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FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) has been linked to stress related diseases and treatment response in depression (Binder et al., 2004). The corresponding protein FKBP51 was first identified as co-chaperone of HSP90 in a complex with steroid hormone receptors, where it diminishes hormone affinity and nuclear translocation efficiency of the receptors (Pratt and Toft, 1997; Wochnik et al., 2005). With FKBP5 transcription being induced by glucocorticoid signalling, an ultra-short feedback loop is provided for regulation and termination of GR activity. Dysregulation of this ultra-short feedback loop interferes with the stress hormone regulation and likely contributes to the association of FKBP5 with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Recently, important actions of FKBP51 beyond glucocorticoid signalling have been characterised in shaping the posttranslational regulation of certain molecular pathways in response to treatment with particular psychopharmaca (Gassen et al., 2014, 2015). As a contribution to elucidating the role of FKBP5 in stress related diseases, a two-sided approach was taken in this study by analysing the role of FKBP5 in regulation of transcription and in calibrating the responsiveness of these pathways to psychopharmacological treatment. To elucidate the transcriptional effects of FKBP5 in an unbiased approach, the expression profile of mice with deleted FKBP5 and their litter mates with functional FKBP5 were compared. A marked difference in glyoxalase-1 (GLO1) transcription was observed with higher GLO1 transcription in mice with deleted FKBP5, which was reflected by about two-fold more GLO1 protein in these mice. The efforts in deciphering the role of FKBP5 in elevation of GLO1 expression led to the identification of a duplication of the GLO1 gene inherent to mice with deleted FKBP5; this likely explains the enhanced GLO1 expression in these mice. This observation exemplifies the flanking gene problem and is a note of caution for interpreting data from conventionally generated knock-out mice. Overall, deletion of FKBP5 did not markedly change gene expression. In the second part of this thesis, the molecular effects of psychopharmacologic drugs were profiled for their dependency on FKBP51 function to modulate intracellular pathways relevant for treatment outcome in a cellular FKBP5 knockout model. For this purpose, psychopharmaca from the classes of SSRIs, SSNRIs, TCAs, atypical antidepressants, mood stabilisers, and NMDA receptor antagonists were analysed. In addition to GSK3\ensuremath{β}} and AKT, which were reported to interact with and be targeted by FKBP51 recently (Gassen et al., 2015; Pei et al., 2009), ERK was identified as a novel kinase interacting with and being targeted by FKBP51 in this work. With GSK3{\ensuremath{β}, AKT, and ERK, three major kinases were observed to be regulated by psychopharmaca. The effects were not homogeneous across all psychopharmaca and only loosely followed drug classes. Moreover, regulation of these kinases as well as their downstream targets was non-uniformly influenced by FKBP51. With FKBP51 being a stress induced gene, this transcriptional mechanism efficiently links the stress response to the regulation of the targets analysed in this work. Moreover, markers of autophagy, a cellular degradation process which has been linked to neurotransmission, were detected to be regulated by valproic acid (VPA), a mood stabiliser with HDAC inhibitory activity. VPA, as well as a second HDAC inhibitor butyric acid (BUT) enhanced the transcription of late and delayed autophagy markers controlled by FOXO3 signalling. Considering the versatile action of FKBP51 on targets analysed in this work, the list of proteins modulated by FKBP5 seems by far not complete. The diversity of effects evoked by different psychopharmaca hints to superimposed molecular effects underlying treatment outcome. Better understanding of pathway responsiveness could yield molecular markers for personalised medication that could be utilised to improve treatment outcome in stress related psychiatric diseases.

Psychotropic medications target glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 beta), but the functional integration with other factors relevant for drug efficacy is poorly understood. We discovered that the suggested psychiatric risk factor FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) increases phosphorylation of GSK3 beta at serine 9 (pGSK3 beta(S9)). FKBP51 associates with GSK3 beta mainly through its FK1 domain; furthermore, it also changes GSK3 beta's heterocomplex assembly by associating with the phosphatase PP2A and the kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5. FKBP51 acts through GSK3 beta on the downstream targets Tau, beta-catenin and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor (TCF/LEF). Lithium and the antidepressant (AD) paroxetine (PAR) functionally synergize with FKBP51, as revealed by reporter gene and protein association analyses. Deletion of FKBP51 blunted the PAR-or lithium-induced increase in pGSK3 beta(S9) in cells and mice and attenuated the behavioral effects of lithium treatment. Clinical improvement in depressive patients was predicted by baseline GSK3 beta pathway activity and by pGSK3 beta(S9) reactivity to ex vivo treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes with lithium or PAR. In sum, FKBP51-directed GSK3 beta activity contributes to the action of psychotropic medications. Components of the FKBP51-GSK3 beta pathway may be useful as biomarkers predicting AD response and as targets for the development of novel ADs.

Theo Rein and colleagues examine the role of FKBP51 in the actions of antidepressants, with a particular focus on pathways of autophagy. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary, Background FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is an Hsp90 co-chaperone and regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor, and consequently of stress physiology. Clinical studies suggest a genetic link between FKBP51 and antidepressant response in mood disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of FKBP51 in the actions of antidepressants, with a particular focus on pathways of autophagy. Methods and Findings Established cell lines, primary neural cells, human blood cells of healthy individuals and patients with depression, and mice were treated with antidepressants. Mice were tested for several neuroendocrine and behavioral parameters. Protein interactions and autophagic pathway activity were mainly evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blots. We first show that the effects of acute antidepressant treatment on behavior are abolished in FKBP51 knockout (51KO) mice. Autophagic markers, such as the autophagy initiator Beclin1, were increased following acute antidepressant treatment in brains from wild-type, but not 51KO, animals. FKBP51 binds to Beclin1, changes decisive protein interactions and phosphorylation of Beclin1, and triggers autophagic pathways. Antidepressants and FKBP51 exhibited synergistic effects on these pathways. Using chronic social defeat as a depression-relevant stress model in combination with chronic paroxetine (PAR) treatment revealed that the stress response, as well as the effects of antidepressants on behavior and autophagic markers, depends on FKBP51. In human blood cells of healthy individuals, FKBP51 levels correlated with the potential of antidepressants to induce autophagic pathways. Importantly, the clinical antidepressant response of patients with depression (n = 51) could be predicted by the antidepressant response of autophagic markers in patient-derived peripheral blood lymphocytes cultivated and treated ex vivo (Beclin1/amitriptyline: r = 0.572, p = 0.003; Beclin1/PAR: r = 0.569, p = 0.004; Beclin1/fluoxetine: r = 0.454, p = 0.026; pAkt/amitriptyline: r = −0.416, p = 0.006; pAkt/PAR: r = −0.355, p = 0.021; LC3B-II/PAR: r = 0.453, p = 0.02), as well as by the lymphocytic expression levels of FKBP51 (r = 0.631, p, Editors' Summary Background Everyone feels miserable sometimes, but about one in six people will have an episode of clinical depression during their lifetime. For people who are clinically depressed, overwhelming feelings of sadness, anxiety, and hopelessness can last for months or years. Affected individuals lose interest in activities they used to enjoy, they sometimes have physical symptoms such as disturbed sleep, and they may contemplate suicide. Clinicians diagnose depression and determine its severity using questionnaires (“depression rating scales”) that explore the patient's feelings and symptoms. Mild depression is often treated with talking therapies (psychotherapy) such as cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps people change negative ways of thinking. For more severe depression, patients are also usually prescribed an antidepressant, most commonly a “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor” such as paroxetine or a tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline. Why Was This Study Done? Unfortunately, antidepressants don't work for more than half of patients. Moreover, because it is unclear how antidepressants work, it is not possible to predict which patients will respond to which antidepressants. Thus, matching patient to drug can be a lengthy, sometimes unsuccessful, process. Here, the researchers use several approaches to test the hypothesis that a protein called FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is involved in the actions of antidepressants and to investigate whether the ability of both FKBP51 and antidepressants to regulate a process called autophagy underlies the impact of FKBP51 on antidepressant responses. FKBP51 is a regulator of stress physiology, which is connected to the development and treatment of depression; genetic studies have suggested a link between FKBP51 expression and the antidepressant response rate. Some antidepressants are known to alter the initial steps in the autophagy pathway, a multistep process that maintains the integrity of cells through regulated degradation and recycling of cellular components; however, the potential synergistic role of FKBP51 and antidepressants in regulating pathways of autophagy are unknown. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers first treated wild-type mice and FKBP51 knockout mice (genetically altered animals that make no FKBP51) with an acute dose of antidepressant and compared their behavior in a forced swim test, an assay that measures the action of antidepressants in mice by determining how long the mice struggle or float inertly when placed in deep water. As expected, acute antidepressant treatment increased the time that wild-type mice spent struggling. However, this effect of antidepressant treatment was greatly attenuated in the FKBP51 knockout mice. Moreover, the levels of several autophagy markers increased in the brains of wild-type mice following antidepressant treatment but not in the brains of FKBP51 knockout mice. Next, using “chronic social defeat stress” to model the “endophenotype” of depression (a combination of physiological, hormonal, and behavioral traits seen in people with depression) in mice, the researchers showed that the stress response and the effect of chronic antidepressants on behavior and on autophagic markers all depend on FKBP51. Using cell-based assays, the researchers showed that antidepressants and FKBP51 had synergistic (interactive) effects on the autophagic pathway and that, in human blood cells, FKBP51 levels correlated with the potential of antidepressants to induce autophagic pathways. Finally, the researchers report that the clinical response to antidepressant treatment in 51 patients with depression was associated with the response of autophagic markers in their peripheral blood lymphocytes to antidepressant treatment in test tubes, and that the expression levels of FKBP51 and autophagy markers in patient lymphocytes at admission were associated with subsequent clinical responses to antidepressants. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings suggest that the protein FKBP51 is required for the effects of both acute and chronic treatment with some antidepressants on behavior and on autophagic pathways in mice. These findings also reveal an association between antidepressant treatment responses in patients and both the expression levels of FKBP51 and autophagy markers in lymphocytes at admission and the response of autophagic markers to antidepressant treatment in patient lymphocytes. The accuracy of these findings is limited by the small number of clinical samples available for analysis, by the use of only male mice in the animal experiments, and by the inability of animal models of depression to fully replicate the human condition. Nevertheless, these findings identify the early stages of autophagy as potential targets for the development of new antidepressants and identify several potential biomarkers that might, after further clinical validation, help clinicians predict antidepressant efficacy in patients with depression. Additional Information Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001755. The US National Institute of Mental Health provides information on all aspects of depression (in English and Spanish), including information on antidepressants The UK National Health Service Choices website provides detailed information about depression and about antidepressants; it also provides personal stories about depression The UK charity Mind provides information on depression, including some personal stories about depression More personal stories about depression are available from healthtalk.org MedlinePlus provides links to other resources about depression Wikipedia has a page on autophagy (note that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit; available in several languages) The patients included in this study were all enrolled in the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature project, which aims to identify gene variants and biomarkers that predict treatment outcomes with antidepressants