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VIS emission spectra of SZC-xBi0.6Eu2Yb (x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 mol%) zinc calcium silicate glass samples under 320 nm excitation.

As a cheaper alternative to the industrial Pt electrode used in quantum-sensitized solar cells, the electrophoresis process is employed to create the low-cost FTO/PbS cathode. For structural cubic and sizes ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm, structure and morphology were investigated using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 ℃, 150 ℃, 200 ℃, and 300 ℃ under vacuum. The FTO/PbS cathode electrode was therefore calcined at 150 ℃ with a maximum efficiency of 3.938%. This happens as a result of the complete fusion of PbS nanoparticles with crystal at 150 ℃, which reduces resistance and increases electron lifetime compared to other temperature combinations.

Augmented renal clearance is increasingly recognized in critically ill patients. This condition may lead to suboptimal dosing of renally excreted medications.Our primary objective was to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with augmented renal clearance in a mixed critically ill population.This retrospective single center observational cohort study evaluated patients admitted in a mixed adult intensive care unit for augmented renal clearance, defined as a creatinine clearance of ≥ 130 ml/min/1.73mAugmented renal clearance was observed in 25.3% of the study cohort (n = 324). Age below 50 years (adjusted odds ratio 7.32; 95% CI 4.03-13.29, p 0.001), lower serum creatinine at intensive care admission (adjusted odds ratio 0.97; 95% CI 0.96-0.99, p 0.001) and trauma admission (adjusted odds ratio 2.26; 95% CI 1.12-4.54, p = 0.022) were identified as independent risk factors. Our model showed acceptable discrimination in predicting augmented renal clearance (Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (0.810; 95% CI 0.756-0.864, p 0.001)).We identified age below 50 years, lower serum creatinine upon intensive care admission and trauma as independent risk factors for augmented renal clearance, consistent with the literature suggesting that patients with low serum creatinine upon admission could have a higher risk of developing augmented renal clearance.

Soil classification is the systematic classification of soils based on distinguishing the characteristics of soil, aiding in understanding the properties of soils through soil survey and establishing appropriate strategies for effective soil utilization and management. Globally, the Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for soil resources (WRB) are widely used for soil classification. However, the two classification systems have differences in criteria, thus exhibiting difficulties in exchanging classification results. In South Korea, soil classification has been steadily implemented to provide useful soil information to farmers for efficient soil management, contributing to the sustainability of paddy lands, but it has not been easy to establish an accurate classification system due to intensive soil management and variation in soil redox conditions. In this study, two paddy soils with different drainage grades, pedon 1 and pedon 2, were classified using the ST and WRB, and based on the comparative results, a classification criterion for paddy soil in Korea was recommended. According to ST, pedon 1 was classified as a coarse loamy, mesic family (the mean annual soil temperature, 11–14 °C) of Anthroaquic Eutrudepts (artificially irrigated, base saturation > 60%), whereas pedon 2 was a coarse loamy, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts (organic carbon content > 0.2%, water-saturated across the soil profile). Based on the WRB, the two soils were categorized as follows: Stagnic Hydragric Anthrosols (Eutric, Loamic, Oxyaquic) (saturated with surface water, subsurface horizon that is wet-field and human-affected) for pedon 1 and Stagnic Gleyic Hydragric Anthrosols (Eutric, Loamic, Oxyaquic) (saturated with surface and ground water, subsurface horizon that is wet-field and human-affected) for pedon 2. Overall, the two classification systems categorized these pedons consistently by judging the soil properties according to depth, but there was a difference in layer classification upon saturation by water across the soil horizons. Poor soil drainage hinders rice growth in paddies due to lowering soil and water temperature and the occurrence of harmful reduction products. In this regard, we proposed a draft of the classification criteria specialized for paddy soils in Korea based on drainage grades. This will contribute to sustainable paddy soil management by accurately classifying paddy soils and providing better soil information to farmers.

BACKGROUND: Canada is currently the only OECD country without a national school food program. The Government of Canada recently committed to working with different levels of government, Indigenous partners, and stakeholders towards a national school food policy. However, limited data on the costs of running a program in Canada is an evidence gap for making informed policy decisions. OBJECTIVES: This project aimed to synthesize published literature on the full costs of producing school lunches, estimate these costs in the BC provincial context, and gain stakeholder insights on the context and costs of existing programs in BC. METHODS: A literature review through Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, CAB Direct, ERIC (EBSCO), and additional grey literature gathered evidence on the costs of producing school lunches. Through a subsequent costing exercise, these costs were estimated in BC and a novel interactive costing tool was developed. Interviews (n=9) then highlighted perspectives of school district staff, government representatives, those directly involved in school food programs, and those with expertise on programs costs. These perspectives offered insights and contextualized the existing school food programs in BC, as well as the estimates and the interactive costing tool from the costing exercise. RESULTS: The literature (n=6 studies) reported costs associated with school lunches in the US, Norway, and Wales. The ensuing costing exercise produced a range of $2.79 to $5.18 for the estimated cost of preparing lunches in BC schools, while an array of input variables – including school characteristics (e.g., number of students), staffing information, additional costs, and revenue – were used to build the interactive costing tool. Stakeholders responded positively to the tool and highlighted its value for program planning, while providing insights into the major cost categories (e.g., food, human resources, infrastructure) and the policy considerations relevant to the BC context. DISCUSSION: This novel interactive costing tool is the key contribution of this research project. It simultaneously addresses the knowledge gap (of the missing evidence on school food program costs) while allowing the user to define the costing parameters using real numbers when estimating the costs of preparing school lunches in BC.

Every year, in the Vietnam Mekong Delta Coastal Zone (VMDCZ), erosions cause approximately 300 ha of agricultural land loss. Therefore, measures for shoreline protection are urgently needed. This paper discusses the impacts of protection measures in the Go-Cong Coastal Zone to prevent erosion/accretion processes, predicted by two numerical models, MIKE21-FM and TELEMAC-2D. Hard and soft measures have been proposed using breakwaters and sandbars, respectively. The simulations show that the erosion/accretion trends provided by both models are similar. For breakwaters, MIKE21-FM provides less accretion than TELEMAC-2D in areas extending over 300 m and 500 m from shorelines. However, for sandbars, MIKE21-FM shows higher accretion within areas extending over 500 m but less than 300 m. Sandbars cause higher accretion in a larger area, extending over 1000 m offshore. The simulation results allow us to propose two alternative measures: (1) a row of several breakwater units will be implanted at 300 m offshore. The length of each unit is 600 m, with a gap between two neighbouring units of 70 m and a crest elevation of 2.2 m above mean sea level (MSL). (2) A row of sandbar units will be posed at 500 m offshore, with a unit length of 1000 m and a gap between the two neighbouring units of 200 m. The crest elevation is fixed at MSL.

This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on the erosion of a horizontal granular bed by a two-dimensional plane vertical impinging jet to predict the eroded craters’ size scaling (depth and width). The simulations help understand the microscopic processes that govern erosion in this complex flow. A modified jet-bed distance, accounting for the plane jet virtual origin, is successfully used to obtain a unique relationship between the crater size and a local Shields parameter. This work develops a two-phase flow numerical model to reproduce the experimental results. The numerical techniques are based on a finite volume formulation to approximate spatial derivatives, a projection technique to calculate the pressure and velocity for each phase, and a staggered grid to avoid spurious oscillations. Different options for the sediment’s solid-to-liquid transition during erosion are proposed, tested, and discussed. One model is based on unified equations of continuum mechanics, others on modified closure equations for viscosity or momentum transfer. A good agreement between the numerical solutions and the experimental measurements is obtained.

Mesopores of copper hexacyanoferrate (II) (M-CuHCF-II) nanomaterials used for the cesium (Cs+) removal were synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method. M-CuHCF-II has a cubic structure (space group F-43m), a surface area of 12.80 m2/g, and a pore width of about 34.49 nm. At pH=6, the adsorption capacity of Cs+ ions by CuHCF-II reached the maximum within 15 minutes. Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, and Sips models are suitable to describe the adsorption of Cs+ ions by M-CuHF-II materials. The maximum absorption capacity of M-CuHCF-II was determined at 318 K corresponding to the value of 197.72 mg g-1. The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) of Cs+ adsorption process with ranging values from -37.47 to -40.74, and ΔH0 = -8.28 (kJ mol-1) at temperatures from 298–348 K. Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, and K+ ions in solution affect the removal of Cs+ ions when they occur at high concentrations. M-CuHCF-II materials are easy to prepare, low-cost, have high adsorption capacity for Cs+ ions, and are easy to apply. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of Cs+ ions by M-CuHCF-II is also proposed and discussed.

Đặt vấn đề: Bắc cầu hoặc chuyển vị các động mạch xuất phát từ quai động mạch chủ (cảnh, dưới đòn) là kỹ thuật thường qui trong phẫu thuật Hybrid cho các tổn thương phức tạp của động mạch chủ ngực. Động mạch đốt sống là nhánh bên đầu tiên của động mạch dưới đòn trái, tuy nhỏ nhưng được khuyến cáo bảo tồn trong các phẫu thuật Hybrid. Trường hợp có bất thường giải phẫu – như động mạch đốt sống trái xuất phát thẳng từ quai động mạch chủ …, thì nên điều trị theo cách nào. Mục tiêu của báo cáo là đề xuất chỉ định và kỹ thuật tái lập tuần hoàn động mạch đốt sống khi có bất thường giải phẫu (hoặc hẹp do xơ vữa) trong phẫu thuật Hybrid điều trị bệnh lý động mạch chủ ngực. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả ba trường hợp lâm sàng bệnh lý – chấn thương vùng quai động mạch chủ có bất thường vị trí xuất phát động mạch đốt sống trái được điều trị bằng can thiệp nội mạch và tái lưu thông động mạch đốt sống vào động mạch cảnh chúng trái. Kết quả: Không quan sát thấy biến chứng liên quan đến phẫu thuật và tái lập tuần hoàn động mạch đốt sống rất tốt trên phim chụp kiểm tra sau mổ. Kết luận: Mặc dù chỉ định còn gây tranh cãi, tái thông động mạch đốt sống trái bất thường vào động mạch cảnh trái là kỹ thuật an toàn, đem lại lợi ích cho bệnh nhân, có thể thực hiện thường quy tại bệnh viện Hữu nghị Việt Đức.

In this study, lanthanum aluminosilicate glasses with compositions of 45SiO2–20Al2O3–12.5LaF3–10BaF2–9K2O–1Cr2O3–2.5Yb2O3 (SALBK) were prepared using the conventional melting method and copper–potassium ion exchange process. Influences of the ion exchange process between copper and potassium on the visible, upconversion, and near-infrared luminescence spectra of Cr3+/Yb3+ co-doped under excitations of 343, 490, and 980 nm LD were investigated. The EDS analysis of SALBK glasses was measured to confirm the presence of atoms in the glasses. The values of direct and indirect bandgaps of Cr3+/Yb3+ co-doped SALBK glasses were calculated and analyzed. Besides, the energy exchange processes between Cu+, Cu2+ ions, and Cr3+, Yb3+ ions were also proposed and discussed.

Children display an early sensitivity to implicit proportions (e.g., 1 of 5 apples vs. 3 of 4 apples), but have considerable difficulty in learning the explicit, symbolic proportions denoted by fractions (e.g., "1/5" vs. "3/4"). Theoretically, reducing the gap between representations of implicit versus explicit proportions would improve understanding of fractions, but little is known about how the representations develop and interact with one another. To address this, we asked 177 third, fourth, and fifth graders (

Augmented renal clearance is prevalent in trauma patients and leads to subtherapeutic levels of renally eliminated medications with potentially unfavourable clinical outcomes. The Augmented Renal Clearance of Trauma in Intensive Care (ARCTIC) score has been developed to predict augmented renal clearance in critically ill trauma patients. Our primary objective was to validate this score among the trauma subgroup of a mixed intensive care patient cohort.This single-centre, retrospective, observational cohort study assessed augmented renal clearance using a timed 24-h urine collection performed weekly. ARC was defined as a measured creatinine clearance of ≥130 ml/min/1.73 mAugmented renal clearance was observed in 33.9% (n = 58) of trauma patients (n = 171) and 15.7% (n = 24) of medical/surgical patients (n = 153). Examination of different cutoffs for the ARCTIC score in our trauma population confirmed that the optimal cutoff score was ≥6. Comparison between ROC curves for ARCTIC score and for regression model based upon our data in trauma patients indicated validation of the score in this subgroup. Comparison of sensitivities and specificities for ARCTIC score between trauma (93.1% and 41.6%, respectively) and medical/surgical subjects (87.5% and 49.6%, respectively) showed no clinical nor statistical difference, suggesting validation for the medical/surgical subgroup as well.In our mixed ICU population, the ARCTIC score was validated in the trauma subgroup. We also found that the score performed well in the medical/surgical population. Future studies should assess the performance of the ARCTIC score prospectively.

The aim of this work is to develop an original semi-coupled approach for solving the Saint-Venant and Exner equation system. The shallow-water equations are solved first to calculate the full evolu...

A Large Eddy Simulation model is developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and scour process around a circular cylinder. The Navier-Stokes solver is based on the projection method and a second-order unstructured finite-volume method. A sigma-coordinate system is used to obtain an accurate representation of the evolution of the sediment-water interface. Bed erosion is simulated by solving the sediment continuity equation using a mass-conservating sand-slide algorithm and a bedload transport rate, which is based on a description of physical processes (Engelund & Fredsoe, 1976). Simulations of flow around a vertical cylinder for free-slip bed, rigid bed, and live-bed cases are done. The mean velocity profile and shear stress validate the accuracy of this model. Horseshoe vortex and lee-wake vortex shedding structure are simulated, and the results are thoroughly discussed in depth. The formation and the temporal development of the scour hole and other topographic bed features are successfully reproduced. The current paper reports the first known investigation of both scour evolution and coherent structure using large-eddy simulation.

Non-staggered triangular grids have many advantages in performing river or ocean modeling with the finite-volume method. However, horizontal divergence errors may occur, especially in large-scale hydrostatic calculations with centrifugal acceleration. This paper proposes an unstructured finite-volume method with a filtered scheme to mitigate the divergence noise and avoid further influencing the velocities and water elevation. In hydrostatic pressure calculations, we apply the proposed method to three-dimensional curved channel flows. Approximations reduce the numerical errors after filtering the horizontal divergence operator, and the approximation is second-order accurate. Numerical results for the channel flow accurately calculate the velocity profile and surface elevation at different Froude numbers. Moreover, secondary flow features such as the vortex pattern and its movement along the channel sections are also well captured.

Due to its high expressiveness and speed, Deep Learning (DL) has become an increasingly popular choice as the detection algorithm for Network-based Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSes). Unfortunately, DL algorithms are vulnerable to adversarial examples that inject imperceptible modifications to the input and cause the DL algorithm to misclassify the input. Existing adversarial attacks in the NIDS domain often manipulate the traffic features directly, which hold no practical significance because traffic features cannot be replayed in a real network. It remains a research challenge to generate practical and evasive adversarial attacks. This paper presents the Liuer Mihou attack that generates practical and replayable adversarial network packets that can bypass anomaly-based NIDS deployed in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The core idea behind Liuer Mihou is to exploit adversarial transferability and generate adversarial packets on a surrogate NIDS constrained by predefined mutation operations to ensure practicality. We objectively analyse the evasiveness of Liuer Mihou against four ML-based algorithms (LOF, OCSVM, RRCF, and SOM) and the state-of-the-art NIDS, Kitsune. From the results of our experiment, we gain valuable insights into necessary conditions on the adversarial transferability of anomaly detection algorithms. Going beyond a theoretical setting, we replay the adversarial attack in a real IoT testbed to examine the practicality of Liuer Mihou. Furthermore, we demonstrate that existing feature-level adversarial defence cannot defend against Liuer Mihou and constructively criticise the limitations of feature-level adversarial defences., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, planning on submitting to ACM CCS 2022

In this paper, the mesopore-activated red mud (M-ARM) was prepared by treating red mud (RM) with acid under an ultrasonic batch and through heat treatment at 750 C. The surface area and adsorption average pore width of M-ARM were calculated and obtained values of 13.408 m2 g-1 and 25.160 nm, respectively. Therefore, the maximum adsorption capacity of M-ARM for phosphorus was 200.85 ± 1.66 mg g − 1 at 318 K and pH = 5 . At a low initial concentration (75 mg L-1), the phosphorus removal capacity by M-ARM material was up to 97.09 ± 0.15 % at 313 K. With the temperature scales varying from 298 to 313 K, the values of Gibbs free energy change ( Δ G ° ) were negative and also vary from -37.47 to -36.68. The phosphorus adsorption process in an aqueous solution is spontaneous, and this adsorption process was exothermic with enthalpy change ∆ H o = − 14.36 . From the results of investigations and calculations of thermodynamic values, kinetics, and adsorption capacity of materials, we can confirm that the materials in this study had a low-cost and potential material for applications to treat phosphorus-contaminated water. In addition, the adsorption kinetics of this material for phosphorus were also studied and discussed.

The numerical modeling of sediment transport under wave impact is challenging because of the complex nature of the triple wave–structure–sediment interaction. This study presents three-dimensional numerical modeling of sediment scouring due to non-breaking wave impact on a vertical seawall. The Navier–Stokes–Exner equations are approximated to calculate the full evolution of flow fields and morphodynamic responses. The bed erosion model is based on the van Rijn formulation with a mass-conservative sand-slide algorithm. The numerical solution is obtained by using a projection method and a fully implicit second-order unstructured finite-volume method in a σ-coordinate computational domain. This coordinate system is employed to accurately represent the free-surface elevation and sediment/water interface evolution. Experimental results of the velocity field, surface wave motion, and scour hole formation hole are used to compare and demonstrate the proposed numerical method’s capabilities to model the seawall scour.

Low-cost nanoscale copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHF), a good selective adsorbent for cesium (Cs+) removal, was prepared using the chemical co-precipitation method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were conducted to determine the CuHF morphology. Copper hexacyanoferrate, Cu13[Fe(CN)6]14.(2K).10H2O, has a cubic structure (space group F-43m) in the range of 10-30 nm and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 462.42 m2/g. The removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ is dependent on pH; the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of CuHF is achieved at a pH = 6. From the Langmuir model, qmax = 143.95 mg/g for Cs+ and 79.26 mg/g for Sr2+, respectively. At high concentrations, Na+, Ca2+, and K+ ions have very little effect on Cs+ removal, and Na+ and K+ ions have a higher affinity for removing Sr2+ than Ca2+ at all concentrations. CuHF has a high affinity for alkaline cations in the order: Cs+ > K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+, as proposed and discussed.

The delta of the Mekong River is one of the largest in the world, with the Mekong River carrying a large amount of sediments in its Region of Freshwater Influence (ROFI). This study investigates the flow structure and movement of both suspended and bedload sediments in the ROFI of the Lower Mekong Delta (LMD) in order to identify areas prone to sediment accretion and erosion. This is accomplished by applying the three-dimensional Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity (CROCO) model and then calculating the sediment budget of different stretches of the coastline. The model outputs, depicting areas experiencing sediment accretion and erosion along the coastline of the LMD, are then compared against observations obtained during the period 1990–2015 and demonstrate the ability of the model to identify areas particularly prone to erosion and where preventive actions against coastal erosion should focus.

In this paper, we introduce a second-order time- and space-accurate technique, developed to solve in parallel free-surface flows in arbitrary three-dimensional geometries. The discretization is based on a second-order finite-volume technique on prisms elements, consisting of triangular grids on the horizontal and bounded by a free surface and an irregular bottom on the vertical. The equations are transformed vertically to the σ-coordinate system in order to obtain an accurate representation of top and bottom topography. The reconstruction of three presure/velocity decoupling methods using a Crank-Nicolson scheme formulation is proposed. The Momentum Interpolation Method (MIM) is combined with Local Extremum Diminishing (LED) second-order upstream scheme for convective terms is developed. The parallelization is designed by a block domain decomposition technique. The discretization results in non-symmetric variable-coefficient linear systems which are solved using a parallel multi-color Successive Over-Relaxation algorithm. Several test cases of surface wave motion are used to demonstrate the capabilities, numerical stability and performance of the model.

Super broadband NIR (near-infrared) emission and energy transfer of Nd–Bi–Er co-doped transparent silicate glass-ceramics under excitation 808 nm laser diode were investigated. Super broadband NIR emission in Nd–Bi–Er co-doped extending from 1000 to 1600 nm with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 600 nm were observed. This result is due to the overlapping NIR emission band centered at 1275 nm (ES1 → GS) of Bi-related and NIR emission band centered at 1063 nm (4F3/2 → 4I11/2) of Nd3+ as well as NIR emission spectral band centered at 1546 nm (4I13/2 → 4I15/2) of Er3+. At the same time, the energy transfer processes between Bi-related, Nd3+ and Er3+ were also discussed and proposed.

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Bacterial pollution in the water comes in particular from Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms, responsible for gastroenteritis and diarrhea, intestinal streptococci or enterococci (urinary tract infections and peritonitis), salmonella which can cause serious gastroenteritis, shigella (dysen-teritis, gastroenteritis), cholera vibrio (cholera). As 23 sites on the Seine and Marne Rivers (Parisian Region) would be identified as the natation competition sites for the Paris-2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the water quality at these sites should be seriously monitored. Numerical modeling can be considered one powerful tool to watch the water quality parameters. However, measurements show that the water quality is not homogeneous in a river cross-section, and one-dimensional (1D) models are not enough to accurately calculate the bacteriological concentration dispersion in the aquatic environments. Therefore, a two-dimensional model has been developed by coupling the TELEMAC-2D model and its water quality module WAQTEL for simulating bathing water quality in the Seine and Marne Rivers. The model was validated against in situ measurements and was compared against a 1D model. Results show that this model can simulate not only the longitudinal evolution but also the transverse dispersion of bacteriological pollutants. Then, a 3D multi-layer model has been developed around a bathing site using the TELEMAC-3D model. The result of the 3D model is promising and allows us to get a finer representation of the bacteriological concentration in three dimensions.

In this study, lanthanum aluminosilicate glasses with compositions of 45SiO

Tide is influenced due to not only mainly tide generating force but also local wind and weather patterns. The East Asian monsoons cause strong seasonal climatic variations in the Mekong Delta. A two-dimensional, barotropic numerical model was employed to investigate the dynamics of tidal wave propagation in the South China Sea with a particular interest for its characteristics along the Mekong deltaic coast under wind monsoon climate. The results reveal that wind monsoon climate could causes damped or amplified tidal amplitudes around Mekong deltaic coast approximately 2–3 cm due to the changing atmospheric pressure, the tangential stress of wind over the water surface, and wind enhanced bottom friction. The monsoon climate influences rather strongly on the M2 semidiurnal tide system in the eastern Mekong deltaic coast, meanwhile the monsoon climate controls K1 diurnal tide in the western region of Mekong delta.

The significant defensive role of vegetation in general and mangroves in particular for coastal and estuarine regions has been increasingly recognized. However, understanding the shallow flow field in and around the region of vegetation is still limited. In order to gain more insight, a laboratory experiment of a vegetated compound channel was conducted. The emerged circular cylinders are a representative model for the emergent mangrove forest. Scenarios of different widths and densities of vegetation were considered. Data acquired from Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) and force sensors have been analysed. The influences of vegetation on the shallow flow field were clarified by comparing different scenarios with and without vegetation. Furthermore, the results confirm the presence of the large horizontal coherent structures (LHCSs). The large coherent structures formed in the mixing layer at the vegetation interface emerge, promoting the transverse momentum exchange toward the forests. The LHCSs has not only boosted flow penetration into the vegetated floodplain area but also strongly disturbed the flow inside the forest. As the LHCSs move, they cause the fluctuation of the force on the cylinders. The fluctuations are largest at the vegetation edge. Negative values of stream wise forces were also recorded.

The aim of this work is to present a numerical method for fast evolving flows governed by the two-dimensional shallow water equations semi-coupled with the Exner sediment balance equation for bed evolutions. The method is based on Chorin’s projection, which combines the momentum and continuity equations in order to establish a Poisson-type equation for the water surface level including the bed evolution. The equations are discretized using an unstructured finite-volume technique. In the model, a second-order upwind scheme combined with a Local Extremum Diminishing method is developed to handle convection terms. A comparison with quasi-analytical and existing numerical results are done to test the performance of the used scheme, including the modeling of a dam-break on a mobile bed.

The near/mid-infrared emission of Er3+-doped, Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped and Er3+-Mn2+-Yb3+ tri-doped in 40SiO2–(22.9-x)Al2O3–20BaF2–10LaF3–5TiO2– xMnO–0.1Er2O3–2Yb2O3 (in mol.%, x = 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 10.0) (acronym: SGC-xMn) transparent silicate glass-ceramics were prepared. Enhanced near/mid-infrared emission intensity of Er3+-doped bands centered at ∼1.54 and ∼2.73 µm in transparent silicate glass-ceramics via Mn2+–Yb3+ dimer under 980 nm excitation were investigated. XRD results indicate that the Mn2+ ions are dispersed into the glass matrix. With the forming of Mn2+–Yb3+ dimer and the energy transfer processes from Mn2+–Yb3+ dimer and Mn2+ to Er3+ ions has led to NIR emission intensity of Er3+-doped at ∼1.54 µm was increased significantly about four-fold and the MIR emission intensity of Er3+-doped at ∼2.73 µm was increased about third-fold. In addition, based on the decay time spectra, mechanism of energy transfer processes between Mn2+–Yb3+ dimer, Mn2+ and Er3+ ions were also discussed.

The Bi+-doped, Nd3+-doped, and Nd3+-Bi+ co-doped in SiO2–Al2O3–BaF2–LaF3–TiO2 transparent silicate glass-ceramics were fabricated by conventional melting-quenching technique. The super broadband near-infrared luminescence, decay time spectra in Nd3+-Bi+ co-doped transparent silicate glass-ceramics under 808 nm excitation were investigated. The interesting in this paper is due to energy transfer between Bi+ and Nd3+ ions already exists lead to super broadband NIR emission extending from 1050 to 1550 nm with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 480 nm which covered the whole O, E and S bands were observed in the Nd3+-Bi+ co-doped transparent silicate glass ceramics. In addition, based on the decay time spectra, mechanism of energy transfer processes between Bi+ and Nd3+ ions were also discussed and proposed.

The importance of the two-phase flow model relies upon the correct simulation of specific problems in which the passive tracer model fails; however, the mathematical and numerical models need to be improved in order to reproduce fluid-solid particle interactions of greater complexity. Such is the case with regard to simulating erosion patterns suffered upon horizontal granular beds by means of a vertical water jet as shown here. Moreover, sequential platforms have proven to be insufficient in providing the required computational power needed to obtain fast and detailed simulations. In this paper, a fully parallel algorithm for a two-dimensional x / z two-phase Eulerian approach is presented and applied for the numerical solution of the erosion of sediment beds. The parallelization is designed by a row and column block domain decomposition technique using a distributed memory platform with Message Passing Interface (MPI). Arising from the numerical method, a Poisson problem for the pressure is solved at each time step. The discretization results in a non-symmetric variable-coefficient linear system which is solved using several parallel Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) algorithms, including partitioning and coloring methods. The specification of the optimal relaxation parameter to achieve efficiency is found numerically. Results show that SOR methods achieve faster convergence rates and the simulation time achieves an order similar to that required for the typical, widely-used Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGSTAB) method. The performances of the algorithms are evaluated in terms of speedup and efficiency. The results indicate that the parallel code significantly improves the results of the sequential calculation in general.

The SiO2-Al2O3-BaF2-TiO2-CaF2 transparent silicate glass-ceramics containing BaF2 nanocrystals were successfully prepared by heat treatment process through conventional melting method. Effects of heat treatment processes and Yb3+ concentration on the downconversion (DC) emission of the co-doped Er3+/Yb3+ transparent silicate glass-ceramics were investigated. With the increase of temperatures and times of heat treatment process, the DC emission intensity of the co-doped Er3+/Yb3+ glass-ceramics was significantly enhanced. At the same time, with the increase of Yb3+ concentration, the value of DC intensity of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped bands centered at 849, 883 and 1533 nm is maximized when the concentration of Yb3+ reaches 2.5 mol.%. When the concentration exceed 2.5 mol. %, the DC emission intensity of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped bands centered at 849, 883 and 1533 nm was decreased, owing to the self-quenching effect. It’s interesting that the DC emission intensity of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped band centered at 978 nm didn’t quench when the Yb3+ concentration exceed 2.5 mol. %. At the same time, the DC mechanism and ET processes between Yb3+ and Er3+ ions were discussed.

The effects of Mn 2+ ions on the enhancement red upconversion emission intensity of Mn 2+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doped transparent glass-ceramics were investigated. The ratio I 698nm / I 478nm significantly increases about ten-fold with the increase of Mn 2+ concentrations up to 4.0 mol.%. The red upconversion emission of Mn 2+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doped transparent glass-ceramics is greatly enhanced, due to constitution of the energy transfer bridge. The upconversion mechanism, the energy transfer and back energy transfer processes between the ( 1 G 4 → 3 H 6 ), ( 3 F 2 → 3 H 6 ) transitions of Tm 3+ ions and the ∣ 2 F 7/2 , 4 T 1 〉 → ∣ 2 F 7/2 , 6 A 1 〉 transitions of Mn 2+ –Yb 3+ dimer were discussed.

We investigate and report the broadband flat near-infrared (NIR)/mid-infrared (MIR) emissions of Tm3+–Ho3+ co-doped, and Tm3+–Ho3+–Yb3+ tri-doped SiO2–ZnO–K2O–La2O3 zinc silicate glasses under excitation of 808 and 980 nm laser diode (LD). Broadband relatively flat MIR emissions of Tm3+–Ho3+ co-doped, and Tm3+–Ho3+–Yb3+ tri-doped with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 420, and 390 nm corresponding to commercial of 808, 980 nm LD excitations were identified. The role of Yb3+ in enhancing the intensity of the NIR/MIR emissions of Tm3+–Ho3+ co-doped, and Tm3+–Ho3+–Yb3+ tri-doped was also investigated. The GTm(λ), GHoλ) gain coefficient spectra of Tm3+ single-doped, and Ho3+ single-doped were determined respectively. Besides, the mechanisms for cross-relaxation (CR), energy transfer (ET), cooperative ET (CET) processes between Tm3+, Ho3+, and Yb3+ are proposed and discussed.

In this article, using the operator projection technique, we will theoretically study the electron-interface phonon scattering process due to the absorbtion and emission of interface phonons by calculating the expression for the absorption power (AP) in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells (QWs). The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the magneto-interface phonon resonance peaks was obtained by using the profile method. The FWHM is given as functions of the temperature, well width, and magnetic field presented to compare for both the barrier material AlAs and well material GaAs in the two cases of emission and absorbtion of interface modes. The result clearly demonstrates important roles of the interface optical modes when the well width is small enough.

In this paper, the upconversion (UC) emission of Tm3+/Cr3+/Yb3+ tri-doped in SiO2–AlF3–BaF2–La2O3 transparent fluorosilicate glass-ceramics (SGC) containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals were investigated. The enhancement of red UC emission of Tm3+/Cr3+/Yb3+ tri-doped in SiO2–AlF3–BaF2–La2O3 transparent SGC were also investigated. Through the energy transfer processes between Cr3+ and Tm3+, and the combination of Cr3+-Tm3+ led to the red UC emission intensity of Tm3+/Cr3+/Yb3+ tri-doped transparent SGC bands centered at ~806 and ~858 nm has been significantly enhanced. The CIE chromaticity coordinates for UC emission of Tm3+/Cr3+/Yb3+ tri-doped in SGC-0.2Tm1Cr2Yb transparent SGC sample is calculated (x = 0.704; y = 0.296) and the UC emission of Tm3+/Cr3+/Yb3+ tri-doped in SiO2–AlF3–BaF2–La2O3 transparent SGC has been identified in red color region of CIE chromaticity coordinates. In addition, the ET processes between Cr3+ and Tm3+ are also proposed and discussed.

We study effects of Y3+ on the enhancement near-infrared emission of Bi+-Er3+ co-doped in transparent silicate glass-ceramics for optical amplifiers. The differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy to determine the effects of Y3+ on the structure of BaF2 nanocrystals in glass-ceramics. With increasing the concentration of Y3+ from 0 up to 10 mol. %, the near-infrared emission intensities of Bi+-doped, Er3+-doped and Bi+-Er3+ co-doped bands centered at 1276 and 1546 nm also increase, and the full width at half maximum is about 460 nm. At the same time, when the concentration of YF3 increases from 4 up to 10 mol. %: all the glass transition temperature, the crystallization onset temperature, and the crystallization peaks temperature increase, resulting in a shift of the 2θ with a difference Δθ = 0.3°. In addition, we study the thermal properties through differential thermal analysis curves.