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Abiotic stress is the major limiting factor of plant growth and crop yield which can be improved by osmoprotectants. Proline acts as an osmoprotectant and plays an important role in osmotic balancing, protection of sub-cellular structures, enzymes and in increasing cellular osmolarity that provide the turgor necessary for cell expansion under stress conditions. ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), a rate-limiting enzyme in proline biosynthesis which is known for conferring enhanced salt and drought stress is subjected to feedback inhibition by proline. Therefore, in the present study, we used a mutagenized version P5CSF129A of wild P5CS which is not subjected to feedback control. Efficient in vitro transformation of embryonic structures of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) was obtained using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring a modified binary vector pCAMBIA 1301 carrying the hptII gene for resistance to hygromycin sulphate, GUS reporter gene, encoding β-glucuronidase, and the Vigna aconitifolia P5CSF129A genes under a constitutive 35S promoter. Embryonic structures showed blue color when tested for GUS after first cycle of antibiotic selection. Integration of T-DNA into nuclear genome of transformed plants and its sexual transmission to the progeny of the transgenic plants are confirmed by PCR amplification of 340 bp hptII, 800 bp P5CSF129A fragments and Southern blot hybridization analysis. The resultant primary transgenic plants showed more proline accumulation than their non-transformed plants. Levels of proline were also elevated in T1 transgenic plants when grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl. In addition to their enhanced growth performance, more chlorophyll and relative water content under high salinity, these plants also had lower levels of lipid peroxidation. This suggests that overproduction of proline might play an important role against salt shock and cellular integrity.

This paper is devoted to a study of pseudocomplements in groupoids. A characterization of an intraregular groupoid is obtained in terms of prime ideals. It is proved that the set of dense elements of an intraregular groupoid S with 0 is the intersection of all the maximal filters of S and that the set of normal elements of an intraregular groupoid closed for pseudocomplements forms a Boolean algebra under natural operations. It is shown that the pseudocomplement of an ideal of an intraregular groupoid with 0 is the intersection of all the minimal prime ideas not containing it.

Let S be a groupoid and θ p , θ m {\theta _p},{\theta _m} the congruences on S defined as follows: x θ p y ( x θ m y ) x{\theta _p}y\;(x{\theta _m}y) iff every prime (minimal prime) ideal of S containing x contains y and vice versa. It is proved that θ p {\theta _p} is the smallest congruence on S for which the quotient is a semilattice. It is also shown that S / θ m S/{\theta _m} is a disjunction semilattice if S has 0 and is a Boolean algebra if S is intraregular and closed for pseudocomplements. Some connections between the ideals of S and those of the quotients are established. Congruences similar to θ p {\theta _p} and θ m {\theta _m} are defined on a lattice using lattice-ideals; quotients under these are distributive lattices.

3GPP UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) requires the calculation of three different feedback values such as Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), Rank Indicator (RI) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI). Our novel method proposes, these three different feedback values are applying to the wireless multihop relaying network for improving the efficiency of the MIMO. To reduce the computational burden for the user equipment, our method decomposes the problem into three separate steps, one of jointly evaluating the PMI and RI based on a mutual information metric and one of choosing the CQI value to achieve a given target Block Error Ratio (BLER) constraint and these feedback values are applying into the Wireless multihop relaying. Wireless multihop relaying can increase the aggregate network data capacity and improve coverage of wireless systems by reducing path loss, mitigating shadowing, and enabling spatial reuse. The influence of estimated channel knowledge on the feedback choice is investigated for BLER, maximum likelihood Estimator.