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International audience; Permeability profiles in the crust‐mantle sequences of the Samail ophiolite were constructed based on onboard measurements of the electrical resistivity of cores recovered during the Oman Drilling Project. For each sample, we measured dry and brine‐saturated resistivity during the description campaign on the drilling vessel Chikyu. Owing to the conductive brine in the pore space, wet resistivity is systematically lower than dry resistivity. The difference between dry and wet resistivity is attributed to the movement of dissolved ions in brine that occupies the pore space. We applied effective medium theory to calculate the volume fraction of pores that contribute to electrical transport. Using an empirical cubic law between transport porosity and permeability, we constructed permeability profiles for the crust‐mantle transition zone and the serpentinized mantle sections in the Samail ophiolite. The results indicate that (1) the gabbro sequence has a markedly lower permeability than the underlying mantle sequence; (2) serpentinized dunites have higher permeability than serpentinized harzburgites; and (3) discrete sample permeability is correlated with ultrasonic velocity, suggesting that the permeability variations predominately reflect crack density and geometry.

International audience; To assess the geometry of cracks in highly altered peridotites, we analyzed the ultrasonic velocity of serpentinized dunites and harzburgites collected by the Oman Drilling Project (Holes BA1B, 3A, and 4A). First, we estimated the hydrated fraction from grain density to obtain the porosity-free matrix velocity, which indicated complete serpentinization at shallow depths and decreasing hydration at greater depths. We assume that the difference between the solid matrix and measured onboard ultrasonic velocity is attributed to cracks with a spheroidal shape in the samples. Application of the effective medium theory to onboard data, such as P-wave velocity and porosity, indicates that the average pore aspect ratio is mostly between 0.1 and 0.01, and crack density varies from 0.58 to 0.02. We found a positive relationship between aspect ratio and hydrated fraction, suggesting a change in crack shape related to dissolution-precipitation processes during hydration. The relatively high aspect ratio and hence high fluid flux at shallow depths are also consistent with the onboard resistivity data and present-day hydration processes inferred from the borehole fluid chemistry. The inversion of ultrasonic data provides a series of elastic moduli that can be used to make a rough approximation of Poisson's ratio from the onboard data, which is a key physical property for interpreting geophysical observations in the oceanic lithosphere.

The origin of macroscopic friction can be explained by the roughness of the potential energy surface of sliding planes., What is the origin of molecular friction, and how can macroscopic friction be explained in terms of molecular friction? To elucidate the origins of molecular and macroscopic friction, we conducted density functional theory calculations and double-direct shear tests at normal stresses ranging from 5 to 60 MPa for mica surfaces. Frictional forces between mica surfaces were theoretically predicted to oscillate periodically every 30° of sliding direction, in agreement with previous experimental findings. This result affirms that the potential energy roughness of mica under sliding is the origin of molecular friction, which depends on the normal stress and sliding direction. The discovered mechanism of molecular friction can quantitatively explain experimentally observed macroscopic friction of mica when the presence of wear particles is taken into consideration.

This is the report from the fifth meeting of the Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema initiative (HOME V). The meeting was held on 12–14 June 2017 in Nantes, France, with 81 participants. The main aims of the meeting were (i) to achieve consensus over the definition of the core domain of long-term control and how to measure it and (ii) to prioritize future areas of research for the measurement of the core domain of quality of life (QoL) in children. Moderated whole-group and small-group consensus discussions were informed by presentations of qualitative studies, systematic reviews and validation studies. Small-group allocations were performed a priori to ensure that each group included different stakeholders from a variety of geographical regions. Anonymous whole-group voting was carried out using handheld electronic voting pads according to predefined consensus rules. It was agreed by consensus that the long-term control domain should include signs, symptoms, quality of life and a patient global instrument. The group agreed that itch intensity should be measured when assessing long-term control of eczema in addition to the frequency of itch captured by the symptoms domain. There was no recommendation of an instrument for the core outcome domain of quality of life in children, but existing instruments were assessed for face validity and feasibility, and future work that will facilitate the recommendation of an instrument was agreed upon.The Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema (HOME) initiative is an international group working together to develop a core outcome set (COS) for clinical trials in eczema (synonymous with atopic eczema and atopic dermatitis). HOME is coordinated from the Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, U.K. Participation in HOME is open to anyone with an interest in outcomes for eczema. A COS is the agreed upon minimum set of instruments that should be included in all clinical trials for a particular condition. Use of a COS does not preclude using other instruments; other domains and instruments can also be included to meet the specific requirements of individual trials. COS initiatives are active across many fields of medicine and should enable better synthesis of trial data and reduce selective outcome reporting bias.The HOME initiative follows the best current guidance on developing a COS. Four core domains have been identified: clinician-reported signs; patient-reported symptoms; quality of life; and long-term control. The core outcome measurement instruments for clinician-reported signs and patient-reported symptoms have been established: the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) for measuring clinician reported signs was agreed on at the HOME III meeting, and the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) was chosen to measure patient-reported symptoms at the HOME IV meeting.This is a report from the fifth consensus meeting of the HOME initiative (HOME V), which was held on 12–14 June 2017 in Nantes, France. The local organizers were Sebastien Barbarot and Jean-Francois Stalder of Nantes University Hospital, France.

This is the report from the fifth meeting of the Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema initiative (HOME V). The meeting was held on 12-14 June 2017 in Nantes, France, with 81 participants. The main aims of the meeting were (i) to achieve consensus over the definition of the core domain of long-term control and how to measure it and (ii) to prioritize future areas of research for the measurement of the core domain of quality of life (QoL) in children. Moderated whole-group and small-group consensus discussions were informed by presentations of qualitative studies, systematic reviews and validation studies. Small-group allocations were performed a priori to ensure that each group included different stakeholders from a variety of geographical regions. Anonymous whole-group voting was carried out using handheld electronic voting pads according to predefined consensus rules. It was agreed by consensus that the long-term control domain should include signs, symptoms, quality of life and a patient global instrument. The group agreed that itch intensity should be measured when assessing long-term control of eczema in addition to the frequency of itch captured by the symptoms domain. There was no recommendation of an instrument for the core outcome domain of quality of life in children, but existing instruments were assessed for face validity and feasibility, and future work that will facilitate the recommendation of an instrument was agreed upon.

Terahertz-field-induced carrier generation processes were investigated in Dirac electron systems, single-crystalline bismuth antimony alloy thin films (Bi1−xSbx; 0≤x≤0.16). This investigation was performed by precisely tuning, via the substituent ratio x, the band structure of the films from that associated with a semimetal to that characteristic of a narrow-gap semiconductor. Terahertz-field-induced absorption was clearly observed within a few picoseconds after the terahertz pump-pulse illumination of Bi1−xSbx semimetal and semiconductor samples. The field-strength dependence of the induced absorption was compared with the calculated Zener tunneling probability in the Dirac-like band dispersion. Through this comparison, the mechanism of the induced absorption was attributed to the carrier generation via the terahertz-field-induced Zener tunneling. The tunneling occurred in subpicosecond timescales even at room temperature, demonstrating that Bi1−xSbx thin films are promising for future high-speed electronics and the investigation of universal ultrafast tunneling dynamics.

Cell surface mucins configure the cell surface by presenting extended protein backbones that are heavily O-glycosylated. The glycopeptide structures establish physicochemical properties at the cell surface that enable and block the formation of biologically important molecular complexes. Some mucins, such as MUC1, associate with receptor tyrosine kinases and other cell surface receptors, and engage in signal transduction in order to communicate information regarding conditions at the cell surface to the nucleus. In that context, the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail (MUC1CT) receives phosphorylation signals from receptor tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases, which enables its association with different signaling complexes that conduct these signals to the nucleus and perhaps other subcellular organelles. We have detected the MUC1CT at promoters of over 500 genes, in association with several different transcription factors, and have shown that promoter occupancy can vary under different growth factor conditions. However, the full biochemical nature of the nuclear forms of MUC1 and its function at these promoter regions remain undefined. I will present evidence that nuclear forms of the MUC1CT include extracellular and cytoplasmic tail domains. In addition, I will discuss evidence for a hypothesis that the MUC1CT possesses a novel catalytic function that enables remodeling of the transcription factor occupancy of promoters, and thereby engages in regulation of gene expression.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications. β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) complexed with phospholipid is recognized as a major target for autoantibodies in APS; however, less than half the patients with clinical manifestations of APS possess autoantibodies against the complexes. Therefore, the range of autoantigens involved in APS remains unclear. Recently, we found that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules transport misfolded cellular proteins to the cell surface via association with their peptide-binding grooves. Furthermore, immunoglobulin G heavy chain/HLA class II complexes were specific targets for autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we demonstrate that intact β2GPI, not peptide, forms a complex with HLA class II molecules. Strikingly, 100 (83.3%) of the 120 APS patients analyzed, including those whose antiphospholipid antibody titers were within normal range, possessed autoantibodies that recognize β2GPI/HLA class II complexes in the absence of phospholipids. In situ association between β2GPI and HLA class II was observed in placental tissues of APS patients but not in healthy controls. Furthermore, autoantibodies against β2GPI/HLA class II complexes mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity against cells expressing the complexes. These data suggest that β2GPI/HLA class II complexes are a target in APS that might be involved in the pathogenesis.

High-frequency coherent phonons resonantly excited inmetallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (M-SWCNTs)were investigated via spectrally resolved pump-probe spectroscopy using 7.5-fs laser pulses. In addition tofirst-order coherent phonons such as radial breathing mode (RBM) and M and G modes, we clearly observedsecond-order high-frequency coherent phonons of 2Dand 2Gmodes, which can be regarded as squeezed phonons.We found that the amplitudes of the RBM,Gand 2D modes were resonantly enhanced at specificwavelengths: themaximum resides at a wavelength whose energy is smaller than that of the van Hove singularities inM-SWCNTsby an amount corresponding to the phonon energy. Furthermore, the 2D mode has stronger enhancement than theother first-order Raman modes. These results indicate that the enhancement originates from a Stokes-stimulatedRaman-scattering process at van Hove singularities and that efficient resonance enhancement occurs for the 2Dmode, possibly through double resonance due to the trigonal warping effect and strong electron-phonon couplingdue to the Kohn anomaly.

Coherent large-wave-vector phonons in graphene layers were excited by using a 7.5-fs ultrashort laser,and observed by wavelength-resolved pump-probe transient reflectivity spectroscopy. Inter-Dirac-cone electronscattering mediated by edges and defects in graphene layers drives large-wave-vector coherent D-mode phononsnear the Dirac point (K point) of the Brillouin zone. In contrast to the normal coherent phonons generated withfirst-order Raman process, phonon chirp is observed, and amplitude and frequency strongly change dependingon the probed wavelength. The results are discussed on the basis of doubly resonant Raman scattering process,demonstrating that generatedD-mode coherent phonons can propagate as nanoscale optical-phononwave packets.

Energy losses and fractions of H3+ and H2+ ions emerging from carbon foils of 1-8.5 g/cm2 thickness, after incidence of 9.6-MeV/amu H3+ ions, have been measured. From the decrease of the transmitted fraction of H3+ ions with increasing foil thickness, the dissociation cross section for 9.6-MeV/amu H3+ due to the H3+-C collision has been determined to be (2.2±0.1) X 10^(-17) cm2. Further, the potential energy of the H2+ + H+ system has been derived from the energy spectra of the fragment H2+ ions, being 9.45±0.74 eV, with interproton separations being equal to those known for stable H3+ ions. For the stopping power of carbon for 9.6-MeV/amu H3+ ions a value of 83.3±5.5 eV/( g/cm2) has been obtained from the energy-loss data. This result corresponds to an effective charge of 1.45±0.09 for H3+ in carbon. The observed stopping power and the derived effective charge agree well with the values calculated by using the first-order Born approximation.

Mean energy losses of foil-transmitted H2+ ions are measured for the incidence of 9.6-MeV/amu H2+ ions on carbon foils of 1.5-8.5 g/cm2 thickness. The measured ions are those that have traversed the carbon foil without loss of their original electrons. The stopping power of carbon for 9.6-MeV/amu H2+ ions, derived from the energy losses, is 55.8±4.6 eV/( g/cm2). The obtained stopping power is compared with that calculated with the first Born approximation. The calculated result is slightly larger than the experimental one.

The results of investigation of thermodynamics and surface properties of liquid Bi-Ga-Sn alloys are presented. A comparative analysis between thermodynamic data obtained experimentally - using Oelsen calorimetry and EMF measurements, and those obtained theoretically, i.e. using different thermodynamic predicting models have been done. Positive values of the integral molar enthalpies of mixing in liquid state in the case of all binary subsystems are in accordance with the corresponding activity values for constituent components, characterized by positive deviation from ideal behavior at all considered temperatures. An attempt has been made to link surface phenomena of ternary Bi-Ga-Sn system and its binary Bi-Ga, Bi-Sn and Ga-Sn subsystems with the bulk through the study of the concentration dependence of various thermodynamic, structural and surface properties in the frame of statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with the quasi-lattice theory (QLT). This formalism provides valuable qualitative insight into mixing processes that occur in molten alloys. Thermodynamic data together with surface tension data of pure components are used as an input for the calculation of surface tension, surface composition as well as the microscopic functions of molten alloy systems mentioned above. The calculation is based on Butler's equation that assumes an outermost monolayer as a surface. Each of parameters involved in the surface functions is correlated to the corresponding value of the bulk in terms of a surface reduced coordination. The results obtained support a demixing tendency in all analysed liquid alloy systems.

The ferroelectric soft mode in a SrTiO3 thin film was impulsively driven to a large amplitude using intense picosecond terahertz pulses. As the terahertz electric field increased, the soft-mode absorption peak exhibited blueshifting and spectral narrowing. A classical anharmonic oscillator model suggests that the induced displacement is comparable to that of the ferroelectric phase transition. The spectral narrowing indicates that the displacement exceeds that induced by any inhomogeneities in the film, demonstrating that the method can be used to explore intrinsic quartic anharmonicity.

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) shares overlapping clinicopathological features with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), requiring detection of monoclonal integration of proviral DNA of type 1 human T cell leukemia virus for its differential diagnosis from the latter. We applied in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to paraffin sections from 63 Japanese autopsy cases that had been diagnosed as CTCL in earlier years when ATLL was still not widely known. Eleven and two cases with confirmed diagnoses of ATLL and CTCL served as positive and negative controls, respectively. It was found that ISH was positive in 7 of 63 test cases and 10 of 11 positive controls, whereas PCR was positive in none of the test cases and eight of the positive control cases. Two negative controls were negative for both ISH and PCR. We conclude that ISH is superior to PCR for detecting type 1 human T cell leukemia virus proviral DNA on paraffin sections and that the ISH method is useful for differentiating CTCL from the cutaneous form of ATLL.

A reaction product mass separator (CARP) which is now being constructed for use with the AVF cyclotron at RCNP is described. This device is intended to separate unslowed recoiling products in nuclear reactions from the primary beam and to analyze them according to their charge-to-mass ratio. The use as a mass-spectrograph or as a mass- separator is available according to the experimental requirements. The solid angle and the energy range of acceptance will be 10 msr and 20%, respectively. (11 refs).

Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) was described originally by Galton and his colleagues as a special variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with distinct clinical and hematologic features. Subsequent authors have described considerable heterogeneity in the clinical and immunologic features of PLL but have not dealt in detail with pathologic descriptions of their cases. Consequently, one might question whether PLL represents one disorder or a heterogeneous group of disorders. Three patients who satisfied Galton's original diagnostic criteria for PLL were examined by pathologic and immunologic methods. The spleens of these patients showed distinctive pseudonodular pathologic features. The malignant prolymphocytes were characterized as B-lineage by the presence of surface IgM and IgD, the expression of HLA-DR antigen, the absence of E-rosette formation, and the absence of natural killer cell activity. The existence of B-lineage prolymphocytic leukemia is affirmed as a distinct entity with unique pathologic, clinical, and immunobiologic characteristics.

Recently the Lymphoma Study Group of Japan (LSGJ) proposed a new classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), diving NHLs into the follicular group consisting of three subsets and the diffuse group, 7. Each subset of the diffuse group is further divided into B or T cell types according to immunologic markers and/or morphologic prediction. In the review of 118 malignant lymphomas, the authors studied the 109 cases of NHLs, attempting to assess the clinicopathologic utility of this classification. Morphologic criteria, enzyme histochemistry, and immunoperoxidase technique were used to ensure the accuracy of the immunologic phenotyping. The results suggest that the LSGJ classification is easily reproducible and yields a more precise clinicopathologic correlation than traditional, morphologic classifications. Consistent with similar studies in Japan, this study demonstrated a low incidence of Hodgkin's disease (7.6% of all lymphomas) and follicular lymphomas (8.3% of all NHLs) and a high incidence of T cell lymphomas (34.9% of all NHLs). The incidence (45.9%) of extranodal presentation was high. These four features seem characteristic of lymphomas in Japan.

The pathognomonic neoplastic reticulum cells, or "hairy cells" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis from 6 patients were studied with the electron microscope. These cells demonstrated characteristic ultrastructural features which were distinctly different from those of lymphocytes, monocytes, or histiocytes. In 3 patients a distinctive ribosome-lamella complex was found. The biologic significance of this unusual cytoplasmic inclusion is still unknown. Its frequent presence in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and its rarity in other neoplastic diseases suggest a substantial yet unexplained relationship between this complex and leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

The pathognomonic "hairy cell" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was studied for ultrastructural localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. The enzyme activity could not be demonstrated by Gomori's method, but it was readily demonstrated in the cytoplasmic vesicles and Golgi saccules of the hairy cell by substitution of naphthol AS-BI phosphoric acid for Na-beta-glycerophosphate of Gomori's medium. This apparent substrate specificity may be used as a marker for electron microscopic identification of the hairy cell, and may facilitate the study of histogenesis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.