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Many scholars claimed that due to maintenance, high reconstruction and construction costs in Malaysia, LCC shows an important role in estimating the cost of rigid pavement. Because of the government's expenditure and high budget allocation on pavement rehabilitation and maintenance work in Malaysia, choosing the most cost-effective pavement maintenance, maximizing the budget allocation and rehabilitation alternatives is essential for transportation agencies. A useful technique LCC of economic analysis that measures the different solutions of cost-effectiveness to rehabilitation and maintenance within the same category of roads. To generate a broad and accurate LCC output, however, it is necessary to ensure that the value information inputs are ready and of sufficient quality to use in the estimationof the LCC. This article shows the findings of Malaysia's systematic literature review inputs for LCC cost information study of dynamic pavement rehabilitation and maintenance. The literature study results showed that the greater part of key players in the construction industry are aware of the need for LCC analysis in the rigid rehabilitation and maintenance of the pavement. In Malaysia the LCC current state system of rigid pavement rehabilitation and maintenance, however, is still in its not only infancystage but also is not ready for the difficulties to be implemented in achieving quality cost data to generate a reliable and comprehensive analysis of life cycle cost. The present findings of the paper which provide information on cost data current state inputs in the construction industry from the LCC analysis of rigid pavement rehabilitation and maintenance.

A major role of cost model is to ensure that the resource being handled is maintainable, functional and secure. The last decade has shown that attention to the idea of cost model added value to accomplish this management. In the context of cost model research and practice, the purpose of this paper is to identify, compare and describe the different cost models and investigate their value parameters. A systematic literature review of various publications has been followed in order to categorize the different theoretical models and to analyze the key quality parameters in the cost model. The established eight theoretical models were described in the sense of cost and the variant research projects and structures have taken into account very diverse parameters. In cost models, this analysis organizes 11-various quality parameters into four relevant headings: individuals, system and material, economy and social. Among all value parameters, cost reduction and customer satisfaction, followed by efficiency, are the most prioritized value parameters. This paper results provide a sound basis and realistic interpretation of future research to harmonize the definition of cost model added value as it is based solely on literature review.

The emerging economies in the South Asian region have embarked on a bold reform process to develop the banking sector. This development has improved the transparency and accountability of the banking sector because these countries focused on ‘best practice’ corporate governance for banks. In view of a rapidly developing market with a slow pace of information dissemination, adverse selection and moral hazard problems are likely to be on the rise and may need a mechanism to train and discipline bank management. It was, therefore timely for the central banks in the region to introduce a ‘best practice’ for the banking system as a whole. This study provides a survey of recent developments in corporate governance of the banking sector in Pakistan and a comparison of similar developments in two other regional economies, namely, India and Bangladesh. In addition to a theoretical discussion on this issue, we also provide an overview of the banking sector restructuring and highlighting important features of the codes of corporate governance established by central banks in the sample countries. In conclusion, we present a comparison of the major differences in these measures across countries and comment on the pace of these developments.