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Associations between obesity and socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics varybetween populations. Exploring such differences should throw light on factors related to obesity. Weexamined associations between general obesity (GO, defined by body mass index) and abdominalobesity (AO, defined by waist-to-hip ratio) and sex, age, socio-economic characteristics (education,financial situation, marital status), smoking and alcohol consumption in women and men aged40–69 yearsfrom the Know Your Heart study (KYH, Russia,N= 4121, 2015–2018) and the seventhTromsø Study (Tromsø7, Norway,N= 17,646, 2015–2016). Age-standardized prevalence of GO andAO was higher in KYH compared to Tromsø7 women (36.7 vs. 22.0% and 44.2 vs. 18.4%, respectively)and similar among men (26.0 vs. 25.7% and 74.8 vs. 72.2%, respectively). The positive associationof age with GO and AO was stronger in KYH vs. Tromsø7 women and for AO it was stronger inmen in Tromsø7 vs. KYH. Associations between GO and socio-economic characteristics were similarin KYH and Tromsø7, except for a stronger association with living with spouse/partner in KYHmen. Smoking had a positive association with AO in men in Tromsø7 and in women in both studies.Frequent drinking was negatively associated with GO and AO in Tromsø7 participants and positivelyassociated with GO in KYH men. We found similar obesity prevalence in Russian and Norwegianmen but higher obesity prevalence in Russian compared to Norwegian women. Other results suggestthat the stronger association of obesity with age in Russian women is the major driver of the higherobesity prevalence among them compared to women in Norway. CC BY 4.0Correspondence: kamila.k.kholmatova@uit.noFunding: The KYH study was part of the International Project on Cardiovascular Disease in Russia (IPCDR). It was funded by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (100217), by funds from UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Tromsø7 was funded by UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Services, and Troms County. Contribution of Sofia Malyutina was supported by the Russian Academy of Science, State target (#122031700094).

Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is higher in Russia compared to other European countries. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a biomarker of inflammation, and its elevated levels indicate increased CVD risks. We aim to describe the prevalence of low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) and the associated factors in a Russian population. The Know Your Heart cross-sectional study was conducted in Arkhangelsk, Russia in 2015–2017 with a population sample aged 35–69 years (n = 2380). LGSI was defined as hs-CRP ≥ 2 and

Background Little data exists on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Russian population. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in a population-based study in Russia, compare with a similar study in Norway, and investigate whether differences in risk factors explained between-study differences in CKD. Methods We compared age- and sex-standardised prevalence of reduced eGFR (2 CKD-EPI creatinine equation), albuminuria and or a composite indicator of CKD (one measure of either reduced eGFR or albuminuria) between participants aged 40–69 in the population-based Know Your Heart (KYH) study, Russia (2015–2018 N = 4607) and the seventh Tromsø Study (Tromsø7), Norway (2015–2016 N = 17,646). We assessed the contribution of established CKD risk factors (low education, diabetes, hypertension, antihypertensive use, smoking, obesity) to between-study differences using logistic regression. Results Prevalence of reduced eGFR or albuminuria was 6.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 5.4, 7.7) in KYH and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0, 5.2) in Tromsø7 standardised for sex and age. Odds of both clinical outcomes were higher in KYH than Tromsø7 (reduced eGFR OR 2.06 95% CI 1.67, 2.54; albuminuria OR 1.54 95% CI 1.16, 2.03) adjusted for sex and age. Risk factor adjustment explained the observed between-study difference in albuminuria (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.68, 1.25) but only partially reduced eGFR (OR 1.42 95% CI 1.11, 1.82). The strongest explanatory factors for the between-study difference was higher use of antihypertensives (Russian sample) for reduced eGFR and mean diastolic blood pressure for albuminuria. Conclusions We found evidence of a higher burden of CKD within the sample from the population in Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk compared to Tromsø, partly explained by between-study population differences in established risk factors. In particular hypertension defined by medication use was an important factor associated with the higher CKD prevalence in the Russian sample.

Russia has one of the highest rates of cardiovascular disease in the world. The International Project on Cardiovascular Disease in Russia (IPCDR) was set up to understand the reasons for this. A substantial component of this study was the Know Your Heart Study devoted to characterising the nature and causes of cardiovascular disease in Russia by conducting large cross-sectional surveys in two Russian cities Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk. The study population was 4542 men and women aged 35-69 years recruited from the general population. Fieldwork took place between 2015-18. There were two study components: 1) a baseline interview to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, usually conducted at home, and 2) a comprehensive health check at a primary care clinic which included detailed examination of the cardiovascular system. In this paper we describe in detail the rationale for, design and conduct of these studies.

Russia has one of the highest rates of cardiovascular disease in the world. The International Project on Cardiovascular Disease in Russia (IPCDR) was set up to understand the reasons for this. A substantial component of this study was the Know Your Heart Study devoted to characterising the nature and causes of cardiovascular disease in Russia by conducting large cross-sectional surveys in two Russian cities Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk. The study population was 4542 men and women aged 35-69 years recruited from the general population. Fieldwork took place between 2015-18. There were two study components: 1) a baseline interview to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, usually conducted at home, and 2) a comprehensive health check at a primary care clinic which included detailed examination of the cardiovascular system. In this paper we describe in detail the rationale for, design and conduct of these studies.

[version 3; referees: 3 approved]. Source at https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14619.3. Russia has one of the highest rates of cardiovascular disease in the world. The International Project on Cardiovascular Disease in Russia (IPCDR) was set up to understand the reasons for this. A substantial component of this study was the Know Your Heart Study devoted to characterising the nature and causes of cardiovascular disease in Russia by conducting large cross-sectional surveys in two Russian cities Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk. The study population was 4542 men and women aged 35-69 years recruited from the general population. Fieldwork took place between 2015-18. There were two study components: 1) a baseline interview to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, usually conducted at home, and 2) a comprehensive health check at a primary care clinic which included detailed examination of the cardiovascular system. In this paper we describe in detail the rationale for, design and conduct of these studies.