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Background : There have been no quantitative evaluations of the ligation process with knot pushers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the traction method of the suture, the differences between suture types, and the influence of water addition. / Methods : Three types of sutures were employed: Suture-A (braided polyester), Suture-B (braided silk), and Suture-C (monofilament polyvinylidene difluoride). The pushing force of the knot pusher was measured. The tension force was achieved with weights. The pushing force was evaluated in six weight conditions termed Group (100-100), Group (200-200), Group (300-300), Group (200-100), Group (300-100), and Group (300-200). We compared the pushing force in dry and wet conditions...

Supplemental_table_3 for Improvement of Lower Back Pain in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis After Decompression Surgery and Factors That Predict Residual Lower Back Pain by Takahiro Kitagawa, Yoji Ogura, Yoshiomi Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Yoshiro Yonezawa, Kodai Yoshida, Yohei Takahashi, Akimasa Yasuda, Yoshio Shinozaki and Jun Ogawa in Global Spine Journal

Additional file 1: Supplemental Figure 1. Characterization of FB- and SC-type NPCs. Supplemental Figure 2. FB-type NPC engraftment in SCI mice. Supplemental Table 1. Regression model of the BMS score with histological parameter

Supplemental_table_1 for Improvement of Lower Back Pain in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis After Decompression Surgery and Factors That Predict Residual Lower Back Pain by Takahiro Kitagawa, Yoji Ogura, Yoshiomi Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Yoshiro Yonezawa, Kodai Yoshida, Yohei Takahashi, Akimasa Yasuda, Yoshio Shinozaki and Jun Ogawa in Global Spine Journal

This research produced typical ductile cast iron, and observed spheroidal graphite in this ductile cast iron by electron microscopes. For scanning electron micrographs of graphite morphology, the metallic matrix was dissolved away by deep etching in a 10% nitric acid solution. The result observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), spheroidal graphite was patterned indented surface. High magnification image of the spheroidal graphite was observed graphite flakes sticking to surfaces. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens of spheroidal graphite were prepared by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system method. TEM dark field image using strong graphite (0002) diffraction was obtained from cross-section of the central part in spheroidal graphite, and it was found that a growth structure of a cone in spheroidal graphite radiated to outwards from the central part along the direction of c-axis of the graphite structure. In addition, with a cone radiated to outwards from the central part, graphite structure slightly rotated along c-axis of itself. Cross section of the outside part in spheroidal graphite was observed polycrystals whose c-axis of the graphite structure was the same direction.