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Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the first leading cause of cancer death (25.5%) among women across the world. Oxidative stress and overproduction of free radicals are among the most important reasons for the progression of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with pomegranate juice on Serum microRNAs levels related to the oxidant/antioxidant system of women recovering from breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 women recovering from breast cancer with a mean age of 42.45±1.95 were randomly assigned into four equal groups (n=10), including control, pomegranate juice, aerobic exercise, and aerobic-pomegranate. The aerobic and aerobic-pomegranate groups performed eight 60-90-min sessions of exercises three times a week with an intensity of 50% to 70% of the target heart rate. The pomegranate juice group received 100 cc of juice before each training session. Blood samples were collected 48 h before and after the intervention. Oncogenic microRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-155, were assayed by RT-PCR. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0/05. Results: In total, eight weeks of aerobic exercise with the consumption of pomegranate juice caused a significant decrease in miR-21 (P=0.001) and miR-155 (P=0.001) levels in women recovering from breast cancer, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and consumption of pomegranate juice simultaneously reduced oncogene microRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-155, in women recovering from breast cancer.

Background and aims: Musclin is a factor secreted by skeletal muscle and a potent regulator of glucose metabolism that responds to exercise. Therefore, exercise-induced musclin may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of musclin, exercise-induced myokine on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 7 rats per each: non-diabetic, diabetic and training diabetic. Type 1 diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). After familiarization, training diabetic rats ran increasingly on a rodent treadmill for 4 weeks (5 consecutive days per week). After the 4-week period, serum glucose, insulin and musclin (using Elisa kit), and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured and HbA1c was determined. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. Results: Increased serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats increased HbA1c compared to non-diabetic rats (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of exercise training, HbA1c decreased along with a decrease in serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats (p < 0.05), so that a decrease in serum glucose and insulin in diabetic rats was associated with a improvement in lipid profile resulting in a decrease in HbA1c (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Four weeks of aerobic training by regulating circulating musclin improved lipid profile and HbA1c in type 1 diabetes. Hence, musclin, exercise-induced myokine could decrease HbA1c in hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, including cardiovascular problems, increase the cost of health care. With proper planning to change lifestyle, like costs and complications of type 1 diabetes could be diminished. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic and resistance training on blood CRP level of type 1 diabetic patients as a protective marker on cardiovascular cells. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 32 patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into two groups of aerobic and resistance exercise training. Serum CRP levels were measured in all patients before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Bootstrap and SPSS tests. Results: In this study, for abnormal data, Bootstrap method was used, which created an acceptable confidence interval. And using analysis of variance to control the effect of CRP (interfering) level before and after exercise was not significant (P=0.37). Conclusion: Considering the relationship between exercise training with CRP level in type 1 diabetic patients specially in aerobic training group as well as CRP level according to the training program condition, it can be concluded that there is not effective relationship between this biomarker and exercise training in type 1 diabetic patients.

The aim of study was to investigate the static and dynamic balance performance after different intensity and duration of running. Fifteen male football player (a=21.6 ± 0.9 y, h=172.4 ± 6.1 cm, w=68.4 ± 6.7 kg) participated. Conconi test on treadmill and variables of different exercises (Aerobic, Anaerobic, Mixed, Prolonged Intermittent and Super Maximal Intermittent) were measured. Then before and after each exercise participants did Y balance test (YBT), balance error scoring system (BESS), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to data analysis. Results showed no significant difference in double leg position on firm surface after various exercises (p

Objective: Laboratory studies on diabetic rats have shown that diabetic rats have a lower beta cell mass than healthy rats. On the other hand, over the years, with tremendous advances in genetic science, many studies have been done on the expression of genes and its effective factors, such as physical activity. One of these genes is AKT / PKB. Due to the association between the expression of this gene and type 2 diabetes, the effect of physical activity on the expression of this gene seems to be necessary. Materials and Methods: 30 male Wistar 10 week olds were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training. The diabetic control group was diabetic and injected with nicotinic amide and streptozotocin. The diabetic group was trained for 12 weeks Aerobic on the treadmill. Results: Based on independent t-test, aerobic training showed a significant increase in the relative expression of AKT / PKB in the pancreatic tissue of the aerobic diabetic group compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: The AKT / PKB signaling pathway not only plays an important role in insulin resistance, but also plays an important role in the ability of beta cells to adapt to increased insulin levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental factors such as aerobic activity. The expression of the AKT / PKB gene expression can be effective in improving the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Background: Panic disorder is among the prevalent mental disorders. By unexpected and spontaneous occurrence of panic attacks, it can be found that this disorder is accompanied by cognitive and physical symptoms, which can cause cardiovascular, respiratory, neural, and intestinal disorders, perspiration, shivering, fever, and psychological problems. Since aquatic exercises are effective in reducing cardiovascular symptoms, this study aimed to determine the effect of aquatic exercises on QT interval in patients with panic disorder. Methods: 36 women with panic disorder, mean age of 38.60 ± 6.45 years, and mean weight of 70.64 ± 11.04 kg were selected purposively after medical screening and placed randomly in two groups experimental and control (n = 18). QT intervals were measured by electrocardiography (ECG), before the intervention and 12 weeks after it. Experimental group participated in a 12-week program for aquatic exercises (three weekly sessions in 1.5-hour basis for each session, with the intensity of 50-80% of maximum heart rate). Patients in control group continued their normal life. All the variables were remeasured after 12 weeks. Paired t-test was used to compare within the groups and ANOVA test was used for the intergroup comparison. Findings: Comparison of the means between the two groups showed that after 12 weeks of aquatic exercises, significant reductions were observed for QT interval, corrected QT interval (QTc), QRS interval, and heart rate (HR) in patients with panic disorder in experimental group compared to the controls (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Hence, aquatic exercises can be used as a method for improving cardiovascular factors in patients with panic disorder.

Background and Objectives: The fibrinolytic system is an important physiological mechanism, the function of which is decomposition of fibrin strands in blood vessels. In the present study, the effect of one season of preparation and competition, was investigated on fibrinolysis, D-dimer, and CRP indices in professional soccer players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 10 soccer players of Sanat Naft Abadan (age, 22.5±2.7 years; weight, 71±4kg; height, 178.5±4.5cm; BMI, 22.2±0.4kg/m2), participated in this study. The subjects performed one season of soccer preparation and competition, which lasted about 10 months. Blood samples (for measuring t-PA, PAI-1, D-dimer, and CRP), were taken in four stages: before the preparation season, after the preparation season, half-season, and at the end of competition season. Data were analyzed using repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results: The training period caused a significant change in t-PA (p=0.003) and PAI-1 (p=0.005) resting levels, but caused no change in D-dimer and CRP resting levels. The paired analysis of the data showed a significant difference between the resting levels of t-PA (p=0.002) and PAI-1 (p=0.004) before the preparation period and after the competition season. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, training causes an increase in the fibrinolysis system potential, hence, this may cause a decrease in the formation of thrombosis in professional soccer players. &nbsp

Objective: Although type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial illness, one of the major risk factors is the prevalence of obesity.In this context, recent genetic studies on diabetics or pre-diabetics, have shown that some of the newly-known genes make the conditions for type 2 diabetes even in the absence of obesity. One of these genes is called mTORC1, which plays an important role in the synthesis of beta cells. This study examined the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the mTORC1 expression, glucose, serum insulin and beta-cell function on diabetic male Wistar rats Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effect of exercise activities on expression of this gene, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training group. The two groups of diabetic control and exercise were diabetic with nicotinamide and streptozotocin injecting, and the training group participated in aerobic training on a treadmill for 12 weeks. Results: The results of the study showed that expression of mTORC1 gene increased significantly after 12 weeks of aerobic training, which resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration and increased beta cell function. Conclusion: Regarding the results of this research and previous studies, the participation in sport exercises, and especially aerobic exercises, increased the expression of mTORC1 gene, increased the synthesis of beta cells, and ultimately control and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND Inspiratory muscle training has been shown to improve exercise performance, however there is limited evidence for its effectiveness in soccer players. This study investigates the effect of inspiratory muscle training on soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance in adolescent male players. METHODS Thirty highly trained soccer players (16-19 y) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: experimental 1 (N.=10), experimental 2 (N.=10) and sham-control (sham, N.=10). All groups performed inspiratory muscle training twice per day and five times per week for 8 weeks. Experimental 1 performed 25-35 breaths at 55% maximal inspiratory pressure, experimental 2 performed 45-55 breaths at 40% maximal inspiratory pressure, whereas sham performed 30 breaths at 15% maximal inspiratory pressure. Measures before and after the intervention involved the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, running-based anaerobic test, repeated high-intensity endurance test, maximal inspiratory pressure, and spirometry. RESULTS Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1: distance increased for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.012 and P=0.031, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Fatigue index calculated from running-based anaerobic test improved for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.014 and P=0.011, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Exercise tolerance (i.e. blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and perceived breathlessness) following the repeated high-intensity endurance test decreased in experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interval training on cardio metabolic risk factors and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes patients. METHOD: This single blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at cardiology clinic of Rajaee hospital in Karaj. Thirty female patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned to interval training exercise (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In interval training exercise patients received interval training exercise with 18 sessions (three sessions per week). Each training session took 25 min and consists a single set of exercise with 10 time repetitions. Training was performed on a cycle ergometer set in constant watt mode at a pedal cadence of 80–100 revolutions/min. Each repetition of the training takes 60 s and there will be a 60 s recovery pried between each repetition. Each training session include a 3-min warm-up and 2-min cool-down at 50 W for a total of 25 min. Blood samples and of all the subjects were taken at baseline, 3 weeks after intervention and at the end of the study (6 weeks). RESULTS: In intervention group, comparing with controls participants, a significant decrease were observed in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and HA1c after training program (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of current study showed that interval training as a type of planned physical activity can be effective in lowering cardiovascular risk factors, especially lowering cholesterol and triglycerides, and can also have a beneficial effect on improving NO.

Background: Decreased physical activity and blood pressure both are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Aerobic training and grape seed extract has a very high potential in reducing or inhibiting of blood pressure and double product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training and grape seed extract on some cardiovascular functional indexes in non-active men. Methods: 40 healthy untrained male students with a mean age of 22.60 ± 0.98 years, mean weight of 76.07 ± 5.11 kg and body fat of 18.06 ± 1.64 percent were divided randomly in 4 equal groups of training-supplement, training-placebo, supplement and control. Aerobic training program consisted of three sessions of running per week with the target of 60-85 percent heart rate for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and rate-pressure product (RPP) were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey methods. Findings: Aerobic training along with grape seed extract consumption significantly reduced heart rate, systolic blood pressure and RPP in training-supplement and supplement groups (P < 0.05), significantly reduced HR and rate-pressure product in training-placebo group (P < 0.05), and did not significantly changed diastolic blood pressure in any groups (P > 0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control group in any of the parameters (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic training either alone (training-placebo) or in combination with grape seed extract (training-supplement) and grape seed extract alone consumption (supplement), reduce cardiovascular functional indexes in non-active men.

Introduction: Cortisol is reported to be a factor for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) in patients affected by panic disorders. On the other hand, HPA disorders can increase insulin resistance. The effect of intense aerobic exercise on the cortisol levels has also been reported on the patients with mental disorders. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of exercises in water on the cortisol and blood insulin levels in the patients affected by panic disorder. Hence, the purpose of this article was to review the effects of aqua training on cortisol and insulin levels of patients with panic disorder. Methods: Thirty six women affected by panic disorder with the average (age 38.6 ± 6.45 years and weight 70.64 ± 11.04 kg) were randomly divided in two groups of aqua training group (n=18) and the control group (n=18).The aqua training group participated in a 12-week program for water exercises (three sessions a week, each session lasting one hour, and with the intensity of 50- 85 % of maximum heart rate) and the control group continued their normal life. Pretest and posttest blood samples were taken for measuring the cortisol and blood insulin levels. Data were statistically analyzed by independent and paired sample t tests (p≤0.05). Results: The results showed that aqua training has significant effect on reduction of insulin of patients with panic disorder (p=0.001), nevertheless it has no significant effect on cortisol of patients with panic disorder (p=0.52). Conclusion: It appears that aqua training could improve the insulin levels of patients with panic disorder.

Introduction: Dust has become one of the serious problems of people, and (more) especially in the cities of western and southwestern Iran. Despite the importance of the issue of dust, little has been done on this phenomenon, and there are many questions about many aspects of this phenomenon. This study sought to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise in dust -filled air and compare it with clean air on non-athletic overweight male using pulmonary function indicators. Methods: Of the eligible candidates, 30 persons were selected in a targeted and accessible manner. The subjects were given two separate days in the clean and dusty air at the physiology lab of the Islamic Azad University of Sousangerd to perform a daily treadmill incremental aerobic exercise session. A spirometry test was used to determine the pulmonary function indicators before and after an incremental exercise test session in both days of clean air and high dust (with similar humidity and temperature). For statistical analysis of data Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and paired sample t test (p≤0.05) were used. Results: Paired sample t test for changes in both airs indicated that there was significant difference in changes of FEV1 (p=0.004) and MVV (p=0.004) after incremental aerobic exercise between clean and dusty airs, nevertheless there were no significant difference in changes of FVC (p=0.27), FEV1/FVC (p=0.50) and VC (p=0.16) after incremental aerobic exercise between clean and dusty airs. Conclusion: One session of incremental aerobic exercise in dusty air is associated with decreasing pulmonary function indicators and decreasing pulmonary function capacity.

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of acute resistance exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in the elderly. Methods & Materials: 22 healthy older men participated in this study (mean age of 60-75 years old). 72 hours after the determination of muscular maximal strength (by 1-RM test), subjects participated in acute resistance exercises via 75% 1-RM. Three blood samples were collected at before, immediately and 4hours after the exercise from Antecubital vein. Serum BDNF, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 measured by ELISA methods. Also, for statistical analyses Pearson correlation test and Repeated Measures (1×3) were used. Significant level was set at P≤0.05. Results: The results showed that, occurs significantly increased in serum BDNF levels, immediately after a session of resistance exercise. But 30 minutes after completion of the protocol, there were no significant changes compared to the serums before the activity (P≤0.05). There was also a significant increase in the amount of IGF-1, after a session of resistance exercise. But 30 minutes after completion of the protocol, there was no significant change compared to the serums before the activity (P≤0.05). In the end, there was no significant change in the levels of IGFBP-3 in immediately and 30 minutes after resistance exercise protocol, compared to the serums before the activity. Conclusion: Summery, the results of this study showed that, in response to resistance exercise, the amount of BDNF and IGF-1 significantly increased, at immediately after the exercise, but there was no significant changes in the levels of IGFBP-3. According to the results of this study, it seems, resistance exercise causes positive changes in the amount of neurotrophic factors which involved in learning and memory. Subsequently, it may causes reduction in the prevalence of neurological disorders associated with learning and memory impairments such as Alzheimer's, depression and dementia in elderly.

in the VT group, while no vibration was applied for the non-VT group. Then, both groups ran downhill on a -5° treadmill at a speed of 5-7.5 km/hour (increasing speed). Twenty-four-hours before and after the vibration training, serum creatine kinase levels, pressure pain threshold and the rate of edema were measured. Results: Compared with the non VT group, the VT group showed a significant decrease in pressure pain threshold at 15 cm of patellar point (P = 0.042) and calf muscle (P = 0.041), there were no significant differences between groups in the pressure pain threshold at 5 cm (P = 0.509) and 10 cm (P = 0.152) points. There was no significant change in the edema rate at the Gastrocnemius muscle (P = 0.420) and midpoint of quadriceps muscle (P = 0.380) in VT and non-VT groups. Despite the increase in creatine kinase enzymes in the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.173). Conclusions: The results showed that using the vibration training can affect delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) reduction between non-VT and VT groups. Further studies with larger samples are needed to determine the vibration training positive and negative effects.

Background & Objectives : Intense training increases the production of free radicals and causes inflammatory response in athletes. Strengthen and improving athlete’s immune system may reduce the harmful effects of intense physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate supplementary consumption of coenzyme Q10 on serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) during the maximal activity. Methods : Twelve healthy active males (age 21.75 ± 0.64 yr, BMI 23.7±0.94 kg/m2) performed 30-min exercise at 80% to 85% HRmax. Subjects 120 minutes pre-exercise received either of the following regimens: Coenzyme Q10 (2 mg per kg body weight) or placebo (food color). Blood samples were obtained prior to supplement consumption and immediately after exercise, then groups were reversed after 4 days. The data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test. The statistical significance was set at p

Background: Recently the role of apelin in improvement of dislipidemia has been known. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of regular exercise-induced apelin on dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty eight diabetic male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: Non-diabetic (n=9), control diabetic (n=9) and trained diabetic (n=10). Type 2 diabetes was induced by injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin. The aerobic training program included 8-week running on treadmill progressively for 45 min at a speed of 24 m/min and a 5% grade. After the period of training, plasma level of apelin and lipids (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and FFA) were measured. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analyzing data and p Results: In trained diabetic compared with control diabetic group, a significant increase in apelin, a significant decrease in plasma level of LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG, an insignificant decrease in TC and FFA, and an insignificant increase in HDL-C were observed. Conclusion: Results of present study showed that increase in plasma level of apelin following regular exercise by inhibition of lipolysis and decrease of blood lipids can improve dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetic rats.

Background: Physical exercise can induce imbalance of different cytokines by leading them towards an inflammatory and immunosuppressive milieu. Fish-oil (FO) supplementation may modulate the mentioned skewed balance following intense exercise. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of intense physical exercise and FO supplementation on cytokine production and helper T (Th) cell phenotype in male elite paddlers. Subjects and methods: Male elite paddlers consumed 6 g/day of either FO capsules (n¼11) containing 3.6 g long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid and 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid) or placebo capsules (n¼11) for 4 weeks. The paddlers simultaneously undertook a program of increasing exercise. Blood samples were taken from all the subjects 48 h before and after the 4 weeks of supplementation. Results: Our results show that while FO supplementation decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the elite paddlers, it increases the production of IL-6. On the other hand, while there was no change in IL-4 secretion, the production of interferon (IFN)-γ was significantly decreased after 4 weeks FO consumption. We also showed that the production of IL-10 was significantly higher in the FO group compared to the placebo. Finally, we found that fish-oil consumption shifts the balance between Th cells towards Th2 phenotype during intensive exercise. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during intense exercise can induce the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine networks that are associated with a reduced Th1/Th2 ratio in elite paddlers.

The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effect of Creatine,Beta-Alanine, combine Creatine-BetaAlanine on peak torque, time to peak and torque development of knee extensor muscles in speeds of 60 and 180 degree/seconds. torque parameters of 40 healthy university athletes dominant leg knee extensors in angular velocity of 60 and 180 degrees per second in the isokinetic machine in 40 subjects in the pre-test and post-test were measured. Analysis of covariance was used to data analysis. No significant changes in peak torque, time to peak and torque development of knee extensor muscles after short-term use of Creatine,Beta-Alanine, combine Creatine*Beta-Alanine at any rate in speeds of 60 and 180 degrees per second. shortterm consumption (5 days) of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, combine Creatine*BetaAlanine cannot lead to peak torque, time to peak and torque development of knee extensor muscles in speeds of 60 and 180 degrees per second improvement. Introduction Creatine and Beta-Alanine has become a popular nutritional supplement among athletes. Short-term creatine supplementation has been reported to improve maximal power/ strength; work performed during sets of maximal effort muscle contractions, single-effort sprint performance, and work performed during repetitive sprint performance(1-3) Recently, attempts have been made to enhance the effects of creatine by adding β-alanine to its formula. β-alanine, an amino acid derivative, has been shown to increase carnosine concentrations within skeletal muscle(6). Carnosine has been shown to enhance the buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise(5). Although creatine supplementation alone has been shown to improve fatigue rates in anaerobic exercise(7), additional benefits supplied by β-alanine may further reduce the rate of fatigue in muscle providing for a greater training stimulus. The endocrine system has been shown to respond to changes in exercise intensity, volume, and rest(8). Considering that creatine supplementation is thought to improve the quality of the workout, it may have important implications to endocrine function and influence on muscle remodeling. Although limited research has indicated that creatine supplementation does not influence the acute responses to an exercise stress(4,7), its’ ability to change resting hormonal concentrations is less understood. Volek and colleagues have indicated that alterations in resting hormonal concentrations are unable to explain performance and body composition changes during a 4 wk resistance training program(11). However, the aim of this study was to compare the short-term effect of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, combine Creatine*Beta-Alanine and amount of consumption on peak torque, time to peak and torque development of knee extensor muscles in speeds of 60 and 180 degree/seconds. Methods 40 active healthy subjects without disease and the lack of any special diet or taking any type of supplement voluntarily were selected to participate in the study. After explanation of the study objectives and complete the consent form, the subjects were randomly divided into five groups: creatine(n=8), placebo(n=8), beta-alanine(n=8), or placebo(n=8) and control(n=8). All participants signed an informed consent form before participating in the study. Ethics approval center for study was Tehran medical university that this center ethic review board previously reviewed the study protocol and then study were done. Subjects were familiarized with the isokinetic device and several times were trained the isokinetic test conditions and repeated the knee extension with maximum power. Three days later than the subject’s familiarization with the testing, the subjects’ height and weight measured with a digital scale and stediometer Model Es-1200 respectively and the pre test of biodex isokinetic Pro. 3 were taken. To obtain parameters related to the torque of the knee extensor muscles the dominant leg(a foot which subject strikes the ball), isokinetic machine was set so that each subjects performed knee extension at angular velocities of 60 and 180° per second six times with a maximal power. Creatine supplementation was performed on 5 consecutive days. Placebo group received glucose supplements as placebo. The betaalanine Supplement consumed as a capsules three times daily along with major meals by the experimental group. Finally, the post test of the knee extensor muscle torque was done in speeds of 60 and 180 degree per second immediately days after the end of supplementation. The covariance analysis used for statistical analysis in alpha level at ≤0.05 in SPSS program version 16. Results Means and standard deviations of demographic characteristics in studied groups are shown in table 1. Table1. Means and standard deviations of demographic characteristics in studied groups. Weight(kg) Height(cm) Age(years) 76.46±12.23 178.73±3.34 19.78±1.12 Creatine 77.44±15.69 179.66±8.62 18.26±3.55 Beta-Alanine 78.46±15.23 178.11±3.34 18.00±2.06 combine Creatine *Beta-Alanine 76±12.03 179.73±8.34 19.00±3.23 Placebo 77.06±15 178±3.04 17.71±1.32 Control Covariance analysis results for supplements effect on peak torque in speeds of 60 and 80 degree are shown in table 2 respectively.

Background and Objectives: Apelin is a newly discovered adipokine which plays an important role in regulation of energy homoeostasis and improvement of insulin resistance. However, the effect of exercise training on apelin level in diabetic status is not khown, yet. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training on plasma concentration of apelin and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this randomized experimental study, twenty diabetic male Wistar rats were divided into training and control group. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Four weeks after the development of diabetes, the training group ran 6-week on treadmill. After the training, plasma concentration of glucose, insulin and apelin were measured and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results: There was a statisticaly significant decrease in plasma concentration of glucose and insulin and HOMAIR, and a significant increase in plasma concentration of apelin was observed in training group compared with control group. Furthermore, a significant negative relationship between plasma concentration of apelin and HOMAIR after 6 weeks aerobic training was found. Conclusion: It seems that 6-week aerobic training by changes in plasma concentration of apelin, glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR can be effective in treatment of type 2 diabetes in rats.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of resistance exercise intensity on leptin;adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in young healthy men. Methods: Fifteen healthy malesubjects voluntarily participated in the study. After two familiarization sessions and determiningthe maximal strength; all subjects completed three resistance exercise trials at an intensitycorresponding to 30%; 55%; and 80% of 1-RM randomly. Two blood samples were obtainedbefore exercise and immediately after exercise and analyzed for leptin; adiponectin; plasmainsulin and glucose. Results: Data analysis revealed that resistance exercise increasesadiponectin; insulin; glucose; concentrations and insulin sensitivity; while it reduced the leptinconcentration significantly. However; resistance exercise intensity had no significant effect onany of the above variables except for leptin concentration. Conclusions: Based on the findings itcould be concluded that when the resistance exercise volume is equal; except for changes inleptin these changes are not related to the intensity of exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate acute consumption of Coenzyme Q10 supplementationserum concentrations of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) during the maximal activity.Twelve healthy active males (age 21/75 ± 0/64 yr; BMI 23/7±0/94 kg/m2) performed 30-minexercise at 80% to 85% HRmax. Subjects 120 minutes pre-exercise received either of thefollowing regimens: Coenzyme Q10 (2 mg per kg body weight) or placebo. Blood samples wereobtained prior to supplement consumption and immediately after exercise then groups werereversed after 4 days. The data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test. The statisticalsignificance was set at p