Search

Funding details Abstract Berberine (BER) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid found in many plants. It has high water solubilitybut its bioavailability is low in oral administration due to the first-pass effect in the liver and intestine. Phytosomesare are prepared by complexing herbal active ingredients and phospholipids (PLs). The aim of this study is to prepare BER-phospholipidcomplexes (BPCs) using the reverse phase evaporation method. In the preparation of the formulations, the effects of BER:PL ratio (w/w), reaction temperature (°C) and reaction time (h) on the specifications of the complexes such as particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were investigated. The distribution of PS of obtained complexes was ranging between 339-1259 nm and their ZP were within-4,27--5,15 mV. The drug EE% was relatively high. Quality by Design (QbD) methods have been used in the formulation design and selection of the optimum formulation. BPCs anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities are evaluated by using in vivo methods.Carrageenan-, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-and serotonin-induced hind paw edema, acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability and subcutaneous air-pouch models for the anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction and hot plate test for the analgesic activity, Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced pyrexia model for the antipyretic activity were used in mice and rats. Results showed that BPCs showed potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities at the dose of 209 mg/kg.

Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775) —Two-spotted Stink Bug (Fig. 5) Distribution in Turkey (Map 5): Amasya, Ankara, Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ (Kıvan 2004; Fent & Aktaç 2007; Dursun & Fent 2018; Kıyak et al. 2019); Bolu, Kastamonu, Zonguldak (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Amasya: Merzifon, 25.VII.2017 (Şeker 2017). 2. Bolu: road to Avdan Village, 16.XI.2020 (Okur, 2020). 3. Kastamonu (centre), 14.VI.2016 (Yaşayacak 2016). 4. Zonguldak (centre), 14.X.2019 (Aşar 2019). Comments: P. bioculatus is originally a Nearctic species (Rabitsch 2008) and it was introduced to Algeria, Greece, Serbia and Turkey in Europe (Aukema 2021). This alien insect was firstly reported from Tekirdağ in 1997 (Kıvan 2004). However, the oldest material in Turkey was collected in Edirne in 1993 (Fent & Aktaç 2007). Later, its distribution range expanded in the West and Central Black Sea and also Ankara in Central Anatolia (Dursun & Fent 2018; Kıyak et al. 2019; this study). Probably it may appear in the provinces in between these regions. Therefore, additional observations are needed. Two of the new records were obtained in mid-summer (June, July) and the other two in autumn (October, November) (Graph 5)., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Kivan, M. (2004) Some observations on Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a new record for the entomofauna of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 28 (2), 95 - 98.","Fent, M & Aktac, N. (2007) Die Verbreitung des Perillus bioculatus (Fab.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) im turkischen Teil Thrakiens, Heteropteron, 25, 7 - 10.","Dursun, A. & Fent, M. (2018) Erstnachweis von Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fur Anatolien (Turkei), Heteropteron, 53, 18 - 20.","Kiyak, S., Alacapunar, P. & Ozdamar, H. (2019) The second record of Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), invasive alien species (IAS) from Anatolia. Journal of the Heteroptera of Turkey, 1 (1 - 2), 4 - 6.","Seker, A. (2017) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / gumushacikoylu- bocek- 8 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Okur, A. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 75927707 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yasayacak, H. (2016) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / eury / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Asar, E. (2019) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / hemiptera- 187 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Rabitsch, W. (2008) Alien True Bugs of Europe (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 1827 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1827.1.1","Aukema, B. (2021) Catalogue of the Palaearctic Heteroptera. Available from: https: // catpalhet. linnaeus. naturalis. nl / linnaeus _ ng / app / views / introduction / topic. php? id = 9 & epi = 1 (accessed 8 September 2021)"]}

Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) —Oak Lace Bug (Fig. 2) Distribution in Turkey (Map 2): Amasya, Ankara, Artvin, Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa, Çankırı, Düzce, Edirne, Eskişehir, İstanbul, Kastamonu, Kocaeli, Mersin, Niğde, Sakarya, Samsun, Tekirdağ, Tokat, Zonguldak (Mutun 2003; Mutun et al. 2009; Aytar et al. 2014; Küçükbasmacı 2014; Çerçi & Koçak 2016; Dursun & Fent 2017; Aysal & Kıvan 2018; M. Fent pers. comm.); Kırklareli, Trabzon (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Bursa: İznik, 25.VIII.2015, 4.IX.2015, 18.IX.2015 (Sancar 2015a –c); 2. Nilüfer, Ürünlü, 27.IX.2016 (Biçici 2016a); 3. Eskişehir: (centre), 10.V.2021 (Suna 2021a). 4. İstanbul: Başakşehir, 17.IX.2015 (Uçar 2015); 5. Esenyurt, 11.VIII.2014, 23.VII.2016 (Çerçi 2014a; 2016); 6. Pendik, 28.VIII.2020 (Yıldız 2020); 7. Sancaktepe, 30.VIII.2019, 27.XI.2019 (Coşkun 2019a,b); 8. Sancaktepe, 1.V.2020 (Coşkun 2020a); 9. Sultangazi, 2.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 10. Ümraniye, Tatlısu, 08.VIII.2019 (Ercin 2019a). 11. Kırklareli (centre), 20.V.2020 (Akıncıoğlu 2020). 12. Samsun: Atakum, 19 Mayıs Üniv. Kampüsü, 11.XI.2019 (Gökalp 2019). 13. Trabzon: Ortahisar, Ayvalı, 29.VII.2015 (Aslan 2015). Comments: C. arcuata is a North American species (Rabitsch 2008). Its first record for Europe was given from Italy in 2000 (Bernardinelli & Zandigiacomo 2000). The bug later spread to many other European countries including Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and also Iran (Forster et al. 2005; Ghahari et al. 2010; Csóka et al. 2019). The first record in Turkey was given from Bolu Province in 2002 (Mutun, 2003). The bug, called “meşe kaplanı” in Turkish, spread to almost all the neighbouring provinces in a few years (Mutun et al. 2009). It reached Kastamonu in 2013 (Küçükbasmacı 2014), Central Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey in 2014 (Aytar et al. 2014). According to 17 new records from 13 localities, the activity period of C. arcuata ranges from May to November and it has been seen in August and September with a maximum of five records each (Graph 2). GRAPH 2. Seasonality of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832), based on records from Turkey., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Mutun, S. (2003) First report of the oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Bolu, Turkey. Israel Journal of Zoology, 49, 323 - 324.","Mutun, S., Ceyhan, Z. & Sozen, C. (2009) Invasion by the Oak Lace Bug, Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera: Tingidae), in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33, 263 - 268.","Aytar, F., Kaba, H. & Aktas, O. (2014) Notes on the distribution of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera, Tingidae) in Turkey. IUFRO Joint Meeting, Antalya, 9 - 14 April 2014, 96.","Kucukbasmaci, I. (2014) Two new invasive species recorded in Kastamonu (Turkey): Oak lace bug [Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832)] and sycamore lace bug [Corythucha ciliata (Say, 1832)] (Heteroptera: Tingidae). Journal of Entomology and Nematology, 6 (8), 104 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.5897 / JEN 2014.0102","Cerci, B. & Kocak, O. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4 (15), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.15","Dursun, A. & Fent, M. (2017) Annotated Checklist of Tingidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Turkey with new records for the faunas of Europe and Turkish Thrace. Zootaxa, 4347 (3), 465 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4347.3.3","Aysal, T. & Kivan, M. (2018) Tingidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) species and their distribution in Tekirdag Province. Tekirdag Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi, 15 (3), 1 - 8. [in Turkish]","Sancar, M. C. (2015 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / corythuchaarcuata / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2016 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 217190 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Suna, M. A. (2021 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 78230876 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Cerci, B. (2014 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / tingidae- 3 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yildiz, M. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 57817083 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Coskun, T. (2019 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 31776545 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Coskun, T. (2020 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 44469122 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Ercin, S. (2019 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30418600 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Akincioglu, A. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 46636182 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Gokalp, T. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 35565657 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Aslan, S. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / koyumden- 7 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Rabitsch, W. (2008) Alien True Bugs of Europe (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 1827 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1827.1.1","Bernardinelli, I. & Zandigiacomo, P. (2000) Prima segnalozione di Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera, Tingidae) in Europe. Informatore Fitopatologica, 12, 47 - 49.","Forster, B., Giacalone, I., Moretti, M., Dioli, P. & Wermelinger, B. (2005) Die amerikanische Eichennetzwanze Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera, Tingidae) hat die Sudschweiz erreicht. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 78, 317 - 323.","Ghahari, H., Cai, W. Z., Cherot, F., Moulet, P., Carpintero, D. L., Montemayor, S. I., Ostovan, H., Havaskary, M. & Linnavuori, R. E. (2010) A contribution to Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of Arasbaran and vicinity, northwestern Iran. Entomotaxonomia, 32, 186 - 194."]}

Stictocephala bisonia Kopp et Yonke, 1977 —Buffalo Treehopper (Fig. 7) Distribution in Turkey (Map 7): Ankara, Artvin, Balıkesir, Edirne, Kırklareli, Rize (Lodos & Kalkandelen 1981); Bolu, Bursa, Eskişehir, Giresun, İstanbul, Sakarya, Tokat, Zonguldak (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Bolu: Mudurnu, Karamurat, 10.X.2015 (Karacan 2015). 2. Bursa: Nilüfer, Ürünlü, 27.VI.2016 (Biçici 2016b). 3. Eskişehir, 23.VIII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 4. Giresun: Bulancak, Samugüney, 31.VIII.2017 (Karataş 2017). 5. İstanbul: Sarıyer, Bahçeköy, 4.IX.2019 (Güngör 2019a); 6. Ümraniye, 20.IX.2015 (Tosun 2016b). 7. Rize: Derepazarı, Tersane, 27.VII.2020: Ahmet Karataş. 8. Sakarya: Karasu, 08.IX.2015 (Eren G. 2015), ibid., 20.IX.2015 (Eren F. 2015), ibid., 07.VIII.2016 (Eren A. 2016). 9. Tokat (centre): Kömeç, 09.VIII.2017 (Uçar 2017). 10. Zonguldak: Alaplı, 09.IX.2014 (Yaşayacak 2015). Comments: S. bisonia is native to the central and eastern part of North America (Walczak et al. 2018). It was classified formerly as Ceresa bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) (Walczak et al. 2018). However, Andrade (1997) regarded it as a synonym of Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851). This alien species was transported to eastern central Europe from North America and it was found for the first time in Serbia before 1912 (Walczak et al. 2018). It spread in most of the countries from Portugal to Azerbaijan in the Western Palearctic. As in North America, it is distributed just north of 50 o N latitude in Europe (Schedl 1991; Walczak et al. 2018). This insect was reported from Edirne in 1963 as Ceresa bubalus by Lodos & Kalkandelen (1981). Although it is the oldest introduced species among the eight bug species considered in the present study; the number of provinces in which it was reported is low, as there is not much work on it or alternatively, its spreading speed may be low in Turkey. It is mostly seen in Marmara and Eastern Black Sea provinces. There are 13 records from 11 localities (Map 7). Most of them were in autumn, with five records each in September and October (Graph 7). GRAPH 7. Seasonality of Stictocephala bisonia Kopp et Yonke, 1977, based on records from Turkey., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Lodos, N. & Kalkandelen, A. (1981) Turkiye Auchenorrhyncha turlerinin yayilisi ve onemlerine ait notlarla on liste. VI.","Karacan, F. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / stictocephalabisonia- 2 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2016 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / degisik- 4 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Karatas, A. (2017) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / bizim-koyden- 2017 - 39 - bogabasli-agaczipzipi / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Gungor, U. (2019 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / membracidaestictocephala-bisonia / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Tosun, N. (2016 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / sticocephalabisonia / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ucar, S. (2017) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / koluma-konantombalak / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yasayacak, H. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / stictocephalabisonia / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Walczak, M., Brozek, J., Junkiert, L., Kalandyk-Kolodziejczyk, M., Musik, K., Kaszyca, N., Lazuka, A. & Gierlasinski, G. (2018) Stictocephala bisonia Kopp et Yonke, 1977 (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha, Membracidae) in Poland. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology, 27, 1 - 13 https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 2525549","Andrade, G. S. (1997) Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851) sp. rev., comb. nov., the correct name for the \" buffalo treehopper \", with S. bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 as a new synonym, and notes on Hadrophallus bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) comb. nov. (Homoptera, Membracidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 123 (4), 289 - 295.","Schedl, W. (1991) Invasion der Amerikanischen Buffelzikade (Stictocephala bisonia Kopp und Yonke, 1977) nach Osterreich (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae). Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz, 64 (1), 9 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01906190"]}

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) —Citrus Flatid Planthopper (Fig. 8) Distribution in Turkey (Map 8): Bartın, Düzce, Edirne, İzmir, Kırklareli, Ordu, Sakarya, Samsun, Yalova (Karsavuran & Güçlü 2004; Güncan 2014; Hantaş et al. 2014; Dursun & Fent 2016; Demir 2018; Yıldız et al. 2018; Tuncer et al. 2020); Bursa, Giresun, İstanbul, Sinop, Zonguldak (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Bursa: Nilüfer, Ürünlü, 29.VII.2016, 17.IX.2018 (Biçici 2016c; 2018e); 2. Giresun: Bulancak, Samugüney Village, 28.VII.2020, 01.VIII.2020: Ahmet Karataş. 3. İstanbul, 18.VIII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 4. Beykoz, 26.VIII.2016 (Koçak 2016); 5. Sarıyer, Bahçeköy, 28.VIII.2019 (Güngör 2019b); 6. Sarıyer, Emirgan, 18.VIII.2018 (GBIF.org 2021); 7. Sarıyer, Yeniköy, 27.VI.2006 (Dağ 2018); 8. Sakarya: Karasu, 13.VII.2016, 26.VIII.2016 (Eren F. 2016a–b); ibid., 09.VIII.2016 (Eren G. 2016). 9. Samsun: Ondokuzmayıs, Yörükler, 24.VII.2018 (Karataş 2018b). 10. Sinop (centre), 9.IX.2020 (Coşkun 2020d). 11. Yalova (centre): Kadıköy, 18.VIII.2019 (Bacak 2019b). 12. Zonguldak (centre), 07.VII.2016 (Aşar 2016); 13. Çaycuma, Burunkaya, 08.VIII.2016 (Yangın 2016b). Comments: Native distribution of M. pruinosa is in the Nearctic region (Zangheri & Donadini 1980; CABI 2019). This invasive bug was accidentally introduced from North America to Italy in 1979 (Zangheri & Donadini 1980). It has now been detected in 19 European countries (CABI 2019). The species was firstly recorded from İzmir in 2003 (Karsavuran & Güçlü 2004). It was photographed three years later in 2006 by Saim Dağ from İstanbul (Dağ 2018). In the following years, it was seen in the Marmara Region and the Black Sea coastal provinces up to Giresun in the east (Map 8). Eighteen records were obtained from 14 localities (Graph 8). Accordingly, it was mostly seen in August (n= 9). A total of eight hemipteran species were reported from 50 provinces of Turkey. The most common species was Leptoglossus occidentalis reported from 40 provinces. The number of provinces where other species were observed is as follows: Corythucha arcuata (21), Zelus renardii (15), Metcalfa pruinosa (14), Halyomorpha halys (14), Stictocephala bisonia (13), Perillus bioculatus (8), and Corythucha ciliata (6). The highest diversity of species was in Bursa province where all species except Perillus bioculatus were found. Ankara and İstanbul share second place with six species. There were five provinces with five species (Bolu, Eskisehir, Kırklareli, Samsun, Zonguldak), nine provinces with four species (Amasya, Artvin, Edirne, Giresun, İzmir, Kastamonu, Sakarya, Tekirdağ, Yalova), five provinces with three species (Balıkesir, Bartın, Düzce, Ordu, Trabzon), eight provinces with two species (Antalya, Aydın, Bilecik, Denizli, Muğla, Rize, Sinop, Tokat) and 20 provinces with one species (Adana, Afyonkarahisar, Ardahan, Burdur, Çanakkale, Çankırı, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzurum, Isparta, Karabük, Kayseri, Kocaeli, Kütahya, Manisa, Mersin, Niğde, Osmaniye, Uşak) (Tab. 1). When records in Table 1 are examined, the number of provincial records is 131, 77 of which are presented in the previous literature. A total of 80 provincial records were obtained from citizen science, corresponding to more than those provided by the scientific literature in the intervening 58 years since the earliest record from 1963. Among these, 26 provincial records were previously mentioned in the literature and 50 provincial records are new meaning that the corresponding species was not reported from that province before. When the dates of the records are considered, there are 54 new provincial records in total since four provincial records were obtained by citizen scientists earlier than the previous literature records. These results show that citizen science is an important contributor as a data source, and it provides remarkable contribution for increasing the understanding on expansion of invasive species as well as providing clear picture on their distribution., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Karsavuran, Y. & Guclu, S. (2004) Turkiye faunasi icin yeni bir zararli tur, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Homoptera: Flatidae). Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 28 (3), 209 - 212. [in Turkish]","Guncan, A. (2014) Turkiye kivi bahcelerinde yeni bir zararli Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae). Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 3 (1), 41 - 44. [inTurkish] https: // doi. org / 10.29278 / azd. 357439","Hantas, C., Cetin, G. & Akcay, M. E. (2014) Marmara Bolgesi ayva bahcelerinde zararli bocek ve akar turleri ile dogal dusmanlarinin saptanmasi ve onemli zararli turlerin populasyon degisimi. Bitki Koruma Bulteni, 54 (3), 283 - 302. [in Turkish]","Dursun, A. & Fent, M. (2016) Contributions to the Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera) Fauna of Turkish Thrace Region. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 17 (2), 123 - 128.","Demir, E. (2018) The economically important alien invasive planthoppers in Turkey (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 26 (2), 233 - 242.","Yildiz, Y., Yildirim, I. & Bostanci, C. (2018) Bartin Ilinin istilaci bocek turleri. Proceedings of III. Turkish Forest Entomology and Pathology Symposium, Artvin, 10 - 12 May, 25. [in Turkish]","Tuncer, C., Ozdemir, I. O. & Kushiyev, R. (2020) New Pest Species in Turkish Hazelnut Orchards: Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Metcalfa pruinosa Say (Hemiptera: Flatidae), Croesus septentrionalis Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and Anoplophora chinensis Forster (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 3 (1), 74 - 81.","Bicici, B. (2016 c) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / kipir-kipir- 2 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2018 e) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 303577 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Kocak, O. (2016) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / metcalfa-pruinosa- 5 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Gungor, U. (2019 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / metcalfapruinosa- 7 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Dag, S. (2018) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / pamukcu / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Karatas, A. (2018 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zipzip- 65 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Coskun, T. (2020 d) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 54258984 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Bacak, E. (2019 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / metcalfapruinosa- 6 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Asar, E. (2016) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / metcalfa-pruinosa / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yangin, M. (2016 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / metcalfapruinosa- 3 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Zangheri, S. & Donadini, P. (1980) Comparsa nel Veneto di un omottero neartico: Metcalfa pruinosa Say (Homoptera, Flatidae). Redia, 63, 301 - 305.","CABI (2019) Metcalfa pruinosa (frosted moth-bug). In: Invasive species compendium. CAB International, Wallingford. Available from: https: // www. cabi. org / isc / datasheet / 35054 (accessed 20 May 2021)"]}

Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910) —Western Conifer Seed Bug (Fig. 4) Distribution in Turkey (Map 4): Adana, Afyonkarahisar, Amasya, Ankara, Ardahan, Artvin, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Burdur, Bursa, Edirne, Elazığ, Erzurum, Isparta, İstanbul, İzmir, Kastamonu, Kırklareli, Muğla, Yalova (Arslangündoğdu & Hızal 2010; Fent & Kment 2011; Hızal & İnan 2012; Yıldırım et al. 2013; Çerçi & Koçak 2016; Dursun 2016; Özek & Avcı 2017; Parlak 2017; Aksu 2018; Oğuzoğlu & Avcı 2018; Selek 2018; Özgen et al. 2017; İpekdal et al. 2019; Zengin & Dursun 2019; Oğuzoğlu & Avcı 2020); Antalya, Bartın, Bolu, Çorum, Denizli, Düzce, Eskişehir, Giresun, Karabük, Kayseri, Kütahya, Ordu, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Samsun, Tokat, Sinop, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Zonguldak (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Afyonkarahisar (centre): Sahipata, 12.VIII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 2. Ankara: Çamlıdere, Şahinler Nature Park, 24.X.2020 (Zengin 2020); 3. Çankaya, 28.IX.2017 (Yetgin 2017); 4. Çankaya, 17.X.2020 (Dilek 2020); 5. Çankaya, 24.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 6. Çankaya, Aziziye, 9.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 7. Çankaya, Dikmen Vadisi, 28.VIII.2019 (Usta 2019); 8. Çankaya, İncek, near Prestij, 4.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 9. Çankaya, Ümitköy, 14.X.2018 (Deniz 2018); 10. Etimesgut, Yavuz Selim, 30.VIII.2020 (Çimen 2020a); 11. Gölbaşı, 11.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 12. Gölbaşı, İncek, 8.III.2021 (Güler 2021); 13. Gölbaşı, Yavuz Sultan Selim, 20.IV.2021 (Kipritoğlu 2021); 14. Kızılcahamam, Karacaören, 25.X.2020 (GBIF. org 2021); 15. Yaşamkent, Yenimahalle, 3.I.2021 (Köseoğlu 2021); 16. Yenimahalle, 4.X.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 17. Yenimahalle, Mutlukent, 24.IX.2020 (Aversano 2020). 18. Antalya: Alanya, 25.II.2021 (GBIF.org 2021); 19. Manavgat, 12.VI.2014 (Şahin 2014); 20. Serik, Belek, 8.X.2020 (Klimchak 2020). 21. Balıkesir: cf. “Sındırgı”, 8.X.2018 (GBIF.org 2021). 22. Bartın (centre), 22.X.2020 (Amaç 2020a). 23. Bolu: Mudurnu, Taşkesti, 27.XI.2020 (Nihan 2020). 24. Bursa: Gemlik, 20.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 25. İznik, 4.X.2015 (Sancar 2015d); 26. Nilüfer, Ürünlü, 30.XI.2017, 23.X.2018 (Biçici 2017; 2018b); 27. Osmangazi, 29.IX.2018 (Biçici 2018c); 28. Yıldırım, 22.X.2015 (Yıldırım 2015). 29. Çorum (centre), 15.VIII.2015 (Deniz 2015); 30. ibid., 13.VII.2018 (Çimen 2018). 31. Denizli: Merkezefendi, 29.XI.2020 (Karaca 2020a); 32. ibid., 25.X.2020 (Özcan 2020); 33. Pamukkale, 13.X.2020 (Karaca 2020b). 34. Düzce (centre), 12.X.2018 (Öztürk 2018). 35. Eskişehir (centre): Çankaya, 11.XI.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 36. Muttalip Quarter, 14.X.2018 (GBIF.org 2021); 37. Odunpazarı, 23.IX.2018 (GBIF. org 2021); 38. Odunpazarı Cemetery, 8.IV.2021 (Suna 2021b). 39. Giresun: Espiye, 8.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 40. İstanbul: Kartal, 5.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 41. Ataşehir, Barbaros, 1.X.2020 (Ovich 2020); 42. Sarıyer, 27.X.2020 (Ozgurek 2020); 43. Bakırköy, 29.X.2019 (Arakaky 2019); 44. Bakırköy, Kartaltepe, 25.V.2020 (Sxhmxt 2020); 45. Başakşehir, 10.X.2015 (Uçar 2015b); 46. Esenyurt, 25.I.2015 (Çerçi 2015); 47. Kadıköy, 2.X.2019 (Burnaz 2019); 48. Kadıköy, 28.X.2018 (Sipahioğlu 2018); 49. Kadıköy, Bostancı, 10.XI.202 (Öztürk 2020); 50. Maltepe, Altayçeşme, 28.IX.2019 (Birol 2019); 51. Kartal, 25.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 52. Pendik, Yenişehir, 23.X.2020 (Caferoğlu 2020); 53. Sancaktepe, Çekmeköy, 4.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 54. Sarıyer, 4.II.2021 (GBIF.org 2021); 55. Sarıyer, Hacıosman, 3.II.2021: (Doğa 2021); 56. Sarıyer, Bahçeköy, 29.XI.2020 (Alkan 2020); 57. Sarıyer, road to Koç University, 4.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 58. Silivri, 13.VIII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 59. Ümraniye, 9.XI.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 60. İzmir: Selçuk, 23.X.2020 (Oruz 2020c); 61. Urla, 19.VII.2018, 18.X.2020 (Çerçi 2018; GBIF.org 2021). 62. Karabük (centre), 10.X.2020 (Oral 2020); 63. Safranbolu, 29.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 64. Kastamonu (centre), 6.XI.2018 (Edebiibey 2018); 65. Araç, 9.XI.2014, 8.I.2016 (Tosun 2015; 2016a). 66. Kayseri: Yahyalı, 19.XI.2014, 23.XI.2015, 23.X.2018 (Şahin 2014; 2015; 2018). 67. Kütahya (centre), 17.X.2020 (Onur 2020); 68. Tavşanlı, 17.X.2018 (GBIF.org 2021). 69. Muğla: Menteşe, 9.V.2021 (Dmkurysh 2021). 70. Ordu (centre), 11.XI.2020 (Şenocak 2020). 71. Osmaniye (centre), 1.XI.2020 (Arıkan 2020). 72. Sakarya: Adapazarı, Taşkısığı, 22.X.2019 (Efe 2019). 73. Samsun: Atakum, Kurupelit, 01.X.2014, 03.III.2018 (Eren 2014; 2018); 74. İlkadım, 24.X.2020 (Coşkun 2020b); 75. İlkadım, Bahçelievler, 21.X.2020 (Kaan 2020). 76. Sinop (centre): Ada, 6.X.2020 (Coşkun 2020c). 77. Tekirdağ: Süleymanpaşa, 21.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 78. Tokat (centre), 12.I.2015 (Tilki 2015). 79. Uşak (centre), 26.X.2020 (AA 2020). 80. Yalova: Armutlu, 19.XI.2010 (Verün 2018). 81. Zonguldak: Çaycuma, 27.III.2016 (Yangın 2016a). Comments: Native distribution of L. occidentalis is in North America (Rabitsch 2008). Its first European record was given in Italy in 1999. The distribution of this bug rapidly expanded to eastern and western Europe from Italy and now it is very common and widespread throughout the continent, and known from Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Crete, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldavia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ukraine, as well as Central and South America and South Africa (Arslangündoğdu & Hızal 2010; Fent & Kment 2011; Aukema 2021). It reached Turkey a decade later following its first record in Europe and reported from the European side of İstanbul province in 2009 (Arslangündoğdu & Hızal 2010). It was observed from Edirne (Fent & Kment 2011) and Yalova (this study) in the same year. It spread toward southwestern Turkey over Balıkesir in 2011 (Dursun 2016) and İzmir in 2012 (Hızal & İnan 2012) and arrived to Antalya in 2014 (this study). According to new data, it was also seen in Samsun in 2014, in Çorum and Tokat in 2015. Its occurrence in the surrounding provinces in the following years is probably due to the lack of observation. According to 89 records given from 81 localities in the present study, it is seen all year except December. With 43 records, almost half of the total was obtained in October (Graph 4). GRAPH 4. Seasonality of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910), based on records from Turkey., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Arslangundogdu, A. & Hizal, E. (2010) The western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910), recorded in Turkey (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 50, 138 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2010.10638426","Fent, M. & Kment, P. (2011) First record of the invasive western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Turkey. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 7 (1), 72 - 80.","Hizal, E. & Inan, M. (2012) Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910) is an invasive insect species. Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi, 14 (21), 56 - 61.","Yildirim, E., Yazici, G. & Moulet, P. (2013) Contribution to the knowledge of the Gerridae, Coreoidea, Piesmatidae, Saldidae, Corixoidea, Nepoidea and Notonectidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) fauna of Turkey. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 45 (1), 995 - 1010.","Cerci, B. & Kocak, O. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4 (15), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.15","Ozek, T. & Avci, M. (2017) Isparta Orman Bolge Mudurlugu goknar, cam ve sedir ormanlarinda tespit edilen kozalak zararlilari. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 18 (3), 178 - 186. [in Turkish]","Parlak, S. (2017) An invasive species: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) how does it affect forestry activities? Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17 (3), 531 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.17475 / kastorman. 292220","Aksu, Y. (2018) Leptoglossus occidentalis, http: // www. yasaraksu. com / icerik. asp? sayfa = 22 accessed on 20. 03. 2019. [in Turkish]","Oguzoglu, S. & Avci, M. (2018) Isparta ve Burdur illerinde Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Hemiptera: Coreidae) ' e ait gozlemler ve Turkiye'deki durumu. Proceeding of III. Turkish Forest Entomology and Pathology Symposium, Artvin, 10 - 12 May, 13 - 14. [in Turkish]","Selek, F. (2018) Izmir-Bergama / Kozak Yoresinde Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) Zarari. Proceedings of III. Turkish Forest Entomology and Pathology Symposium, Artvin, 10 - 12 May, 69 - 70. [in Turkish]","Ozgen, I., Dioli, P. & Celik V. (2017) New and interesting record of western conifer seed bug: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Eastern Turkey. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5 (5), 830 - 833.","Ipekdal, K., Oguzoglu, S., Oskay, F., Aksu, Y., Lehtijarvi, H. T. D., Lehtijarvi, A. T., Aday Kaya, A. G., Can, T., Ozcankaya, I. M. & Avci, M. (2019) Cam kozalak emici bocegi Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (1910) (Hemiptera: Coreidae): Turkiye ve dunyadaki son durum. Orman Genel Mudurlugu Matbaasi, Ankara, 70 pp. [in Turkish]","Zengin, P. & Dursun, A. (2019) A study on the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Fauna of Amasya Province, Turkey. Acta Biologica Turcica, 32 (3), 160 - 167.","Oguzoglu, S. & Avci, M. (2020) Turkiye'de Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Hemiptera: Coreidae) uzerine biyolojik gozlemler, parazitoitleri ve yayilisina katkilar. Ormancilik Arastirma Dergisi, 7 (1), 9 - 21. [in Turkish] https: // doi. org / 10.17568 / ogmoad. 548950","Zengin, B. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63407834 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Yetgin, K. (2017) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / coriomeris- 3 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Dilek, E. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 62775358 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Usta, N. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 31746450 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Deniz, H. (2018) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / medyatik / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Guler, E. (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 70804389 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Kipritoglu, B. (2021) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 74608060 (accessed 29 June 2021)","Koseoglu, M. (2021) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 67504067 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Aversano, J. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 60727480 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Klimchak, P. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 62026655 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Amac, E. (2020 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63237106 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Nihan, E. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 65685509 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sancar, M. C. (2015 d) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / leptoglossusoccidentalis- 3 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2017) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 260286 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2018 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 300154 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2018 c) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 305523 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yildirim, S. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 181808 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Deniz, H. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / hortumlu- 2 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Cimen, D. (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 51838689 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Karaca, M. (2020 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 65988489 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozcan, I. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63471464 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Karaca, M. (2020 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 62474770 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozturk, C. N. (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 17434613 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Suna, M. A. (2021 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 73290063 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Ovich, C. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61462490 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozgurek (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63646986 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Arakaky, N. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 35057961 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ucar, S. (2015 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / yaratiklar / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Cerci, B. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / coreidae- 11 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Burnaz, V. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 33745850 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sipahioglu, O. (2018) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64390989 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozturk, B. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64614632 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Birol, B. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 33526420 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Caferoglu, E. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63376902 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Doga Club (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 69000146 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Alkan, G. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 65809751 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oruz, T. (2020 c) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63305333 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Cerci, B. (2018) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / coreidaeleptoglossus-occidentalis / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oral, B. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63816946 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Edebiibey (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 18165016 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Tosun, N. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / hemiptera- 17 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Tosun, N. (2016 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / coreidae- 22 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Onur S. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 62875336 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Dmkurysh (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 78030559 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Senocak, B. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64680387 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Arikan, C. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63945005 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Efe, B. C. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 34735380 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Eren, G. (2014) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / leptoglossusoccidentalis / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Eren, G. (2018) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 279035 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Coskun, T. (2020 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63379434 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Kaan, A. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63161526 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Coskun, T. (2020 c) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61851569 (accessed 8 June 2021)","Tilki, H. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / sakli- 2 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","AA S (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63555165 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Verun, A. (2018) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / leptoglossusoccidentalis- 4 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yangin, M. (2016 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / bocuk- 27 - 3 - 2016 - caycuma / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Rabitsch, W. (2008) Alien True Bugs of Europe (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 1827 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1827.1.1","Aukema, B. (2021) Catalogue of the Palaearctic Heteroptera. Available from: https: // catpalhet. linnaeus. naturalis. nl / linnaeus _ ng / app / views / introduction / topic. php? id = 9 & epi = 1 (accessed 8 September 2021)"]}

Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) —Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Fig. 6) Distribution in Turkey (Map 6): Artvin, Giresun, İstanbul, İzmir, Ordu, Rize, Samsun, Trabzon, Yalova (Çerçi & Koçak 2017; Güncan & Gümüş 2019; Ak et al. 2019; Cianferoni et al. 2019, Göktürk & Tozlu 2019, Çerçi 2021; Özdemir & Tuncer 2021); Ankara, Aydın, Bartın, Bursa, Eskişehir (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Ankara: Çankaya, 23.XI.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 2. Artvin: Borçka, 28.VII.2019 (Bacak, 2019a). 3. Aydın: Kuşadası, 03.X.2020 (Oruz, 2020d). 4. Bartın (centre), 22.X.2020 (Amaç, 2020b). 5. Bursa: Nilüfer, 29.IX.2018 (Biçici, 2018d); 6. Nilüfer, 27.VII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021). 7. Eskişehir, 10.VIII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 8. İstanbul: Adalar, 19.IX.2019 (Kernane 2019); 9. Ataşehir, 3.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 10. Beşiktaş, 1.VI.2019 (Grommen 2019a); 11. Beşiktaş, 27.X.2020 (Kılıç 2020); 12. Beyoğlu, 12.VIII.2019 (Grommen 2019b); 13. Fatih, 29.VIII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 14. Kadıköy, 05.X.2019 (Çelebi 2019); 15. Kadıköy, 13.XI.2019 (Uludağ 2019); 16. Kadıköy, 29.X.2020 (Sipahioğlu 2020); 17. Kadıköy, 30.VIII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 18. Kadıköy, Caferağa, 23.IX.2018 (GBIF.org 2021); 19. Kartal, 24.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 20. Küçükçekmece, 7.X.2020 (Usta 2020); 21. Kadıköy, Maltepe, 10.VIII.2020 (Coşkun, 2020e); 22. Sarıyer, 24.II.2021 (GBIF.org 2021); 23. Sarıyer, 20.VIII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 24. Sarıyer, 6.X.2020 (Evans 2020); 25. Üsküdar, 19.X.2019 (Öztürk 2019); 26. Üsküdar, Altunizade, 27.I.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 27. Üsküdar, Küçük Çamlıca, 9.IV.2021 (Wak 2021). 28. İzmir (Konak), 7.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 29. Konak, 27.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 30. Rize: Derepazarı, Tersane, 27.VII.2020 (Karataş 2020). 31. Trabzon (centre), 04.X.2019 (GBIF.org 2021). Comments: H. halys is native in East Asia and ranges in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan (Rabitsch 2008). It is found firstly in North America and Chile as an invasive insect species. This bug was introduced to Europe in 2004 for the first time and spread to many European countries including Austria, Croatia, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden (Cianferoni et al. 2018). It was recorded from Greece in 2011, from Georgia in 2015 and from Bulgaria in 2016 (Cianferoni et al. 2018; Özdemir & Tuncer 2021; Çerçi 2021). Following these records from neighbouring countries, it arrived in Turkey and it was firstly discovered in İstanbul in 2017 (Çerçi & Koçak 2017). According to the records given later, the oldest record in Turkey is from Artvin in 2016 (Göktürk & Tozlu 2019). It seems, from these records, that this species spread to Turkey both from Georgia through Artvin and from Europe through İstanbul. According to new data, H. halys can be found year-round, but it is most common in autumn. Eleven of the 31 records were reported in October (Graph 6). GRAPH 6. Seasonality of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), based on records from Turkey., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Cerci, B. & Kocak, O. (2017) Further contribution to the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey with a new synonymy. Acta Biologica Turcica, 30, 121 - 127.","Guncan, A. & Gumus, E. (2019) Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), a new and important pest in Turkey. Entomological News, 128 (2), 204 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 021.128.0208","Ak, K., Uluca, M., Aydin, O. & Gokturk, T. (2019) Important invasive species and its pest status in Turkey: Halyomorpha halys","Cianferoni, F., Graziani, F. & Ceccolini, F. (2019) The unstoppable march of Halyomorpha halys: new first country records (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), Spixiana, 42 (1), 60.","Gokturk, T. & Tozlu, G. (2019) An important agricultural pest for Turkey: invasive species Halyomorpha halys. Proceedings of International Black Sea Coastline Countries Symposium, Batumi / Georgia, 2 - 5 May 2019, 283 - 297. [in Turkish]","Cerci, B. (2021) First record of Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855) (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) in Aegean Region of Turkey. Acta Biologica Turcica, 34 (1), 35 - 37.","Ozdemir, I. O. & Tuncer, C. (2021) A new invasive polyphagous pest in Turkey, Brown Marmorated Stink Bug [Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)]: identification, similar species and current status. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 4 (2), 58 - 67. [in Turkish] https: // doi. org / 10.34248 / bsengineering. 844095","Bacak, E. (2019 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / halyomorphahalys- 2 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oruz, T. (2020 d) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61567862 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Amac, E. (2020 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63234072 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2018 d) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 305850 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Kernane, S. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 33579247 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Grommen, R. (2019 a) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 26239238 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Kilic, U. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63628903 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Grommen, R. (2019 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30676406 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Celebi, C. D. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 33881139 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Uludag, E. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 35638507 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sipahioglu, O. (2020) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63761722 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Usta, K. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61978836 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Coskun, T. (2020 e) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64847488 (accessed 8 September 2021)","Evans, C. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64628875 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozturk, C. N. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 17876085 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Wak (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 73594352 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Karatas, A., Karatas, A., Yavuz, N. & Genc, M. (2020) Distribution and activity period of the invasive Orosanga japonica (Melichar, 1898) (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 66 (3), 246 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2020.1793502","Rabitsch, W. (2008) Alien True Bugs of Europe (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 1827 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1827.1.1","Cianferoni, F., Graziani, F., Dioli, P. & Ceccolini, F. (2018) Review of the occurrence of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Italy, with an uptake of its European and World distribution. Biologia, 73, 599 - 607. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11756 - 018 - 0067 - 9"]}

Zelus renardii Kolenati, 1856 —Leafhopper Assassin Bug (Fig. 1) Distribution in Turkey (Map 1): Amasya, Ankara, Diyarbakır, İstanbul, İzmir (Çerçi & Koçak 2016; Kıyak 2020; Dursun & Fent 2020; Çelik et al. 2021); Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bursa, Çanakkale, Denizli, Eskişehir, Manisa, Muğla, Yalova (this study). New records by citizen scientists in Turkey: 1. Ankara: Çankaya, 27.IX.2020 (Akkoç 2020); 2. Çankaya, 11.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 3. Çankaya, 15.IV.2021 (GBIF.org 2021); 4. Çankaya, 20.VII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 5. Keçiören, 21.VII.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 6. Yenimahalle, Susuz, 29.VII.2020 (Adsız, 2020). 7. Antalya: Alanya, 24.XI.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 8. Alanya, 14.VII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 9. Gazipaşa, 24.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 10. Kemer (centre), 7.X.2019 (Mazdaexclusive1, 2019); 11. Kemer, Göynük, 7.IX.2019 (Leoshko 2019). 12. Aydın: Koçarlı, 3.XI.2018 (Oral 2018); 13. Kuşadası, 22.V.2016 (Yurdakul 2016a). 14. Balıkesir: Bandırma, İhsaniye, 12.XI.2020 (Yırgal 2020); 15. Burhaniye, 2.IX.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 16. Edremit, 15.VII.2018 (GBIF.org 2021); 17. Edremit, road to Ayvacık, 28.VI.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 18. Edremit, Güre Mah., road to Çanakkale, 6.X.2018 (Sisco, 2018); 19. Marmara, Avşa Island, 14.VIII.2019 (Ağar 2019). 20. Bursa: İznik, 6.X.2018, 18.VII.2020 (Sancar 2018a; 2020); 21. Nilüfer, 4.VIII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 22. ibid., 28.VIII.2018 (Biçici 2018a); 23. Nilüfer, Görükle Zafer, Başköy, 1.X.2020 (Telli 2020); 24. Çanakkale: Ayvacık, 29.VI.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 25. Ayvacık, Küçükkuyu, 23.IV.2019 (Tosun 2019). 26. Denizli: Pamukkale, 25.V.2019 (Msarsay 2019); 27. Sarayköy, Karakıran, 24.V.2020 (GBIF.org 2021). 28. Eskişehir (centre), 31.III.2021 (GBIF.org 2021). 29. İstanbul, 26.II.2021 (Orkun 2021); 30. Adalar, 19.IX.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 31. Adalar, Heybeliada, 24.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 32. Beşiktaş, Abbasağa, 14.VIII.2020 (Mollman, 2020); 33. Kadıköy, Caddebostan, 2.X.2020 (Kurt 2020); 34. Kartal, 20.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 35. Pendik, 19.VIII.2020 (Yeşilyurt 2020); 36. Şile, 16.I.2021 (Sipahioğlu 2021); 37. Ümraniye, Tatlısu, 2.VIII.2019 (Ercin 2019b); 39. Üsküdar, 29.X.2020 (Aluvd 2020); 38. Üsküdar, Bulgurlu, 18.X.2020 (GBIF. org 2021). 40. İzmir Karşıyaka, 2.X.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 41-42. Bornova, 01.X.2015, 06.III.2016 (Yurdakul 2015; 2016b); 43-44. cf. Çeşme, 30. X. 2020, 31.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 45. Menemen, 3.II.2019 (Gül 2019); 46. Narlıdere, 31.VIII.2019 (Dere 2019); 47. Selçuk, İsabey, 10.XII.2020 (Oruz 2020a); 48. Tire, 16.VII.2020 (Oruz 2020b); 49. Urla, 28.VII.2019 (GBIF.org 2021); 50. ibid., 03.VIII.2019 (Sarıoğuz 2019). 51. Manisa (centre), 13.XI.2019: (R36a1 2019); 52. ibid., 5.XII.2020 (Lovi 2020); 53. Şehzadeler, Sancaklıbozköy, 29.X.2020 (Koyuncu 2020). 54. Muğla: Bodrum, Bitez, 10.V.2020 (Carlisle 2020a); 55-59. Bodrum, Gümbet, 29.XI.2019, 10.V.2020, 31.V.2020, 05.VI.2020, 14.VIII.2020 (Carlisle 2020b –f); 60. Bodrum, 4.VIII.2019 (Maracalewaert 2019); 61. Bodrum, Turgutreis, 13.I.2021 (Şişman 2021); 62. Datça, 24.VIII.2020 (Parlak 2020); 63. Fethiye, Keçiler, 21.X.2020 (Efe 2020); 64. Marmaris, 19.IV.2021 (GBIF.org 2021); 65. Marmaris, Adaköy, 6.X.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 66. Marmaris, Çamlı, 21.XI.2020 (GBIF.org 2021); 67-69. Milas, 20.VII.2016, 04.VI.2017, 14.IX.2018 (Özek 2016; 2017; 2018); 70. Ortaca, Sarıgerme, 13.II.2021 (Dlmerme 2021); 71. Ula, Akyaka, 17.X.2020 (GBIF. org 2021); 72. Yalova (centre), 22.X.2018 (Uğur 2018); 73. ibid., 28.I.2018 (Sancar 2018b). Comments: Z. renardii is a Nearctic species and its native distribution is in North America (Zhang et al. 2016). It was introduced to Albania, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Spain (Davranoglou 2011; Vivas 2012; Dioli 2013; Çerçi & Koçak 2016; van der Heyden 2017, 2018; Garrouste 2019; van der Heyden & Grosso-Silva 2020). Isolated records from Denmark, Germany and United Kingdom do not currently prove stable colonisation in these regions (van der Heyden 2021). The first record of Z. renardii from Turkey was given from İzmir in 2015 and İstanbul in 2016 (Çerçi & Koçak 2016). With the new records presented above, this species is known from 15 provinces in Turkey (Map 1). According to the new records given here, Z. renardii is active all year round in Turkey. However, it was mostly seen in October, with 19 of 73 records (Graph 1). GRAPH 1. Seasonality of Zelus renardii Kolenati, 1856, based on records from Turkey., Published as part of Çerçi, Bariş, Karataş, Ahmet & Karataş, Ayşegül, 2021, Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 2-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585486, {"references":["Cerci, B. & Kocak, O. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4 (15), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.15","Kiyak, S. (2020) The new record invasive alien species (IAS) Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1857) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in central Anatolia (Turkey). Journal of the Heteroptera of Turkey, 2 (1), 47 - 52.","Dursun, A. & Fent, M. (2020) First record of the alien species Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1856) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Black Sea Region of Turkey. Journal of Heteroptera of Turkey, 2 (2), 144 - 147.","Celik, H., Dioli, P. & Bolu, H. (2021) First Record in Southeastern Anatolia of Zelus (Diplodacus) renardii (Kolenati, 1856) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and his new prey Allantus (s. str.) viennensis (Schrank, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Allantinae). Journal of Heteroptera of Turkey, 3 (1), 31 - 39.","Akkoc, F. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 60947213 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Adsiz, M. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 54765555 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Leoshko, A. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 32257907 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oral, E. (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 18052463 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yurdakul, B. O. (2016 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 205050 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yirgal, Y. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 18052463 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sisco, T. (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 17241200 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Agar, S. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30804131 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sancar, M. C. (2018 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zelus-renardii- 4 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sancar, M. C. (2020) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zelus-renardii- 6 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Bicici, B. (2018 a) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / bahcemden- 60 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Telli, G. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61378435 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Tosun, N. (2019) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zelus-renardii- 5 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Msarsay (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 25733093 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Orkun (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 70196071 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Mollman, R. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 57017977 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Kurt, A. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 61467931 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yesilyurt, S. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 56920487 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sipahioglu, O. (2021) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 68424267 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ercin, S. (2019 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30033230 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Aluvd, (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63782546 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yurdakul, B. O. (2015) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zelusrenardii / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Yurdakul, B. O. (2016 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / avci- 22 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Gul, M. K. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 20049924 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Dere, G. (2019) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 31840189 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oruz, T. (2020 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 66368486 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Oruz, T. (2020 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 53254398 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Lovi (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 66132734 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Koyuncu, M. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64281453 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Carlisle, T. (2020 a) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 51217375 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Carlisle, T. (2020 b) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 36703134 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Maracalewaert (2019) iNaturalistResearchGradeObservations. Availablefrom: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30175943 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sisman, H. (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 30175943 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Parlak, N. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 70081640 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Efe, B. C. (2020) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 63152789 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ozek, I. I. (2016) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / 209938 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Dlmerme (2021) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 69518647 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Ugur, I. (2018) iNaturalist Research Grade Observations. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 18069449 (accessed 9 July 2021)","Sancar, M. C. (2018 b) Dogal Hayat Observation Sharing Platform. Available from: http: // dogalhayat. org / property / zelus-renardii- 3 / (accessed 9 July 2021)","Zhang, G., Hart, E. & Weirauch, C. (2016) A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e 8150. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 4. e 8150","Davranoglou, L. R. (2011) Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1856), a New World reduviid discovered in Europe (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae). Entomological Magazine, 147, 157 - 162.","Vivas, L. (2012) Primera cita en Espana de la especie Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1857) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) que representa la segunda cita en Europa. BV News, 1, 34 - 40.","Dioli, P. (2013) Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1857) new to Italy (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna, 38, 232 - 233.","van der Heyden, T. (2017) First records of Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1856) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) for Albania. Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 18, 49 - 50.","van der Heyden, T. (2018) First record of Zelus renardii Kolenati (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) in Israel. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 44 (4), 463 - 465.","Garrouste, R. (2019) Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1856): une Reduve nouvelle pour la France (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 124 (3), 335 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 2086","van der Heyden, T. & Grosso-Silva, J. M. (2020) First record of Zelus renardii Kolenati, 1856 in Portugal (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae). Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 22, 347 - 349.","van der Heyden, T. (2021) On the recent Northern European dispersion of Zelus renardii Kolenati (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) via human activity. Israel Journal of Entomology, 51, 43 - 46."]}

Bolkar Dağları, Akdeniz ve İç Anadolu Bölgeleri arasında ve Niğde, Adana, Karaman, Konya ve Mersin il sınırları içinde yer alan Orta Toroslar’ın oluşturduğu dağ grubudur. 2010 yılı Temmuz-Eylül ayları arasında 31 farklı lokaliteden 151 akrep örneği toplanmıştır. Araziden elde edilen örneklerin değerlendirilmesi sonucu Euscorpiidae’ye ait 18 örneğin Euscorpius koci; Buthidae’den 88’i ergin olmak üzere 113 örneğin Aegaeobuthus gibbosus; Luridae’den 13 örneğin Protoiurus asiaticus ve Scorpionidae’den 7 örneğin Scorpio fuscus olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, Bolkar Dağları’nda dağılım gösteren akrep türlerinin sistematikleri, morfolojik ve morfometrik özellikleri ile her türe ait biyo-ekolojik gözlemler hakkında bilgi verilmesi hedeflenmektedir., Bolkar Mountains that is mountain group located between Inner Anatolia and Mediterranean region in the city borders of Niğde, Adana, Karaman, Konya and Mersin Provinces. 151 scorpion samples collected from 31 different localities from July to September in 2010. As a result of the evaluation of samples of terrain, 18 Euscorpius koci samples from Euscorpiidae; 113 Aegaeobuthus gibbosus samples from Buthidae (88 adult); 13 Protoiurus asiaticus samples from Luridae and 7 Scorpio fuscus samples from Scorpionidae were determined. Finally, this study gave information about systematics, morphological characteristics and bioecological observation of scorpions distributed in Bolkar Mountains.

The Harlequin Ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773), is native to Eastern Asia but it has been introduced to many countries in Africa, America, and Eurasia. In Turkey, H. axyridis is one of the most fast-spreading invasive alien species. Since the collection of the first specimens in 2010, H. axyridis spread almost all over the country. The species spreads fast in Turkey according to the new records, obtained originally from the field studies and the citizen science data. It was recorded for the first time from 19 of 81 Turkish provinces (Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Bolu, Bursa, İstanbul, İzmir, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Muğla, Rize, Samsun, Sinop, Tokat, Trabzon, Yalova, and Zonguldak) from Aegean, Central and Eastern Black Sea regions. We used the MaxEnt program to predict the current and future potential geographical distribution of this species in Turkey and its surrounding areas. Based on MaxEnt predictions, the majority of this region seems highly suitable for the species.

Inhigher education, the evaluation of the instructors by students has become acommon practice over the years. These evaluations which are generally based on questionnairehave been accepted as inputs in decisions regarding quality improvement ineducation. On the other hand, some researchers suggest that questionnaires may producedeviant results by the effect of some factors except the performance of theinstructor. Among these factors, it is claimed that there are variables relatedto the course taken, variables related to the instructor other than teachingperformance and class differences.Theprimary objective of the paper is to discuss whether class differences have animpact on the differences have an impact on the factors determining thesatisfaction with instructors. The data set of the study consists ofquestionnaires in which all students at International Trade Department of SakaryaUniversity Business School taking courses in all semesters between 2014 -2018evaluate the lecturers of each semester and thus longitudinal data is used inthe study.There are two different classes and who attendedto all the courses of the program one year apart. According to results significant differences on the factorsdetermined between the students in different classes were observed., Yükseköğretimde,alınan derslerin ve derslerin öğretim elemanlarının dersi alan öğrencilertarafından değerlendirilmesi her geçen gün yaygınlığı artan bir uygulamadır.Yazında, değerlendirilen anketlerin öğretim elemanının performansı dışında bazıfaktörler etkisinde sapmalı sonuçlar verebileceğine dair tartışmalarbulunmaktadır. Bu faktörler arasında alınan dersle ilişkili değişkenler,öğretim elemanı ile ilgili öğretim performansı dışındaki değişkenler ve sınıffarklılıklarının olduğu öne sürülmektedir.Bu araştırmanın amacısınıf farklılıklarının öğretim elemanlarına yönelik memnuniyeti belirleyenfaktörler üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığını tartışmaktır. Araştırmanın verisetini, Sakarya Üniversitesi Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü’nde 2014 yılından 2019yılına kadarki tüm dönemlerde ders alan öğrencilerin her dönem derslerinöğretim üyelerini değerlendirdiği anketler oluşturmaktadır ve böylece çalışmadayazındakinin aksine boylamsal veri kullanılmaktadır. Öncelikle bir yılarayla bölüme kaydolan ve birinci dönemden yedinci döneme kadar alınan tümdersleri değerlendirilen iki ayrı sınıfın verileri incelenerek açıklayıcıfaktörler karşılaştırılmaktadır. İkinci olarak da farklı sınıf düzeylerindekiöğrencilerin öğretim üyelerine yönelik memnuniyetlerini belirleyen faktörlerinfarklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda bu iki sınıfınöğretim üyelerine yönelik memnuniyetini belirleyen faktörler ve bu faktörlerinyükleri arasında önemli farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır. Ancak tespit edilenfaktörlerde ise farklı sınıflarda bulunan öğrenciler arasında önemlifarklılıklar olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bulgudan yola çıkarak birinci sınıftandördüncü sınıfa kadar devam eden öğrenim süresince öğrencilerin beklentilerininfarklılaştığı görülmektedir.

An important part of the active ingredients derived from plants has long side chains and high polarity. This prevents absorption through passive diffusion from the gastrointestinal mucosa or skin. At this point, the new complexing technique called "phyto-phospholipid" or "phytosome" plays an important role in facilitating absorption and increasing bioavailability. Phytosomes are structures formed as a result of the fact that active ingredients of plant origin form complexes with natural phospholipids such as soy lecithin in a suitable solvent / solvent system. In order to make the characterization of phytosome formulations, in vitro tests such as particle size measurement, active substance release rate determination, melting point determination are performed. Encapsulation efficiency is another parameter that is evaluated by measuring. It is the expression of the active substance in the formulation in %. It can also be obtained by measuring the free active component that cannot be kept in the phytosome structure by a suitable method. In this study, it was aimed to develop HPLC method and analytical validation to determine the amount of berberine in phytosome formulations. HPLC analyzes were carried out in the Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (100 mm x 4.6 mm x 3.5 µm) column on Agilent 1260 Infinity II device at a flow rate of 1 mL / min. In order to determine the berberine from the phytosome formulation, the HPLC quantification method was developed and validated according to the relevant ICH guidelines. It is important to be able to determine the amount of berberine by separating the excipients in the phytosome formulations. Therefore, specificity from analytical validation parameters has been evaluated in detail. The developed method was evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity and range, accuracy and precision parameters. It has been determined that the developed method is reliable for quantification of berberine in phytosome formulations., Bitkilerden elde edilen aktif bileşenlerin önemli bir bölümü, uzun yan zincirlere ve yüksek polariteye sahiptir. Bu da gastrointestinal mukozadan veya deriden pasif difüzyonla emilime engel teşkil etmektedir. Bu noktada, ‘fito-fosfolipid’ veya ‘fitozom’ olarak adlandırılan yeni kompleksleştirme tekniği, absorbsiyonu kolaylaştırmak ve biyoyararlanımı artırmakta önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Fitozomlar, bitkisel kaynaklı etkin maddelerin soya lesitini gibi doğal fosfolipidlerle uygun bir solvan/solvan sisteminde kompleks oluşturması sonucu oluşan yapılardır. Fitozom formülasyonlarının karakterizasyonlarının yapılması amacıyla partikül boyutu ölçümü, etken madde salım hızı tayini, erime noktası tayini gibi in vitro testler yapılır. Enkapsülasyon etkinliği de ölçümü yapılarak değerlendirilen bir diğer parametredir. Formülasyon içinde tutulan etken maddenin %’de olarak ifadesidir. Bu çalışmada fitozom yapısında tutulamayan serbest aktif bileşenin uygun bir yöntemle ölçülmesi sonucu elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada fitozom formülasyonlarındaki berberin miktarını tayin etmek amacıyla HPLC metodunun geliştirilmesi ve analitik validasyonunun yapılması amaçlanmıştır. HPLC analizleri Agilent 1260 Infinity II cihazında Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (100 mm x 4.6 mm x 3.5 µm) kolonda, 1 mL/dk akış hızında yapılmıştır. Berberin fitozom formülasyonundan berberinin miktar tayininin yapılması amacıyla HPLC miktar tayini yöntemi geliştirilmiş ve ilgili ICH kılavuzuna göre valide edilmiştir. Berberinin fitozom formülasyonlarında bulunan yardımcı maddelerden ayrılarak miktar tayinin yapılabilmesi önemlidir. Bu noktada analitik validasyon parametrelerinden özgünlük detaylı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Geliştirilen yöntem özgünlük, doğrusallık ve aralığı, doğruluk, kesinlik, geri elde edilebilirlik parametreleri yönünden değerlendirilmiş ve berberinin miktar tayini için güvenilir olduğu belirlenmiştir.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Uluslararası pazar seçimi (UPS) hem akademide hem de iş dünyasında oldukça tartışılan bir konudur. En yüksek pazar fırsatını barındıran uluslararası pazarları tespit edebilmek amacıyla çok sayıda model geliştirildiği görülmektedir. Ancak bu modellerin pek çoğu teorik alt yapıdan yoksun, ampirik olarak test edilmemiş ya da uygulama kolaylığı bulunmayan modellerdir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle yazındaki modeller; parsimoni, uygulanabilirlik, genellenebilirlik, sektör bazlı ve teorik altyapı kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmektedir. Bu değerlendirmeler sonrasında; Faktör Donanımı Teorisi, Çekim Modeli, Kaynak Temelli Yaklaşım ve Ürün Yaşam Döngüsü teorilerinden temellerini alan "küresel rekabetin yüksek olduğu ürün/sektörlere özel" bir UPS modeli geliştirilmektedir. Bu modelde çok kriterli pazar temelli yaklaşımlarda kullanılan değişkenler ve Net Pay Kayması Analizi eşzamanlı kullanıldığından model "Bütünleşik Model" olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu çok kriterli modelin özgün yönleri; ürüne özel rekabet değişkenini içeriyor olması, değişkenlerinin verilerinin kamuya açık olması ve diğer modellere nazaran uygulamasının kolay olması şeklinde özetlenmektedir. Bütünleşik Model beş farklı örneklemde ve iki farklı zaman diliminde test edilmiştir. Sonrasında ise Global Edge Sektör Bazlı UPP Modeli ve Papadopoulos'un (2002) Seçim Modeli ile aynı örneklemlerde uygulanarak tahminleme güçleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu modellerin tahminleme güçlerinin karşılaştırılmasında hem ihracat büyüklüğünü hem de ihracat büyümesini eş zamanlı ölçümleyebilen NPKA'nın revize edilmiş bir versiyonu kullanılmıştır. Tahmin yılı sonrasındaki üç yılda gerçekleşen ihracat tutarlarının hepsini değerlendiriyor olması nedeniyle bu değişken pazar fırsatını standart NPKA'ya nazaran daha doğru bir şekilde ölçümlemeye olanak sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Bütünleşik Model'in uluslararası pazar fırsatlarını belirleme konusunda geçerli olduğunu ve diğer modellere nazaran daha yüksek tahminleme gücünün bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak dış ticaret verilerindeki güvenilirlik probleminin model sonuçlarını saptırıyor oluşu önemli bir kısıttır. Bu nedenle özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelere uygulandığında sonuçların dikkatle değerlendirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bütünleşik Model'de hem bağımlı hem de bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılan dış ticaret verilerinin hem ithalatçı hem de ihracatçı ülke tarafından raporlanıyor oluşu nedeniyle güvenirlik konusunda fikir edinmek mümkündür. Bu anlamda ileride yapılacak olan araştırmalarda bu yönde ilerleme sağlanması önerilmektedir. International market selection (IMS) is a topic that is highly discussed in both academia and business world. Numerous models have been developed in order to identify the international markets with the highest market opportunity. However, many of these models are lack of either theoretical background, ease of application or empirical testability. In this study, the models in the liretature are critized according to the criteria of parsimony, applicability, generalizability and theoretical background. Following these evaluations; a UPS model is developed for products / sectors which are exposed to high competition in global area. The model is based on theories of Factor Endowment, Gravity Model, Resource Based Approach and The International Product Life Cycle Theory. In this model, both variables of multi-criteria market-based approaches and the Net Shift Share Analysis are used. So that the model is called Integrated Model. The original aspects of this multi-criteria model can be summarized as; contex of product based global competition, variables which are publicly available, easiness of the technique and adaptability to any kind of product. The Integrated Model is tested in five different country-product samples in two different periods of time. After that, the forecasting power of Integrated Model is compared with Sector-Based International Market Potential Index (Global Edge, 2017b) and Trade Off Model (Papadopoulos vd., 2002) in the same samples. The dependent variable used in these tests is a revised version of Net Shift Share Analysis. In this version the exports realized in there years after the forecast year, are considered. So, this variable provides a more accurate market opportunity measurement. In the findings it is seen that Integrated Model is valid and has a more powerful forecasting ability than the other models. However, the fact that the reliability problem in secondary data distorts the model results is an important constraint. Therefore, it is emphasized that the results should be evaluated carefully especially when applied to developing countries. International trade data which is used in the calculation of both dependent and independent varibles of the model are reported by both the exporting and the importing countries. Consequently, it is possible to take the measure of reliability. In the future researches, improvement in this area is recommended.

In this study, the karyological features of three species Mesobuthus eupeus and Mesobuthus gibbous was investigatedfrom the family Buthidae and Euscorpius (Euscorpius) aladaglarensis from the family Euscorpiidae, ranging in NiğdeProvince. As a result of karyological studies, it was determined that the diploid chromosome number of Mesobuthus eupeus,Mesobuthus gibbosus, and Euscorpius aladaglarensis as 2n= 20, 28 and 88 respectively. Two buthid species have holocentricchromosomes, while the euscorpiid species has monocentric chromosomes. During first meiotic division, we observedmultivalent in one male of E. aladaglarensis. Bu çalışmada, Niğde’de dağılım gösteren Buthidae familyasından Mesobuthus eupeus ve Mesobutus gibbosus ile Euscorpiidae familyasından Euscorpius (Euscorpius) aladaglarensis türlerinin karyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan karyolojik çalışmalara göre Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus gibbosus ve Euscorpius aladaglarensis türlerine ait diploid kromozom sayıları sırasıyla 2n=20; 2n=28 ve 2n= 88 olarak belirlenmiştir. İki buthid türü holosentrik kromozomlara sahip iken, euscorpiid türü monosentrik kromozomlara sahiptir. E. aladaglarensis türüne ait bir erkekte birinci mayoz bölünme sırasında multivalent gözlenmiştir.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Küresel marka sahip olduğu "küresellik" özelliği nedeniyle bazı konularda diğer markalardan ayrılmaktadır. Ancak kavramsal açıdan küresel marka farklı ekoller tarafından farklı şekillerde tanımlanmaktadır. Akademisyenlerin bile tanımı üzerinde uzlaşı sağlayamadığı bu kavram tüketicilerin zihinlerinde ne şekilde yer almaktadır? Tüketicilerin bu markaları diğerlerinden ayırt edip edemedikleri küresel marka yazınını birçok açıdan özellikle de örneklem seçiminde etkileyebilecek bir konudur. Bu bağlamda araştırmada öncelikle tüketicilerin küresel markaları ne derece ayırt edebildikleri incelenmektedir. Sonrasında bu markalara yönelik tutumların ne yönde olduğu ve bu tutumların bu markaları tercih etme/etmeme konusunda ne derece etkili olduğu saptanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye'de yaşayan 18 yaş ve üstü tüm tüketiciler oluşturmaktadır. Bu evrendeki gruptan örneklem seçiminin rassal yapılmasının zorluğu ve maliyeti araştırmanın en önemli kısıtıdır. Veri toplama tekniği ankettir. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler nicel analiz teknikleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmaya göre küresel markalara yönelik tutumlar, diğer markalara nazaran daha olumludur. Küresel markalara yönelik tutum ile küresel marka tercih istekliliği arasında pozitif bir ilişki vardır. Bu tutumları etkileyen faktörlerden bazıları ise bu markalardan beklenen fayda, küreselleşmeye yönelik tutumlar, küresel firma husumeti, tüketici etnosentrizmi, materyalizm ve dikey bireycilik olarak sıralanabilir. Ancak, tüketiciler küresel marka bilinç düzeyi düşük ve yüksek olarak sınıflandırıldığında, bulgularda bir takım farklılıklara ulaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, ileride yapılacak küresel marka araştırmalarında örneklem seçiminde bu husus dikkate alınmalıdır. Due to the global nature of them, global brands differ from ordinary brands in many respects. But it seems that there is a lack of consensus on the definition of global brands and different schools have proposed different definitions depending on their views. This is no exception among academics. In such a complicated and vague context, consumers' global brands perceptions are of significant implications for international marketing as well as academic endeavors. Hence consumers' ability of differentiate global brands from others may have implications for the validity of existing findings in the global brand literature. That is, the sampling frame used in academic studies may have significant effects on the findings. To this end, in this study we sought respondents' ability to differentiate between the global brands and the others. Then consumers' attitudes towards global brands and the factors affecting these attitudes are examined. The universe of the study is the Turkish consumers with an age of 18 and over. The cost and the difficulty of choosing a random sample from this universe is the main constraint of the study. Data was collected via a questionnaire. The data collected by means of surveys is analyzed with the quantitative methods. Findings indicate that, in general, attitudes towards global brands are more favorable than the attitudes towards the others. In addition, there is a positive relationship between attitudes towards global brands and willingness to choose these brands. Among the factors affecting consumers' attitudes are the expected benefits from these brands, attitudes towards globalization, global company animosity, consumer ethnocentrism, materialism and vertical individualism. Results have shown that consumers' level of awareness of global brands tend to influence their attitudes towards global brands.

Modern anlayışta başarılı yara tedavisi, yara çevresinde nemli bir ortam oluşturulmasına dayanmaktadır. Dengelenmiş neme sahip ortam, hücresiz matriste hücresel büyümeyi kolaylaştırdığı gibi kollajen üretimini de artırmaktadır. Bu sebeple etkin yara tedavisi amacıyla modern yara örtüleri, epitel hücrelerin bağımsız hareket etmesine izin veren optimum koşulları sağlamak üzere tasarlanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, ideal yara örtüsü hastaya en az rahatsızlık vererek en kısa sürede yara iyileşmesini gerçekleştirmek için, hücrelerin yenilenmesine olanak sağlayacak şekilde etkin oksijen sirkülasyonu da izin vermelidir. Yara tiplerinin çeşitliliği yara örtülerinin de çeşitliliğini artırmıştır. Bu derleme, etkin yara tedavisine ulaşmak için geliştirilen yeni teknolojilerden bahsetmektedir. Ayrıca modern yara örtülerine ve yaraya ilaç salımı için kullanılan yeni polimerik sistemlere de yer vermektedir. Yara iyileşme sürecinde aktif rol oynayan, antibiyotikler, vitaminler, mineraller ve büyüme faktörleri gibi farmasötik etken maddelerden ve tedavi hızlandırıcılardan bahsedilmiş, bu ajanların yaraya lokal olarak uygulanması ve kontrollü salımının avantajları tartışılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak modern yara tedavisinin güncel gelişim ve gereksinimlerine dayanarak, doku mühendisliği ürünleri olarak kullanılan biyoaktif polimerler ve deri greftleri ile ilgili kısa bir bölüme de yer verilmiştir, In modern aspect, successful wound healing depends on maintaining a moist environment around the wound. A balanced moist environment facilitates cellular growth and collagen proliferation within acellular matrix. Therefore the modern dressings are based on the concept of creating optimum conditions to allow epithelial cells to move unimpeded for the treatment of wounds. The ideal dressing should also provide effective oxygen circulation to aid regenerating cells for rapid healing with minimal inconvenience to the patient. The variety of wound types has resulted in a wide range of wound dressings. This article offers a review of the emerging technologies for achieving improved wound healing. It also reviews many of modern wound dressings and novel polymeric systems used for the delivery of drugs to the wounds. Pharmaceutical agents and wound healing accelerators such as antibiotics, vitamins, minerals and growth factors that take active part in the healing process and also the advantages of local delivery and controlled release of these agents are discussed. Furthermore a brief section about the use of bioactive polymers as tissue engineered scaffolds and skin grafts is given a part regarding current developments and requirements of modern wound therapy

…

Mikrofabrikasyon mikrometreden milimetreye değişen boyutlarda objeler yaratmak için kullanılan bir işlemdir. Bu objeler minyatür hareketli parçalara, durağan yapılara ya da herikisine de sahiptir. Yapısal, mekanik ve belki de elektronik özelliklerin kombinasyonuyla terapötik ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerinin yaratılmasına izin veren mikrofabrikasyon teknikleri ile klasik ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerle yapılan tedavi hedeflerinin üstesinden gelinebilir. Bu derlemede, mikrofabrikasyon teknikleri kısaca tanımlanmıştır ve salım kavramları da mikrofabrikasyonun önemi üzerinde durularak sunulmuştur. Olası uygulamalar, transdermal etkin madde salımı için mikroiğneleri, lokal etkin madde salımı için implant, mikroçip, mikrovalf ve mikropompaları, oral etkin madde salımı için biyoadezif mikropartikülleri ve diyabetin olası tedavisi için immünizole biyokapsülleri içermektedir. Buna ilaveten, tamamiyle entegre olmuş ve kendi kendini kontrol edebilecek gelecek jenerasyon ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler de tartışılacaktır, Microfabrication is a process used to create the objects with dimensions in the range of micrometers to milimeters. These objects can have miniature moving parts, stationary structures, or both. Microfabrication techniques, which permit the creation of therapeutic delivery systems that posses, a combination of structural, mechanical, and perhaps electronic features may surmount challenges associated with conventional delivery of therapy. In this review, microfabrication techniques are described briefly, and delivery concepts are also presented which capitalize on the strengths of microfabrication. Possible applications include microneedles for transdermal drug delivery, implanted microchip, microvalve and micropomps for localized drug delivery, bioadhesive microparticles for oral delivery and immunoisolating biocapsules as a possible treatment for diabetes. In addition, the next generation of drug delivery systems fully integrated and self-regulating will be discussed

Hidrojeller suyu ya da biyolojik sıviları büyük miktarlarda içen ve böylece büyük çapta biyolojik dokuya benzeyen hidrofilik ve üç boyutlu ağlardır. Özellikle poli(2-hidroksietil metakrilat) ve poli(2hidroksipropil metakrilat) hidrojellerinin iyi-tolere edilme emniyeti ve biyogeçimliliği onların kontak lens ve etkin madde salım sistemi olarak kullanımının bir kanıtıdır. Bu çalışmada, suda çözünen ketorolak trometamin’in (KT) ve suda çözünmeyen indometazin’in (İND) poli (bütilmetakrilat) (pBMA), poli(2hidroksietil metakrilat) (pHEMA) ve poli(2-hidroksipropil metakrilat) (pHPMA) gibi hidrojeller ve plastizer olarak Polietilen glikol 300 (PEG) kullanılarak film hazırlama yöntemiyle insertleri hazırlanmıştır. Bu insertlerin şişme özellikleri tayin edilmiştir ve insetler Co-60 kullanılarak 1.2 Mrad doz ile ışınlanmıştır. Etkin madde salımı üzerinde bu parametrelerin etkisi incelenmiştir. Etkin madde salım mekanizması Korsmeyer ve Peppas tarafından geliştirilen yarı-emprik salım mekanızmasıyla tanımlanmıştır. Hidrojellerin şişmesi ve hidrojellerden etkin maddelerin salımı yan zincir büyüklüğü ile, akrilatın yan zinciri üzerinde hidroksil gruplarının yeralmasıyla ve formüllerde PEG 300’ün kullanılmasıyla hidrofilisitenin artmasından dolayı artmıştır. Suda çözünür KT ile suda çözünmeyen İND’den daha fazla salım görülmüştür. İnsertlerden etkin maddelerin salımı üzerinde sterilizasyon dozunun bir etkisinin olmadığı da gözlenmiştir. KT’nin salımı başlıca Fick difüzyon mekanizmasına uyum gösterirken, İND’in salımı onların n eksponent değerlerine göre başlıca Fick difüzyon mekanizmasına uymayam salım göstermiştir, Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional networks which are able to imbibe large amounts of water or biolojical fluids, and thus resemble to a large extent biological tissue. The well-tolerated safety and biocompatability of Poly (2 – hydroxyethly methacrylate) and poly (2 -hydroxypropyl methacrylate ) hydrogels especially are evident in their use as contact lens and drug release system. In this study, inserts of water-soluble Ketorolac tromethamin (KT) and water- insoluble indomethacin (IND) were prepared using hydrogels such as Poly (butyl methacrylate) (pBMA), Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA), and poly (2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (pHPMA), and a plasticizer such as Polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG) by film casting method. Swelling properties of these inserts was determined and they were irradiated with an absorbed dose of 1.2 Mrad by means of a Co- 60 source. The effects of these parameters on the drug release were examined. The mechanism of drug release was identified by means of the semi-empirical equation developed by Korsmeyer and Peppas. Swelling of the hydrogels and release of drugs from the hydrogels increased with size of side chain, hydroxyl groups on the side chain of the acrylate and using PEG 300 in the formulation, which increase hydrophilicity. Water–soluble KT showed higher release than water–insoluble IND. It was also observed no effect of irradiation dose on the release of drugs from the inserts. Release of KT mainly fit to the Fickian diffusion mechanism, whereas drug release of IND mainly showed the non-Fickian release mechanism according to their n exponent values

TEZ5707 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2005. Kaynakça (s. 53-68) var. xi, 69 s. : res. ; 29 cm. … Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2003YL41

Bu çalışma farklı hidroksipropilmetilselüloz (HPMC) tiplerinin ve HPMC:doğrudan tabletleme ajanı (dta) oranının, tek tabakalı ve üç tabakalı matris tabletlerden Verapamil Hidroklorür`ün (VRP HCl) salımı üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanmıştır. İncelenen polimerler Methocel K100LV, K15M, K100M ve dta Ludipress® LCE`dir. Sekiz adet tek tabakalı ve dört adet üç tabakalı matris tablet doğrudan basım yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Etkin madde salım çalışmaları USP XXVII`de yer alan uzatılmış salım yapan ilaç şekillerine ait makaleler prosedürüne uygun olarak yapılmıştır. HPMC tipi ve oranının etkin madde salımı üzerine etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. HPMC miktarı ve viskozluğundaki artışın, matrislerden etkin madde salımının yavaşlamasına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İç ve dış tabakalarda düşük viskozluğa sahip HPMC içeren tabletler, farmakope limitlerine yakın veya limitler içinde salım profilleri vermişlerdir. USP XXVII kriterlerine uyan üç tabakalı matris tablet (F12) ve referans ürüne (Isoptin®-KKH) ait salım verileri matematiksel modeller (sıfır derece, birinci derece, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas), fark faktörü (f1) ve benzerlik faktörü (f2) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. VRP HCl`in salım kinetikleri F12 için en iyi Higuchi modeline, Isoptin®-KKH için sıfır derece kinetik modeline uyum göstermiştir. F12 ve Isoptin®-KKH`ın her ikisi de n katsayılarına göre Anomali durumu göstermiştir. f1 (5.2) ve f2 ( 71.4) değerlerine göre F12 ile Isoptin®-KKH benzer kabul edilmiştir, This work has focused on the effects of different hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) types and HPMC:direct tabletting agent (DC-agent) ratio on Verapamil Hydrochloride (VRP HCl) release from monolayered and three-layered matrix tablets. Investigated polymers were Methocel K100LV, K15M, K100M and DC-agent was Ludipress® LCE. Eight formulations were prepared as monolayered matrix tablets while four formulations were prepared as three-layered matrix tablets by direct compression method. Drug release studies were carried out according to the method given for Delayed Release Articles in USP XXVII. HPMC types and ratios were found to be effective on drug release. Increasing amount and viscosity grade of HPMC resulted in a decrease in release of drug from the matrices. Tablets containing low viscosity grade HPMC at inner and outer layers presented release profiles close to or within the limits of pharmacopeia. Release data of three-layered matrix tablet (F12) and the reference product (Isoptin®KKH) which were in agreement with USP XXVII criteria, were evaluated by mathematical models (zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas), difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2). The kinetics of VRP HCl release from F12 showed best fit to Higuchi model and Isoptin®-KKH well fitted to zero order kinetic model. F12 and Isoptin®-KKH were both show Anomalous transport mechanism according to their n exponent values. Depending on the results of f1 (5.2) and f2 (71.4) values, F12 and Isoptin®-KKH were found to be similar with regard to release kinetics

V ÖZET DOĞU AKDENİZ BÖLGESİ AKREP (SCORPIONES) FAUNASI KARATAŞ, Ayşegül Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Arıkan 2001, 93 sayfa Bu araştırma, Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde yayılış gösteren akrep türlerini belirlemek ve Türkiye Faunası'na katkıda bulunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, söz konusu bölgeden toplam 271 akrep örneği incelenmiştir. Çalışmalar sonunda, Buthidae familyasından dört (Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus gibbosus anatolicus, Leiurus quinquestriatus), Iuridae familyasından iki (Calchas nordmanni, Iurus asiaticus), Euscorpiidae familyasından iki {Euscorpius carpathicus, Euscorpius mingrelicus ciliciensis) ve Scorpionidae familyasından bir {Scorpio maurus fuscus) olmak üzere toplam yedi cinse ait dokuz tür ve alttürün bölgede dağılış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye'de kayıtları bulunan 13 türden % 69.2'sinin bu alanda bulunuşuyla bölgenin tür sayısı bakımından oldukça zengin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu türlerden M.eupeus, Anadolu'nun batı bölümünde; Iurus asiaticus Toroslar'ın kuzeyinden ve C.nordmanni, araştırma bölgesinde ilk kez tespit edilmiştir. Diğer türlerle ilgili yeni dağılım alanları bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca bulunan akrep türleri ile ilgili bazı biyo-ekolojik bilgiler verilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Akrep, fauna, zoocoğrafya, sistematik, Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi, Anadolu. VII SUMMARY FAUNA OF SCORPIONS (SCORPIONES) OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION KARATAŞ, Ayşegül Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Arıkan 2001, 93 pages This study was done in order to establish species of scorpions, which ranges in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and to contribute to Turkish fauna. By this reason, it was investigated that a total of 271 specimens of scorpions from the area. In conclusion of the studies, it was established inhabit in the region by nine species and subspecies belong to seven genera, which are four species of the family Buthidae (Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus gibbosus anatolicus, Leiurus quinquestriatus), two species of both of each families Iuridae (Calchas nordmanni, Iurus asiaticus) and Euscorpiidae {Euscorpius carpathicus, Euscorpius mingrelicus ciliciensis), and also one species of the family Scorpionidae {Scorpio maurus fuscus). In conclusion, it is thought that the region is rich with respect to number of species, by 69.2 % of 12 species, which recorded in Turkey, were found in this area. Of these species, M.eupeus, Iurus asiaticus and C. nordmanni were found for the first time in the western part of Anatolia, north of the Taurus and the study area, respectively. New distributional localities for the other species were established. Additionally, some bio-ecological data about the species of scorpions were given. Keywords: Scorpions, fauna, zoogeography, systematics, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Anatolia. 93

ÖZET NİĞDE YÖRESİ KOYUNLARINDA BULUNAN KENELERİN (ACARI: DCODIDA) SİSTEMATİK YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ KARATAŞ, Ayşegül Niğde Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd.Doc.Dr. Mehmet Çakır Haziran 1997, 45 sayfa Bu araştırma, Niğde Yöresi'ndeki evcil koyunlarda bulunan kene türlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. 31 Mart 1996 - 21 Mayıs 1997 tarihleri arasında Niğde (Merkez), Altınhisar, Bor, Çamardı, Çiftlik ve Ulukışla ilçeleri ile bunlara bağlı köylerde muayene edilen yaklaşık 2000 koyundan 881 kene örneği toplanmıştır. Yapılan teşhisler sonucunda, Niğde Yöresi evcil koyunlarında Argasidae'den 1 {Ornithodoros lahorensis) Ixodidae'den 8 {Boophilus annulatus, Dermacenlor marginalus, Dermacentor niveus, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis inermis, Haemaphysalis otophila, Haemaphysalis punctata ve Haemaphysalis sulcata) kene türü tespit edilmiştir, örneklerin % 73.2'sini Haemaphysalis, % 16.1'ini Ornithodoros, % 10.2'sini Dermacenlor ve % 0,45'ini Boophilus türleri oluşturmaktadır. Bunlardan, 256 örnek ile Haemaphysalis sulcata (% 29.1) en çok; sadece 1 örneği elde edilen H.concinna (% 0.1) ise en nadir görülen tür olmuştur. Bunlardan Dermacentor niveus, Niğde Yöresi'nden ilk kez kaydedilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Niğde, koyun, kene, Argasidae, Ixodidae. iv SUMMARY THE SYSTEMATICS INVESTIGATION ON THE TICKS (ACARI: DCODIDA) OF THE DOMESTIC SHEEP IN Nİ?DE PROVINCE KARATAŞ, Ayşegül Niğde University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Biology Supervisor: Ass.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Çakır June 1997, 45 pages The present study was made to identify the species of the ticks found on domestic sheep in Niğde Province. About 2000 sheep in Niğde (centre), Altmhisar, Bor, Çamardı, Çiftlik and Ulukışla districts and their villages were examined during the period from 31 March 1996 to 21 May 1997 and also 881 specimens of the ticks were collected. As a result of investigations, an Argasidae {Ornithodoros lahorensis) and 8 Ixodidae species (Boophilus annulatus, Dermacenior marginatum Dermacentor niveus, Haemüphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis inermis, Haemaphysalis otophila, Haemaphysalis punctata and Haemaphysalis sulcata) were determined. Of these, Haemaphysalis 73.2 %, Ornithodoros 16.1 %, Dermacentor 10.2 % and Boophilus 0.45 % were found and also Haemaphysalis sulcata with 256 specimens (29.1 %) is the most common species and H.concinna with only 1 specimen (0.1 %) was the most rare species. Dermacentor niveus was recorded for the first time from Niğde Province. Keywords: Niğde, sheep, tick, Argasidae, Ixodidae. 55

ÖZET Bu çalışmada, kısa yarı ömürlü bir etken madde olan Asetaminafen'in kaaservasyan-faz ayrışması yöntemlerinden biri olan ortama polimeri çözmeyen sıvı (non-salvent) ilavesi metodu kullanılarak uzatılmış etkili mikrokapsüllerin hazırlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, etken maddenin 88-177 um, 250-35^ um ve 420-500 pm olan üç farklı partikül büyüklüğü aralığı kullanılmıştır. Non-solvent olarak % 6 a/a poliisobutilen'in siklohekzan içersindeki 60 gr çözeltisi D. 9 g. dak 'lik bir sabit hızda bir magnet aracılığıyla 30D dev/dak. hızda karıştırılan koaservasyon kabına ilave edilmiştir. Haplayıcı polimer olarak Eudragit RL ve Eudragit RS kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan mikrokapsüllerin Ludipress, Avicel pH 101, Laktoz EP d 30 gibi farklı tipteki doğrudan tabletleme ajanları kullanılarak tabletleri basılmıştır. Elde edilen mikrokapsüllerin etken madde içerikleri, teorik duvar kalınlıkları tespid edilmiş, basılan tabletlerinde ise sürekli akış hücre si (kolon yöntemi) ile çözünme hızları incelenmiştir. Çözünme hızı deneylerinden elde edilen veriler dört kinetiğe uyumları yönünden incelenmiş ve hazırlanan mikrokapsüllerde etken maddenin partikül büyüklüğünün ve kaplayıcı polimer olarak kullanılan Eudragit RL ile Eudragit RS nin etken madde salımı üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Sonuçta, Eudragit RS ile hazırlanan mikrokapsüllerden etken madde salım hızının Eudragit RL ile hazırlanan mikrokapsüllere göre daha da geciktiği gözlenmiştir. Etken maddenin partikül büyüklüğü farkının salım hızı üzerine etkisi konusunda ise anlamlı bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. - 122 - SUMMARY In this study, It mas aimed to prepare prolonged action microcap sules of Acetaminophen with short biological half -lif e by using non- solvent addition method that is one of the coaservation/phase separation techniques. For this purpose, three different particle size ranges (88-177 um, 250-35^ um, 420-500 um) were used. 60 g of a 6 % w/w solution of polyisobuthylene in cycJ ohexan as non-solvent was added to coaservation container which was mixed with a magnetic stirrer at the constant rate, 3DD rpm. Eudragit RL and Eudragit RS were used as coating polymers. Tablets of microcapsules prepared were pressed using different types of direct tableting agents such as Ludipress, Avicel pH 1D1, Lactose Ep D 30. The content uniformity and theoretical wall thickness values of microcapsules prepared were determined. Also, dissolution rates of tablets pressed with these microcapsules were examined flow through cell (column method). The results obtained from the dissolution tests were applied to four different kinetics and, the effect of particle size of drug and Eudragit RL, Eudragit RS used as coating polymers on the relase of the drug were observed. The results of this study showed that the drug release from microcapsules prepared with Eudragit RS delayed more than microcapsules prepared with Eudragit RL. Also, the meaningful result was not obtained concerning the effect of different particle size ranges on the drug release rate. 143

Due to analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects of Aspirin, it has been used since 1899. There are aspirin tablets with different formulations in Turkish drug market. In this work, the dissolution rate, diameter-thickness, weight deviation, friability, hardness, disintegration time characteristics were studied on the samples with different formulations. It was also investigated that whether each sample was in accordance with pharmacopeia standarts or not. Furthermore, the dissolution rate results were evaluated kinetically and the effect of formulation on the release profile of active material was studied, Analjezik, antipiretik ve antienflamatuvar etkisinden dolayı 1899 yılından beri kullanılmakta olan Aspirinin Türkiye İlaç piyasasında farklı formülasyonlarda tabletleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, değişik aspirin tableti formüllerinin çözünme hızı tayinleri ile çap, kalınlık, ağırlık sapması, ufalanma aşınma, sertlik, dağılma zamanı tayinleri gibi fiziksel kontrolleri yapılarak formüllerin farmakope standartlarına uygunlukları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen çözünme hızı verileri kinetik yönden değerlendirilerek formülasyona bağlı olarak etken madde salım profilinde meydana gelen değişiklikler incelenmiştir

Bu çalışmada Melendiz yöresindeki (Nevşehir, Niğde) böğü faunası araştırılmıştır. Niğde ve Nevşehir'de yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucu elde edilen 45 örnek incelenmiş ve arazi bölgesinde 3 familyadan 5 cinse ait toplam 7 böğü türü belirlenmiştir. Bunlar; Galeodes sp, Galeodes araneoides, Gnosippus anatolicus, Biton tauricus, Gluviopsis paphlagoniae, Barrussus pentheri ve Barrussus telescopus türleridir. Bunlardan Biton (Biton) tauricus türü Niğde'den ilk kez kaydedilmiş; Gluviopsis paphlagoniae türünün erkeği de dişinin tanımlanmasından sonra ilk kez bulunmuş ve tanıtılmıştır., In this study Solifugae fauna of Melendiz Region (Nevşehir, Niğde) was studied. As aresult of field studies made in Nevşehir and Niğde provinces 45 specimens were collected and 7 Solifugae species belong to 3 family and 5 genera were determined. These are; Galeodes sp., Galeodes araneoides, Gnosippus anatolicus, Biton tauricus, Gluviopsis paphlagoniae, Barrussus pentheri and Barrussus telescopus. Of these Biton (Biton) tauricus was recorded for the first time from Niğde province and male specimen of Gluviopsis paphlagoniae was found and described after description of the female specimen of the species.

İdeal bir ilaç taşıyıcı sistemin biyouygun ve biyoparçalanabilir özellikte olması, hedefine ulaşmak için kan dolaşımında uzun süre kalması ve etken maddeyi sadece hedef bölgede salması beklenmektedir. Bu amaçlara ulaşabilmek için farklı materyellerden, değişik şekillerde pek çok nanopartiküler sistem geliştirilmiştir. Son yıllardaki çalışmalarda çok çeşitli malzemelerden çok farklı boyutlarda küresel nanopartiküller elde edilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak küresel nanopartiküller, ilaç taşıyıcı sistem olarak bazı kısıtlamalarla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Nanoküreler vücudun savunma sistemi olan makrofajlar nedeniyle kan dolaşımında sınırlı bir süre kalabilmektedirler. Buna karşılık son dönemde yapılan çalışmalarda, küresel olmayan, boyu uzatılmış ve silindirik şekilli nanotaşıyıcıların yapıları itibariyle aynı hacimdeki küresel nanopartiküllere göre kan dolaşımında daha uzun süre kalabildiği ve daha iyi dağılım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Biyodağılım üzerindeki belirgin etkisinin yanında partikülün şekli, nanoyapıların özellikle kanser hücresi içine endositoz yoluyla hücre içine alınmasında da önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu tezde nanotübüler taşıyıcılar, yeni nanofabrikasyon yöntemlerinden birisi olan `Membran Yardımcılı Nanofabrikasyon` yöntemiyle, Anodisc™ (Anodic Aluminum Oxide-AAO) membran kullanılarak hazırlanmış ve bu polimerik nanotübüler yapılar, ilaç taşıyıcı sistem olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Poli (ε-kaprolakton) ve poli (l-laktid-ko-glikolid)gibi biyobozunur polimerler ile polimetil metakrilat gibi biyobozunur olmayan polimerler kullanılarak, antikanserojen etken madde olan etoposid ile formülasyonlar hazırlanmış, formülasyonların TEM ve SEM analizleri ile yapıları incelenmiştir. Sonuç formülün etken madde yükleme kapasitesi, zeta potansiyelleri tayin edilmiş ve etken madde salım çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca antikanserojen aktivitenin tayini gözlemlemek amacıyla hücre kültürü çalışmaları yapılmış ve elde edilen nanoyapılar ilaç taşıyıcı sistem olarak uygun bulunmuştur. The ideal drug delivery vehicle should be biocompatible and biodegradable, able to navigate through the circulatory system to reach the target and capable of releasing its therapeutic cargo only to the desired cells. In efforts to meet this goal, a variety of nanoscale structures have been developed by using a variety of different materials and shapes. In recent years, spherical nanoparticles with a variety of diameters have been created from a diverse range of materials. Nanospheres suffer from several drawbacks as drug delivery vehicles because they remained in circulation for only a few hours. On the other hand, the findings in recent studies strongly suggest that non-spherical, elongated and cylindrical particles possess an inherent advantage over their spherical counterparts for drug delivery applications that require prolonged blood circulation and biodistribution. Besides dramatically affecting biodistribution, shape also plays an important role in the cellular internalization of nanocarriers via endocytosis. Particularly for cancer cells, related the investigations of some studies, shape effects on cellular internalization is a pertinent theme in drug delivery.In this study, cylindrical nanostructures were produced by Anodisc™ (Anodic Aluminum Oxide-AAO) membrane, using a new fabrication method named `Template Assisted Nanofabrication` and these `One Dimensional Nanostructures` were evaluated as drug delivery system. Different types of biodegradable polymers like poly-ε-caprolacton, poly(l-lactide-co-glicolide) and non-biodegradable polymers like polymethylmethacrylates were used for the formulation to include antineoplastic agent etoposide. The formulations were evaluated by TEM and SEM analysis for the morphological properties. Final formulation was evaluated for zeta potential and active ingredient assay and dissolution studies. Furthermore antineoplastic activity of this nanoparticular system was evaluated by cell culture studies and produced nanostructures were found convenient as drug delivery system. 169

Türkiye Böğü faunası üzerine çok az çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışma ile ilk defa Bolkar Dağları böğü faunasına dahil olan taksonlar ve bu taksonların morfolojik ve sistematik özellikleri incelendi. 2009-2011 yılları arasında Bolkar Dağları?na yapılan arazi çalışmalarında 94 farklı lokaliteden toplam 527 örnek toplandı. Bu alanda üç familyaya ait (Karschiidae, Daesiidae ve Galeodidae) 10 farklı taksonun yayılış gösterdiği tespit edildi. Bunlar; Galeodes anatoliae, G. graecus, G. lycaonis, G. toelgi Galeodes sp. 2, Galeodes sp. 3, Galeodes sp. 4., Eusimonia nigrescens, Barrussus telescopus, Gnosippus sp. 1?dir. Bu taksonlardan Barrussus telescopus bu çalışmada dünyada yeni tür olarak tanımlandı. Eusimonia nigrescens, Galeodes anatoliae, G. graecus, G. lycaonis ve G. toelgi Bolkar Dağları?ndan ilk defa kayıt edildi. İlk tanımlarından bu yana ilk kez G. anatoliae ve G. lycaonis?e ait örnekler elde edildi. Galeodes lycaonis?in erkek örneği ilk defa tanımlandı. Bu alandan toplanan Gnosippus sp. 1, Galeodes sp. 2, Galeodes sp. 3 ve Galeodes sp. 4?ün bilim dünyası için yeni taksonlar olabileceği tahmin edilmektedir. Örnek toplanan lokalitelere göre her takson için yayılış haritaları oluşturuldu. Her taksona ait morfolojik karakterler erkek ve dişi örnekler için detaylı olarak sunuldu. Galeodes toelgi, G. graecus, G. lycaonis, Galeodes sp. 2 ve Galeodes sp. 3?te genetik çeşitliliği belirlemek amacıyla, böğülerde ilk defa RAPD-PCR tekniği uygulandı. Dış grup olarak Gnosippus sp. 1 kullanıldı. Altı böğü taksonu için 10 farklı RAPD primerinde 97 allel belirlendi. Galeodes?e ait taksonlar için 81 (% 83,51) polimorfik lokus tespit edildi. G. anatoliae, G. graecus, G.lycaonis, G. toelgi, Galeodes sp. 2, Galeodes sp. 3 ve Galeodes sp. 4?e ait örneklerden alınan karakter ölçümleri istatistik analizler ile ilk defa değerlendirildi. Taksonlar arasında farklılık gösteren morfometrik karakterler tespit edilmeye çalışıldı. Biyoekolojik veriler toplanarak her takson için ayrı ayrı yorumlandı. İlk defa, yayılış alanları karışan taksonlar arasında coğrafik mesafenin evrim süreçleri üzerine etkisi tartışıldı. Mesafeye bağlı izolasyon analizine göre bu süreçte coğrafik mesafe etkinliğinin düşük seviyede olabileceği gözlendi. A few study performed on Turkish solpugid fauna are present. Solpugid taxa belonging to fauna of Bolkar Mountains and their morphologic and systematic features were evaluated for the first time by this study. A total of 527 solpugid samples from 94 localities in Bolkar Mountains were collected by field works carried out between 2009 and 2011. It was detected that ten taxa belonging to three families (Galeodidae, Karschiidae ve Daesiidae) were distributed in this area. These are Barrussus telescopus, Eusimonia nigrescens, Gnosippus sp. 1, Galeodes anatoliae, G. graecus, G. lycaonis, G. toelgi Galeodes sp. 2, Galeodes sp. 3, Galeodes sp. 4. In addition to this, Barrussus telescopus was descripted as a new species of the world for the first time. Eusimonia nigrescens, Galeodes anatoliae, G. graecus, G. lycaonis ve G. toelgi were recorded from Bolkar Mountains for the first time. Male individual of G. lycaonis was descripted, to date specimens of G. lycaonis and G. anatoliae were obtained first time after the species had been orginally descripted. It was suggested that Gnosippus sp. 1, Galeodes sp. 2 and Galeodes sp. 3 and Galeodes sp. 4 could be new taxa for science. For each taxon, detailed morphological features of male and female specimens were presented by drawning distributional maps. For the solpugids of the world, RAPD-PCR technique was applied for the first time to determine the genetic diversity among Galeodes toelgi, Galeodes graecus, Galeodes lycaonis, Galeodes sp. 2, and Galeodes sp. 3. Gnosippus sp. 1 was evaluated as outgroup in the analysis. Ninety-seven loci were generated by ten RAPD primers for six taxa. Eighty-one (% 83,51) polymorphic loci were fixed for galeodid taxa. Measurements of character which belong to G. anatoliae, G. graecus, G.lycaonis, G. toelgi, Galeodes sp. 2, Galeodes sp. 3 ve Galeodes sp. 4, were evaluated by statistical analyses for the first time. Morphometric characters which are bearing differences between the taxa were examined. Bio-ecological observations were collected and interpreted for each taxon. It was explained that the effect of geographic distances on the evolution process for species whose distributions overlapped in the area for the first time. IBD analysis showed that the efficiency of geographic distances could be at the lower level on the evolution process. 173

Bu çalışmada Temmuz Eylül 2010 tarihler arasında yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucu elde edilen 113 örnekten 12 örnek kullanılmıştır. Buna ilaveten N.Ü. Zooloji Anabilim Dalı'nda muhafaza edilen 163 örnek ile birleştirilerek Türkiye'nin 6 farklı bölgesinden toplam 67 erkek 108 dişi olmak üzere 175 örnek kullanılmıştır. Örnekler 38 morfometrik ölçüm yapılarak istatistik olarak incelenmiştir. İstatistik analizler erkek ve dişilerde ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. İncelemeler sonucunda erkek örneklerin İç Anadolu Bölgesi ile Akdeniz Bölgesi birbirine yakın, ancak Ege Bölgesi diğer gruplardan ayrılırken; dişi örneklerin ise İç Anadolu Bölgesi ile Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin birbirine yakın, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi örneklerinin diğer gruplardan ayrıldığı belirlenmiştir., In this study, we were used scorpion samples, which were 12 of 113 collected scorpion samples, from July to September 2010. In addition to these samples, we used previously collected and preserved 163 scorpion samples, of which 67 males and 108 females, which collected from 6 different localities, from Turkey. Samples were investigated with respect 38 morphometric characters and statistics analyses were comprised. Results of investigation, male samples from Central Anatolia and Mediterrenean region are nearly similar, but Aegean samples are different from other regions. Females from Central Anatolia and Mediterrenean are nearly similar, but Southeastern Anatolia samples are separate from other regions.

Çalışmamızda etkin madde olarak seçtiğimiz piroksikam' ın yarı katı dispersiyonlarının geliştirilmesi ve stabilitelerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştırDiferansiyel tarama kalorimetrisi (DSC), infrared (FT-IR) ve ultraviyole spektrofotometri analizleri vasıtasıyla öncelikle etkin maddenin fizikokimyasal özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Etkin madde miktar tayini için kullanılan yöntem valide edilmiştir. Distile suda ve pH' sı 1,2; 4,5 ve 6,8 olan çözünme ortamlarında piroksikamın çözünürlüğü tespit edilmiştirEritme yöntemiyle yarı katı dispersiyon formülasyonları hazırlanmıştır. Formülasyon hazırlanmak için, Labrasol ve Gelucire 44/14 başta olmak üzere birçok yardımcı madde kullanılmıştır. Bu formülasyonlardan, tüm çözünme ortamlarında 30 dakika içerisinde % 85 çözünme gösteren formülasyonlar belirlenmiştirSeçilen bu formülasyonlar (FA, FA1, FA2, FA3 ve FA4), ICH Q1A(R2) rehberinde belirtildiği şekilde, FA formülasyonu 5°C ± 3°C' de ve diğer formülasyonlar ise 25°C ± 2°C' de stabilite testlerine tabi tutulmuşlardır. 0., 3., 6. ve 12. aylarda çözünme hızı, IR ve DSC analiz verileri değerlendirilmiştirSonuç olarak, 12 ay boyunca FA ve FA4 formülasyonlarının in vitro çözünme hız profillerinin değişmediği ve yardımcı maddelerle de herhangi bir etkileşmeye uğramadığı bulunmuşturAnahtar Sözcükler: Çözünme hızı, differensiyel tarama kalorimetresi, Piroksikam, kararlılık (stabilite), yarı katı dispersiyon. In this study, it was aimed to develop semi solid dispersions of piroxicam which was selected as a drug and investigate stability of these formulationsInitially, the physicochemical properties of drug were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis. Analytical method used for assay of the drug was validated. The solubility of piroxicam was determined in dissolution media; distillated water, simulated gastric fluid at pH 1,2 , phosphate buffer at pH 4,5 and phosphate buffer at pH 6,8Semi solid dispersion formulations were prepared by melting method. A lot of excipients including mainly Labrasol and Gelucire 44/14 were used to prepare formulations. The formulations which have % 85 dissolved within 30 minutes in all dissolution medias were determinedThese formulations which were selected (FA, FA1, FA2, FA3 ve FA4), as per ICH Q1A(R2) guideline, FA formulation at 5°C ± 3°C and the other formulations at 25°C ± 2°C were subjected to stability studies. Results of dissolution rate, IR and DSC analysis were evaluated at 0., 3., 6. and 12. monthsIn conclusion, it was found that in vitro dissolution rate profiles of FA and FA4 formulations did not show any changes and also there were no interactions with excipients, during 12 months.Key words: Dissolution rate, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Piroxicam, semi solid dispersion, stability. 172

162

Bu araştırma, İstanbul İli'nde dağılım gösteren akrep (Scorpiones) türlerini ve morfolojiközelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Ağustos 2004 - Ağustos 2005 tarihleriarasında İstanbul İli, ilçeler ve bunlara bağlı köylerden toplam 141 ergin akrep örneğitoplanmıştır. Örneklerden 18'i Euscorpius mingrelicus, 54'ü Euscorpius carpathicus ve 69'uEuscorpius italicus türüne aittir. Ayrıca İstanbul'da dağılım gösteren akrep türlerinin kayıtyerleri verilerek, sistematik durumları incelenmiştir.. This study was prepared to determine the distribution and morphological characteristics ofscorpion species (Ordo: Scorpiones) in İstanbul province. A total 141 adult scorpionspecimens were collected from villages and districts of İstanbul province between August2004 and August 2005. Of these, 18 specimens are Euscorpius mingrelicus, 54 specimens areEuscorpius carpathicus and 69 specimens are belong to Euscorpius italicus. As a result ofthis study, scorpions species which are distributed in İstanbul were given with distributionalrecords and morphological features were investigated. 59

ÖZET İÇ ANADOLU BÖLGESİNDE EUSCORP1US MINGRELICUS (KESSLER, 1 874) (SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE) TÜRÜNÜN DAĞILIŞI VE SİSTEMATİK YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ SAYIN, Güniz Niğde Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Danışman : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayşegül KARATAŞ Haziran 2005, 30 sayfa Bu araştırma, İç Anadolu Bölgesindeki Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) türünün dağılışı ve morfolojik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapıdı. Nisan 2003-Ekim 2004 tarihleri arasında İç Anadolu'nun il ve ilçelerine ve bunlara bağlı köylere gidilerek 84 E. mingrelicus örneği toplandı. Yapılan incelemeler sonucu E. mingrelicus türünün Aksaray, Kayseri, Ankara ve Niğde'den belirlenen yeni dağdım kayıtları verildi ve toplanan örnekler morfolojik açıdan değerlendirildi. E. m. ciliciensis alttürü bu çalışma ile Kayseri ve Aksaray'dan ilk kez kaydedilmiş ve her iki alttüre ait morfometrik ölçümler ilk kez verilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Euscorpius mingrelicus, İç Anadolu, Türkiye, Morfolojik özellik. İİİ SUMMARY DISTRIBUTION AND SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF EUSCORPIUS MINGRELICUS (KESSLER, 1874) (SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE) IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA SAYİN, Güniz Nigde University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor : Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül KARAT AŞ June 2005, 30 pages This study was prepared to determine the distribution and morphological characteristics of Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) occuring in the Central Anatolia. A total 84 specimens were collocted betweeen April 2003 and October 2004 from Ankara, Kayseri, Aksaray and Niğde and these specimens were morphologicalls evaluated. In addition, at fist the time new distribution records of E. mingrelicus were reported from Kayseri and Aksaray in central Anatolia. Keyword: Euscorpius mingrelicus, Central Anatolia, Turkey, Morphological Characteristics. IV 39