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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of reciprocating instruments in removing gutta-percha and bioactive-based (BioRoot RCS and MTA Fillapex) and epoxy resin-based (AH Plus) sealers from root canals based on filling residues and the time required for root canal revision. Material and methods: Root canals of 90 teeth were instrumented with Reciproc R40. All root canals were obturated using the single-cone technique with Reciproc R40 gutta-percha and with one of the selected sealers. Samples with oval, straight canals were used and randomly divided into three groups: (i) filled with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha (n=30); (ii) filled with MTA Fillapex and gutta-percha (n=30); (iii) filled with BioRoot RCS and gutta-percha (n=30). Each group was divided into two subgroups (n=15) according to the retreatment instrument used (Reciproc M-Wire R25/R40 or Reciproc blue RB25/RB40). Root canals were longitudinally split and analyzed with a stereomicroscope at 15 × magnifications in the coronal, middle, and apical third. Computational analyses were performed with the Image J software. Data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: While no statistically significant differences in the residual material surface were found for Reciproc Blue, Reciproc M-Wire showed significantly higher residual material surface for AH Plus and MTA Fillapex compared to BioRoot RCS. For AH plus. Residual material surface was significantly lower for Reciproc Blue than for Reciproc M-Wire. In contrast, BioRoot RCS showed a significantly higher residual material surface for Reciproc Blue. Conclusions: Calcium silicate-containing sealers were more retrievable compared to AH Plus, with fewer sealer remnants and shorter retreatment time. Retreatment with Reciproc M-Wire instruments was superior to Reciproc blue instruments in retreatment of BioRoot RCS. However, none of the sealers were removed completely., Cilj: Željela se usporediti učinkovitost instrumenata Reciproc u uklanjanju gutaperke i endodontskog punila na bazi bioaktivnih (BioRoot RCS i MTA Fillapex) i epoksidnih smola (AH Plus) iz korijenskih kanala na temelju ostataka punjenja i vremena potrebnog za reviziju korijenskog kanala. Materijal i metode: Korijenski kanali 90 zuba instrumentirani su Reciprocom R 40. Svi su zabrtvljeni tehnikom jednoga štapića gutaperke s Reciproc R 40 gutaperkom i jednim od punila. Svi uzorci imali su ovalne, ravne kanale te su nasumično podijeljeni u tri skupine: (i) ispunjeni punilom AH Plus i gutaperkom (n = 30); (ii) ispunjeni MTA Fillapexom i gutaperkom (n = 30); (iii) ispunjeni BioRoot RCS-om i gutaperkom (n = 30). Svaka je skupina podijeljena u dvije podskupine (n = 15) prema instrumentu koji se rabio za reviziju (Reciproc M-Wire R25/R 40 ili Reciproc blue RB 25/RB 40). Korijenski kanali uzdužno su prerezani i analizirani stereomikroskopom pri povećanju od 15 puta u koronalnoj, srednjoj i apikalnoj trećini. Računalne analize obavljene su u programu Image J. Podatci su uspoređeni Kruskal-Wallisovim i Mann-Whitneyjevim U testom.Rezultati: Iako nisu pronađene statistički značajne razlike u površini zaostalog materijala za Reciproc blue i Reciproc M-Wire, nakon revizije instrumentom Reciproc M-Wire uočena je znatno veća površina neuklonjenog ispuna na bazi AH Plusa i MTA Fillapexa u usporedbi s BioRoot RCS-om. Kod ispuna na bazi AH plusa površina zaostalog materijala bila je znatno niža nakon revizije instrumentom Reciproc blue nego nakon Reciproc M-Wireom. Suprotno tomu, BioRoot RCS imao je znatno veću površinu zaostalog materijala nakon revizije instrumentom Reciproc Blue. Zaključci: U usporedbi s brtvilima na bazi AH Plusa, brtvila koja sadržavaju kalcijev silikat bilo je lakše ukloniti i bila je pronađena manja površina neuklonjenog punila poslije revizije, a vrijeme potrebno za taj postupak bilo je kraće. Instrumenti Reciproc M-Wire bili su bolji od Reciproc bluea pri reviziji BioRoot RCS-om. No ni jedno punilo nije potpuno uklonjeno.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the retreatment duration and efficacy of eucalyptol and tea tree oil in engine driven and manual retreatment of epoxy resin based endodontic filling in extracted human teeth.Sixty human single rooted teeth were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was prepared using hand files, and the second one using Reciproc system. Root canals were filled with gutta-percha points and AH Plus sealer. Retreatment was performed using K-reamers and Hedström files for the first group, and Reciproc instruments for the second group. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n=15) according to the retreatment solvent used (eucalyptol or tea tree oil). Root canals were longitudinaly split and analized with stereomicroscope (15x magnification). The surface of the remaining filling material was measured using an image processing software.There were no statistically significant differences in the area of residual filling material among used solvents, nor in applied technique. Retreatment with Reciproc instruments was significantly faster compared to retreatment using hand files. The manual retreatment technique was faster when tea tree essential oil was used as a solvent compared to eucalyptol.Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil were equally effective in removing endodontic filling material, but none of canals were completely free of the residual filling material. Retreatment with Reciproc instruments was faster compared to retreatment using hand files. The manual retreatment technique is faster when tea tree essential oil is used as a solvent compared to eucalyptol.

Opisan je slučaj pacijentice s kliničkom slikom opsežnih oralnih lezija nakon što je počela s terapijom Lamotriginom. Kliničkom slikom dominirale su bilateralna facijalna oteklina i oteklina mentalnog prostora s aktivno secernirajućom ekstraoralnom fistulom u središnjem području brade. Doktori dentalne medicine trebali bi biti svjesni rizika povezanih s ovim lijekom te bi trebali uočiti rizičnu populaciju među pacijentima koji boluju od epilepsije, bipolarnog poremećaja i neuroloških poremećaja., We report on a patient who presented with extensive oral lesions. The treatment with lamotrigine is described. The patient presented with bilateral facial swellings and mental space swelling with actively draining extra oral sinus tract in the central chin area. Dental medicine professionals should be aware of the risks involved with using this medication, and should recognize the population at risk among patients suffering from epilepsy, bipolar and neurologic disorders.

Objective To estimate four radiomorphometric indices of mandibular bones in an 18th century population sample, and possibly associate the findings with bone mass loss related to sex, age, nutritional habits and pathologies reflecting on the bone. Design Thirty-six sculls (31 males, 5 females), recovered from the crypt of Požega Cathedral in Croatia were analyzed. Age estimation was based on tooth wear, and Eichner class was determined according to the number of occlusal supporting zones. The parameters in recording analogue orthopantomographs were set to constant current of 16 mA, exposure time of 14.1 s, and voltage between 62–78 kV. Films were processed in an automatic dark chamber processor for 12 min, and digitized at 8-bit, 300 dpi. The thickness of the mandibular cortex was assessed below the mental foramen (MI), at antegonion (AI), at gonion (GI). Qualitative mandibular cortical index (MCI) was assessed. Results Average values of MI, AI and GI were 3.97 ± 0.94 mm, 2.98 ± 0.56 mm, and 1.99 ± 0.55 mm, respectively. Statistically significant differences between males and females were found for AI right (p = 0.014), GI left (p = 0.010) and GI average (p = 0.006), and were in all cases higher in males. There were no statistically significant differences between age groups for either index (p > 0.05). Considering Eichner classification the differences were not significant for MI (p = 0.422), AI (p = 0.516), and GI (p = 0.443), but in Eichner classes II, MCI was significantly higher (p = 0.02). Conclusion The obtained data does not suggest generalized malnutrition or calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D deprivation in the historic population studied.

The purpose of this study was to determine the range of threshold responses of healthy dental pulps and test the reproducibility of the electric pulp test (EPT). Forty‐nine dental students participated in the study. Sound teeth in both arches, except third molars, were included. The teeth were isolated using cotton rolls and dried with compressed air, and the threshold responses were recorded. Participants stopped the stimulus increase by pressing the switch at the first sensation of discomfort. The measurements were repeated after 30 days. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS®16.0. The mean thresholds for the maxillary incisors, canines, premolars and molars were 10.77, 21.07, 21.88 and 34.07 μA, and for mandibular incisors, canines, premolars and molars 9.81, 18.7, 19.24 and 30.1 μA respectively. The differences between the two measurements were statistically significant for teeth 32, 31, 41 and 42. The EPT was shown to be reproducible for all the teeth tested except mandibular incisors.

Objective: The objective of the study, which consisted of a motivational lecture and hands-on training, was to evaluate the role of oral hygiene education for adolescents. Methods: The study population included sixty-two high school students between fourteen and fifteen years of age (thirty males and thirty-two females). The response rate was 76.5%. The measurement of oral hygiene level was performed using the modified Green Vermilion Index (GVI). The values were recorded at baseline, one week, three months, and six months after education through motivational lecture and hands-on training was performed. Descriptive and nonparametric statistical methods were used in statistical analysis. Level of significance was 0.05. Results: At the beginning of the study, the GVI of all examined subjects was 3.52 (SD = 0.70). One week after the motivational lecture and training, it decreased to 2.64 (SD = 0.69). Three months later, the level of plaque index had the lowest value (1.44; SD = 0.66). At the end of the study the level of plaque index increased to 2.52 (SD = 0.86). Conclusions: A significant oral hygiene improvement in adolescents as a result of education was presented. However, due to a decline in oral hygiene level six months after the education, there is a need for educational programmes continuity.

The primary objective of this study was to compare the dentin ablation volume and ablation rate of quantum square pulse (QSP), using two different pulse energy settings plus a new digitally controlled dental laser handpiece (X-Runner), with those of variable square pulse (VSP), using three different pulse durations. The secondary objective was to examine, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface effects of ablation with the different Er:YAG laser modes on the dentin surfaces.The available literature has limited data on the efficiency of different operating modes, pulse durations, and the new digitally controlled handpiece of the Er:YAG laser on human dentin.Freshly extracted human molars (n = 72) were divided into two experimental groups (n = 36 each): (1) QSP group, and (2) VSP group. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (n = 12 each). In the QSP group, preparations in dentin were performed using 250 and 500 mJ of pulse energy with the conventional handpiece, and with the X-Runner handpiece set at 250 mJ pulse energy. In the VSP group, cavity preparations were performed using three pulse variables: super short pulse (SSP), micro short pulse (MSP), and short pulse (SP). Cavity preparations were made in dentin at time intervals of 1, 2, and 5 sec. A laser triangulation profilometer was used to determine cavity volumes. Surface analysis of the ablated dentin specimens was performed by SEM.For time intervals of 1 and 2 sec, ablated volume and ablation rate for QSP-500 mJ were significantly higher than for all other groups (p 0.0001). For the 5-sec time interval, X-Runner and QSP-500 mJ were the most efficient in dentin ablation (p 0.0001). Dentin surfaces were free of smear layer in all groups.The most efficient modes of dentin ablation in the study were the QSP-500 mJ and X-Runner groups. Dentin surfaces were free of smear layer in all groups.

The purpose of the research was to compare oral health behavior and plaque indices between Croatian first-year and final-year dental students. Therefore, 46.9% of first-year and 47% of final-year dental students were surveyed using the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire and had their plaque indices determined. Descriptive statistics analysis, nonparametric tests, and correlation analysis were performed (p, Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti navike i znanja o oralnoj higijeni te indekse plaka studenata dentalne medicine prve i šeste godine. Upitnik Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) ispunilo je 46,9% studenata prve i 47% studenata šeste godine te im je određen indeks plaka. Podatci su obrađeni deskriptivnom statistikom, neparametrijskim testovima i korelacijskom analizom (p

The purpose of the research was to compare oral health behavior and plaque indices between Croatian first-year and final-year dental students. Therefore, 46.9% of first-year and 47% of final-year dental students were surveyed using the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire and had their plaque indices determined. Descriptive statistics analysis, nonparametric tests, and correlation analysis were performed (p

Svrha: Epidemiološka istraživanja u mnogim zemljama pokazuju neravnomjernu raspodjelu oralnih bolesti u populaciji – primarno karijesa, te je zato glavna svrha ovoga presječnog istraživanja bila dobiti relevantne podatke oralnog statusa populacije u Kninu i okolici određene prema smjernicama SZO-a. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 414 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Zabilježeni podatci uključivali su opću anamnezu, ekstraoralni status, status oralne sluznice, status temporpomandibularnih zglobova, zubni, parodontni i protetski status, te jesu li potrebni restaurativni zahvati. Obavljena je i usporedba među različitim grupama, ovisno o dobi, spolu, stupnju obrazovanja i podrijetlu. Rezultati: Prosječno je KEP indeks bio 17,3, zatim 1,7 – karijes, 6,2 – ispuni i 9,4 – ekstrahirani zubi. SIC indeks iznosio je 26,4. Razlika je bila značajna u grupama prema dobi i stupnju obrazovanja (p < 0,001). Postotak osoba s najvišim zbrojem CPI-a od 0 do 4 bio je 27,3, 16,9, 36,5, 16,4, i 2, 2,9 posto. Razlika između dobnih grupa u CPI vrijednostima bila je statistički značajna, a razlika ovisno o spolu i podrijetlu nije bila značajna (p = 0,001). Zaključak: Populacija u Kninu i okolici ima vrlo loš oralni status, najvjerojatnije zbog posljedica rata 1990-ih godina i ekonomske tranzicije te zato što nema nacionalnog programa za promicanje oralnoga zdravlja., The aim: Epidemiologic studies in many countries show uneven distribution of oral diseases (primarily caries) within the population. This is why more studies are oriented towards specific regions or subpopulations instead of large scale national surveys. The major purpose of this cross sectional study was to obtain relevant data about the oral status of the population of Knin and its surroundings according to the WHO criteria. Subjects and methods: The study included 414 participants aged between 18 and 65. The recorded variables included general anamnestic data, extraoral status, oral mucosa status, temporomandibular joint status, dental, periodontal and prosthetic status, and the need for dental restoration. The comparison between different groups regarding age, gender, educational level and origin was made. Results: DMFT index was 17.3 – with on average 1.7 caries, 6.2 fillings, and 9.4 teeth extracted. SiC index equaled 26.4. The difference was significant regarding the level of education and age (p

The purpose of this investigation was to study sagittal condylar inclination values within a uniform sample (Angle class I occlusion) using ‘articulator-related registration’ and Camper’s plane as a reference plane. The study was performed on a sample of 58 Angle class I subjects (mean age 25.1, SD 3.1). Measurements were performed with an ultrasonic jaw tracking device with six degrees of freedom. After a paraocclusal tray was fixed in the mouth, each subject had to make three protrusive movements and three right and left laterotrusive movements. From protrusive movements the software of the device automatically calculated the left and the right sagittal condylar inclination values used for setting of the articulator. The mean sagittal condylar inclination value was 41.0° (SD 10.5) for the right joint and 40.7° (SD 9.8) for the left joint. The maximum value was 65.0° for the right and 68.6° for the left joint, and the minimum value was 13.7° for the right and 21.7° for the left joint. The results of this study suggested the average articulator setting for sagittal condylar inclination for fully dentate adult subjects to be 40° in relation to Camper’s plane. This is especially important for the articulators that are set up in relation to Camper’s plane., Cilj istraživanja bio je proučavanje vrijednosti kuta nagiba kondilne staze unutar jednoličnog uzorka (klasa I. po Angleu) koristeći registraciju definiranu artikulatorom i Camperovu ravninu kao referentnu ravninu. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 58 ispitanika (prosjek godina 25,1; SD 3,1). Mjerenja su izvedena pomoću ultrazvučnog uređaja za snimanje kretnji donje čeljusti na temelju šest stupnjeva slobode. Nakon što se pričvrstila paraokluzijska žlica svaki ispitanik je izveo po tri kretnje protruzije, lijeve i desne laterotruzije. Iz protruzijske kretnje program uređaja je automatski izračunao vrijednosti lijevog i desnog kuta nagiba kondilne staze koje se koriste za individualizaciju artikulatora. Prosječna vrijednost kuta nagiba kondilne staze iznosila je 41,0° (SD 10,5) za desni zglob i 40,7° (SD 9,8) za lijevi zglob. Maksimalna vrijednost iznosila je 65,0° za desni i 68,6° za lijevi zglob, dok je minimalna vrijednost iznosila 13,7° za desni i 21,7° za lijevi zglob. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja sugeriraju vrijednost kuta nagiba kondilne staze od 40° prema Camperovoj ravnini kod namještanja artikulatora prema prosječnim vrijednostima kod potpuno ozubljenih pacijenata. To pogotovo vrijedi za artikulatore vrijednosti kojih se postavljaju u odnosu na Camperovu ravninu.

Background. Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign, yet aggressive odontogenic tumor. Herein, proteome analysis of KCOT lesions in comparison with control patient-matched tissue unaffected by the disease and with inflammatory odontogenic cysts, namely radicular cysts is presented. Methods. For the proteomics profiling, two complementary proteomics techniques MALDI-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS were employed. Potential candidate biomarkers were validated by immunohistochemistry. Results. More than 43 proteins were found to be differentially expressed or up-regulated in KCOT lesions in comparison with patient-matched unaffected oral mucosa. These proteins bear important biological functions and are involved in cell proliferation, cytoskeletal re-organization, transcription, cellular motility and apoptosis. In particular, a number of differentially expressed proteins participate in autocrine regulation and signalization within JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusions. Immunohistochemical validation of chosen putative biomarkers revealed axin interaction partner and dorsalization- antagonist (AIDA), known as a protein that blocks activation of JNK signalling pathway , as a differential biomarker for KCOT lesions on an independent cohort of KCOT tissue samples in comparison with most prevalet intraoseal lesions inflammatory odontogenic cysts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of third molars in terms of respondents' age. Furthermore it was desired to determine the extent of the manifestation of pathological changes, such as caries, apical lesions, and alveolar bone resorption. This study was based on 500 OPGs of patients from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Zagreb. Patients were divided into seven age groups. The total number of molars, the number of cavities on remaining molars, the quality of endodontic treatment and the evaluation of their performance and presence of periapical lesions was analyzed. As apart of the periodontal status, the number of inadequate fillings, the number of damaged furcations and bone resorption was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed by means of STATISTICA 7 statistical package (StatSoft, Tulsa, USA). The correlation between the total number of molars and the age of patients was analyzed by means of Spearman's correlation to the level of significance of 0.05. The number of first, second and third molars significantly decreased in higher age groups. The prevalence of caries in third molars as compared to first and second molars was generally lower, third molars were endodontic treated at least. Assessment of involved furcations showed that the lowest percentage of 8% was found in third molars. The majority of all remaining molars had bone resorption of 1-3 mm.

The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of class V cavities restored by silorane resin with those restored by the methacrylate resin system. Sixty standardized class V cavities were prepared on premolars. The teeth were restored with Filtek™ Silorane and Silorane™ System Adhesive, Filtek™ Silorane and Adper™ Easy One and Filtek™ Supreme XT and Adper™ Easy One. The area and the depth of dye leakage were measured. Considering dye leakage area, the best results were achieved in group I (mean- M=0.114±0.083 mm2), then in group III (M=0.384±0.480 mm2) and finally in group II (M=5.389±6.587 mm2). Considering the depth of dye leakage, there was a significant difference between group I (mean rank- m.r.=1.23±0.44 mm) and II (1.98±0.83 mm), group II and III (1.23±0.40 mm). In this study silorane composite and its adhesive showed less microleakage than the methacrylate composite, and it showed compatibility only with its assigned adhesive. Clinical Significance: Less microleakage of silorane restorations could provide better and long lasting composite fillings.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of third molars in terms of respondents’ age. Furthermore it was desired to determine the extent of the manifestation of pathological changes, such as caries, apical lesions, and al- veolar bone resorption. This study was based on 500 OPGs of patients from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Zagreb. Patients were divided into seven age groups. The total number of molars, the number of cavities on remaining molars, the quality of endodontic treatment and the evaluation of their performance and presence of periapical lesions was ana- lyzed. As a part of the periodontal status, the number of inadequate fillings, the number of damaged furcations and bone resorption was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed by means of STATISTICA 7 statistical package (Stat- Soft, Tulsa, USA). The correlation between the total number of molars and the age of patients was analyzed by means of Spearman’s correlation to the level of significance of 0.05. The number of first, second and third molars significantly de- creased in higher age groups. The prevalence of caries in third molars as compared to first and second molars was gener- ally lower, third molars were endodontic treated at least. Assessment of involved furcations showed that the lowest per- centage of 8% was found in third molars. The majority of all remaining molars had bone resorption of 1–3 mm.

Nasloni korskih sjedala splitske katedrale jedna su od najfascinantnijih umjetnina ukupne hrvatske kulturne baštine i po mnogočemu su jedinstveni i u širem, europskom okviru. Zapažajući skladnost kompozicije, a imajući u vidu onovremeni način konstruiranja ovog tipa umjetnina, upustili smo se u pokušaj otkrivanja sustava komponiranja i, na osnovi njega, u pokušaj pronalaženja idealne kompozicijske sheme koja stoji iza realiziranog oblika naslona korskih sjedala. Držimo da je prilikom njihova dizajniranja upotrijebljena osnovna mjerna jedinica od 31,5 cm. Ta mjerna jedinica najbliža je bizantskoj stopi.

Svrha rada: Željela se ispitati djelotvornost 0,2-postotnog poliheksametilenova bigvanida (PHMB) u eliminaciji Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Candida albicans te ga usporediti s učinkovitošću 2,5-postotnog natrijeva hipoklorita (NaOCl). Materijali i metode: Na četrdeset osam jednokorijenskih zuba uklonjeni su krune i apikalni dijelovi te su korijenskih kanali instrumentirani Hedström strugaËima do veličine 40. Šesnaest uzoraka inokulirano je bujonskom kulturom E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), P. aeruginosa (ATCC27853) i C. albicans (klinički izolat). Nakon 48-satne inkubacije i ispiranja fiziološkom otopinom uzeti su uzorci dentina iz korijenskih kanala Hedströmovim iglicama veličine 50 i to prije ispiranja 0,2-postotnim PHMB-om i 2,5-postotnim NaOCl-om i nakon toga postupka. Uzorci su zatim preneseni u epruvete s 2 mL sterilne fiziološke otopine i deseterostrukim razrjeđenjem, te su prebačeni na krvni agar nakon 30 sekundi vorteksiranja. Nakon 48-satne inkubacije na 37 ° C prebrojene su bakterijske kolonije po mililitru (CFU/ml). Za statističku analizu korišten je Kruskal-Wallisov test (p, Objective of work: The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of 0.2% polyhexamethylen biguanide in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and compare it with effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Crown and apical portion of forty- eight single-rooted human teeth was removed and the root canals instrumented with Hedström files up to size 40. Sixteen specimens were inoculated with an overnight broth culture of E.faecalis (ATCC 51299), P.aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and C.albicans (clinical isolate). After 48 h incubation and irrigation with saline, dentine samples were collected from root canal walls with Hedström files size 50 before and after irrigation with 0.2% PHMB and 2.5% NaOCl followed by irrigation with neutralizer and saline. Samples were put into vials containing 2 mL of sterile saline and tenfold dilution, and plated on blood agar after 30 s vortexing. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted after 48 h incubation at 37ºC. For statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (p

Svrha rada: Svrha ove studije bila je procijeniti utjecaj oralne primjene Ekolostruma (goveđeg kolostruma) na koncentraciju salivarnog IgA (sIgA). Materijali i metode: Dvadesetero zdravih ispitanika u dobi između 23 i 54 godine nasumce je podijeljeno na ispitnu i kontrolnu skupinu (n = 10). Svatko u ispitnoj skupini dobio je 60 kapsula Ekolostruma. Na početku istraživanja od svih je sudionika bila prikupljena nestimulirana slina. To isto učinjeno je nakon 30 dana, na kraju pokusa. Koncentracija sIgA iz sline određivala se testom ELISA (enzim-linked immunosorbent assay). Usporedbe rezultata unutar skupine obavljene su studentovim t-testom, a usporedbe rezultata između dviju skupina primjenom ANOVE (p=0,05). Rezultati: Sudionici ispitivanja koji su uzimali Ekolostrum imali su statistički značajno (p = 0,026) niže koncentracije sIgA nakon tretmana negoli prije. Kontrolna skupina nije pokazala statistički značajnu razliku u koncentraciji sIgA na početku i na kraju istraživanja. Na kraju istraživanja nije bilo statistički značajne razlike (p = 0,047) srednjih koncentracija sIgA između ispitne i kontrolne skupine (464 ± 59.89μg/mL i 620,16 ± 42.26μg/mL). Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da je nakon jednomjesečne oralne primjene Ekolostruma koncentracija sIgA bila statistički značajno niža nego prije tretmana. Potrebna su daljnja, opsežnija i detaljnija istraživanja kako bismo dobili pouzdanije rezultate., Objective: The aim of the present pilot- study was to evaluate the influence of oral intake of Ekolostrum (bovine colostrum) on concentration of salivary IgA( sIgA) in saliva. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy participants between 23 and 54 years of age were randomly selected for the test and control group (n= 10). The test group took 60 capsules of Ecolostrum. The entire amount of the unstimulated saliva was collected before treatment from all participants. The procedure was repeated after 30 days at the end of the experiment. The concentration of sIgA in saliva was determined using ELISA (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay). Intra- group comparisons were performed by paired sample T-test and inter- group differences were compared by ANOVA (p=0.05) Results: Participants who were taking Ecolostrum had statistically significant (p=0.026) lower concentrations of sIgA after the treatment than before. The control group showed no statistically significant difference. There were statistically significant differences ( p=0.047) of mean concentrations of sIgA between the test group and control group at the end of the experiment(464 ±59.89μg/mL and 620.16± 42.26μg/mL). Conclusions: The results of this pilot- study show that after one month of orally administrated Ekolostrum, the amount of sIgA was lower than before treatment. Some more extensive and detailed studies are needed to obtain more reliable results.

Svrha: Zadatak istraživanja bio je izmjeriti koncentraciju fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi u sjevernom hrvatskom gradu Čazmi i u komercijalno dostupnim napitcima. Materijali i metode: Koncentracija fluorida određena je fluorid-selektivnom elektrodom u uzorcima vode iz vodovoda i komercijalno dostupnih napitaka. Pritom je pH određen ion-selektivnom elektrodom za vodik. Rezultati: Sadržaj fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi iznosio je 0,313 mg F-/L. Od komercijalno dostupnih napitaka najveća koncentracija izmjerena je u gaziranoj mineralnoj vodi (0,34 – 1,5 mg F-/L) te u ledenim čajevima (0,06 – 0,74 mg F-/L). Negazirane vode i sokovi te gazirani sokovi imali su vrlo nizak sadržaj fluorida i iznosili su redom, The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of fluorides in tap water in northern Croatian town Čazma and commercially available bottled drinks. Materials and Methods: Fluoride content was assessed by fluoride-selective electrode in tap water and commercial drinks from public supply. The pH was assessed by hydrogen ion-selective electrode. Results: Fluoride content in tap water was 0.313 mg F-/L. In commercially available bottled drinks fluoride concentration was the highest in carbonated mineral water (0.34 – 1.5 mg F-/L), followed by some ice tea drinks (0.06 – 0.74 mg F-/L). Non-carbonated waters, carbonated soft drinks and noncarbonated soft drinks had very low fluoride concentration and it amounted to

Apical periodontitis (AP) is a result of microbial contamination of periapical tissues that originates from a necrotic dental pulp or inadequately treated root canals (1-3). Diagnostic criteria for AP include the presence of symptoms and clinical signs during clinical examination and analysis of radiographs (periapical or panoramic). Radiographic analysis is important because AP in its chronic form is often overlooked and left untreated. Despite the relatively low risk of exacerbations (less than 5%), the influence of AP on remote organs and tissues persists even in its sub-acute chronic form (4). The outcome of endodontic therapy is assessed radiographically (5), but due to high availability and reliability, radiographs are also suitable for epidemiological studies. The prevalence of AP among adults in different populations is well documented in the literature, especially in the Scandinavian countries (6-11). The prevalence of AP positively correlated with age and this tendency will presumably increase because of an increase in dentate population (6). Multi-rooted teeth have a higher prevalence of AP than single-rooted teeth, especially molars (12). Factors that determine the outcome of endodontic treatment are length and quality of endodontic filling and post-endodontic restoration of the tooth (13-15). Nevertheless, epidemiological studies performed worldwide show that AP is present in 22-65% of root-filled teeth (14-17). The crucial factor for a successful healing of the periapical region is adequate root canal therapy with complete obturation of the root canal less than 2 mm from the external apical foramen (14-17). Another factor influencing the prevalence of AP is the quality of coronal restorations. Teeth with inadequate restorations were associated with greater occurrence of AP (8,18-20). So far, many studies on the prevalence of AP and its association with various factors have been done worldwide, but not one has been conducted in this part of Europe. Since epidemiologic data are essential for population health assessment, future health care planning, and funding, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of AP and the quality of root canal fillings in the population of the city of Zagreb, Croatia.

Svrha: U ovom se istraživanju ispitivao antibakterijski učinak dvaju materijala za retrogradno brtvljenje korijenskog kanala testom bakterijske difuzije agara. Materijali i postupci: Ploče krvnog agara inokulirane su zasebno bakterijama Streptococcus mutans, Streptotoccus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus i Enterococcus faecalis te polimikrobnom suspenzijom od svih testiranih bakterija. Na inokulirane ploče bili su raspoređeni uzorci materijala i nakon 48 sati inkubacije očitane su zone inhibicije (ZI) u milimetrima promjera. Rezultati: Najsnažniji antibakterijski učinak MTA je pokazao kod bakterije Streptococcus mutans (ZI =7,6 mm, s.d. 1,0), zatim prema Streptotoccus mitis i Lactobacillus acidophilus (ZI=7,3 mm, s.d. 0,5). ZI za Enterococcus faecalis iznosio je 5,6 milmetara, s.d. 0,7, a za polimikrobnu suspenziju 5,3 milimetra, s.d. 1,0. Jedina bakterija na koju MTA nije imao antibakterijski učinak jest Staphylococcus aureus. Amalgam nije pokazao antibakterijski učinak na ni jednu ispitivanu bakteriju. Zaključak: MTA je pokazao antibakterijski učinak prema četiri od pet ispitivanih bakterija i polimikrobnih suspenzija, a amalgam nije inhibirao rast ni jedne testirane bakterije., The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of root-end filling materials, MTA and amalgam, by agar diffusion test. Materials and methods: Blood agar plates were inoculated with bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis each, and a polymicrobial suspension consisting of all the tested bacteria. Material samples were divided among the inoculated plates, and after 48 hours of incubation, the diameters of the inhibition zone (IZ) were recorded. Results: The strongest antibacterial effect of MTA was against Streptococcus mutans (IZ = 7.6 mm, sd 1.0), followed by Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus (IZ = 7.3 mm, sd 0.5). The inhibition zone (IZ) for Enterococcus faecalis was 5.6 mm (sd 0.7), and for the polymicrobial suspension 5.3 mm (sd 1.0). Staphylococcus aureus was the only bacteria MTA did not show any antibacterial effect against. Amalgam showed no antibacterial effect against any of the bacteria tested. Conclusion: MTA showed antibacterial effect against 4 of 5 tested bacteria and the polymicrobial suspension, while amalgam did not inhibit the growth of any of the bacteria tested.

Objective: The aim was to examine dental and periodontal status of adult Croatian 18th century population and compare the results with available literature data. Materials and methods: 104 specimens from the crypt of Poz y ega cathedral were grouped into three female and three male groups according to age. Caries was determined by visual inspection and dental probe. Ante and post mortem teeth losses were recorded. Periodontal status was determined according to the length of exposed tooth root from alveolar crest to cemento-enamel junction. The presence of dehiscences and fenestrations was recorded on facial and oral plate of alveolar bone. Results: The whole sample exhibited ante- and post mortem teeth loss of 19.57% and 24.91%, respectively. The teeth most frequently lost postmortem were incisors. The canines were best preserved. The frequency of caries in both jaws was the highest in molars (26.63% in maxilla and 28.10% in mandible), whilst central incisors exhibited the least carious lesions (11.59 and 1.92%). The most frequently affected surfaces were occlusal, then proximal and facio-oral. The percentage of teeth with either moderate or considerable bone loss was higher in females. The frequency of considerable bone loss increased significantly with age. The frequency of dehiscences was 3.11%. It was higher in maxilla than in the mandible. The frequency of fenestrations was 5.65% and it was significantly higher in maxilla. Conclusions: The results demonstrate poor oral health amongst 18th century population of continental Croatia, exhibiting high antemortem teeth loss, high periodontal disease frequency and occlusal and proximal caries frequency.

Preddiplomsko obrazovanje mijenja percepciju oralno-zdravstvenih i oralno-higijenskih navika i stajališta studenata stomatologije. Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti te navike i stajališta studenata četvrte godine Stomatološkog fakulteta i njihovih kolega s iste godine na ostalim fakultetima Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, kako bismo odredili opseg i važnost mogućih razlika. Ispitanici i postupci: Sudjelovao je 151 student obaju spolova i to 79 sa stomatologije (četvrte godine) i 72 s ostalih fakulteta (četvrte godine). Svi su odgovorili na 21 pitanje iz prilagođenog upitnika prema Špalju o oralno-higijenskim navikama i stajalištima. Podaci su nakon toga statistički analizirani programskim paketom SPSS ver. 16,0. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da postoji razlika između dviju skupina te da studenti stomatologije imaju bolje oralno-higijenske navike i bolja oralno-zdravstvena stajališta od kolega s ostalih fakulteta. Bili su bolje podučeni u tehnici četkanja zuba, zube češće četkaju, koriste se dodatnim sredstvima za održavanje higijene, rjeđe imaju probleme s krvarenjem gingive te posjećuju stomatologa češće nego njihovi kolege s drugih fakulteta. Zaključak: Zbog svjesnosti o problemima oralnoga zdravlja i većeg znanja o preventivnim mjerama, studenti stomatologije mogli bi pozitivno pridonositi oralnom zdravlju svojih pacijenata i kolega i to ne samo educirajući ih, nego i vlastitim primjerom., Undergraduate dental education changes students’s perception of oral health, as well as oral hygiene habits and attitudes. Aim of this study was to compare oral hygiene and oral health habits and attitudes between 4th year students of dental medicine and 4th year students of other faculties of University of Zagreb in order to determine the possible extent and significance of differences. Material and Methods: Total number of subjects was 151 which included 79 dental students (4th year) and 72 students of other faculties (4th year) of University of Zagreb, of both genders. Modified oral hygiene habits and attitudes questionnaire according to Špalj consisting of 21 questions was used. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0 software. Results showed difference between two groups, where dental students had better oral hygiene habits and better oral health attitudes compared to their colleagues from other faculties. Dental students were better instructed in brushing techniques, brush more often, use additional means of oral hygiene, have lesser prevalence of gingival bleeding and visit dentist more often then their colleagues from other faculties. Conclusion: Because of greater awareness of oral health problems and improved knowledge on preventive measures, students of dental medicine could positively contribute to the oral health of their patients and their colleagues by education, but also by their own example as a role – model.

Na Odsjeku restauracije i konzervacije Umjetničke akademije u Splitu izveden je konzervatorsko-restauratorski zahvat na dosad nezapaženoj slici ‘Sveta Obitelj sa svetim Ivanom’, iz splitskog samostana sv. Frane. Zahvat i istraživanja koja su ga pratila iznijeli su na vidjelo neobičnu i zanimljivu građu ove slike. Prilikom istraživanja primijenjena je metoda digitalne radiografije, koja u našoj sredini dosad gotovo da nije bila primjenjivana, a koja u svijetu dobiva sve širu primjenu na polju konzervacije. Snimanje je pružilo mogućnost da se usporede rezultati dobiveni ovom metodom s rezultatima koji se dobivaju analognom radiografijom., A conservation–restoration procedure has been carried out on the portrait of Holly Family with St. John, from the Monastery of St. Francis (Sv. Frane) in Split. The procedure was done at the Department of Conservation and Restoration at Split Academy of Arts. This oil portrait on canvas is dated to the 17th century. Prior to the procedure, the portrait was in a very bad shape. That is why it did not attract attention of experts although, even then, its artistic quality was indisputable. Both the research and the procedure revealed an unusual and interesting composition of the painting. One of the methods used in the course of the procedure was digital radiography. So far, this method has not often been used in the research of the composition of easel paintings in this area. The method allowed comparison of the results with the results obtained by analog radiography. The source of radiation, in this case, was a portable RTG device, which is also used in medicine. A cassette containing a phosphoric board was placed underneath the chosen portion of the painting. The portion was then illuminated by the photon-rich low energy x-ray beams. The radiation that penetrated the painting was transformed by the film-converter placed inside the cassette, into a light beam. The light beam projected the latent image on the phosphoric board. Another key device, used in the course of the research, was a frame grabber that transformed the latent image into the visible one. The obtained images were evaluated using a DICOM viewer. The obtained results were compared and substantiated with the results obtained by the analysis of painted layers and preparation.