016). Distribution: The species appears to be native for the Yangtze River system and adjacent islands of the East China Sea (e.g. Zhoushan Island) but is widely distributed in Europe, Middle Asia, East Siberia, Myanmar, and probably Turkey (Table 1). In Uzbekistan, it was recorded in the Zarafshon River basin, a former tributary of the Amu Darya River, which is currently not reach the river because of agricultural water use, and in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers (Fig. 1). Comments. Watters (1997) suggested that the maximum shell length of Sinanodonta woodiana sensu lato is 26 cm. Izzatullaev and Boymurodov (2016) noted that the shell length of Sinanodonta mussels in fish ponds of the Syr Darya River basin may reach a much larger size of up to 40–60 cm, and that a shell of 60 cm in length (Verigin leg.) is deposited in the collection of the Department of Ichthyology at Lomonosov Moscow State University. However, the largest shell in this collection is only 25 cm long (Dmitry M. Palatov, pers. comm., 2018) which fits with the known size range for this species. Sinanodonta gibba appears to be the oldest available name for this species (Table 1). This nominal taxon was described from the Zhoushan Island (Cantor 1842), a part of the Zhoushan Archipelago, which is located in the Hangzhou Bay of the East China Sea, relatively close to the delta of the Yangtze River. This taxonomic hypothesis corresponds with an initial identification of the invasive Sinanodonta populations in Europe and Middle Asia by Ya. I. Starobogatov (Kraszewski and Zdanowski 2001). Unfortunately, Starobogatov used the “comparatory approach” for identification of mussels (see Graf et al. 2007; Bolotov et al. 2013; Vinarski and Kantor 2016) and suggested two additional species in samples from Europe and Uzbekistan, i.e., Sinanodonta orbicularis and S. puerorum, likely due to the high variability of shell convexity (Starobogatov and Izzatullaev 1984). Later, his identification was rejected because an isoenzyme analysis failed to confirm the hypothesis of three alien sympatric Sinanodonta taxa in Europe (Kraszewski and Zdanowski 2001). The synonymy of numerous nominal taxa described from the Yangtze River basin, e.g., Sinanodonta harlandi (Baird & Adams, 1867), S. orbicularis, S. puerorum, and S. qingyuani He & Zhuang, 2013, is unclear and is in need of further detailed revision on the basis of an integrative taxonomic approach., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on pages 513-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Cantor, T. (1842) General features of Chusan, with remarks on the Flora and Fauna of that Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 481 - 493.","Kraszewski, A. & Zdanowski, B. (2001) The distribution and abundance of the Chinese mussel Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) in the heated Konin Lakes. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 9 (2), 253 - 265.","Izzatullaev, Z. I. & Boymurodov, H. T. (2016) The results of the pearl's growing of bivalve freshwater mollusks (Bivalvia: Unionidae, Anadontinae) of Uzbekistan. Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 121, 16 - 19. [in Russian with English summary]","Vinarski, M. V. & Kantor, Yu. I. (2016) Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, 544 pp.","Sarkany-Kiss, A. (1986) Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) a new species in Romania (Bivalvia, Unionacea). Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle \" Grigore Antipa \", 28, 15 - 17.","Watters, G. T. (1997) A synthesis and review of the expanding range of the Asian freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Ueliger, 40 (2), 152 - 156.","Graf, D. L. (2007) Palearctic freshwater mussel (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) diversity and the Comparatory Method as a species concept. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 156 (1), 71 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1635 / 0097 - 3157 (2007) 156 [71: PFMMBU] 2.0. CO; 2","Bogan, A. E., Bowers-Altman, J. & Raley, M. E. (2011) The first confirmed record of the Chinese pond mussel (Sinanodonta woodiana) (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the United States. Nautilus, 135, 41 - 43.","Bolotov I. N., Makhrov, A. A., Bespalaya, Yu. V., Vikhrev, I. V., Aksenova, O. V., Aspholm, P. E., Gofarov, M. Yu., Ostrovskii, A. N., Popov, I. Yu., Pal'tser, I. S., Rudzite, M., Rudzitis, M., Voroshilova, I. S. & Sokolova, S. E. (2013) Results of testing the comparatory method: The curvature of the shell valve frontal section is inappropriate as a systematic character for the freshwater pearl mussel of the genus Margaritifera. Biology Bulletin, 40 (2), 221 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1062359013020027","Starobogatov, Ya. I. & Izzatullaev, Z. I. (1984) Bivalve molluscs of the family Unionidae in Middle Asia. Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 89, 74 - 81. [in Russian with English summary]","He, J. & Zhuang, Z. (2013) The Freshwater Bivalves of China. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 198 pp."]}

Sinanodonta jourdyi (Morlet, 1886) Anodonta jourdyi Morlet (1886): 76. Type locality: Lang Son, Vietnam [Pearl River basin]. Comments: Based on molecular data, Do et al. (2018) found that a single Sinanodonta species is distributed in northern Vietnam (Table 1). According to this evidence, S. jourdyi inhabits the Red and Pearl River drainage basins. S. hunganhi Thach, 2016, from the Lam River appears to be a variety of S. jourdyi (Do et al. 2018). Do et al. (2018) listed S. elliptica (Heude, 1878) as a synonym of S. jourdyi. However, S. elliptica has been described from Kien-te (Chien-te), Anhui, China [Yangtze River basin] (Heude 1878) and it may therefore represent a separate species., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Morlet, L. (1886) Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum Tonkini. Journal de Conchyliologie, 34, 75 - 78.","Do, V. T., Tuan, L. Q. & Bogan, A. E. (2018) Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) of Vietnam: Diversity, distribution, and conservation status. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 21, 1 - 18.","Thach, N. N. (2016) Uietnamese new mollusks. Seashells - Land snails - Cephalopods. With 59 new species. 48 HrBooks Company, Akron, 205 pp.","Heude, R. P. (1878) Conchyliologie Fluviatile de la Province de Nanking. Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 33 pp."]}

Sinanodonta schrenkii (Lea, 1870) Anodon schrenkii Lea (1870): 75. Sinanodonta schrencki Moskvicheva (1973): 826. Sinanodonta amurensis Moskvicheva (1973): 826; Sayenko et al. (2017): 266. Sinanodonta likharevi Moskvicheva (1973): 827. Type locality: Amur River. Comments: This cryptic species was resurrected by Sayenko et al. (2017) as S. amurensis Moskvicheva, 1973 (Table 1). However, S. schrenkii seems to be the oldest available name for this species. The latter taxon was introduced by Lea (1870: 75) as follows: “The figure given by Dr. Schrenck in Reisen und Forschungen im Amur- Lande is not my magnifica. I therefore propose to call it Schrenkii ”., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on pages 517-518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Lea, I. (1870) A Synopsis of the Family of Naiades. 4 th Edition. Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia, 184 pp.","Moskvicheva, I. M. (1973) Molluscs of the subfamily Anodontinae (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in the Amur Basin and Primorye. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 52 (6), 822 - 834. [in Russian with English summary]","Sayenko, E. M., Soroka, M. & Kholin, S. K. (2017) Comparison of the species Sinanodonta amurensis Moskvicheva, 1973 and Sinanodonta primorjensis Bogatov et Zatrawkin, 1988 (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Anodontinae) in view of variability of the mitochondrial DNA cox 1 gene and conchological features. Biology Bulletin, 44 (3), 266 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1062359017030086"]}

Genus Sinanodonta Modell, 1945 Type species: Symphynota magnifica Lea, 1834 (by typification of a replaced name: Vinarski and Kantor 2016)., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on page 513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Lea, I. (1834) Observations on the Naiades; and descriptions of new species of that and other families. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 5, 23 - 119.","Vinarski, M. V. & Kantor, Yu. I. (2016) Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, 544 pp."]}

Sinanodonta lucida (Heude, 1877) Anodon lucida Heude (1877): Pl. 20, fig. 43. Type locality: South of the Lake Tong Ting [= Hunan Province], China. Comments: This cryptic species has been restored by Lopes-Lima et al. (2017) (Table 1)., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Heude, R. P. (1877) Conchyliologie Fluviatile de la Province de Nanking. Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 32 pp."]}

Sinanodonta ovata Bogatov & Starobogatov, 1996 Sinanodonta (Ellipsanodon) ovata Bogatov & Starobogatov (1996): 1328. Type locality: Gladkaya River, 8 km upstream of the mouth, Khasan District, Primorye, Russian Far East. Comments: The status of this species has been confirmed by Bespalaya et al. (2018) (Table 1). However, it may have an older available name, especially among Japanese nominal taxa, e.g. Sinanodonta lauta (Martens, 1877)., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Bogatov, V. V. & Starobogatov, Y. I. (1996) Bivalvia, Anodontinae in eastern and southern Primorye. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 75, 1326 - 1335. [in Russian with English summary]","Bespalaya, Y. V., Bolotov, I. N., Aksenova, O. V., Gofarov, M. Y., Kondakov, A. V., Vikhrev, I. V. & Vinarski, M. V. (2018) DNA barcoding reveals invasion of two cryptic Sinanodonta mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) into the largest Siberian river. Limnologica, 69, 94 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. limno. 2017.11.009"]}

Sinanodonta cf. woodiana (Lea, 1834) Symphynota woodiana Lea (1834): 42. Type locality: Canton [Guangzhou], China. Comments: The tropical invasive lineage of Sinanodonta may actually be S. woodiana, which had been described from the Pearl River, Guangzhou (Table 1). This assumption agrees with the opinion of Dudgeon and Morton (1983) that the true Sinanodonta woodiana inhabits Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. However, the name Sinanodonta woodiana may also be a senior synonym of S. jourdyi (Morlet, 1886), which has been found in a tributary of the Pearl River in northern Vietnam (Do et al. 2018). This taxonomic puzzle could be solved in a future on the basis of molecular sequences of Sinanodonta spp. from Taiwan and the downstream of Pearl River near Guangzhou. *Several endemic taxa from Japan (Sano et al. 2017) were not included to this list. **Here, we provide only a single reference sequence for each putative species. The full list of available sequences for each species-level clade is presented in our earlier works (Bolotov et al. 2016; Vikhrev et al. 2017; Bespalaya et al. 2018). ***Codes of these lineages from China are given in accordance with Bolotov et al. (2016). The sampling localities of both lineages are not specified in GenBank. n/a = not available., Published as part of Kondakov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Rajabov, Zakir P., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Tomilova, Alena A., Vikhrev, Ilya V. & Bolotov, Ivan N., 2018, DNA analysis of a non-native lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana species complex (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Middle Asia supports the Chinese origin of the European invaders, pp. 511-522 in Zootaxa 4462 (4) on pages 516-517, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1441815, {"references":["Lea, I. (1834) Observations on the Naiades; and descriptions of new species of that and other families. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 5, 23 - 119.","Dudgeon, D. & Morton, B. (1983) The population dynamics and sexual strategy of Anodonta woodiana (Bivalvia: Unionacea) in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Journal of Zoology, 201 (2), 161 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1983. tb 04268. x","Morlet, L. (1886) Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum Tonkini. Journal de Conchyliologie, 34, 75 - 78.","Do, V. T., Tuan, L. Q. & Bogan, A. E. (2018) Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) of Vietnam: Diversity, distribution, and conservation status. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 21, 1 - 18.","Sano, I., Shirai, A., Kondo, T. & Miyazaki, J. I. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Unionoida (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on mitochondrial 16 S rDNA sequences. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 9 (5), 493 - 509.","Bolotov, I. N., Bespalaya, Y. V., Gofarov, M. Y., Kondakov, A. V., Konopleva, E. S. & Vikhrev, I. V. (2016) Spreading of the Chinese pond mussel, Sinanodonta woodiana, across Wallacea: One or more lineages invade tropical islands and Europe. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 67, 58 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. bse. 2016.05.018","Bespalaya, Y. V., Bolotov, I. N., Aksenova, O. V., Gofarov, M. Y., Kondakov, A. V., Vikhrev, I. V. & Vinarski, M. V. (2018) DNA barcoding reveals invasion of two cryptic Sinanodonta mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) into the largest Siberian river. Limnologica, 69, 94 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. limno. 2017.11.009"]}

Sinanodonta ovata Bogatov & Starobogatov, 1996 Sinanodonta (Ellipsanodon) ovata Bogatov & Starobogatov (1996): 1328. Type locality: Gladkaya River, 8 km upstream of the mouth, Khasan District, Primorye, Russian Far East. Comments: The status of this species has been confirmed by Bespalaya et al. (2018) (Table 1). However, it may have an older available name, especially among Japanese nominal taxa, e.g. Sinanodonta lauta (Martens, 1877).

Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson, 1907 Fig. 2B Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Kanawa Island: scarce forest of Ziziphrus jojoba, 8°29'31"S, 119°45'27"E, 21 January 2012, 1♂, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0717 and SPH0718). Distribution: Pakistan, north India, Sri-Lanka, south China, Japan, islands of the Indian Ocean, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and New Zealand (Table 1). Remarks: First record from a small offshore island of Flores., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on page 8, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753

Creatonotos gangis (Linnaeus, 1763) Fig. 2G Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 8º42’33.50”S, 119 º59’51”E, 21- 22 January 2015, 1♂, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0594 and SPH0595); Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the seacoast, 8º31’21”S, 119º52’16”E, 13-20 January 2015, 2♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0592 and SPH0593); Labuan Bajo, hotel garden, 1 May 2011, 1♂, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0590 and SPH0591). Distribution: Widespread from Middle East (Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Iran), India and China to Australia (Table 1). DNA barcoding: Two sequenced specimens from Flores share two COI haplotypes (GenBank acc. nos. KY683800 and KY683801) with the mean p -distance 0.2%. Their nearest neighbors were originated from South Asia (India, Pakistan and Nepal) and the Middle East (Oman) with the minimum p -distance of 1.6% (Table 2). Remarks: First record from Flores., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on page 10, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753

Lemyra maculifascia (Walker, 1855) Fig. 2H and 5C Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, geothermal site, primary mountain rainforest, 8º43’1”S, 120 º0’10”E, 23 January 2015, 1♂, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0722). Distribution: Widespread from China and Oriental Region to Australia (Table 1). Remarks: First record from Flores., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on page 10, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753

Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn sp. nov. Fig. 4 Type material. Holotype female, INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 8º42’33.50”S, 119 º59’51”E, 21-22 January 2015, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0695). Etymology: This new species is named in honor of Mr. Mikel Albarran Valle, an enthusiastic amateur naturalist, who lives on Flores Island. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Spilarctia wahri (Rothschild, 1933) from Timor, S. mindanao Dubatolov & Kishida, 2010 [= S. trikenzana (Cerný, 2011)] and S. mollis (Cerný, 2011) from the Philippines, but differs by reduced black markings on the hindwing, with stigma spot, postdiscal dot near the stigma, a row of a few minute postdiscal black dots, and two minute submarginal marks. The female of S. wahri has two black spots near the tornus and two black dots near the apex; the forewings are dark brown (Rothschild, 1933). The female of S. mindanao has lunular black spot in cell and three black spots in submarginal area. The female of S. mollis has black spot in cell and black submarginal band consisting of four partly conjoined patches. Description. Female morphology: Wingspan 41 mm, forewing length 21 mm. Head with frons equal to eye diameter. Labial palpi stout, upright, short (slightly longer than eye diameter), underside ciliate (with scarce short ciliae). Proboscis small, weakly developed. Antennae long, filiform, thinner apically, with two short ciliae on each segment. Abdomen long. Female markings: Head and antennae brown. Labial palpi brown with black end. Thorax dorsally brown. Underside of thorax red-brown. Legs light orange-pink. Tegulae brown. Abdomen dorsally bright rose-red with large, rounded black spots on each tergite, distal end brownish black. The ventral side of the abdomen yellow pink. Forewing light brown, with rows of small, unclear blackish spots in postbasal, postdical and postmarginal areas, and two black spots at the base of the wing. Hindwing bright rose-red, black markings strongly reduced, with rounded stigma spot, one postdiscal spot near the stigma, a row of a few minute postdiscal black dots athwart to the anal margin, and two submarginal marks. Underside of both wings orange-pink, with rows of black postdiscal and submarginal spots. Black discal spot on each wing. Female genitalia: Not examined. Male is unknown. DNA barcoding: Reference COI sequence no. MG735265. There are no available nearest members in GenBank and BOLD IDS. The new species looks morphologically similar to taxa in the subgenus Praephragmatobia Dubatolov & Kishida, 2010, but it is genetically distant from Spilarctia strigatula group (Fig. 6). Distribution: West Flores; only known from the type locality. Remarks: A series of Spilarctia sp. with dark brown forewings from Timor in the collection of the Museum Witt (CMWM), München, fits well with the description of S. wahri (Rothschild, 1933), although De Vos and Suhartawan (2011: p. 313) assume that it may be an undescribed species.

Nyctemera baulus (Boisduval, 1832) Figs. 2 E-2F, 5A-5B Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, geothermal site, primary mountain rainforest, 8º43’1”S, 120 º0’10”E, 23 January 2015, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0721); Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the seacoast, 8º31’21”S, 119º52’16”N, 13-20 January 2015, 2♂, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0719 and SPH0720). Distribution: Widespread from Sundaland to North Australia and Samoa (Table 1)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on page 8, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753

Amerila astreus (Drury, 1773) Figs. 2 C-2D Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, geothermal site, primary mountain rainforest, 8º43’1”S, 120 º0’10”E, 23 January 2015, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0694); Kanawa Island, scarce forest of Ziziphrus jojoba, 8°29'31"S, 119°45'27"E, 26 April 2011, 1♂, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0693). Distribution: India and Sri-Lanka over Nepal, continental China, Taiwan, the Philippines to IndoChina, Indonesia and New Guinea (Table 1). DNA barcoding: Two sequenced specimens from Flores share two unique COI haplotypes with p - distance of 0.3%. Their nearest neighbors were from Malaysia (p -distance from 0.2 to 0.6%) and from Taiwan (p -distance from 1.1 to 1.4%) (Table 2) that indicates rather recent dispersal of the species from Sundaland to the Lesser Sundas. Remarks: First record from Flores and its small offshore island (Kanawa)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on page 6, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753

Euchromia horsfieldi (Moore, 1859) Fig. 2A Material examined. INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: south of the town of Labuan Bajo by the road to Gorontalo, secondary forest, 8º32’22”S, 119 º52’39”E, 16-18 January 2015, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0723). ..continued on the next page *An outgroup . Distribution: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali, Lesser Sundas, and Christmas Island (Table 1). Remarks: First record from Flores. The lengthened dark yellow spot below the cell on the forewing of our female specimen is separated by large black triangular inclusion (vs. continuous dark yellow spot with only a minute black inclusion in specimens from Java and Borneo: Moore, 1859; Holloway, 1988)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753, {"references":["Moore, F. (1859) Descriptions of some Asiatic Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the Tribe Bombyces. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1859, 197 - 201.","Holloway, J. D. (1988) The Moths of Borneo 6: family Arctiidae, subfamilies: Syntominae, Euchromiinae, Arctiinae; Noctuidae misplaced in Arctiidae (Camptoma, Aganinae). Kuala Lumpur, Southdene Sdn. Bhd., 101 pp."]}

Aloa cardinalis danau Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn ssp. nov. Figs. 3, 5 D-5E Type material. Holotype male, INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 8º42’33.50”S, 119º59’51”E, 21-22 January 2015, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0724). Paratypes, INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 8º42’33.50”S, 119 º59’51”E, 21-22 January 2015, 2♂, 2♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher nos. SPH0725 - SPH0727). Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the seacoast, 8º31’21”S, 119º52’16”N, 13-20 January 2015, 1♂, 1♀, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0728 and SPH0729). Etymology: Danau = lake in Bahasa Indonesia as the new subspecies was discovered on the shore of the Sano Ngoang Lake. Diagnosis: The females of West Flores’s subspecies differs from A. c. cardinalis (Butler, 1875) from the Philippines and A. c. celebensis (Rothschild, 1910) from Sulawesi by the lack of submarginal spots or presence of 1-2 small, elongated spots on the hindwing (vs. large black submarginal patches); from A. c. reducta (Rothschild, 1910) from the Tomea Island (Tukangbesi Archipelago) by the lack of submarginal spots or presence of 1-2 small, elongated spots on the hindwing (vs. 3 black submarginal spots); and from A. cardinalis luteomarginata (Rothschild, 1910) from Timor, East Flores and Maluku by red coloration on costa, collar and edges of tegulae (vs. yellow). The males of West Flores’s subspecies differ by darker creamy or light brown ground color of the hindwing (vs. white). Description. Male morphology: Wingspan 59-63 mm, forewing length 28-30 mm (N = 3). Labial palpi stout, upright, short (equal to eye diameter). Eyes naked. Antennae long, filiform, thinner apically. Abdomen long. Male markings: Head white, with red dorsal margin. Antennae black. Labial palpi dorsally black, ventrally white or yellow. Eyes gray. Thorax dorsally white. Collar white, with red margin. Tegulae white, with black dot near the base and red edge. Legs dorsally black, ventrally white or yellow. Abdomen dorsally bright red, with a row of black dots; ventral side of abdomen white; a row of large black spots is located dorsally, with two rows of smaller black spots below. Forewing white, costa red, two small black spots near dorsal margin and two small black spots in distal part of cell. Hindwing creamy up to light brown, fringe white, up to 3 small black spots near termen, large black spot in cell. Underside of both wings white, usually with similar markings with black spots as on the upperside. Male genitalia: Asymmetric, differs from the nominative subspecies by a triangular recess on the apical part of the right valva and by two tubercle-like processes on the inner side of the left valva (Fig. 5 C-5D). Female morphology: Wingspan 65-73 mm, forewing length 30-35 mm (N = 3). Labial palpi stout, upright, short (equal to eye diameter). Eyes naked. Antennae long, filiform, thinner apically. Abdomen long. Female markings: Eyes gray. Head white, with red dorsal margin. Antennae black. Labial palpi dorsally black, ventrally white, yellow or pinkish. Eyes gray. Thorax dorsally white. Collar white, with red margin. Tegulae white, with black dot near the base and red edge. Legs dorsally black, ventrally white or yellow. Abdomen dorsally bright red, with a row of black dots, which may lacking, and sometimes with a few black spots on the distal part of abdomen; ventral side of abdomen white; a row of large black spots is located dorsally, which sometimes merge into a line, with two rows of smaller black spots below; end of abdomen white. Forewing white, costa red, two small black dots near dorsal margin and two small black dots in distal part of cell. Hindwing creamy, black spots near termen usually lacking but up to 2 spots sometimes present, black spot in cell. Underside of both wings white, usually marking with black spots is reduced, with exception of black spots in cell. Female genitalia: Not examined. Distribution: West Flores; only known from two localities but most likely distributed across neighboring islands, e.g., Sumbawa and Sumba. Remarks: The range of each subspecies of A. cardinalis is confined to a certain archipelago or island that corresponds to the allopatric speciation model (Rothschild, 1910; Dubatolov, 2004; Černý 2011). With respect to this biogeographic pattern, these isolated subspecies may actually represent several divergent species-level lineages but this hypothesis need to be checked in a future on the basis of molecular sequence data., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753, {"references":["Rothschild, W. (1910) Catalogue of the Arctianae in the Tring museum, with notes and descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae, 17 (2), 113 - 171.","Dubatolov, V. V. (2004) A new genus is established for Bombyx lineola Fabricius, 1793, with systematic notes on the genus Aloa Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Atalanta, 35 (3 / 4), 403 - 413.","Cerny, K. (2011) A review of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from the Philippines. Entomofauna, 32 (3), 29 - 92."]}

Spilarctia mikeli Bolotov, Kondakov & Spitsyn sp. nov. Fig. 4 Type material. Holotype female, INDONESIA, Lesser Sundas, East Nusa Tenggara, Flores Island: Sano Ngoang Lake, camp site, secondary mountain forest with old nutmeg trees on a hill slope, 8º42’33.50”S, 119 º59’51”E, 21-22 January 2015, Bolotov leg. (RMBH, voucher no. SPH0695). Etymology: This new species is named in honor of Mr. Mikel Albarran Valle, an enthusiastic amateur naturalist, who lives on Flores Island. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Spilarctia wahri (Rothschild, 1933) from Timor, S. mindanao Dubatolov & Kishida, 2010 [= S. trikenzana (Cerný, 2011)] and S. mollis (Cerný, 2011) from the Philippines, but differs by reduced black markings on the hindwing, with stigma spot, postdiscal dot near the stigma, a row of a few minute postdiscal black dots, and two minute submarginal marks. The female of S. wahri has two black spots near the tornus and two black dots near the apex; the forewings are dark brown (Rothschild, 1933). The female of S. mindanao has lunular black spot in cell and three black spots in submarginal area. The female of S. mollis has black spot in cell and black submarginal band consisting of four partly conjoined patches. Description. Female morphology: Wingspan 41 mm, forewing length 21 mm. Head with frons equal to eye diameter. Labial palpi stout, upright, short (slightly longer than eye diameter), underside ciliate (with scarce short ciliae). Proboscis small, weakly developed. Antennae long, filiform, thinner apically, with two short ciliae on each segment. Abdomen long. Female markings: Head and antennae brown. Labial palpi brown with black end. Thorax dorsally brown. Underside of thorax red-brown. Legs light orange-pink. Tegulae brown. Abdomen dorsally bright rose-red with large, rounded black spots on each tergite, distal end brownish black. The ventral side of the abdomen yellow pink. Forewing light brown, with rows of small, unclear blackish spots in postbasal, postdical and postmarginal areas, and two black spots at the base of the wing. Hindwing bright rose-red, black markings strongly reduced, with rounded stigma spot, one postdiscal spot near the stigma, a row of a few minute postdiscal black dots athwart to the anal margin, and two submarginal marks. Underside of both wings orange-pink, with rows of black postdiscal and submarginal spots. Black discal spot on each wing. Female genitalia: Not examined. Male is unknown. DNA barcoding: Reference COI sequence no. MG735265. There are no available nearest members in GenBank and BOLD IDS. The new species looks morphologically similar to taxa in the subgenus Praephragmatobia Dubatolov & Kishida, 2010, but it is genetically distant from Spilarctia strigatula group (Fig. 6). Distribution: West Flores; only known from the type locality. Remarks: A series of Spilarctia sp. with dark brown forewings from Timor in the collection of the Museum Witt (CMWM), München, fits well with the description of S. wahri (Rothschild, 1933), although De Vos and Suhartawan (2011: p. 313) assume that it may be an undescribed species., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Spitsyn, Vitaly M., 2018, A review of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, with description of a new species and new subspecies, pp. 1-15 in Ecologica Montenegrina 16 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.16.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8027753, {"references":["Rothschild, W. (1933) XXI. - New species and subspecies of Arctiinae. Journal of Natural History (Series 10 & 11), 62, 167 - 194.","Dubatolov, V. V. & Kishida, Y. (2010) Praephragmatobia gen. nov., a new subgenus for the Spilarctia strigatula-group, with a preliminary review of species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Tinea, 21 (2), 98 - 111.","Cerny, K. (2011) A review of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from the Philippines. Entomofauna, 32 (3), 29 - 92.","De Vos, R. & Suhartawan, D. (2011) The Spilosoma group of species from New Guinea and adjacent islands (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini). In: Telnov D (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea, 1, 299 - 334, pl. 44 - 78."]}

Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923) Parasitic stage. cercaria (ITS 2 sequence: NCBI���s Genbank acc. no. KU 950451). Host. Radix labiata (Rossmaessler) (voucher no. MLym- 116 in RMBH; COI sequence: NCBI���s Genbank acc. no. KU 950449). Location. Slovakia: Low Tatras, near Vihodna, 49 ��03'07" N, 19 �� 54 ' 56 " E, 740 m alt., trout pond, 10.vii. 2013, S. Sokolova leg. Remarks. Accordance between our ITS 2 sequence of A. burti cercaria from Slovakia and the sequence of adult fluke from a Mexican duck specimen is 100 % (Figure 1). According to recent works, Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus), Stagnicola palustris (M��ller), Radix auricularia (Linnaeus), Radix peregra (M��ller), Radix ovata (Draparnaud) and Bathyomphalus contortus (Linnaeus) are listed as host snail taxa for A. burti in Europe (Falt��nkov�� et al. 2007, 2016; Sold��nov�� et al. 2012). However, R. peregra and R. ovata are invalid nominal taxa (Schniebs et al. 2013, 2015). The snail specimens, which were identified under these names, may actually belong to at least four different but relatively morphologically similar biological species: R. labiata, Radix ampla (Hartmann), Radix lagotis (Schrank) and Radix balthica (Linnaeus) (Schniebs et al. 2013, 2015). Here we confirmed that R. labiata is a host of A. burti cercariae in Europe using the molecular approach to both the parasite and the host for the first time. This study was supported by grants from the government of Russian Federation (nos. MD���7660.2016.5 and FASO ��� 0410��� 2014 ���0028) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR (nos. 16 ���05���00854, 14 ���04��� 98801 and 15 ���04��� 05638). Authors are grateful to Dr. Z. Izakovičov��, Dr. J. Oszlanyi, Dr. P. Barančok and many other colleagues from the Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovakia) for their great assistance under the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences., Published as part of Aksenova, Olga V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V. & Sokolova, Svetlana E., 2016, First molecular identification of Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923) (Trematoda: Digenea: Strigeidae) from an intermediate host Radix labiata (Rossmaessler) (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in Europe, pp. 588-590 in Zootaxa 4132 (4) on pages 588-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/259224, {"references":["Miller, H. M. Jr. (1923) Notes on some furcocercous larval trematodes. The Journal of Parasitology, 10, 35 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3270887","Faltynkova, A., Nasincova, V. & Kablaskova, L. (2007) Larval trematodes (Digenea) of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in Central Europe: a survey of species and key to their identification. Parasite, 14, 39 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2007141039","Faltynkova, A., Sures, B. & Kostadinova, A. (2016) Biodiversity of trematodes in their intermediate mollusc and fish hosts in the freshwater ecosystems of Europe. Systematic Parasitology, 93, 283 - 293. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 016 - 9627 - y","Soldanova, M., Kuris, A. M., Scholz, T. & Lafferty, K. D. (2012) The role of spatial and temporal heterogeneity and competition in structuring trematode communities in the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). Journal of Parasitology, 98, 460 - 471. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 2964.1","Schniebs, K., Gloer, P., Vinarski, M. V. & Hundsdoerfer, A. K. (2013) Intraspecific morphological and genetic variability in the European freshwater snail Radix labiata (Rossmaessler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae). Contributions to Zoology, 82, 55 - 68.","Schniebs, K., Georgiev, D., Gloer, P. & Hundsdoerfer, A. K. (2015) A molecular genetic evidence of the occurrence of the freshwater snail Radix lagotis (Schrank, 1803) (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in Bulgaria. Ecologica Montenegrina, 3, 29 - 39."]}

Aksenova, Olga V., Bespalaya, Yulia V., Bolotov, Ivan N., Kondakov, Alexander V., Sokolova, Svetlana E. (2016): First molecular identification of Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923) (Trematoda: Digenea: Strigeidae) from an intermediate host Radix labiata (Rossmaessler) (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in Europe. Zootaxa 4132 (4): 588-590, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4132.4.10

Thalassodes antithetica Herbulot, 1962 (Figs 1���14) Thalassodes antithetica Herbulot, 1962: 31. Thalassodes antithetica Herbulot, 1964 [erroneous year, the description was published in 1962]: Legrand 1966: 129; Lawrence 2005: 95; Gerlach and Matyot 2006: 67. Material examined. Holotype (MNHN), ♂, Seychelles: Mah��, B. Vallon, 14.vi.1960, H. Legrand (Pr. №4269, C. Herbulot). Paratype (designated as allotype by C. Herbulot) (MNHN), ♀, Seychelles: Mah��, Misere, v.1960, A. Cauvin (138). Seychelles: Praslin, Anse Possession, 418��36�� S, 5543��45�� E, 5 m alt., coastal lowland, 5���8.i.2013, I. Bolotov leg., 1♀ (RMBH: voucher no. INEP-g709); Praslin, Anse Boudin, main road, junction to Zimbabwe, 417'55''S, 5542'35''E, 25 m alt., lowland forest, 5���9.vii.2014, M. Bippus leg., 1♀, 6♂ (PCMB); Mah��, Au Cap, 442��59�� S, 5531��14��E, 40 m alt., disturbed mid-altitude forest dominated by palms and cinnamon trees on a hill slope, 24.i.2013, I. Bolotov leg., 1♀ (RMBH: voucher no. INEP-g710). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all congeners by long and narrowed valva with a costal extension to form a sclerotized curved free arm, as well as the presence of two long lateral processes on the posterior margin of the male eighth sternite. Based on the male genitalia structure and smooth octavals, the species is similar to Pelagodes bellula Han & Xue, 2011, a species of another genus, but differs by much more narrow and elongated costal extension of the valva. Additionally, the species differs from all Pelagodes taxa by a prominent white discal spot on the hind wing and notable creamy white costal margin of the upper wing. Redescription. Head: Male antenna bipectinate with filiform terminal part; female antenna filiform. Frons bluish green. Labial palpi short, barely extended beyond the frons, yellowish white. Vertex and stem of antennae pure white. Thorax: Dorsal side of thorax deep bluish green, ventral side whitish. Legs yellowish white, inside of foreleg reddish. Hind tibia has a pair of spurs. Forewing length: ♂ 14.5���16.5 mm (14.5 mm in holotype); ♀ 14.3���17.0 mm (15.5 mm in paratype). Venation is typical for Pelagodes, Thalassodes and other closely related genera (Holloway 1996; Han & Xue 2011, 2011a): Discal cell shorter than 1/2 length of wings. Forewing with R1 diverging from upper angle of cell, connected with Sc; R2���5 shortly stalked with M1, M3 shortly stalked with CuA1. Hindwing has Rs stalked with M1, M3 stalked with CuA1; discocellulars are oblique; 3A is absent. Upperside of wings uniformly deep bluish green; rarely diffused with unclear white striations; with creamy white costal margins to both wings; hind wing with a prominent white discal spot. Herbulot (1962) did not mentioned this spot in his protologue, possibly because of the relatively poor condition of the type specimens. Underside of wings pale beige. Fringes of both wings yellowish white. Angle on outer margin of the hind wing relatively weakly sharpened, rounded. Abdomen: Upperside bluish green, underside whitish. In male, the eighth tergite slightly concave at the posterior margin; the eighth sternite with two very long, smooth, curved sclerotized lateral processes (octavals). Male genitalia: Uncus rod-like, tapering posteriorly. Socii relatively narrow and tapering. Gnathos with sclerotized simple median process. Valva long with broad basal half and narrow distal half; costal extension slender, smooth, acute, not projecting beyond the apex of valva. Juxta with two sclerotized lateral processes on posterior margin. Saccus semicircular. Phallus (aedeagus) short, thick, expanded at the middle, phallus surface sclerotized posteriorly. Coremata absent. Female genitalia: Ductus bursae short, very broad and sclerotized; the corpus bursae rounded or oval, three times longer than ductus bursae. Signum absent. DNA barcoding. Molecular analysis was performed as described in Bolotov et al. (2014). We obtained two sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, resulting in an 816-bp fragment (NCBI���s GenBank acc. nos. KM 111177 and KM 111178 for specimens from Praslin and Mah��, respectively). Both sequences belong to a single haplotype, providing support for the hypothesis that there has been recent natural or human-mediated movement of Lepidoptera across the approximately 45 km stretch of sea between Praslin and Mah�� (Bolotov et al. 2015). We were unable to find the COI sequences of closely related taxa in the NCBI���s GenBank using a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Thus, phylogenetic relations of the haplotype was retrieved with the BOLD systems COI Full Database, which includes records without species designation. The most similar sequence belongs to Thalassodes sp. AH01Au (sample ID: BC ZSM Lep 10205), an emerald moth specimen from Queensland, Australia, with p -distance 3.1% (Appendix 1). Among the other top 10 nearest neighbor sequences (p -distance ranges from 3.9 to 4.6%) moth specimens from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand are also presented. Additionally, the top 99 matches from BOLD database belong almost exclusively to specimens from the Indo-Australian tropics, excluding four Thalassodes specimens from Africa, which share the most distant haplotypes (Appendix 1). This preliminary assessment reveals that the Seychelles species is closely linked to the Indo-Australian fauna. DNA barcoding of Sauris mouliniei (Legrand, 1971), another Seychelles endemic geometrid species, also reveals its closest affinity to be with Australian congeners (Bolotov et al. 2014). However, this was only a preliminary report because the phylogenetic relationships of this species with supposedly related African taxa (e.g. genus Episteira and others) are unknown. Distribution and ecology. The species is considered to be endemic of the granitic Seychelles (Fig. 15) and examples have been collected from Mah��, Silhouette (Herbulot 1962; Legrand 1966; our data), Cousine (Lawrence 2005), La Digue (Mazzei 2014: documented by photos of five live specimens) and Praslin (our data: first record for the island). The species inhabits coastal lowlands and mid-altitude forests. The species was very rare in the majority of collection localities, excluding forest sites at Anse Boudin, Praslin (Fig. 16) and near the Calou Guest House, La Digue, where it was recorded as relatively common (M. Bippus and P. Mazzei, pers. comm.). It has been observed by us resting during the day on the underside of leaves of Chrysobalanus icaco (L.) L. near Beau Vallon on Mah��, the green colour of the wings clearly having cryptic value against the green background of the leaves (P. Matyot, pers. comm.). Adult specimens were found almost all year round (Herbulot 1962; Lawrence 2005; Mazzei 2014; P. Mazzei, pers. comm.; our data)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Matyot, Pat, Bippus, Maik, Spitsyn, Vitaly M., Kolosova, Yulia S. & Kondakov, Alexander V., 2016, Redescription of Thalassodes antithetica Herbulot, 1962, an endemic moth from Inner Seychelles (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae), pp. 135-139 in Zootaxa 4139 (1) on pages 137-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/267664, {"references":["Herbulot, C. (1962) Nouveaux Geometridae des Seychelles. Lambillionea, 62 (3 - 6), 31 - 33.","Legrand, H. (1966) Lepidopteres des iles Seychelles et d' Aldabra. Memoires du Museum National D'Historie Naturelle, Paris A 37, 1 - 210.","Lawrence, J. M. (2005) The Lepidoptera of Cousine Island, Seychelles. Phelsuma, 13, 94 - 101.","Gerlach, J. & Matyot, P. (2006) Lepidoptera of the Seychelles Islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 130 pp.","Holloway, J. D. (1996) The Moths of Borneo (Part 9), Family Geometridae, Subfamilies Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae and Geometrinae. The Malayan Nature Journal, 49 (3 / 4), 147 - 326.","Bolotov, I. N., Frolov, A. A., Kolosova, Yu. S. & Kondakov, A. V. (2014) The male of Sauris mouliniei (Legrand, 1971) comb. n. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae: Trichopterygini), an endemic Inner Seychelles moth. Zootaxa, 3765 (4), 397 - 400. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3765.4.8","Bolotov, I., Spitsyn, V., Kolosova, Y. & Vlasova, A. (2015) New and recent records of moth and butterfly species (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Praslin and Mahe Islands, Seychelles. Check List, 11 (5), 1752. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.5.1752","Mazzei, P. (2014) Seychelles Wildlife. Available from: http: // www. seychelleswildlife. info (accessed 4 October 2015)"]}

Sauris mouliniei (Legrand, 1971) comb. n. (Figs 1���7) Episteira mouliniei Legrand, 1971: 81; Gerlach & Matyot, 2006: 66. Episteria mouliniei Legrand, 1971 inadv. err.: 81, Fig. 1. Material examined. 1 ♂, ��� Seychelles, Praslin Island; near the Vall��e de Mai Nature Reserve [4 �� 20 '00''S; 55 �� 44 ' 15 ''E]; ~ 170 m a.s.l.; mid-altitude forest dominated by the coco-de-mer palm (Lodoicea maldivica); on the trunk of endemic Seychelles tree Northea hornei; 5.1. 2013, Bolotov leg.���. Deposited in the collection of Biological Museum of Institute of Ecological Problems of the North of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia (IEPN). Description. Male morphology: forewing length 14 mm (Figs. 1���2). Forewing is large; apex angular; with termen cleft near tornus between veins CuA 1 and A. Dorsum is winding, angular subtornally. The hindwing is small, not reaching the tornus of forewing, lobed marginally and folded between Sc+R and Rs+M 1. The dorsal lobe is small (one fourth of the hindwing length), re-folded dorsally. Forewing���s venation has typical larentiine character (Viidalepp 2011) and is characterised by the presence of two accessory cells between radial veinlets; vein R 2 anastomoses with R 1 and then with R 3-5 in a point of origin of R 5; M 1 begins from the accessory cell. Hindwings venation, principally, as shown for the males of Sauris species by Dugdale (1980: Figs. 27, 29���40); veins Sc and R fused; Rs and M 1 also fused; M 2 always present (a larentiine character); M 3 and CuA 1 fused; CuA 2 stump-like and perpendicular to anal margin of wing. Head with frons distinctly narrower than eye diameter. Labial palpi are stout, upright, long (over twice eye diameter), underside ciliate (with scarce short ciliae). Proboscis is well developed. Antennae are long, thicker subapically. Hind tibia with thin scale tuft (Fig. 3). Abdomen is long, with small setal patches laterally on the 6 th and 8 th segments (Fig. 4). Male markings: Head is pale green; eyes of living specimen also green, but brown after drying. Vertex scales are of the same colour. Labial palpi are green with white border and apex. Thorax (including extreme base of forewings) is dorsally green, underside is pale grey; with a row of whitish scales towards thorax. Abdomen is dorsally whitish grey with green spots. End of abdomen is hiding a tuft of long white hair-scales. The forewing is darkly fasciated, its ground coloured in deep green and black patterns (Fig. 1); there are three extremely broad, black transverse bands at postbasal, medial and postmedial areas. Marginal one third of the forewings is covered by three thick, black and waved transverse lines, a broad black spot between veins M 1 and M 3 and a white unclear ovate path, subtornally. Basal part of the forewing has one thick black line from three black spots between veins. Marginal area is green, with black triangular dots at vein ends. Fringe short, greyish green. The hindwing has uniformly light grey coloration, but its margin is hiding a tuft of long darker blackish grey hair-scales. Underside of both wings are dull grey, but the forewing is darker at subapical and apical areas, with small black dot above marginal subtornal cleft (Fig. 2). General morphology and marking of male specimen are similar to female (Legrand 1971: 81, Fig. 1), but female is larger (length of forewing 19 mm), forewing without termen cleft, hindwing is not lobed. Male genitalia: typical Sauris pattern (Figs. 5���6). The uncus is triangular, tapering thin needle-like, a little longer than socii lobes; diaphragmal pouch is not exceeding beyond vinculum. Socii are stout and rounded; declinate on the ends. The valve tapers towards the base; apical part of valve expanded. Phallus is short and thick; curved dorso-ventrally. Based on genitalia, male secondary sexual characters and the molecular data, the taxon is transferred to the genus Sauris Guen��e, 1857, comb. n. S. mouliniei belongs to ��� hirundinata [malaca] group��� of Sauris species, which includes the most species of the genus (Dugdale 1980). Molecular data. Molecular analysis was performed in the IEPN (purification and PCR) and the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (sequencing on ABI PRISM 3730). We extracted genomic DNA from a single leg of the dry male specimen using proteinase K and phenol, as described in Sambrook & Russel (2001). 768 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were amplified and sequenced using primers LCO 1490 F (Folmer 1994) and C 1 -N- 2329 R (Simon et al. 1994). The sequence was submitted to NCBI Genbank (accession no. KF 704143). Systematic position of the sequence was retrieved with BOLD systems COI FULL DATABASE (includes records without species designation). The most similar sequences belong to Australian S. malaca specimens (see Table 1). Distribution and biology. The species is endemic to the granitic Seychelles. It was noted for Mah�� and Silhouette (Gerlach & Matyot 2006), and now occurs on Praslin Island, Inner Seychelles. Recorded from sea-level to 300 m alt. (Legrand 1971; Gerlach & Matyot 2006). The male specimen was found in a mid-altitude forest, dominated by the cocode-mer palm (Lodoicea maldivica) (Fig. 7). This site presents a part of the largest endemic palm forest massif of Praslin Island. The species is extremely rare and just three specimens are collected at the moment. Immature stages and caterpillar host plants are unknown. Known species of Sauris are distributed in the Indo-Australian region and African region; the range of the genus extends from S. Japan and the N.E. Himalayas to tropical Australia (Dugdale 1980; Holloway 1997). The genus includes many endemic species which were described from the small islands (Dugdale 1980). S. mouliniei is the westernmost representative among described species in the genus., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Frolov, Artem A., Kolosova, Yulia S. & Kondakov, Alexander V., 2014, The male of Sauris mouliniei (Legrand, 1971) comb. n. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae: Trichopterygini), an endemic Inner Seychelles moth, pp. 397-400 in Zootaxa 3765 (4) on pages 397-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/231208, {"references":["Legrand, H. (1971) Note sur les Geometridae des Seychelles et d'Aldabra (Lep.). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 76, 81 - 82.","Gerlach, J. & Matyot, P. (2006) Lepidoptera of the Seychelles islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 130 pp.","Viidalepp, J. (2011) A morphological review of tribes in Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Zootaxa, 3136, 1 - 44.","Dugdale, J. S. (1980) Australian Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with descriptions of eight new taxa. Australian Journal of Zoology, 28 (2), 301 - 340. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9800301","Sambrook, J. & Russel, D. W. (2001) Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Vol. 1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring harbor, New York, 2344 pp.","Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294 - 299.","Simon, C, Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 651 - 701.","Holloway, J. D. (1997) The moths of Borneo. Part 10. Geometridae Sterrhinae, Larentiinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 51, 1 - 242."]}

Two Unionida (freshwater mussel) families are present in the Northern Hemisphere; the Margaritiferidae, representing the most threatened of unionid families, and the Unionidae, which include several genera of unresolved taxonomic placement. The recent reassignment of the poorly studied Lamprotula rochechouartii from the Unionidae to the Margaritiferidae motivated a new search for other potential species of margaritiferids from members of Gibbosula and Lamprotula. Based on molecular and morphological analyses conducted on newly collected specimens from Vietnam, we here assign Gibbosula crassa to the Margaritiferidae. Additionally, we reanalyzed all diagnostic characteristics of the Margaritiferidae and examined museum specimens of Lamprotula and Gibbosula. As a result, two additional species are also moved to the Margaritiferidae, i.e. Gibbosula confragosa and Gibbosula polysticta. We performed a robust five marker phylogeny with all available margaritiferid species and discuss the taxonomy within the family. The present phylogeny reveals the division of Margaritiferidae into four ancient clades with distinct morphological, biogeographical and ecological characteristics that justify the division of the Margaritiferidae into two subfamilies (Gibbosulinae and Margaritiferinae) and four genera (Gibbosula, Cumberlandia, Margaritifera, and Pseudunio). The systematics of the Margaritiferidae family is re-defined as well as their distribution, potential origin and main biogeographic patterns.