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This study presents a theoretical analysis on the efficiency of interleaving, an efficient online evaluation method for rankings. Although interleaving has already been applied to production systems, the source of its high efficiency has not been clarified in the literature. Therefore, this study presents a theoretical analysis on the efficiency of interleaving methods. We begin by designing a simple interleaving method similar to ordinary interleaving methods. Then, we explore a condition under which the interleaving method is more efficient than A/B testing and find that this is the case when users leave the ranking depending on the item's relevance, a typical assumption made in click models. Finally, we perform experiments based on numerical analysis and user simulation, demonstrating that the theoretical results are consistent with the empirical results., The 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR2023)

Despite the vast diversity of phytophagous insects that feed on vascular plants (tracheophytes), insects that feed on bryophytes remain understudied. Agromyzidae, one of the most species-rich phytophagous clades in Diptera, consists mainly of leaf-mining species that feed on tracheophytes. However, a recent discovery of thallus-mining species on liverworts and hornworts within the Liriomyza group of Phytomyzinae provides an opportunity to study host shifts between tracheophytes and bryophytes. This study aimed to explore the origin and diversification of thallus-miners and estimate the pattern and timing of host shifts. Phylogenetic analysis of Phytomyzinae has revealed that the thallus-mining agromyzids formed a separate clade, which was sister to a fern pinnule-miner. The diversification of bryophyte-associated agromyzids since the Oligocene involved multiple host shifts across various bryophyte taxa. The diversification of the thallus-mining Phytoliriomyza may have occurred at the same time as the leaf-mining agromyzid flies on herbaceous plants, indicating a dynamic history of interactions between bryophytes and herbivores in angiosperms-dominated ecosystems.

Despite the vast diversity of phytophagous insects that feed on vascular plants (tracheophytes), insects that feed on bryophytes remain understudied. Agromyzidae, one of the most species-rich phytophagous clades in Diptera, consists mainly of leaf-mining species that feed on tracheophytes. However, a recent discovery of thallus-mining species on liverworts and hornworts within the Liriomyza group of Phytomyzinae provides an opportunity to study host shifts between tracheophytes and bryophytes. This study aimed to explore the origin and diversification of thallus-miners and estimate the pattern and timing of host shifts. Phylogenetic analysis of Phytomyzinae has revealed that the thallus-mining agromyzids formed a separate clade, which was sister to a fern pinnule-miner. The diversification of bryophyte-associated agromyzids since the Oligocene involved multiple host shifts across various bryophyte taxa. The diversification of the thallus-mining Phytoliriomyza may have occurred at the same time as the leaf-mining agromyzid flies on herbaceous plants, indicating a dynamic history of interactions between bryophytes and herbivores in angiosperms-dominated ecosystems.

We recently published the description of two new buprestid beetle species Habroloma elaeocarpusi and Habroloma taxillusi (Kato and Kawakita 2023). However, no holotype depository is indicated in the paper. In this corrigendum, we indicate the holotype depository and correct the code numbers of the type specimens, which were incorrect.

It is widely recognized that heat-resistant separators improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries. However, it is not clear how the separator contributes to battery safety, or how much heat resistance is required. The state of separators when a short circuit occurs in batteries was simulated and the following tests were conducted. As a first test, the edges of the separator were restrained, and hot air was applied only to a limited part of the specimen. For the second test, a model battery system was constructed and electrical heat generation during the early stage of a short circuit was observed. In these tests, several types of separators were compared with respect to the extent of damage and electrical heat generation. The separators that gave good results during nail penetration tests showed limited damage and electrical heat generation during the previously discussed tests. The heat resistance of a separator should be discussed with regard to whether it can maintain the separator function during electrical heat generation via short circuit.

We propose a method for learning entity orders, for example, safety, popularity, and livability orders of countries. We train linear functions by using samples of ordered entities as training data, and attributes of entities as features. An example of such functions is f(Entity) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$= +0.5$$\end{document} (Police budget) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$-0.8$$\end{document} (Crime rate), for ordering countries in terms of safety. As the size of training data is typically small in this task, we propose a machine learning method referred to as context-guided learning (CGL) to overcome the over-fitting problem. Exploiting a large amount of contexts regarding relations between the labeling criteria (e.g. safety) and attributes, CGL guides learning in the correct direction by estimating a roughly appropriate weight for each attribute by the contexts. This idea was implemented by a regularization approach similar to support vector machines. Experiments were conducted with 158 kinds of orders in three datasets. The experimental results showed high effectiveness of the contextual guidance over existing ranking methods.

Agromyzidae is a dipteran family that has diversified as internal plant feeders. Although most agromyzid species feed on herbaceous angiosperms, only a limited number of species has been recorded as miners of bryophytes. Extensive searches and rearing of bryophytivores in the Japanese Archipelago were made, resulting in that thallus-mining agromyzids are overwhelmingly widespread and diverse on thalloid liverworts and hornworts. By examining the morphology of adult flies, it was revealed that the agromyzid fauna comprise 39 species, of which 37 species are newly described. All the species are assigned to the genus Phytoliriomyza Hendel based on some shared morphological character states as follows: costa reaching M1; orbital setulae minute and erect (rarely proclinate); male epandrium with combs of fused tubercle-like setae and/or hypertrophied arms bearing tubercle-like setae; male distiphallus comprising a pair of stout, extended tubules; female cercus with two stout, apical, trichoid sensilla. Of the 39 agromyzid species in Japan, 36 species are associated with liverworts: 5 spp. on Marchantia (Marchantiaceae), 2 spp. on Dumortiera (Dumortieraceae), 3 spp. on Plagiochasma, 1 sp. on Asterella, 6 spp. on Reboulia (Aytoniaceae), 1 sp. on Wiesnerella (Wiesnerellaceae), 15 spp. on Conocephalum (Conocephalaceae), and 3 spp. on Riccia (Ricciaceae). Three species are associated with hornworts: 1 sp. on Folioceros (Anthocerotaceae), 1 sp. on Megaceros (Dendrocerotaceae), and 1 sp. on Notothylas, Phaeoceros (Notothyladaceae), and Anthoceros (Anthocerotaceae). The results suggest that 37 of the 39 species are host-specific at least to plant genus level, and that the inter-specific differences in male genitalia and color patterns of scutum, antenna, and maxillary palpus have contributed to reproductive isolation on the bryophytes that the flies share.

NTCIR-15 Data Search is a shared task on ad-hoc retrieval for governmental statistical data. The first round of Data Search focuses on the retrieval of a statistical data collection published by the Japan- ese government (e-Stat), and one published by the US government (Data.gov). This paper introduces the task definition, test collection, and evaluation methodology of NTCIR-15 Data Search. This round of Data Search attracted six research groups, from which we re- ceived 17 submissions for the Japanese subtask, and 37 submissions for the English subtask. The evaluation results of these runs are presented and discussed in this paper.

This paper addresses the problem of generating table captions for scholarly documents, which often require additional information outside the table. To this end, we propose a method of retrieving relevant sentences from the paper body, and feeding the table content as well as the retrieved sentences into pre-trained language models (e.g. T5 and GPT-2) for generating table captions. The contributions of this paper are: (1) discussion on the challenges in table captioning for scholarly documents; (2) development of a dataset DocBank-TB, which is publicly available; and (3) comparison of caption generation methods for scholarly documents with different strategies to retrieve relevant sentences from the paper body. Our experimental results showed that T5 is the better generation model for this task, as it outperformed GPT-2 in BLEU and METEOR implying that the generated text are clearer and more precise. Moreover, inputting relevant sentences matching the row header or whole table is effective.

Kato, Makoto, Kawakita, Atsushi, Goto, Ryutaro, Okamoto, Tomoko, Kobayashi, Chisato, Imada, Yume, Nakase, Yuta, Nishioka, Tatsuki, Chanthavong, Bakham, Keothumma, Khamsing, Kosaka, Yasuyuki (2021): Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem. Journal of Natural History 54 (33-34): 2125-2176, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1837977, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1837977

Litoleptis kiiensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: kii-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 c, 3 d, 4 b, 6) Description. Body length: 2.6 mm (n= 6) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 7) in female. Wing length: 2.6 mm (n= 7) in male, 2.8 mm (n= 7) in female. Head Frons bare in male, bare or having a pair of setae in female. Antenna 0.55 mm (n= 3). Antenna 1.0 times in male and 1.3 times in female as long as diameter of eye. First flagellomere with enlarged base; with distinctive depression at middle part (at basal 1 / 3 ��� 2 / 3) of anterior margin; apex slightly enlarged (wider than midpoint width) (Fig. 6 a). Antenna covered with short setae consistently. Male (Fig. 6 b) Gonostylus with semicircle-shaped extension apically, pointed inwardly at apex; smooth in posterior edge of basal major part. Sperm sac bulbous hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process integrated into sperm sac basally, but freely elongate apically. Ejaculatory apodeme short, round at anterior margin of gonocoxite. Less than four bristles at inner corner of ventral surface of gonocoxite. Base of aedeagus connected with paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times as wide as narrowest point. Apex of aedeagus flat with shallow incision at apex. Female (Fig. 6 c) Spermatheca membranous, cone-shaped. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, straight sclerotized columnar duct, arising at less than two-thirds distal length from genital chamber to spermatheca. Common spermathecal duct absent. Genital chamber small. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 28.III. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 22.XI. 2011 at Akabanegawa, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 18), ���Rh 0109���, NMNS. Paratypes. 2 ♂, 9 ♀ (Rh 0110���0132) emerged from 27.III��� 30.IV. 2011, from the larvae collected by MK on 22.XI. 2011 at same locality as holotype, KUHE. Additional materials. In total, 58 specimens were collected. All following materials were obtained as larvae. All specimens are stored in Kyoto University (KUHE). JAPAN [HONSHU] 13 ♂, 15 ♀ (Rh 0133���0161) emerged on 30.III. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 9.III. 2014 at Nanataki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 12). 7 ♂, 7 ♀ (Rh 0162���0175) emerged during 3.IV. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 9.III. 2014 at Hyakkennzannkeikoku, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 13). 4 ♂, 2 ♀ (Rh 0176���0181) emerged on 30.III. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 10.III. 2014 at Takinohai, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 15). 2 ♂ (Rh 0 182, 0183) emerged during 7���9.IV. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 1.IV. 2009 at Youjigawa, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 16). 4 ♂, 4 ♀ (Rh 0212���0223) emerged during 9���11.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 3. IV 2010 at Shimajigawa, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 19). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from the Kii peninsula where this species exists. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Wakayama and Mie Prefectures) in Japan (Fig. 1). Natural history. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Reboulia hemisphaerica (Marchantiales: Aytoniaceae) growing on rocky or clayey slopes in both evergreen and deciduous forests (Fig. 11 f). This species prefers sunny and relatively arid microhabitats compared to the habitat of L. japonica, depending on the microhabitat preference of its host-plant. Adults emerged in spring (March-July, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis kiiensis resembles L. niyodoensis and himukaensis, and can be distinguished from them by the following characters: first flagellomere with distinctive depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin and swollen at apex; gonostylus with semicircle-shaped extension at apex (as opposed to square-shaped in the other two species), and smooth posterior edge of basal part (as opposed to undulate dorsal edge in the other two species); less than four bristles at posteromedial margin of ventral surface of gonocoxite; spermatheca conicalshaped in female (as opposed to round-shaped in L. niyodoensis)., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005

Biology of the Japanese Litoleptis All Japanese Litoleptis species were found to be thallus-miners of thallose liverworts belonging to Aytoniaceae and Conocephalaceae (Marchantiopsida, Marchantiophyta) growing on moist riverine slopes or cliffs in evergreen or deciduous forests (Fig. 11 a). All Litoleptis species in Japan are univoltine, and their larval stages spanned almost eleven months, from spring till late winter. The mines were formed within photosynthetic tissue of the thalli particularly near the upper side but not in the upper epidermis, and sometimes easily were seen through the upper thallus (Fig. 11 b). The mines were linear at first, but occasionally became radiate or marked with blotches later. The number of larvae per thallus was usually one. The larvae underwent pupation inside the mine in early spring (Fig. 11 c). The pupal stage spanned approximately a couple of weeks and then the adults emerged, which lived for only a few days. The adult flies were inactive and their feeding behavior has not been observed so far, nevertheless their labella were well-developed (Fig. 2 a). The adults were seldom found in the field; therefore, it was difficult to observe their behavior. We did however observe in the field a L. japonica female ovipositing at the apical-dorsal part of the thallus of their host-plant later in spring. Each Japanese species of Litoleptis fed on only a single liverwort genus as their host-plant: L. japonica feed on Conocephalum, L. asterellaphile on Asterella, and the other four species on Reboulia. Among the host-plants of the Japanese Litoleptis, Conocephalum conicum species complex and Reboulia hemisphaerica are common in Japan, whereas Asterella odora is extremely rare and whose distribution is restricted in the Kanto Region (Iwatsuki 2001). In general, the Japanese Litoleptis species appeared to be locally distributed in limited area except for L. japonica, nevertheless the mines of Litoleptis spp. were found relatively frequently in each population. In Japan, the association between liverworts and Litoleptis spp. seemed to be as common as it is in Micropterigidae, the most basal moth family (Kristensen 1984). The micropterigid moths in Japan feed on liverworts and collectively have a wide distribution in Japan (Imada et al. 2011). In particular, all the Japan endemic species of Micropterigidae belonging to four endemic genera, feed only on Conocephalum liverworts (Imada et al. 2011). The distribution pattern of these micropterigid species in Japan, which is local and allopatric (Imada et al. 2011), is in contrast to that of Litolepis japonica, which is widespread and covers the main islands of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), even though these two lineages share the same host-plant species., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005, {"references":["Iwatsuki, Z. (2001) Mosses and liverworts of Japan. Heibonsha Ltd, Tokyo, 355 pp.","Kristensen, N. P. (1984) Studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive Lepidoptera (Insecta). Steenstrupia, 10, 141 - 191.","Imada, Y., Kawakita, A & Kato, M. (2011) Allopatric distribution and diversification without niche shift in a bryophyte-feeding basal moth lineage (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 3026 - 3033. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0134"]}

Key to the species of Litoleptis in Japan 1. First flagellomere sharpened to be like a needle at apex (Fig. 5 a). Female spermathecal duct accessory gland originates at base of spermatheca (Fig. 5 b). Male gonostylus with forcep-like extension hollowed dorsally and bifid unevenly at apex (Fig. 5 c). Aedeagus deeply notched at apex (Fig. 5 c). Lateral ejaculatory process absent (Fig. 5 c)..................................................................... L. japonica n. sp. - First flagellomere stylate, tapering toward apex. Female spermathecal duct accessory gland originates in middle of genital chamber and spermatheca. Male gonostylus with extension apically, of which tip not bifurcated. Aedeagus without notch at apex. Lateral ejaculatory process present........................................ 2 2. Lateral ejaculatory process round-shaped, without elongation (Fig. 9 b). Sperm sac widened and forked at anterior end (Fig. 9 b)................................................................... L. izuensis n. sp. - Lateral ejaculatory process elongated transversely (e.g. Fig. 5 b). Sperm sac not forked at anterior end (e.g. Fig. 5 b)...................................................................................... 3 3. Body length shorter than 2.5 mm. Antennal length less than 0.4 mm. Lateral ejaculatory process baculiform without extension at distal end (Fig. 10 c)........................................... L. asterellaphile n. sp. - Body size longer than 2.5 mm. Antennal length longer than 0.4 mm. Lateral ejaculatory process elongate slightly curved at distal end (e.g. Fig. 6 c).............................................................. 4 4. Ejaculatory apodeme more than one-fourth as long as length of gonocoxite (Fig. 8 b)...... L. himukaensis n. sp. - Ejaculatory apodeme more than one-fourth as long as length of gonocoxite.............................. 5 5. First flagellomere with distinctive depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin and enlarged at apex. Spermatheca conical-shaped in female (Fig. 6 b). Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles (Fig. 6 c)..................................................... L. kiiensis n. sp. - First flagellomere with a slight depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin without enlarged apex (Fig. 7 a). Spermatheca rounded at end in female (Fig. 7 b). Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear more than five bristles (Fig. 7 c)............................................ L. niyodoensis n. sp., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005

Biology of the Japanese Litoleptis All Japanese Litoleptis species were found to be thallus-miners of thallose liverworts belonging to Aytoniaceae and Conocephalaceae (Marchantiopsida, Marchantiophyta) growing on moist riverine slopes or cliffs in evergreen or deciduous forests (Fig. 11 a). All Litoleptis species in Japan are univoltine, and their larval stages spanned almost eleven months, from spring till late winter. The mines were formed within photosynthetic tissue of the thalli particularly near the upper side but not in the upper epidermis, and sometimes easily were seen through the upper thallus (Fig. 11 b). The mines were linear at first, but occasionally became radiate or marked with blotches later. The number of larvae per thallus was usually one. The larvae underwent pupation inside the mine in early spring (Fig. 11 c). The pupal stage spanned approximately a couple of weeks and then the adults emerged, which lived for only a few days. The adult flies were inactive and their feeding behavior has not been observed so far, nevertheless their labella were well-developed (Fig. 2 a). The adults were seldom found in the field; therefore, it was difficult to observe their behavior. We did however observe in the field a L. japonica female ovipositing at the apical-dorsal part of the thallus of their host-plant later in spring. Each Japanese species of Litoleptis fed on only a single liverwort genus as their host-plant: L. japonica feed on Conocephalum, L. asterellaphile on Asterella, and the other four species on Reboulia. Among the host-plants of the Japanese Litoleptis, Conocephalum conicum species complex and Reboulia hemisphaerica are common in Japan, whereas Asterella odora is extremely rare and whose distribution is restricted in the Kanto Region (Iwatsuki 2001). In general, the Japanese Litoleptis species appeared to be locally distributed in limited area except for L. japonica, nevertheless the mines of Litoleptis spp. were found relatively frequently in each population. In Japan, the association between liverworts and Litoleptis spp. seemed to be as common as it is in Micropterigidae, the most basal moth family (Kristensen 1984). The micropterigid moths in Japan feed on liverworts and collectively have a wide distribution in Japan (Imada et al. 2011). In particular, all the Japan endemic species of Micropterigidae belonging to four endemic genera, feed only on Conocephalum liverworts (Imada et al. 2011). The distribution pattern of these micropterigid species in Japan, which is local and allopatric (Imada et al. 2011), is in contrast to that of Litolepis japonica, which is widespread and covers the main islands of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), even though these two lineages share the same host-plant species.

Litoleptis asterellaphile Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: saihai-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 j, 3 k, 4 f, 10) Description. Body length: 2.3 mm (n= 5) in male, 2.4 mm (n= 1) in female. Wing length: 2.3 mm (n= 6) in male, 2.6 mm (n= 2) in female. Head Frons bare in both sexes. Antenna 0.31 mm (n= 2). Antenna 0.8 times in male and 1.2 times in female as long as diameter of eyes. First flagellomere oval and enlarged near base, elongate as long tapering segment, sharpened like a straight long hair at tip; in male, flagellomere sometimes sharply curved at middle (Fig. 10 a). Male (Fig. 10 b) Gonostylus slightly tapering toward apex (basal width at most 1.8 times as wide as width of narrowest part), posterior surface of apex hollowed and posterior margin projected as truncated, upward apex inwardly. Sperm sac bulbous not visible in ventral view. Lateral ejaculatory process baculiform. Ejaculatory apodeme moderately long but not reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear one bristle. Aedeagus smoothly connected with paramere at wide joint. Female (Fig. 10 c) Spermatheca membranous, long and narrow, less than half as wide as long. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, sclerotized columnar duct curves middle at right angle, arising at approximately three-fourth distal length from genital chamber to spermathecal ducts. Common spermathecal duct absent. Genital chamber oval, very narrow, occupying fraction of sternite 9 area. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 22.IV. 2011 from the larva collected by MK on 14.XI. 2010 at Nakatsugawa-keikoku, Saitama Pref (Fig. 1: 24), ���Rh 0204���, NMNS. Paratype. 5 ♂, 2 ♀ (Rh 0205���0211), emerged on 2���22.IV. 2011 from the larvae collected by MK on 14.XI. 2010 at the same place (Fig. 1: 24). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, formed by the combination of ��� asterella ���, which being named after the genus of their host-plant, and ���phile���, a suffix that derived from Latin and means ���lover of���. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Saitama Prefecture) (Fig. 1: 24). Natural history. Habitat of this species is rocky cliff along streams and roads in deciduous forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Asterella odora (Marchantiales: Aytoniaceae). Adults emerged in spring (April, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis asterellaphile is smaller in body size than the other species of Litoleptis known in Japan. This species can be distinguished from the other Litoleptis species in Japan by the following characters: gonostylus slightly tapering toward apex (basal width at most 1.8 times as wide as width of narrowest part), posterior surface of apex hollowed and posterior margin projected as truncated, upward apex inwardly; posteromedial margin in ventral surface of the gonocoxite bear one bristle; lateral ejaculatory process baculiform., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005

Imada, Yume, Kato, Makoto (2016): Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan. Zootaxa 4097 (1): 41-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2

Litoleptis izuensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: izu-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 i, 4 e, 9) Description. Body length: 3.4 mm (n= 2) in male. Wing length: 4.3 mm (n= 2) in male. Head Frons bare in male, with sparse hairs in female. Antenna 0.32 mm (n= 2). Antenna 1.1 times as long as diameter of eyes. First flagellomere straight and gradually tapering towards apex, slightly bulbous dorsally near apex; densely covered with comparatively long hairs (Fig. 9 a). Male (Fig. 9 b) Gonostylus with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex. Sperm sac posteriorly cylindrical in internal aedeagual process, and widen and forked toward anterior end. Lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation, weakly sclerotized. Ejaculatory apodeme short, posterior end broad and tapering toward anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles. Aedeagus tapering toward apex; smoothly connected with paramere. Paramere consistently slender, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, holotype, emerged on 7.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at Izu Oshima, Tokyo Metropolitan, Japan (Fig. 1: 23), ���Rh 0202���, NMNS. Paratype. 1 ♂ (Rh 0203), emerged on 2.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at same locality as holotype (Fig. 1: 23), KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from the Izu Oshima Island where this species was found. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Tokyo Metropolitan) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is shaded clayey slope along streams and roads in evergreen Castanopsis forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Reboulia hemisphaerica. Adults emerged in spring (April, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis izuensis can be distinguished from the congeners by the following characters: gonostylus greatly wide at base with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex; paramere narrow, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point; lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation; sperm sac developed and forked at anterior end., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005

Key to the species of Litoleptis in Japan 1. First flagellomere sharpened to be like a needle at apex (Fig. 5 a). Female spermathecal duct accessory gland originates at base of spermatheca (Fig. 5 b). Male gonostylus with forcep-like extension hollowed dorsally and bifid unevenly at apex (Fig. 5 c). Aedeagus deeply notched at apex (Fig. 5 c). Lateral ejaculatory process absent (Fig. 5 c)..................................................................... L. japonica n. sp. - First flagellomere stylate, tapering toward apex. Female spermathecal duct accessory gland originates in middle of genital chamber and spermatheca. Male gonostylus with extension apically, of which tip not bifurcated. Aedeagus without notch at apex. Lateral ejaculatory process present........................................ 2 2. Lateral ejaculatory process round-shaped, without elongation (Fig. 9 b). Sperm sac widened and forked at anterior end (Fig. 9 b)................................................................... L. izuensis n. sp. - Lateral ejaculatory process elongated transversely (e.g. Fig. 5 b). Sperm sac not forked at anterior end (e.g. Fig. 5 b)...................................................................................... 3 3. Body length shorter than 2.5 mm. Antennal length less than 0.4 mm. Lateral ejaculatory process baculiform without extension at distal end (Fig. 10 c)........................................... L. asterellaphile n. sp. - Body size longer than 2.5 mm. Antennal length longer than 0.4 mm. Lateral ejaculatory process elongate slightly curved at distal end (e.g. Fig. 6 c).............................................................. 4 4. Ejaculatory apodeme more than one-fourth as long as length of gonocoxite (Fig. 8 b)...... L. himukaensis n. sp. - Ejaculatory apodeme more than one-fourth as long as length of gonocoxite.............................. 5 5. First flagellomere with distinctive depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin and enlarged at apex. Spermatheca conical-shaped in female (Fig. 6 b). Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles (Fig. 6 c)..................................................... L. kiiensis n. sp. - First flagellomere with a slight depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin without enlarged apex (Fig. 7 a). Spermatheca rounded at end in female (Fig. 7 b). Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear more than five bristles (Fig. 7 c)............................................ L. niyodoensis n. sp.

Litoleptis japonica Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: jagoke-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, 5) Description. Body length: 3.0 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 12) in female. Wing length: 3.2 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.4 mm (n= 9) in female. Head (Fig. 3 a, b) Background color dark brown, clypeus in male generally darker than face. Frons bare in male, generally covered with sparse setae in female. Antennal length 0.5 mm (n= 3). Antenna 0.75 times as long as diameter of eye, covered with dense, appressed microsetae, consistently except distal half of first flagellomere (Fig. 5 a). First flagellomere laterally compressed, oval and enlarged at basal half, sharply tapering toward apex, sharpened to be needle-like at tip and covered with sparse and rough microsetae. Male (Fig. 5 b) Gonostylus wide and thick at basal main component and tapering steeply toward tip (apex approximately 3 times narrower than width at base), with forceps-like extension hollowed dorsally and bifid unevenly at apex. Sperm sac barely visible. Lateral ejaculatory process absent. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively long, reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Dorsal surface of gonocoxite with clear medial chevron in anterior margin. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite without bristles. Aedeagus deeply notched at tip, smoothly connected with paramere at base. Paramere widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times wider than narrowest point. Female (Fig. 5 c) Spermatheca spherical, not sclerotized. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, sclerotized columnar duct, curved at middle to make a right angle. Spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca. Ring at base of spermathecal duct lightly sclerotized. Common spermathecal duct nearly absent. Genital chamber moderately sized, oval. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Haruno-cho, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), “Rh 0001”, NMNS. Paratype. 2 ♂, 5 ♀(Rh 0002–0008), emerged 20–22.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011, same locality as holotype, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), KUHE. Additional materials. In total, 53 specimens were collected. All following materials were obtained as larvae. All specimens are stored in Kyoto University (KUHE). JAPAN [HOKKAIDO] 1 ♀(Rh 0009), emerged 1.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 19.X. 2009 at Aizan-kei, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 1); 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 10, 0011), emerged 16.VI. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 11.VI. 2012 at Mt. Daisengen, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 2). [HONSHU] 1 ♀(Rh 0012), emerged 29.IV. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 24.XI. 2009 at Sekikawa-mura, Niigata Pref (Fig. 1: 3); 1 ♀(Rh 0013), emerged 18.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 26.IV. 2010 at Hakusan, Fukui Pref (Fig. 1: 5). 25 ♀(Rh 0014–0038), emerged 21.IV– 4.V. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 6.IV. 2010 at Kibune, Kyoto Pref (Fig. 1: 6). 5 ♀(Rh 0039–0043), emerged 30.III– 2.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 20.II.. 2011 at Akame-no-taki, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 7). 2 ♂, 3 ♀(Rh 0044–0048), emerged 26.III– 1.IV. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 4.III. 2012 at Koto-no-taki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 14). 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 49, 0050), emerged 14.IV. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 1.IV. 2009 at Kuki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 17). 1 ♀(Rh 0051), emerged 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Wayama-touge, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20). 1 ♀(Rh 0052), emerged 26.IV. 2008 from larva collected by MK on 20.IV. 2008 at Shirokura-kyo, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 22). [SHIKOKU] 3 ♀(Rh 0053–0055), emerged 1–8.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 27. II. 2011 at Yasui-keikoku, Kouchi Pref (Fig. 1: 11). [KYUSHU] 2 ♀ (Rh 0 0 56, 0057), emerged 20–25.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 12.IV. 2010 at Gokanosho, Kumamoto Pref (Fig. 1: 10). 4 ♀(Rh 0058–0061), emerged 18–22.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 11.IV. 2010 at Mt. Kosho, Fukuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 8). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from the distribution of this species. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Adults of this species emerged from thalli of the Conocephalum conicum species complex (Marchantiales: Conocephalaceae) growing on moist rocky or clay slopes along streams in both evergreen and deciduous forests (Fig. 11 a). Larvae of this species are thallus miners of C. conicum species complex (Fig. 11 d). Adults emerged in spring (March–May, in laboratory conditions). Diagnosis. Litolepis japonica is easily separated from all other congeners by having a long stout setae at the tip of first flagellomere. This species can also be easily distinguished from the other species by the form of apical extension of gonostylus that is unevenly bifurcated in males, and spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca in females. Remarks. It is noteworthy that Litoleptis japonica has extremely female-biased sex ratios: only seven males of 61 adult flies of L. japonica were obtained, even though the collecting method and timing (collecting as larvae mining in the liverwort mats) did not appear to produce the sampling biases.

Litoleptis kiiensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: kii-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 c, 3 d, 4 b, 6) Description. Body length: 2.6 mm (n= 6) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 7) in female. Wing length: 2.6 mm (n= 7) in male, 2.8 mm (n= 7) in female. Head Frons bare in male, bare or having a pair of setae in female. Antenna 0.55 mm (n= 3). Antenna 1.0 times in male and 1.3 times in female as long as diameter of eye. First flagellomere with enlarged base; with distinctive depression at middle part (at basal 1 / 3 – 2 / 3) of anterior margin; apex slightly enlarged (wider than midpoint width) (Fig. 6 a). Antenna covered with short setae consistently. Male (Fig. 6 b) Gonostylus with semicircle-shaped extension apically, pointed inwardly at apex; smooth in posterior edge of basal major part. Sperm sac bulbous hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process integrated into sperm sac basally, but freely elongate apically. Ejaculatory apodeme short, round at anterior margin of gonocoxite. Less than four bristles at inner corner of ventral surface of gonocoxite. Base of aedeagus connected with paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times as wide as narrowest point. Apex of aedeagus flat with shallow incision at apex. Female (Fig. 6 c) Spermatheca membranous, cone-shaped. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, straight sclerotized columnar duct, arising at less than two-thirds distal length from genital chamber to spermatheca. Common spermathecal duct absent. Genital chamber small. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 28.III. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 22.XI. 2011 at Akabanegawa, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 18), “Rh 0109”, NMNS. Paratypes. 2 ♂, 9 ♀ (Rh 0110–0132) emerged from 27.III– 30.IV. 2011, from the larvae collected by MK on 22.XI. 2011 at same locality as holotype, KUHE. Additional materials. In total, 58 specimens were collected. All following materials were obtained as larvae. All specimens are stored in Kyoto University (KUHE). JAPAN [HONSHU] 13 ♂, 15 ♀ (Rh 0133–0161) emerged on 30.III. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 9.III. 2014 at Nanataki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 12). 7 ♂, 7 ♀ (Rh 0162–0175) emerged during 3.IV. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 9.III. 2014 at Hyakkennzannkeikoku, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 13). 4 ♂, 2 ♀ (Rh 0176–0181) emerged on 30.III. 2014 from larvae collected by YI on 10.III. 2014 at Takinohai, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 15). 2 ♂ (Rh 0 182, 0183) emerged during 7–9.IV. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 1.IV. 2009 at Youjigawa, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 16). 4 ♂, 4 ♀ (Rh 0212–0223) emerged during 9–11.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 3. IV 2010 at Shimajigawa, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 19). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from the Kii peninsula where this species exists. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Wakayama and Mie Prefectures) in Japan (Fig. 1). Natural history. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Reboulia hemisphaerica (Marchantiales: Aytoniaceae) growing on rocky or clayey slopes in both evergreen and deciduous forests (Fig. 11 f). This species prefers sunny and relatively arid microhabitats compared to the habitat of L. japonica, depending on the microhabitat preference of its host-plant. Adults emerged in spring (March-July, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis kiiensis resembles L. niyodoensis and himukaensis, and can be distinguished from them by the following characters: first flagellomere with distinctive depression at basal one-third to two-thirds of dorsal margin and swollen at apex; gonostylus with semicircle-shaped extension at apex (as opposed to square-shaped in the other two species), and smooth posterior edge of basal part (as opposed to undulate dorsal edge in the other two species); less than four bristles at posteromedial margin of ventral surface of gonocoxite; spermatheca conicalshaped in female (as opposed to round-shaped in L. niyodoensis).

Litoleptis niyodoensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: niyodo-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 e, 3 f, 4 c, 7) Description. Body length: 2.9 mm (n= 7) in male, 3.1 mm (n= 3) in female. Wing length: 2.7 mm (n= 7) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 3) in female. Head Frons bare in male, with sparse setae in female. Antenna 0.47 mm (n= 3). Antenna 1.1 times as long as diameter of eye, densely covered with short setae consistently. First flagellomere elongate as long tapering segment or oval and enlarged near base, concave ventrally at basal one-third to half; distal end not enlarged (Fig. 7 a). Male (Fig. 7 b) Gonostylus with flat, oblong-shaped extension apically, bluntly pointed inwardly at apex; undulating in posterior edge of basal part. Sperm sac bulbous hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process integrated into sperm sac, elongate transversely accompanying with distal end of sperm sac. Ejaculatory apodeme short, round at anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear 5���7 bristles. Aedeagus tapering toward apex, connected with gonocoxite at paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere swollen dorsally near distal end, widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times as wide as distal end. Female (Fig. 7 c) Spermatheca membranous, rounded at end. Spermathecal duct accessory gland prominent, with short and sclerotized columnar duct, arising at approximately two-thirds the distal length between genital chamber and spermatheca, with saccate structure visible. Common spermathecal duct absent. Genital chamber small. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged 29.III. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 27. II. 2011 at Yasuikeikoku, Kouchi Pref (Fig. 1: 11), ���Rh 0184���, NMNS. Paratypes. 7 ♂, 3 ♀ (Rh 0185���0194) emerged during 27���29.III. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 27. II. 2011, same locality as holotype, KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from Niyodo river, the main stream of Yasui river flowing near the type locality. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Kouchi Prefecture) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is similar to that of L. kiiensis. Larvae of this species are miners of thallus of Reboulia hemisphaerica. Adults emerged in spring (March, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis niyodoensis resembles L. kiiensis and himukaensis, and be distinguished from them by the following characters: first flagellomere tapering toward apex with a slight depression at basal one-third to half without enlarged apex; gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension, undulating in posterior edge of basal part; posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear 5���7 bristles; paramere swollen posteriorly near distal end (without swollen in other two species); spermatheca rounded at end in female (as opposed to conical-shaped in L. kiiensis)., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005, {"references":["Friis, E. M., Crane, P. R. & Pedersen, K. R. (2011) Early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 596 pp."]}

Litoleptis japonica Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: jagoke-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, 5) Description. Body length: 3.0 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 12) in female. Wing length: 3.2 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.4 mm (n= 9) in female. Head (Fig. 3 a, b) Background color dark brown, clypeus in male generally darker than face. Frons bare in male, generally covered with sparse setae in female. Antennal length 0.5 mm (n= 3). Antenna 0.75 times as long as diameter of eye, covered with dense, appressed microsetae, consistently except distal half of first flagellomere (Fig. 5 a). First flagellomere laterally compressed, oval and enlarged at basal half, sharply tapering toward apex, sharpened to be needle-like at tip and covered with sparse and rough microsetae. Male (Fig. 5 b) Gonostylus wide and thick at basal main component and tapering steeply toward tip (apex approximately 3 times narrower than width at base), with forceps-like extension hollowed dorsally and bifid unevenly at apex. Sperm sac barely visible. Lateral ejaculatory process absent. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively long, reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Dorsal surface of gonocoxite with clear medial chevron in anterior margin. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite without bristles. Aedeagus deeply notched at tip, smoothly connected with paramere at base. Paramere widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times wider than narrowest point. Female (Fig. 5 c) Spermatheca spherical, not sclerotized. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, sclerotized columnar duct, curved at middle to make a right angle. Spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca. Ring at base of spermathecal duct lightly sclerotized. Common spermathecal duct nearly absent. Genital chamber moderately sized, oval. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Haruno-cho, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), ���Rh 0001���, NMNS. Paratype. 2 ♂, 5 ♀(Rh 0002���0008), emerged 20���22.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011, same locality as holotype, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), KUHE. Additional materials. In total, 53 specimens were collected. All following materials were obtained as larvae. All specimens are stored in Kyoto University (KUHE). JAPAN [HOKKAIDO] 1 ♀(Rh 0009), emerged 1.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 19.X. 2009 at Aizan-kei, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 1); 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 10, 0011), emerged 16.VI. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 11.VI. 2012 at Mt. Daisengen, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 2). [HONSHU] 1 ♀(Rh 0012), emerged 29.IV. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 24.XI. 2009 at Sekikawa-mura, Niigata Pref (Fig. 1: 3); 1 ♀(Rh 0013), emerged 18.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 26.IV. 2010 at Hakusan, Fukui Pref (Fig. 1: 5). 25 ♀(Rh 0014���0038), emerged 21.IV��� 4.V. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 6.IV. 2010 at Kibune, Kyoto Pref (Fig. 1: 6). 5 ♀(Rh 0039���0043), emerged 30.III��� 2.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 20.II.. 2011 at Akame-no-taki, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 7). 2 ♂, 3 ♀(Rh 0044���0048), emerged 26.III��� 1.IV. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 4.III. 2012 at Koto-no-taki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 14). 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 49, 0050), emerged 14.IV. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 1.IV. 2009 at Kuki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 17). 1 ♀(Rh 0051), emerged 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Wayama-touge, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20). 1 ♀(Rh 0052), emerged 26.IV. 2008 from larva collected by MK on 20.IV. 2008 at Shirokura-kyo, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 22). [SHIKOKU] 3 ♀(Rh 0053���0055), emerged 1���8.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 27. II. 2011 at Yasui-keikoku, Kouchi Pref (Fig. 1: 11). [KYUSHU] 2 ♀ (Rh 0 0 56, 0057), emerged 20���25.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 12.IV. 2010 at Gokanosho, Kumamoto Pref (Fig. 1: 10). 4 ♀(Rh 0058���0061), emerged 18���22.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 11.IV. 2010 at Mt. Kosho, Fukuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 8). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from the distribution of this species. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Adults of this species emerged from thalli of the Conocephalum conicum species complex (Marchantiales: Conocephalaceae) growing on moist rocky or clay slopes along streams in both evergreen and deciduous forests (Fig. 11 a). Larvae of this species are thallus miners of C. conicum species complex (Fig. 11 d). Adults emerged in spring (March���May, in laboratory conditions). Diagnosis. Litolepis japonica is easily separated from all other congeners by having a long stout setae at the tip of first flagellomere. This species can also be easily distinguished from the other species by the form of apical extension of gonostylus that is unevenly bifurcated in males, and spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca in females. Remarks. It is noteworthy that Litoleptis japonica has extremely female-biased sex ratios: only seven males of 61 adult flies of L. japonica were obtained, even though the collecting method and timing (collecting as larvae mining in the liverwort mats) did not appear to produce the sampling biases., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005, {"references":["Friis, E. M., Crane, P. R. & Pedersen, K. R. (2011) Early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 596 pp."]}

Litoleptis Chillcott Type species: Litoleptis alaskensis Chillcott 1963: 1187, by original designation. L. chilensis Hennig 1972: 6. L. orientalis as Hilarimorpha; Frey 1954: 25. L. fossilis Arillo et al. 2009. Description. Head (Fig. 2 b, c) dark brown, glossy. Vertex, occiput, postgena with sparse setae, gena bare. Eyes inconspicuously setulose; slightly dichoptic or holoptic in male, dichoptic in female; in male, upper part orange, lower part black. Mandibles absent. Antenna black or pale grey. Pedicel clearly larger than scape. Scape minute, pedicel as broad as long and weakly bristled around distal edge. Clypeus slightly bulbous. Palpus one-segmented, with black setae. Labellum developed, without pseudotracheae. Thorax (Fig. 2 a) brownish black with pruinosity and with three dark brown vittae. Postpronotal lobe, proepimeron, bare. Scutellum with sparse setae on posterior margin. Mesonotum without vittae. Proscutellum absent. Subscutellum inconspicuous. Proepimeron developed. Postscutellum bare. Anatergite and katatergite indistinguishable. Wing (Fig. 4) infuscate, without any dark markings, despite having intraspecific variation in color darkness. Pterostigma inconspicuous. Lower calypter reduced. Upper calypter triangular in form, underdeveloped; with broad curvature. Costa ending before wing tip. Humeral crossvein weakly developed. Crossvein sc-r present, positioned proximal of humeral crossvein. R 1 dorsal and ventral surface bare. R 2 + 3 sinuous, apical third of R 2 + 3 ultimately bends anteriorly slightly, toward leading edge of wing margin; longer than R 5, but less than twice as long. Fork of R 4 + 5 distal of distal end of fork of M 1 + 2. R 4 at base mostly straight, ending at wing tip entire length. R 5 ending at wing tip. M 3 absent. Medial crossvein absent. CuA 2 generally join with A 1. CuA 2 +A 1 reaching or sometimes not reaching wing margin. Anal cell closed usually before and sometimes at wing margin. Alula reduced with narrow curvature; rounded evenly. Legs dark brown to black; coxae and femora more or less pollinose with weak setae. Empodium pulvilliform. Tibial spur formula 0:0:0. Macrotracheae absent. Postmetacoxal bridge absent. Hind coxae bare behind. Abdomen dark brown to black with pruinosity. Male Cercus displaced away from epandrium, widely displaced from one another, separation distance about 3 / 4 width of cercus; held vertically over abdomen; flat dorso-ventrally. Tergite 10 absent. Hypandrium fused entirely to gonocoxites. Gonocoxal ridge absent. Gonocoxal apodeme absent. Gonostylus with developed extension apically from apex of main component. Aedeagus slender and conical-shaped; apical surface covered with tiny pustules; connected with paramere at base. Lateral ejaculatory process either present or absent. Aedeagal tines absent. Endoaedeagal process absent. Sperm sac bulbous, generally without distinct lobes, envelope aedeagus ventrally. Female (for L. japonica, kiiensis, niyodoensis, asterellaphile; Fig. 2 d) Tergite 7 wider than long. Tergite 9 bare, inconspicuous and largely retracted within tergite 8; having ventrolateral projections, extending posteriorly, surrounding and fusing sternite 9 laterally. Intersegmental membrane clearly separating tergites 7 and 8. Spermathecae three, membranous. Spermathecal duct short, less than length of sternite 9. Spermathecal duct accessory glands with short, sclerotized columnar duct. Circular ridge of ejection apparatus absent. Ring at base of spermathecal ducts lightly or not sclerotized. Spermathecal duct ejection apparatus absent. Common spermathecal duct absent or inconspicuous. Surrounding area of genital chamber membranous, contained sclerotization of sternite 9 laterally. Diagnosis. Litoleptis can immediately be distinguished from the other genera of Rhagionidae. Major autapomorphies are as follows: medial crossvein (and discal cell) absent; all tibiae without spurs; gonocoxal apodeme absent. Litoleptis specifically mostly resembles Spania in general appearance and stylus-shaped antenna, although they can easily be distinguished by the following character states besides the above-mentioned traits; male gonostylus with an extension from apex of main component expanding into an irregular form (as opposed to constantly slender or club-like form in Spania); gonocoxal apodeme absent. Also, the Japanese Litoleptis shows inconsistency in having the following traits unlike other congeners (e.g. L. alaskensis): male eyes dichoptic; lateral ejaculatory process present (except L. japonica); ejaculatory apodeme present. The following traits are uniquely found in the Japanese Litoleptis: apex of aedeagus covered with numerous tiny pustules; spermathecal duct accessory glands connected by short, sclerotized columnar duct arising from spermathecal duct., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005, {"references":["Chillcott, J. G. (1963) A new genus of Rhagionidae (Diptera) with notes and descriptions of Bolbomyia Loew. The Canadian Entomologist, 95, 1185 - 1190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 951185 - 11","Hennig, W. (1972) Eine neue Art der Rhagionidengattung Litoleptis aus Chile, mit Bemerkungen uber Fuhlerbildung und Verwandtschaftsbexiebungen einiger Brachycerenfamilien (Diptera: Brachycera). Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde. Serie A. Biologie, 174, 1 - 51.","Arillo, A., Penalver, E. & Garcia-Gimeno, V. (2009) First fossil Litoleptis (Diptera: Spaniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of San Just (Teruel Province, Spain). Zootaxa, 2026, 33 - 39."]}

Litoleptis himukaensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: himuka-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 g, 3 h, 4 d, 8) Description. Body length: 2.8 mm (n= 3) in male, 2.9 mm (n= 2) in female. Wing length: 2.4 mm (n= 4) in male, 2.6 mm (n= 2) in female. Head Frons bare in both sexes. Antenna 0.53 mm (n= 3). Antenna 1.0 times as long as diameter of eye. First flagellomere straight and gradually tapering towards apex; covered with comparatively rough and long setae (Fig. 8 a). Male (Fig. 8 b) Gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension apically; posterior surface of apex hollowed and weakly pointed inwardly; undulating in posterior edge of basal part. Sperm sac bulbous and hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process apparently not integrated into sperm sac, freely elongate transversely. Ejaculatory apodeme moderately long but not reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles. Aedeagus smoothly connected with paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere slightly swollen posteriorly near distal end; become widest at connection with aedeagus, less than two times as wide as distal end. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [KYUSHU] 1 ♂, emerged 14. II 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 17.I. 2009 at Udo Jingū, Miyazaki Pref, Japan (Fig. 1: 9), ���Rh 0195���, NMNS. Paratypes. 3 ♂, 3 ♀ (Rh 0196���0201), emerged 10���17.II. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 17.I. 2009 at same locality as holotype (Fig. 1: 9), KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from classical name of the type locality, ���Himuka���, southern part of Miyazaki Prefecture. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Miyazaki Prefecture) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is rocky slope along streams in coastal evergreen Castanopsis forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miner of Reboulia hemisphaerica (Fig. 11 g). Adults emerged in spring (March- July, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis himukaensis resembles L. kiiensis and L. niyodoensis, and can be distinguished from them by the gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension apically (as opposed to L. kiiensis), of which posterior surface of apex is hollowed (as opposed to flat at apex in L. niyodoensis)., Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271005

Litoleptis izuensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: izu-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 i, 4 e, 9) Description. Body length: 3.4 mm (n= 2) in male. Wing length: 4.3 mm (n= 2) in male. Head Frons bare in male, with sparse hairs in female. Antenna 0.32 mm (n= 2). Antenna 1.1 times as long as diameter of eyes. First flagellomere straight and gradually tapering towards apex, slightly bulbous dorsally near apex; densely covered with comparatively long hairs (Fig. 9 a). Male (Fig. 9 b) Gonostylus with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex. Sperm sac posteriorly cylindrical in internal aedeagual process, and widen and forked toward anterior end. Lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation, weakly sclerotized. Ejaculatory apodeme short, posterior end broad and tapering toward anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles. Aedeagus tapering toward apex; smoothly connected with paramere. Paramere consistently slender, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, holotype, emerged on 7.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at Izu Oshima, Tokyo Metropolitan, Japan (Fig. 1: 23), “Rh 0202”, NMNS. Paratype. 1 ♂ (Rh 0203), emerged on 2.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at same locality as holotype (Fig. 1: 23), KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from the Izu Oshima Island where this species was found. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Tokyo Metropolitan) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is shaded clayey slope along streams and roads in evergreen Castanopsis forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Reboulia hemisphaerica. Adults emerged in spring (April, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis izuensis can be distinguished from the congeners by the following characters: gonostylus greatly wide at base with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex; paramere narrow, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point; lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation; sperm sac developed and forked at anterior end.

2008-2009年の芦生研究林上谷流域における11河川 (針広混交林10, スギ人工林1)の底生動物群集構造を報告し, 群集構造と森林環境との関係を考察した. その結果, 底生動物群集は (1)シカ食害・排除区の2次谷河川, (2)シカ食害区の1次谷河川, (3)シカ排除区の1次谷河川, (4)シカ食害区のスギ人工林1次谷河川の4 種類に類型化された. シカ食害区の1次谷河川の群集はスギ人工林1 次谷河川を除く他河川より多様度が低く, 細粒土砂に生息する底生動物に特徴づけられた. これらの結果は, シカ食害による土壌侵食を通じた河床細粒化に起因すると推察された. 一方, 2次谷河川の群集はシカ食害・排除区で類似し, 刈取食者, 捕食者に特徴づけられた. このことから, 2次谷河川は1次谷河川よりも付着藻類, 被食者が豊富な河川環境や, シカ食害による河床細粒化が起こりにくい強力な掃流力を有していると考えられた. また, スギ人工林1次谷河川の群集は破砕食者に特徴づけられた. 上谷流域における底生動物群集は, 河川サイズに応じて異なる河川物理環境や, 森林―渓流生態系のつながりを通じた森林環境の影響を良く反映し, それぞれで異なった構造の底生動物群集が成立していることが判明した., We reported the stream macroinvertebrate community structures in 2008-2009 in 11 streams (mixed forest: 10, Japanese cedar plantation: 1) belonging to Kamitani, Ashiu Research Forest, Kyoto, Japan, and discussed the relationships between the community structures and forest environments. Macroinvertebrate communities were classified into four groups; (1) second-order streams at deer-excluded and deer-grazed sites, (2) first-order streams at deer-grazed site, (3) first-order streams at deer-excluded site, and (4) first-order stream at cedar plantation with deer. Under deer overbrowsing, macroinvertebrate communities in first-order streams showed lower diversity than those in the other streams, and were characterized by a dominance of burrower taxon. These results might be attributed to fine sedimentation via soil erosion caused by deer overbrowsing. On the other hand, in second-order streams, macroinvertebrate community structure was similar between the deer-excluded and deer-grazed sites, and the community was characterized by dominance of grazer and predator taxa. These results suggest that second-order streams have abundant periphyton and prey items, and strong tractive force which might wash out fine particles more effectively compared to those of first-order streams. In cedar plantation, macroinvertebrate community in first-order stream was characterized by dominance of shredder taxa. In conclusion, macroinvertebrate communities in Kamitani showed different structure patterns in relation to physical environment (i.e., stream size), and forest environment through forest-stream ecosystem.

成熟化した日本社会にとって，サービス産業が国際競争力を持つことは今日の経済力を維持・発展させていくうえで必須であるともに，幅広い業種において望まれている。日本発のサービスを海外展開する，あるいは訪日外国人に対して魅力的なサービスを提供するためには，文化の相異を背景とした顧客の異質性・多様性への対処が大きな鍵となる。著者らは2010年10月に，訪日外国人の誘致が喫緊の課題である観光産業を題材に，サービス科学の研究基盤構築を目指す3ヵ年プロジェクトを開始した。本論文では，本プロジェクトの研究構想を概説する。まず，外国人旅行者の観光行動データを収集・解析し，外国人の立場から観光資源の魅力度を再評価する。次に，製造業で培われた部品化や再構成論理と組み合わせることで，魅力的かつ多彩な観光サービスを短期間で造成できるよう商品開発プロセスを高度化する。さらに，これらを用いた旅行計画の対話的作成支援により観光需要を喚起する。以上により，顧客参加型のサービス構成支援に関する科学的知見を積み上げ，顧客の異質性・多様性への柔軟な対応を目指す。

Recently, liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been widely applied to various samples in diagnostic cytology and its usefulness has been reported. In this study, we investigated thyroid cytology that applied LBC and immunocytochemistry to achieve more objective diagnosis and greater diagnostic accuracy. This study included 125 cases (57 papillary carcinomas (PCs), 22 follicular tumors, 43 adenomatous goiters and 3 with Basedow’s disease). After preparing the LBC slide, immunocytochemical staining was performed on each slide with six antibodies (HBME-1, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), high molecular weight cytokeratin (34βE12), galectin-3, CD15 and CA 19-9). All antibodies presented immunopositivity frequently in PCs, but only a few or some of them were positive in other cases. These antibodies were considered positive markers for PCs, and the most reliable marker was 34βE12; its sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 82.5%, 100% and 92.0%, respectively. Relations of immunocytochemical profiles against these markers were assessed using panel 34βE12, GAL-3 and CK19. More than or equal to two of these markers showed co-positive in 53 of 57 PCs, and negative for all markers was observed in only one case. In the other (non PC) cases, the former was 0 of 58 and the latter was 40 cases. In this panel, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 93.0%, 100% and 96.8%, respectively. All of these values were higher than or equal to single values of 34βE12. We concluded that the panel in this study is useful for more objective and accurate diagnosis of thyroid cytology.

A new species of trichogrammatid wasp, Poropoea cunabulintrans n.sp., is described from Kyoto, Japan. The species is an egg parasitoid of an attelabid beetle species, Cycnotrachelus roelofsi, which is associated with Styrax japonica. Exceptionally for the genus, the female wasp has a short ovipositor. To oviposit in the host beetle egg, the female wasp enters incomplete leaf-rolls through the oviposition hole of the host beetle immediately after oviposition by the beetle.

The deciduous forest of Ashiu, western Japan, the only unspoiled lowland forest ecosystem remaining in the Kinki district, harbors a diverse suite of characteristic flora and fauna. The recent increase in the population of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) has greatly impacted the unique forest-floor vegetation. From the 1980s to 2003, we monitored changes in (1) forest understory vegetation, (2) riparian vegetation, (3) roadside vegetation, (4) pollinator visits to flowers, and (5) abundance of leaf-miners. In an Aesculus-dominated site, the vegetation of the understory, which had been characterized by diverse perennials in 1987, was replaced by a monotonic stand of the deer-repellent fern Arachniodes standishii by 2003, and subendemic plants such as Cacalia peltifolia and Cirsium ashiuense are now locally extinct. Riparian vegetation, which had been dominated by Salix gracilistyla and Phragmites japonica, accompanied by diverse perennials in the 1990s, was replaced by sparse stands of deer-repellent Pterostyrax hispida and Clerodendrum trichotomum by 2003. The species-rich roadside vegetation has also been influenced, and most of the once common herbaceous plants have disappeared. In addition to the decline of herbaceous plants, drastic decreases in the numbers of foraging bumblebees and tephritid leaf-miners were observed in 2003. These results suggest that the population increase of Sika deer has caused reduced populations of pollinators and herbivores through a drastic reduction of their host herbaceous plants between 1990 and 2003, and that control of the Sika deer population by hunting or trapping is urgently required.

Amami Islands, located in the northern part of the Ryukyu Archipelago, are endowed with subtropical climate and rich flora and fauna containing many endemic taxa. In various types of vegetation on the islands, such as Castanopsis-dominated lowland forests, Symplocos-dominated mountain forests, mangrove forests, coastal scrub and grassland, I surveyed the flowering phenology and anthophilous insect communities of 164 plant species from 1996 to 1999. Flowering was observed throughout the year, and peaked twice in March and July. A total of 2210 individuals of 610 species in 12 orders of Insecta were observed on the flowers. The most abundant order was Diptera (32% of individuals), followed by Coleoptera (28%), Hymenoptera (23%), Hemiptera (11%), Lepidoptera (4%). The bee fauna was composed of six families, 13 genera and 26 species, and characterized by dominance of small bees (e.g., Hylaeus, Lasioglossum and Andrena), large carpenter bees (Xylocopa) and long-tongued anthophorine bees (Tetralonia and Amegilla), and by absence of Bombus. The bee community contrasted with both the honeybee/stingless bee-dominated community in the Asian Tropics and the bumblebee-dominated community at temperate habitats. The rarity of social bees is thought to result from seasonal and annual/supra-annual variability in floral resource on the islands. I inferred the pollinators of each plant species by examining flower-visitor communities, visitor behavior, pollen attachment on visitor's body and floral morphology. Among 104 plant species examined, the most dominant pollination type was melittophily (61%), followed by myiophily (13%), unspecialized entomophily (9.6%), anemophily (6.7%), butterfly, hawkmoth-pollination (6.7%) and cantharophily (2.9%). Among melittophilous species, small-bee-pollinated species (37%) were most dominant, followed by Xylocopa-(21%), Tetralonia-(17%), megachilid-(9.5%), Amegilla-(7.9%) and Colletes/Apis-(6.3%) and wasp-pollinated (1.6%) species. The high proportions of those plants pollinated by long-tongued solitary bees (55.4%) contrasted with the high proportions of bumblebee-pollinated flowers on the mainland of Japan.

The aim of this study is to discuss the tectonic position of Baoshan in Yunnan Province, China, during the Late Paleozoic by comparison of the sedimentary facies, fauna and palaeomagnetic data from the Baoshan region with those from the Yangtze region and southern Tibet. The sedimentary facies change suggests that in the Late Palaeozoic the Baoshan region underwent a similar geological history to southern Tibet, but different from that of the Yangtze region. The rugose corals and brachiopods as well as vertebrates of Baoshan are different from those of the Yangtze region during the Late Palaeozoic. An evident segregation seems to exist between them. The Late Paleozoic fauna of Baoshan shows certain similarities to southern Tibet. The Devonian and Late Carboniferous faunas, especially, are very similar to those in southern Tibet. This indicates that there was no evident segregation between them in the Late Palaeozoic. The palaeomagnetic data reveal that in the Late Palaeozoic the Yangtze region was close to the equator, while the Baoshan region and southern Tibet were situated in the middle latitudes. On the basis of the palaeontological, sedimentological and palaeomagnetic data, it is inferred that Baoshan and southern Tibet were situated in the same continental margin, and both regions were far from the Yangtze region during the Late Paleozoic. The Baoshan region may be considered as a massif within the Gondwana tectonic domain which includes southern Tibet, while the Yangtze region was located in another tectonic domain—the South Asian domain, with a wide ocean, the Tethys between them.

We report a case of pure yolk sac tumor of the left testis in a 22-year-old male. He consulted a physician with left back pain and induration of his left scrotal content in December, 1992. Intravenous pyelography (IVP) revealed left hydronephrosis. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed para-aortic lymph node swelling and lung metastases. Left high inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was pure yolk sac tumor. After two courses of "COMPE" chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, peplomycin and etoposide, two courses of "high dose "COMPE" chemotherapy and three courses of "high dose COME" chemotherapy without peplomycin, he achieved a partial response (the regression rate of the pulmonary metastases and the retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis were 100% and 96.0% on CT, respectively) and the residual masses in the retroperitoneum were removed. Necrosis and xanthogranulomatous fibrosis were found in the resected material. The patient showed no evidence of disease two years after chemotherapy.

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Within China six Early Viséan rugose coral communities are recognized, they are : 1) the Siphonophyllia community, 2) the cool water Gangamophyllum community, 3) the Thysanophyllum community, 4) the Bothrophyllum-Zaphrentites community, 5) the island Humboldtia community and 6) the cold water Hapsiphyllum-Rhopalolasma community. In northwest China, the Siphonophyllia community is distributed along the northern margin of the Tarim-Qaidam Oldland. The Gangamophyllum community was widespread north of the region occupied by the Siphonophyllia community, including north Tianshan, central Tianshan and east Junggar. In South China there were three rugose coral communities. The Thysanophyllum community occurs on the margin of the Upper Yangtze Oldland. The Bothrophyllum-Zaphrentites community was confined to the southern and western part of the region occupied by the Thysanophyllum community. These two communities merge into each other without a distinct boundary. The Humboldtia community is found only in the Baoshan area. The Hapsiphyllum-Rhopalolasma community is found in Xainza and Himalaya of Tibet. The distribution of the six Early Viséan rugose coral communities was controlled by the palaeogeographical background. The Gangamophyllum community occurs along the southern margin of the Siberia Oldland, while the Siphonophyllia community is distributed along the northern margin of Tarim-Qaidam Oldland. The Hapsiphyllum-Rhopalolasma community is confined to the northern margin of the Gondwana Oldland. In the wide southern and western margin of Yangtze Oldland the distribution of the Thysanophyllum and the Bothrophyllum-Zaphrentites communities was controlled by the bathymetry. The Humboldtia community probably lived in island seas far from the Yangtze Oldland.

A compact optical correlator applicable to the retrieval of colour and texture as well as shape information was developed. A new technique for retrieving colour and texture information by using a slot-in-type compact joint-transform correlator (JTC) with minimum size (140 (W) × 220 (L) × 40 mm (H)) was developed. The developed techniques were used to retrieve images of fruits and vegetables, taken by the digital camera. The developed technique can retrieve images of certain fruits, such as an apple, from images of many different fruits and vegetables. It will open up a new area of retrieval techniques for ambiguous images based on shape, colour and texture information.

We studied flowering phenology and anthophilous insect communities bimonthly in 1990-1991 in the primary cool-temperate subalpine forests and meadows at Mt. Kushigata, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. One hundred and fifty-one plant species of 41 families flowered sequentially from late May to mid September. A total of 2127 individuals of 370 species in eight orders of Insecta were collected. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (35% of individuals) and followed by Diptera (33%), Coleoptera (28%) and Lepidoptera (4%). The number of species was highest in Diptera (47%) and followed by Hymenoptera (24%), Coleoptera (18%) and Lepidoptera (9%). The numbers of both spe-cies and individuals peaked in late July and early August. Bee fauna was composed of six families, nine genera and 34 species, lacking Xylocopinae and wild Apinae. The most abundant genus in bees was Bombus (76.7% of individuals) and followed by Lasioglossum (20.2%). Cluster analysis on flower-visiting insect order spectra separated 30 plant families into four groups : nine families (Geraniaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Onagraceae, Ericaceae, Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae, Campanulaceae, Liliaceae and Iridaceae) were visited mainly by Hyme-noptera, one (Violaceae) by Lepidoptera, five (Celastraceae, Umbelliferae, Polemoniaceae, Dipsacaceae and Gramineae) by Coleoptera and 15 by Diptera and/or various orders. Cluster analysis on flower-visiting insect order spectra of 91 plant species separated them into five flower guilds : hymenopterous (36 plant species), dipterous (30 spp.), coleopterous (14 spp.), lepidopterous (two spp.) and general flowers (nine spp.). Significant correlations were detected between violet flower color and hymenopterous flowers and between tubular corolla and hymenopterous flowers. Seventy-three % of hymenopterous flowers and 93% of dipterous flowers were visited by bumblebees and hoverflies, respectively. Cluster analysis on flower-visiting bumblebee species spectra separated 42 plant species into five flower guilds: longest-tongued bumblebee flowers (eight spp.), B. honshuensis flowers (eight spp.), B. ardens flowers (three spp.), B. beaticola flowers (15 spp.), B. hypocrita flowers (eight spp.). The number of coflowering plant species within each flower guild was usually kept less than five and, at most, eight in B. beaticola flowers which sometimes shared a few bumblebee species. Flower-visiting patterns of anthophilous insects were compared among insect orders, families and bumblebee species. The most preferred plant family was Compositae in Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera, and Saxifragaceae in Coleoptera. Niche segrega-tion as to floral host utilization was detected among six bumblebee species, although there were overlaps. The two longest-tongued bumblebee species visited similar plant species, but the second longest-tongued B. diversus, was largely expelled from the flowers of the same guild by the longest-tongued B. consobrinus, and the flower-visiting pattern of B. di-versus was rather similar to the third longest-tongued B. honshuensis. The high bumblebee species diversity and niche segregation among them are thought to be a reason of high spe-cies diversity of herbaceous plants at cool-temperate subalpine forests and meadows.

We present a new slot-in type of optical correlator that is more compact than the previous types. The correlator can fit inside the cabinet of commercial personal computers and is fully controllable with windows-based software. The correlator is a Joint Transform type (JTC) and its optical system fits inside a metal box measuring 140 mm (W) x 220 mm (L) x 40 mm (H). The optical source is a 650-nm-band laser diode of the kind used in DVD systems. A spatial light modulator and a CMOS camera are installed in the metal box with the passive optical components required for the JTC. The collimated light from the laser diode is illuminated on the spatial light modulator displaying reference and data to be examined. The light reflected from the modulator is Fourier-transformed by a lens on the plane of the CMOS camera. The computer reads the power spectrum recorded by the camera and modulates the spatial light modulator. This process is repeated. We found that these JTC processes could be performed with the prototype developed in this study.

We report 3 cases of mullerian duct cyst. Percutaneous puncture, aspiration and instillation of a sclerosing agent under ultrasound guidance was performed in each case. Ultrasound is valuable in the diagnosis is of cysts in the region of the prostate and seminal vesicles. Aspiration under ultrasound guidance would also be of therapeutic value.

We propose a new technique for retrieving color information. The color data taken by a digital camera is transferred to two-dimensional data on the color chart and displayed on a spatial light modulator. This modulation technique is combined with a retrieval technique using a joint transform correlator. The color data, e.g., photograph of a flower, are retrieved by this system, and the same color data (photograph) can be perfectly selected from the many reference data. This technique will open a new area of retrieval techniques for ambiguous images based on shape and color information.

通常膀胱鏡に電子内視鏡を接続した装置を電子膀胱鏡, これに画像・データ管理システムを含めて泌尿器科用画像情報システムと名付け, このシステムの研究を1989年4月より開始した.従来の肉眼的観察時の所見と比較して, 至適光量による画像は通常膀胱鏡のそれとほぼ同じであったが, 光量不足と至適光量のラティチュードが狭いために望遠像は暗かった.画像処理用あるいはファイリング用の静止画像の画質は, 不鮮明であった.しかし画像を直接電気信号に変換しているのでコンピュータに入力できることになり, 画像診断のみならず, 泌尿器科内視鏡学の進歩に寄与することが期待された, The endoscopic image processing system which has a very small change coupled device (CCD) at the distal tip of an endoscope, can give us a quite different imaging information from the conventional optical endoscopes, of which the main functions were just to "see inside the human body". The advantage of this endoscopic image processing system has been well recognized but, since the scope diameter could not be made smaller due to the size limitations of the CCD chip itself, the system has not been utilized in the field of Urology. In cooperation with Olympus Optical Co., we have studied a system called Urological Video Information System (UVIS) in order to utilize the image processing system for Urology. In our system a special light source with RGB light output is utilized together with a conventional optical cystoscope and a video converter is connected to the eyepiece of the scope in order to observe endoscopic images on the monitor. Endoscopic images can be stored in an image filing system when necessary. The image quality of UVIS is inferior to that of the conventional cystoscopes at the moment and there are several other technical problems to solve but, as witnessed in the field of Gastroenterology, it is expected that this kind of electronic system will become much more important in the future. This report covers the current problems and some considerations of them as an initial study.

複雑性尿路感染症患者22例を対象とし, ST-95の臨床的・基礎的検討を行った.ST-95の複雑性尿路感染症に対する成績は満足するものであり, その中でも留置カテーテル群の有効率(75%)は特記されると考えられた.副作用は, 自他覚的に認められなかった.ST-95の尿中排泄は良好であり, 12時間の累積排泄率は, 88.4%であった.尿中生菌数は, 投与後経時的に減少し12時間後には消失した.尿中細菌の形態変化は, 透過型微分干渉顕微鏡では投与終了時より球形となって溶菌に至っていた.透過電子顕微鏡では細胞壁は金平糖状となり, 細胞質との間に空胞様構造が形成され, 細胞質は不整形となった.plasmolysisがおこり, リボゾーム粒子および核質部が粗になって菌体内部が希薄化した像, あるいは溶菌後細胞内容物が流出したと考えられる細胞壁と細胞質膜の残骸が認められた, Clinical effects of ST-95 (fosfomycin) on infections of the urinary tract were studied on the basis of morphological changes of the urinary bacteria. The subjects were 22 inpatients with complex infections of the urinary tract. ST-95 was dissolved in physiologic saline (2 g/100 ml) and administered intravenously by drip infusion over a 1-hour period twice daily for 5 days. According to the UTI criteria, the treatment was effective in 13 (81%) of the 16 evaluable cases. The present effectiveness in 8 patients with chronic catheterization was 75%. No side effects were observed in any patient. Among the laboratory data, GOT and GPT were slightly increased in 1 patient, but their relations with the treatment were unknown. In one patient (P. vulgaris; MIC: 12.5 micrograms/ml), changes in the urinary ST-95 concentration, viable bacterial count, and morphology of the bacteria were studied after the initial administration. The urinary viable cell count was 1.5 x 10(7) cells/ml before administration, but it was reduced to 1.6 x 10(4) cells/ml at the end of the 1-hour infusion, and decreased progressively thereafter to complete disappearance after 12 hours. Under differential interference microscopy, filamentous debris of bacteria and spherical bacteria with irregular surface were observed from immediately after the end of the administration. By transmission electron microscopy, the cell wall showed a number of projections with formation of vacuolar structures in the space between the cell wall and the irregularly-shaped cytoplasms. In conclusion, the results of administration of ST-95 in complex infections of the urinary tract were satisfactory. The morphological changes of the bacteria suggested that this agent acts at an early stage of cell wall synthesis.