Search

The ascendency of Jair Bolsonaro to the presidency of Brazil in 2018 put the role of traditional media companies and journalists under the spotlight. Bad news or opinions against his government have been officially treated as fake, inaccurate, or false information. In this context, data show a decrease in news trust and growing news consumption through platforms. According to the 2021 Reuters Institute report on news trust, only 21% of Brazilians trust the press as an institution, with 71% using social media platforms to be informed. As part of a broad and complex crisis of the traditional intermediary model, several journalists appeared in the Brazilian public sphere as influencers on social media platforms such as Twitter. Based on a qualitative perspective, this article aims to research the role of journalists as political influencers and their use of Twitter to express their voices. A sample of 10 journalists with more than 10,000 followers on Twitter, five working for traditional media and five from native digital media, were interviewed in depth. We realized that they use their digital capital in two political directions. On the one hand, as part of a digital strategy promoted by media outlets to gain attention and call the audience, journalists share their spots and comments on daily issues. On the other hand, in a polarized political context, journalists have found Twitter a means to express their voices in a context of increasing violence and restrictions on free expression among this collective.

Odnosi s medijima jedan su od najvažnijih programa odnosa s javnošću. Zbog svoje javne izloženosti često se pojmovi odnosa s javnošću i odnosa s medijima poistovjećuje. Takav je pogled ne- potpun i netočan. Odnosi s medijima područje su komunikaci- je organizacije s jednim od najvažnijih dionika, a to su mediji. Unutar takve suradnje praktičari odnosa s javnošću u stalnoj su komunikaciji s novinarima. Taj odnos često zna biti napet i prožet brojnim nesporazumima. S druge strane, moguće je izgraditi ko- rektne odnose koji će biti u interesu organizacije i medija, a time i javnosti. Autori razmatraju poglede i perspektivu novinara na te odnose kao i praktičara odnosa s javnošću. Samo potpun uvid u složenost ovih odnosa omogućava izgradnju dvosmjerne simetrične komunikacije kao modela uspješne komunikacije organizacija i medija., Media relations are one of the most important programmes of the public relations. Because of the element of publicity we frequently mix the terms media relations and public relations. Such a view is incomplete and incorrect. Media relations belong to the field of communication between an or- ganization and one of the most important participants, the media. As a part of such a cooperation, the PRs are in close communication with the journalists. The relationship is frequently tense and loaded with misunderstandings. On the other hand, it is possible to build correct relations that will be in the interest of the organzation and the media, and the public. The authors of the paper discuss the views and the perspective of journalists as well as PRs to those relations. Only a thorough insight into the complexity of these relations can build a bidirectional symmetric communication as a model of a successful communication between an organization and the media.

ラフカディオ・ハーンと医学の関係は深い。本稿では医師との交友関係、医師という職業についての認識、作品中に出てくる医師と医学的な話題を分析し、ラフカディオ・ハーンの医学についての認識について考察する。

The scientific article, based on the analysis of the opinions of forensic scientists, the provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation and the practice of its application. It substantiates the practical significance of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of journalists. The main task of the search is the extraction of individual traces and other objects that have significance in criminal proceedings. Depending on the object of the search, the following variants are distinguished:house search; search of other possessions; search of the person. The authors of the article set the goal of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of a journalist. Еmphasized on the importance of conducting a personal search at the initial stage of the investigation, the object of which is a person's body and clothes. Peculiarities of extraction during the search of computer objects were studied. It is noted that before starting the search, it is necessary to take measures to prevent possible damage or destruction of information. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the continuous power supply of computer equipment before and during the search, remove unauthorized persons from the premises in which the search is being carried out. It is also important to take measures so that unauthorized persons cannot send any commands to the computer system in which information is searched. Emphasized that in view of the technical features of starting, stopping and functioning of computer equipment, the suspect's access to it should be limited during the search. It was concluded that the main tasks of conducting a search during the investigation of criminal offenses provided for by Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are: establishing the location of wanted persons; finding tools of a criminal offense, other things and documents relevant to criminal proceedings, in particular computer devices, computer media, individual files stored in them and other computer objects., У науковій статті на підставі аналізу думок вчених-криміналістів, положень чинного кримінального процесуального законодавства та практики його застосування, обґрунтовується практична значимість виділення особливостей тактики обшуку при розслідуванні перешкоджання законній професійній діяльності журналістів, основним завданням якого є виявлення та фіксація відомостей про обставини, що мають значення у кримінальному провадженні. Залежно від об’єкту обшуку виділено такі його різновиди: обшук житла особи; обшук іншого володіння особи; обшук особи. Авторами статті поставлено за мету виокремлення особливостей тактики обшуку під час розслідування перешкоджання законній професійній діяльності журналіста. Наголошується на важливості проведення на початковому етапі розслідування обшуку особи, об’єктом якого є тіло й одяг людини. Досліджено особливості вилучення під час обшуку комп’ютерних об’єктів. Зазначається, що перед початком обшуку необхідно вжити заходи, які унеможливлять пошкодження або знищення інформації. Для цього слід забезпечити контроль за безперервним енергоживленням засобів комп’ютерної техніки до початку і на час проведення обшуку, видалити сторонніх осіб з приміщень, в яких здійснюють обшук, та вжити заходи для того, щоб сторонні особи не могли надіслати будь-які команди в комп’ютерну систему, в якій здійснюється пошук інформації. Також підкреслюється, що з огляду на технічні особливості запуску, зупинення та функціонування комп’ютерної техніки, під час обшуку слід обмежити доступ до неї підозрюваного. Зроблено висновок, що основними завданнями проведення обшуку під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених ст. 171 КК України, є: встановлення місцезнаходження розшукуваних осіб; відшукання знаряддя кримінального правопорушення, інших речей і документів, що мають значення для кримінального провадження, зокрема пристроїв обчислювальної техніки, комп’ютерних носіїв інформації, окремих файлів, що зберігаються в них та інших комп’ютерних об’єктів.

One of the means of russia's war against Ukraine is cultural and religious monuments destruction. Museum heritage belongs to the material cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people. The article examines the facts of the destruction and looting of museum institutions in 2022 since the beginning of full-scale russian aggression. The article describes the state of some museums in Ukraine in the war zones. In the course of researching the topic, an attempt was made to solve the following tasks: to highlight the most resonant examples of damage and destruction of museum heritage objects by the russian occupiers during the specified period; to analyse these examples through the prism of statistics, scientific articles, and journalistic assessments; to consider the public outcry that arose in connection with the facts of destruction and looting of museums in the combat zones. The research methods used are historical, descriptive, content analysis, comparative analysis, statistical, etc. The search for empirical material was based on the reports of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine on targeted attacks on the cultural heritage of Ukraine by the russian aggressor. Since the topic of media coverage of these facts is quite broad, we have selected publications primarily from some foreign media (two of them related to the first months of the war and one to the 10th month of the war), which show the glaring facts of destruction and looting of unique museums. An article by Forbes, one of the most authoritative economic magazines in the world, and a piece by the oldest news agency in the world, Associated Press (USA), were highlighted in the documentary “Art Stolen by russians: Stories of Museum Workers and Scenarios for Return” on UA: Suspilne. It is the large audience of these media outlets that respond to the statistics and overview of destroyed and looted museums in Ukraine during the war. Even the Polish version of the "glossy" American magazine Vogue published a review article about the destruction of museum property by the russian occupiers in the first two months of russia's full-scale invasion. The content of the documentary film "Destroy the People" (February 2023) by Polish director and journalist T. Gżywaczewski, who visited the destroyed museums of Kharkiv, Chernihiv, and Kyiv regions, is analysed separately. Social projects of international community support of cultural property, in general, and museum affairs, in particular, were considered.

One of the means of russia's war against Ukraine is cultural and religious monuments destruction. Museum heritage belongs to the material cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people. The article examines the facts of the destruction and looting of museum institutions in 2022 since the beginning of full-scale russian aggression. The article describes the state of some museums in Ukraine in the war zones. In the course of researching the topic, an attempt was made to solve the following tasks: to highlight the most resonant examples of damage and destruction of museum heritage objects by the russian occupiers during the specified period; to analyse these examples through the prism of statistics, scientific articles, and journalistic assessments; to consider the public outcry that arose in connection with the facts of destruction and looting of museums in the combat zones. The research methods used are historical, descriptive, content analysis, comparative analysis, statistical, etc. The search for empirical material was based on the reports of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine on targeted attacks on the cultural heritage of Ukraine by the russian aggressor. Since the topic of media coverage of these facts is quite broad, we have selected publications primarily from some foreign media (two of them related to the first months of the war and one to the 10th month of the war), which show the glaring facts of destruction and looting of unique museums. An article by Forbes, one of the most authoritative economic magazines in the world, and a piece by the oldest news agency in the world, Associated Press (USA), were highlighted in the documentary “Art Stolen by russians: Stories of Museum Workers and Scenarios for Return” on UA: Suspilne. It is the large audience of these media outlets that respond to the statistics and overview of destroyed and looted museums in Ukraine during the war. Even the Polish version of the "glossy" American magazine Vogue published a review article about the destruction of museum property by the russian occupiers in the first two months of russia's full-scale invasion. The content of the documentary film "Destroy the People" (February 2023) by Polish director and journalist T. Gżywaczewski, who visited the destroyed museums of Kharkiv, Chernihiv, and Kyiv regions, is analysed separately. Social projects of international community support of cultural property, in general, and museum affairs, in particular, were considered., Одним із засобів війни росії проти України є знищення культурних і релігійних пам’яток. Музейна спадщина належить до матеріального культурного надбання українського народу. В статті розглянуто факти знищення й пограбувань музейних установ протягом 2022 року з початку повномасштабної російської агресії. Описано стан деяких музеїв України в зонах бойових дій. В ході дослідження теми зроблено спробу вирішити такі завдання: виділити найрезонансніші приклади пошкоджень та руйнувань російськими окупантами об’єктів музейної спадщини в зазначений період; проаналізувати ці приклади крізь призму статистики, наукових статей і публіцистичних оцінок; розглянути суспільний резонанс, який виник у зв’язку з фактами руйнувань та пограбувань музеїв у зонах бойових дій. Водночас використано такі методи дослідження, як історичний, описовий, контент-аналіз, порівняльний аналіз, статистичний та ін. Основою пошуку емпіричного матеріалу стали повідомлення Міністерства культури та інформаційної політики України про цільові атаки з боку російського агресора на культурну спадщину України. Оскільки тема медійного висвітлення цих фактів є доволі широкою, ми обрали публікації передусім деяких зарубіжних мас-медіа (дві з них стосувалися перших місяців війни, а одна – 10-го місяця війни), які показують кричущі факти руйнувань і грабувань унікальних музеїв. Стаття одного із найавторитетніших економічних часописів у світі «Forbes» (США), як і матеріал найдавнішого інформагентства «Аssoсiated Press» (США), були виділені в документальному фільмі «Мистецтво, яке викрали росіяни: історії музейників та сценарії повернення» на «UA: Суспільне». Саме велика аудиторія цих мас-медіа на суспільному рівні відповідно резонує на статистику й огляд поруйнованих і пограбованих музеїв України під час війни. Навіть у польській версії «глянцевого» американського часопису «Vogue» вміщено статтю-огляд про нищення російськими окупантами музейних надбань у перші два місяці повномасштабного вторгнення росії. Окремо проаналізовано контент документального фільму польського режисера й журналіста Т. Гживачевського «Знищити народ» (лютий 2023 року), який їздив у знищені музейні заклади Харківської, Чернігівської, Київської областей. Розглянуто соціальні проєкти підтримки міжнародною спільнотою культурного надбання загалом і музейної справи зокрема.

International audience; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is a great thinker, leader, and social reformer who not only changed the lives of millions of untouchables but also shaped India as the largest democratic nation by writing the Indian Constitution. Many of us have Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as a social reformer and a person who fought for untouchables in India. But, Babasaheb was a great scholar, who has contributed immeasurably as an economist, sociologist, jurist, educationist, journalist, parliamentarian as well as a social reformer and human rights activist. Dr. Ambedkar was one of the multi-faceted personalities who made remarkable contributions to economics. Ambedkar's ideas have had a significant impact on social movements. In the present paper, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's attempt is made to discuss their immense contribution to economics and also consider its relevance to the present-day Indian economy.; डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर हे एक महान विचारवंत, नेते आणि समाजसुधारक आहेत ज्यांनी केवळ लाखो अस्पृश्यांचे जीवनच बदलले नाही, तर भारतीय संविधान लिहून भारताला सर्वात मोठे लोकशाही राष्ट्र म्हणून आकार दिला. आपल्यापैकी अनेकांना भारतरत्न डॉ. बी.आर. आंबेडकर एक समाजसुधारक आणि भारतातील अस्पृश्यांसाठी लढा देणारी व्यक्ती म्हणून माहिती आहे. परंतु, बाबासाहेब हे एक महान विद्वान होते, ज्यांनी अर्थशास्त्रज्ञ, समाजशास्त्रज्ञ, कायदेतज्ज्ञ, शिक्षणतज्ज्ञ, पत्रकार, संसदपटू याबरोबरच समाजसुधारक आणि मानवाधिकार म्हणून अतुलनीय योगदान दिले आहे. डॉ. आंबेडकर, अर्थशास्त्रात उल्लेखनीय योगदान असलेले बहुआयामी व्यक्तिमत्त्वांपैकी एक होते. त्याच्या काळातील. आंबेडकरांचे विचारांचा सामाजिक चळवळीवर लक्षणीय परिणाम झाला आहे. प्रस्तुत शोधनिबंधात डॉ. बी.आर. आंबेडकरांच्या अर्थशास्त्रातील अतुलनीय योगदानाबद्दल चर्चा करण्याचा प्रयत्न केला आहे आणि सध्याच्या भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेशी त्याची प्रासंगिकता देखील विचारात घेतली आहे.

The article deals with theoretical aspects of the media image of the state/region and its components: image, conditions for the distribution of information flows; studied the group sociodynamics of the life of the population from the point of view of foreign journalists. To do this, a survey was conducted of foreign media employees who studied at advanced training courses at the North-Western Institute of the RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation.The author notes that the most important characteristic identified by the theoretical and practical research pathway is the behavioral actions of people who are directly related to the object: these include journalists who form the information flow from the point of view of creating a certain media image.Particular attention is paid to the ratio of the information available to journalists about life in Chechnya and their ideas about the modern situation in the republic. The ratio of negative, neutral and positive tonality of submitting information about the Chechen Republic to the media was revealed.The analysis demonstrates that the media policy of the republic, aimed at the external audience for the country, needs to be adjusted. As recommendations, the author writes that the reflection of the identity of the region, its traditions and culture can form a significant part of the media image toolkit.

The article deals with the issue of studying the educational subject "Theory and practice of advertising and PRactivities" in the training of future journalists. It also examines the problem of improving the training of specialists of a high professional level capable of solving journalistic tasks and creating a competent media product using the latest ideas and technologies. It claims that the study of aspects of the educational component "Theory and practice of advertising and PRactivities" opens significant communication opportunities for future journalists, advertisers, and specialists of public relations departments. Moreover, it is stated that this subject helps to obtain the necessary system of professional knowledge, abilities, and skills for future media activities. Additionally, the article points out the importance of the above-mentioned educational subject while teaching students of journalism. The reason for this is its contributing to the creative development of future mass media workers and the expansion of their ideas about the journalistic activity. In fact, during the study of the discipline, a creative personality is formed, which should be a modern worker in the media sphere. Thus, the theory and practice of advertising and PR activities are the basis for the development of the professional level of a journalist and advertiser. It also indicates that this problem becomes especially relevant in connection with the modern requirements for improving the system of higher education in Ukraine and the general changes taking place in the communicative space. The article emphasizes the importance of advertising and PR technologies in the modern information environment and focuses attention on the systematic training of specialists in the field of Journalism. Advertising and public relations., У статті розглянуто проблеми вивчення освітньої компоненти "Теорія і практика рекламної та PR-діяль­ності" в підготовці майбутніх журналістів; становлення фахівців високого професійного рівня, здатних роз­в'язу­вати журналістські завдання, створювати грамотний медіапродукт, використовуючи новітні ідеї та технології. Зазначено, що вивчення аспектів освітньої компоненти "Теорія і практика рекламної та PR-діяльності" відкриває значні комунікативні можливості для майбутніх журналістів, рекламістів і фахівців зі зв'язків із громадськістю, допомагає сформувати систему професійних знань, умінь і навичок, потрібної для майбутньої медіадіяльності. Наголошено, що зазначена освітня компонента посідає вагоме місце у процесі підготовки студентів-журналістів, оскільки сприяє творчому розвиткові майбутніх працівників мас-медіа, розширенню їхніх уявлень про журналістську діяльність. Під час опанування дисципліни формується креативна особистість, якою має бути сучасний працівник медіасфери, тому теорія й практика рекламної та PR-діяльності є основою професійного розвитку журналіста й рекламіста. Зауважено, що ця проблема набуває особливої актуальності з огляду на вимоги до вдосконалення системи вищої освіти в Україні та загальні зміни, які відбуваються в комунікативному просторі. Наголошено на важливій ролі рекламних і PR-технологій у сучасному інформаційному середовищі, акцентовано на системній підготовці фахівців за освітньою програмою (ОП) "Журналістика. Реклама та зв'язки з громадськістю".

Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında Babıali’de çıkarılan dergi ve gazetelerde çevirinin önemli bir yer tuttuğu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Gazetelerde yazarlık yapmış olan kadın yazarların, entelektüel kimliklerinin yanı sıra, sahip oldukları dil sermayeleri sayesinde, yabancı kitaplardan ve yazılardan yaptıkları çevirilerinin de bu gazetelerde yayınlandığı görülmektedir. Bu yazı ve çeviriler, kimi zaman hikâye, kimi zaman tefrika roman, gazete haberleri ve bilgilendirici makale çevirileriydi. Gazetelerde çevirinin büyük bir rol oynaması, yabancı dil bilen kadın yazarlar için kimi zaman gazetede iş bulmanın da önünü açmıştı. Azize Bergin kaleme aldığı biyografisinde, 1950 yılında gazeteci olma amacıyla Akın Gazetesine yaptığı iş başvurusunun kabul edilerek gazetede işe başlamasının, İngilizceden yaptığı roman çevirisinin beğenilmesi sayesinde gerçekleştiğini belirtir. Bergin, sonraki yıllarda gazeteci kimliğiyle öne çıkmakla birlikte, çeviri yapmaya devam etmiş, gazetecilik ve çevirmenlik mesleğini birlikte yürütmüştür. Basın yayın alanına dilsel sermayesiyle girmiş olsa da görev aldığı gazete ve dergilerin sosyal ağına dahil olmasıyla birlikte sosyal sermayesinin oluşması elli yılı aşkın gazetecilik ve çevirmenlik mesleğinde etkili olmuştur. Bu çalışmada gazeteci-çevirmen Azize Bergin’in çevirmenlik serüveni Pierre Bourdieu’nün alan kuramı bakış açısıyla ele alınarak sosyal sermayesinin izleri sürülecektir. It is obvious that translation occupied a significant place in the magazines and newspapers published in the Sublime Porte at the beginning of the twentieth century. In addition to their intellectual identities, it is seen that the translations of women writers from foreign books and writings who had worked in newspapers were also published in these newspapers, thanks to their linguistic capital. These articles and translations were sometimes stories, sometimes serial novels, newspaper articles and informative article translations. The fact that translation played a major role in newspapers paved the way for women writers who knew foreign languages to sometimes find work in newspapers. In her biography written by Azize Bergin, she states that the job application she made to Akın Newspaper in 1950 with the aim of becoming a journalist was accepted, thanks to the appreciation of her novel translation from English. Although Bergin came to prominence with her journalist identity in the following years, she continued to translate, carrying out the profession of journalism and translation together. Although she entered the field of press publication with his linguistic capital, the formation of her social capital with her inclusion in the social network of the newspapers and magazines she worked for had been effective in the journalism and translation profession for more than fifty years. In this study, journalist-translator Azize Bergin's translation adventure will be examined from the perspective of Pierre Bourdieu's field theory to trace her social capital.

Anonimni izvori u novinarstvu su još od prvih pojavljivanja predmet istraživanja i područje interesa jer su usko povezani s vjerodostojnim izvještavanjem novinara. Danas je gotovo nemoguće pronaći novinara koji nije iskoristio dojavu „izvora bliskog“ nekome tko je u centru medijske pozornosti. Cilj ovog rada je saznati koja je uloga anonimnih izvora informacija u tiskanim i online medijima na primjeru studentskog medija Global, točnije naći poveznicu između vjerodostojnosti medija i korištenja anonimnih izvora te pokušati saznati razloge zbog kojih anonimni izvori žele ostati anonimni, čak i kada to možda ne bi trebali. Kvalitativno istraživanje uključuje metodu polustrukturiranog intervju s novinarima i anonimnim izvorima koji su pristali iznijeti svoje stavovi o povjerenju u medije i korištenju anonimnih izvora. Istraživanje donosi zaključke o navedenim ispitanim temama iz perspektive novinara i sugovornika te otvara pitanja važnosti medijskog opismenjavanja građana. Istraživanje donosi jedinstven pogled novih generacija novinara, koji polako postaju važan dio medijske scene., Anonymous sources in journalism have been a subject of research and an area of interest since the first appearances because they are closely related to credible reporting by journalists. Today, it is almost impossible to find a journalist who did not use a tip from a "source close to" someone who is the center of media attention. The goal of this paper is to find out what is the role of anonymous sources of information in print and online media using the example of the student media Global or more precisely to find a link between the credibility of the media and the use of anonymous sources and to investigate the reasons for which anonymous sources want to remain anonymous, even when they may not be should. Qualitative research includes the method of semi-structured interviews with journalists and anonymous sources who agreed to express their views on trust in the media and the use of anonymous sources. The research draws conclusions on the mentioned examined topics from the perspective of journalists and sources, and raises questions about the importance of media literacy of citizens. The research brings a unique view of the new generation of journalists, who are slowly becoming an important part of the media scene.

The article discusses scientific research conducted by both domestic and international researchers on the issue of formation of journalist students’ foreign language professionally oriented competence. The purpose of the article is the importance of revealing the scientific and theoretical foundations of the methodology for foreign language professionally oriented competence of journalist students with the digital educational resources use. The scientific and practical significance of the article lies in focusing the scientists attention on the foreign language professionally oriented education of the future journalist, its functions, place in the competence system and digital educational resources in the foreign language professionally oriented competence formation of journalism students, as well as in justification of the need to highlight the student-journalist skills for each sub-competence of a foreign language professionally-oriented competence. Currently, the importance of intercultural communication is growing as an effective way to achieve a high level of cooperation between different countries and cultures. The process of developing cooperation between different countries and cultures has affected all spheres of human activity. Geopolitical processes that are rapidly taking place all over the world contribute to the revival of the dialogue of cultures, the development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and various foreign countries. These conditions have shown an increase in the requirements for university graduates, that is, specialists in various fields of professional activity, as well as an increase in the demand for specialists in the field of journalism. Today, it is advisable to put forward a harmonious interweaving of traditional education with the use of advanced technologies as a mandatory requirement for high-quality modern education. Digital technologies in education make it possible to use new methodological approaches in the system of general education, since the presence of multimedia visualization in foreign language lessons contributes both to the teacher in the effective teaching of the discipline and to the teacher in mastering the subject. The use of multimedia gives the learner the right to decide how to work on the material, how to handle the interactive features of the application, and how to implement work together with other participants in the learning process. Thus, teachers are active participants in the educational process. The correct use of advanced digital educational resources makes the learning process flexible in relation to cultural and social differences between students, their individual style, learning pace, interest. Thus, in the preparation of future journalists, the issue of forming foreign-language professionally oriented competence in the process of learning a foreign language is important., В статье представлены исследования отечественных и зарубежных ученых по проблеме формирование иноязычной профессионально ориентированной компетенции студентов-журналистов. Цель данной статьи состоит в важности раскрытии научно-теоретических основ методики формирования иноязычной профессионально-ориентированной компетенции студентов-журналистов с использованием цифровых образовательных ресурсов. Научно-практическая значимость статьи заключается в акцентировании внимания ученых на использование цифровых образовательных ресурсов в формировании иноязычной профессионально-ориентированной компетенции студентов-журналистов. В настоящее время возрастает значение межкультурной коммуникации как эффективного способа достижения высокого уровня сотрудничества между разными странами и культурами. Процесс развития сотрудничества между разными странами и культурами затронул все сферы человеческой деятельности. Геополитические процессы, стремительно происходящие во всем мире, способствуют возрождению диалога культур, развитию сотрудничества между Казахстаном и различными зарубежными странами. Эти условия показали повышение требований к выпускникам вузов, то есть специалистам в различных сферах профессиональной деятельности, а также повышение востребованности специалистов в области журналистики. Обязательным требованием качественного современного образования на сегодняшний день целесообразно выдвигать гармоничное сплетение традиционного обучения с использованием передовых технологий. Цифровые технологии в образовании дают возможность применению новых методических подходов в системе общего образования, так как наличие мультимедийной наглядности на уроках иностранного языка способствуют и преподавателю в эффективном преподавании дициплины и обучающему в освоении предмета. Применение мультимедиа дает право обучающему самому решать, как работать над материалом, как обращаться с интерактивными возможностями приложения, и как реализовать работу совместно со другими участниками процесса обучения. Таким образом, обучающие оказываются активными участниками образовательного процесса. Правильное применение передовых цифровых образовательных ресурсов делает процесс обучения гибким по отношению к культурным и социальным различиям между обучающимися, их индивидуальному стилю, темпу обучения, интересу. Таким образом, применение качественных цифровых технологии в подготовке будущих журналистов является важным вопросом для формирования у них иноязычной профессионально ориентированной компетенции., Мақалада студент-журналистердің шет тілдік кәсіби-бағдарлы құзыретін қалыптастыру мәселесі бойынша отандық және шетелдік зерттеушілер жүргізген ғылыми зерттеулер мен ғылыми көзқарастар қарастырылады. Бұл мақаланың мақсаты сандық білім беру ресурстарын пайдалана отырып, журналистика студенттерін даярлауда шет тілдік кәсіби-бағдарлы құзыреттілігін қалыптастыру әдістемесінің ғылыми-теориялық негіздерін ашу болып табылады. Мақаланың ғылыми-тәжірибелік маңыздылығы ғалымдардың назарын болашақ журналистің шет тілдік кәсіби-бағдарлы білім беруіне, оның функцияларына, құзыреттілік жүйесіндегі орны мен цифрлық білім беру ресурстарының журналистика факультетінің студенттерінің шет тілдік кәсіби-бағдарлы құзіреттілігін қалыпастырудағы алатын орнына, сонымен қатар, шет тілдік кәсіби-бағдарлы құзіреттілігінің әрбір қосалқы құзыреті бойынша студент-журналист дағдыларын көрсету қажеттілігін негіздеуге аударуы болып табылады. Қазіргі уақытта әртүрлі елдер мен мәдениеттер арасындағы ынтымақтастықтың жоғары деңгейіне жетудің тиімді әдісі ретінде мәдениетаралық коммуникацияның маңыздылығы артып келеді. Әртүрлі елдер мен мәдениеттер арасындағы ынтымақтастықтың даму үдерісі адам қызметінің барлық салаларына әсер етті. Бүкіл әлемде қарқынды жүріп жатқан геосаяси үдерістер мәдениеттер диалогының жандануына, Қазақстан мен әртүрлі шет мемлекеттер арасындағы ынтымақтастықтың дамуына ықпал етуде. Бұл жағдайлар университет түлектеріне, яғни кәсіби қызметтің әртүрлі салаларындағы мамандарға қойылатын талаптардың жоғарылауын, сондай-ақ журналистика саласындағы мамандарға деген сұраныстың артатынын көрсетті. Сонымен, шет тілдік қарым-қатынас жаһандану кезеңінде қазіргі журналистердің кәсіби қызметінің құрамдас бөлігіне айналды. Журналистика саласының мамандарының әртүрлі қызмет салаларында елдер мен мәдениеттер арасында байланыс орнатуға және қарым-қатынастар мен ынтымақтастықты дамытуға қосатын үлесі зор. Бүгінгі таңда сапалы заманауи білім берудің міндетті талабы ретінде дәстүрлі білім берудің озық технологияларды қолданумен үйлесімді тоғысуын алға қойған жөн. Білім берудегі цифрлық технологиялар жалпы білім беру жүйесінде жаңа әдістемелік тәсілдерді қолдануға мүмкіндік береді, өйткені шетел тілі сабақтарында мультимедиялық визуализацияның болуы мұғалімнің пәнді тиімді оқытуға да, мұғалімнің де пәнді меңгеруіне ықпал етеді. Мультимедианы пайдалану студентке материалмен қалай жұмыс істеу керектігін, олардың интерактивті мүмкіндіктерін қалай өңдеу керектігін және оқу процесінің басқа қатысушыларымен бірлесіп жұмысты қалай жүзеге асыру керектігін шешу құқығын береді. Осылайша, мұғалімдер оқу үдерісінің белсенді қатысушылары болып табылады. Жетілдірілген цифрлық білім беру ресурстарын дұрыс пайдалану студенттер арасындағы мәдени және әлеуметтік айырмашылықтарға, олардың жеке стиліне, оқу қарқынына, қызығушылықтарына қатысты оқу процесін сәтті болуын қамтамасыз етеді. Осылайша, болашақ журналистерді даярлауда сапалы цифрлық технологияларды пайдалану олардың кәсіби-бағдарлы шет тілдік құзыреттілігін қалыптастырудың маңызды мәселесі болып табылады., Педагогические науки, Выпуск 2 (69) 2023

Zion, L., Marjoribanks, T., & O’Donnell, P. (2022). Who is a journalist now? Recognising atypical journalism work in the digital media economy. Media International Australia, 0(0). [citation to be updated once fully published] https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221134207 Abstract: For the past two decades, understandings of the scale of digital disruption in journalism work in post-industrialised countries have relied on data about newspaper closures, newsroom job losses and the creation of new full-time jobs in journalism. Yet, the digital economy has fostered new employment and work arrangements, and there is less secure employment in journalism, making it more difficult to define who is a journalist now. Using a case study of Australian journalists seeking re-employment after newsroom job loss, this article examines some of the emerging patterns of atypical journalism work. It concludes that attempts to measure the current extent of journalism work need to explicitly account for hybrid careers characterised by professional activities at the margins of or outside of traditional newsroom work. In the digital economy, journalists may undertake a range of journalism and non-journalism work simultaneously or sequentially.

Dette casestudie undersøger fire erfarne journalister fra de danske medier TV 2 Kosmopol og TV 2 i deres tilgang til interviews med sårbare kilder til journalistiske produktioner. Ved at observere tre af disse journalister i interviewsituationer med sårbare kilder - og derefter interviewe alle fire journalister om deres tilgang til sårbare kilder og teknikker til hensigtsmæssig behandling af sårbare kilder - er målet for dette speciale at lave en liste med anbefalinger, som nye journalister kan støtte sig op ad i deres første interviews med sårbare kilder.Undersøgeren har selv arbejdet som journalistpraktikant og senere journalist på TV 2 Kosmopol (tidligere TV 2 Lorry) og bruger sine erfaringer strategisk i produktionen af gode anbefalinger. Casestudiet trækker også på viden fra et tidligere projekt om emnet skrevet af undersøgeren og andre. Eksisterende litteratur og Erving Goffmans teori om stigma benyttes for at forklare forskellige former for sårbarheder hos kilder og til at udpege interessante temaer i undersøgelsen. Michael Polanyis teori om tavs viden benyttes for at udpege den type af viden, som de erfarne journalister har opbygget gennem erfaring fra deres karriere - og som dette speciale ønsker at finde, strukturere og analysere.Casestudiet når frem til, at interviews med sårbare kilder kræver en særlig tilgang, hvor journalisten skal finde sårbare kilder, der har en personlig motivation for at stille op til interviewet og fortælle sin historie. Casestudiet finder også en lang række konkrete teknikker og overvejelser til mødet med en sårbar kilder, der består af men ikke er begrænset til: At opbygge en relation med kilden, at lave de nødvendige aftaler med kilden, at huske at stille de kritiske spørgsmål, at bruge stilhed aktivt i interviewsituationen og at præsentere den sårbare kilde på en fair og nuanceret måde i det journalistiske produkt.Undersøgelsen indeholder også en perspektivering, hvor de erfarne journalister giver anbefalinger til, hvordan journalister kan passe på sig selv i mødet med sårbare kilder, hvor man ofte kan tage følelserne med hjem fra arbejde., This case-study investigates four experienced journalists from the Danish media outlets TV 2 Kosmpol and TV 2 in their approach to interviewing vulnerable sources for journalistic productions. By observing three of these experienced journalists in interview situations with vulnerable sources - and then interviewing all four journalists about their approach to vulnerable sources and techniques for appropriate treatment of vulnerable sources – this case study aims to produce a list of recommendations, that new journalist can use as a guide in their first journalistic productions with vulnerable sources.The author of this study has worked for several years as a journalistic intern and later a journalist at TV 2 Kosmopol and aims to use this experience strategically in producing the best recommendations. The case study also draws on knowledge produced in an earlier study by the author and others. Existing literature and Erving Goffman’s theory on stigma is used to explain different types of vulnerability in sources and point out relevant themes for the investigation. Michael Polanyi’s theory of tacit knowledge is used to identify the kind of knowledge, which the experienced journalists have built up during their career, and which this case-study aims find, structure and analyze.The case-study finds, that interviewing vulnerable sources for journalistic productions require a certain approach, where journalists must find vulnerable sources with a personal motivation for participating in interviews and sharing their stories. The case-study identifies a long list of specific recommendations and considerations to help new journalists to appropriately treat vulnerable sources. These recommendations and considerations consist of but are not limited to: building a relation with the vulnerable source, making necessary agreements with the source, remembering to ask the critical questions, using silence actively during the interview and presenting a nuanced and fair depiction of the source in the journalistic product.This case-study also contains a final section, where the experienced journalist gives recommendations on how journalists can protect themselves and handle emotional stress when working with vulnerable sources.

According to the third-person effect or the influence of presumed media influence approach, the presumption that the media has strong effects on other people can affect individuals’ attitudes and behavior. For instance, if people believe in strong media influences on others, they are more likely to increase their communication activities or support demands for restrictions on media. A standardized online survey among German journalists (N = 960) revealed that the stronger the journalists perceive the political online influence on the public to be, the more frequently they contradict unwanted political views in their articles. Moreover, even journalists are more likely to approve of restrictions on the Internet’s political influence, the stronger they believe the effects of online media to be. The data reveal no connections between communication activities and demands for restrictions., Die Wahrnehmung, dass Medien eine starke Wirkung auf andere Menschen haben, kann gemäß dem Third-Person-Effekt oder dem Influence-of-Presumed-Media-Influence-Ansatz Einstellungen und Handeln von Individuen beeinflussen. Menschen, die starke Medieneinflüsse auf Andere wahrnehmen, stimmen beispielsweise verstärkt Forderungen nach einer Beschränkung dieser Einflüsse zu oder intensivieren die eigene Kommunikation und Partizipation, um den vermuteten Medienwirkungen entgegenzutreten. Anhand einer standardisierten Online-Befragung unter deutschen Journalisten (N = 960) wurde geprüft, ob die Wahrnehmung des politischen Einflusses von Online-Medien auch bei dieser Berufsgruppe zu solchen Reaktionen führt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Je stärker der von den Journalisten wahrgenommene politische Online-Einfluss auf die Bevölkerung ist, desto häufiger widersprechen sie in eigenen Beiträgen missliebigen politischen Meinungen, die über das Internet verbreitet werden. Zudem stimmen selbst Journalisten Forderungen nach einer Einschränkung des politischen Einflusses des Internets verstärkt zu, wenn sie Online-Medien eine starke Wirkkraft auf die Bevölkerung unterstellen. Zwischen den Kommunikationsaktivitäten und der Zustimmung zu Einschränkung zeigt sich kein Zusammenhang.

Мавқеи телевизиони тоҷик дар замони муосир, муҷаҳҳазгардонӣ аз лиҳози техникӣ, масъалаҳои рушд аз нигоҳи касбият, ки нисбат ба ВАО ҷавобгӯ аст, ба талаботи замони муосир мавриди омӯзиш ва таҳлил қарор гирифтааст. Ҳамчунин усулҳо ва шаклгирии барнома ва таҳаввули жанрҳои телевизионӣ баррасӣ мешавад. Муаллиф бар он назар аст, ки дар вазъияти технологии муосир, ки зеҳни сунъӣ ба эҳсосоти инсон таъсир мерасонад, асарҳои бадеӣ, матнҳои гуногун меофарад, эҳтимолияти хатар ба фаъолияти телевизионҳои маҳаллӣ вуҷуд дорад. Зикр шудааст, ки аз нигоҳи касбӣ омода будан ва таваҷҷуҳ намудан ба мавзуъҳои доғи рӯз яке аз роҳҳои ҳалли ин масъала маҳсуб меёбад. Хулоса мешавад, ки имрӯз низ дар телевизион риояи меъёрҳои забони адабии ҳозираи тоҷик, тарбияи ахлоқии шаҳрвандон тавассути телевизион, риояи талаботи жанрҳои журналистикаи телевизион масъалаи мубрам ба шумор меравад., The article dwells on the position of Tajik television at contemporary world, its technical equipment, the problems concerned with its development from the point of view of professionalism that meets modern requirements for media. The article discusses the methods of preparation and the structure of programs, television genres evolution as well. The opinion is substantiated that in modern technological age, when artificial intelligence affects human emotions and creates various texts and works of art there is a possibility of a danger to local television companies activities. It is suggested that professional training and attention to topical issues are considered to be one of the ways aimed at the solution of the problem in question. It is concluded that today the observance of norms of modern Tajik literary language, citizens` moral education through televisional program networks observed by journalists of ethical norms and requirements for televisional genres remain the relevant ones.

Lækkede statshemmeligheder, slavelignende arbejdsforhold og vold og voldtægter på landets fineste kostskole. Det er tre eksempler på historier, som danske journalister har udgivet inden for de seneste år, og som kun blev lavet, fordi centrale kilder blev garanteret anonymitet. Men hvordan beskytter journalister kilder fra at blive afsløret; hvad gør de sig af overvejelser og ikke mindst tiltag for at beskytte anonyme kilder? Der findes ingen journalistisk teoretisering af dette, hvilket er forundrende, idet en forfejlet kildebeskyttelse kan resultere, i at fremtidige kilder med samfundsvigtige oplysninger ikke tør gå til pressen i frygt for at blive afsløret. Dette vil i sidste ende vil underminere pressens demokratiske rolle. Derfor søger specialet at kortlægge, hvordan journalister yder kildebeskyttelse i praksis ud fra en hypotese om, at de foretager en risikovurdering, der bliver fundamentet for både overvejelser og tiltag i deres kildebeskyttende arbejde. Specialet finder, at journalister foretager en risikovurdering, når de skal beskytte anonyme kilder fra at blive afsløret, men tilpasser den altid den pågældende sag og kilde. Dette speciale har således taget de første spæde skridt i udarbejdelsen af en ny journalistisk teori.Hvis en afsløring af journalisters kilder kan få fatale konsekvenser - både for samfundets borgeres mulighed for at bruge deres grundlovssikrede ytringsfrihed, men også for pressens demokratiske rolle – hvorfor er kildebeskyttelsen så ikke juridisk ukrænkelig? Så kan pressen udøve deres demokratiske rolle uforstyrret og borgerne trygt bruge deres ytringsfrihed som anonyme kilder uden at frygte at blive afsløret og straffet enten juridisk, socialt eller fysisk. Specialet undersøger dette spørgsmål ud fra et utilitaristisk perspektiv, og gældende for lov om kildebeskyttelse. Specialet finder, at flertallet af de adspurgte i spørgeskemaet mener, at beskyttelse af kilder bør være juridisk ukrænkelig. Afhandlingen finder også, at kildebeskyttelse allerede er reguleret ud fra utilitaristiske principper og er juridisk ukrænkelig, medmindre domstolen vurderer, at det vil være mest gavnligt for samfundet, at den ikke er det. Selvom en entydig konklusion om, hvorvidt kildebeskyttelse bør være fuldstændig juridisk ukrænkelig, ikke er mulig grundet selvforskyldte metodiske fejltrin, bidrager specialet alligevel med væsentlige og centrale argumenter både for og imod en juridisk ukrænkelig kildebeskyttelse, Leaked state secrets, slave like working conditions, and violence and rape occurring on one ofthe country’s finest boarding schools. These are three examples of stories that Danishjournalists have published within the last couple of years, and which were only publishedbecause the sources were guaranteed anonymity. But how do journalists protect their sourcesfrom being exposed; which considerations do they have and more importantly, which actionsdo they take in order to protect anonymous sources? No journalistic theory currently existsregarding this topic, which is astounding considering that a failed attempt at protecting a sourcemay result in other future sources avoiding talking to the press out of fear of being exposed. Inthe end this will lead to an undermining of journalism’s democratic role. Therefore, the thesisseeks to map how journalists provide source protection based on a hypothesis that they make arisk assessment, that becomes the basis for both considerations and measures in their sourceprotectionwork. The thesis finds that journalists engage in a risk assessment when they needto protect anonymous sources from being exposed, but that they adjust it accordingly to thespecific case and source. With this, the thesis has taken the first steps towards the formation ofa new journalistic theory.If the disclosure of journalists’ sources can have fatal consequences – for the citizens’ abilityto use their constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression, and for the democratic role ofthe press – why is the protection of sources not legally inviolable? This way, the press canundisturbed exercise their democratic role and citizens can safely utilize their freedom ofspeech as anonymous sources without the fear of being exposed and punished. The thesisexamines this question from a utilitarian perspective, and applicable to law regarding sourceprotection. The thesis finds that the majority of the respondents in the questionnaire believethat protection of sources should be legally inviolable. The thesis also finds that sourceprotection already is regulated from utilitarian principles and is legally inviolable, unless thecourt rules that it would be most beneficial to society for it not to be. Although an unambiguousconclusion of whether or not source protection should be completely legally inviolable isn’tpossible, due to self-made methodical mishaps, the thesis still contributes with significant,central arguments both for and against a legally inviolable source protection.

Savaşlar, doğal afetler, ölümlü kazalar, cinayetler, taciz suçları gibi şiddet içeren ve travmaya neden olan olayları haber yapan gazetecilerin psikolojik sağlığı son yirmi yıldır iletişim çalışmalarında öne çıkan konu başlıklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Doksanlı yıllarda Kuzey Amerika’da psikiyatri ve psikoloji araştırmaları temelinde gelişen gazetecilik ve travma çalışmalarıyla, şiddeti haberleştirmenin gazeteciler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerine dair artan bir farkındalık oluşmuş ve gazetecilerin travma deneyimlerini konu alan literatür o tarihten bu yana giderek genişlemiştir. Doğal afetler, gazetecilerin travmatik stres düzeylerinin incelendiği ve ağırlıkla geniş örneklem gruplarıyla gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalarda gazetecilerin en sık maruz kaldığı travmatik olaylardan biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda doğal afetleri gazetecilerin sık karşılaştığı ve travmatik etki potansiyeli yüksek bir olay olarak merkeze alan çalışmaların sınırlı da olsa yıldan yıla arttığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada gazetecilik ve travma literatürü kapsamında doğa kaynaklı afetleri haber yapan gazetecilerin travma deneyimlerine odaklanan uluslararası araştırmalar incelenmiştir. Türkiye’de travma haberciliğini gazetecilerin yaşadığı sorunlar açısından ele alan akademik çalışmalar birkaç yayınla sınırlıdır. Literatürdeki bu boşluk da gözetilerek tasarlanan çalışma, uluslararası akademik çalışmalar aracılığıyla doğal afetleri haberleştiren gazetecilerin durumuna yakından bakmayı ve bu tür afetlerin sık yaşandığı Türkiye’de yapılabilecek araştırmalar konusunda öneriler geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yapılan incelemede, doğal afetlerde özellikle yerel gazetecilerin aynı zamanda mağdur konumuyla özgün bir örneklem grubu oluşturduğu ve bu gruplarla yapılacak nitel ve keşifsel araştırmaların öneminin vurgulandığı görülmüştür., The psychological health of journalists who cover violent and traumatizing events such as wars, natural disasters, fatal accidents, murders and harassment crimes has been a prominent topic in communication studies for the last two decades. With the development of journalism and trauma studies based on psychiatry and psychology research in North America in the nineties, there has been a growing awareness of the psychological effects of reporting violence on journalists, and the literature on journalists’ experiences of trauma has gradually expanded since then. Natural disasters stand out as one of the most common traumatic events that journalists are exposed to in studies that examine the traumatic stress levels of journalists, which are mostly conducted with large sample groups. In this direction, it is seen that studies focusing on natural disasters as an event that journalists are frequently exposed to and that has a high traumatic impact potential have been increasing year by year, albeit limited. This study examines international studies focusing on the trauma experiences of journalists covering natural disasters within the scope of journalism and trauma literature. In Turkey, academic studies on trauma journalism in terms of the problems experienced by journalists are limited to a few publications. Considering this gap in the literature, this study aims to take a closer look at the situation of journalists covering natural disasters through international academic studies and to develop recommendations for research that can be conducted in Turkey, where such disasters are frequently experienced. Literature review conducted upon the aim of the study reveals that specifically local journalists constitute a unique sample as both media people covering natural disasters and also victims of the disasters; and the significance of conducting qualitative and explanatory research focusing on this unique sample.

The article discussed the process of future mass media specialists' professional culture development. It outlined the aspects of professional culture and defined its essential functions for the media experts' work. The paper analyzed the critical principles of the model development that help form future media specialists' professional culture. The author presented the practical experience of educating students in journalism major at the Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University. The paper noticed that forming the professional culture of future mass-media specialists is a systematic process involving developing personal qualities and considering all professional tasks, requirements, and their implementation through forms and methods. The article argued that the process of future mass media specialists' professional culture should be considered at different levels of development. The initial level is conditionally characterized as information, where the degree of formation of the system of professional knowledge still needs to be more profound; professional abilities are in the formation stage. Furthermore, professional knowledge and skills are sufficiently formed at the intermediate level, but the ability to quickly solve production problems is developed at the level of standards. Finally, the higher level of professional culture forming is characterized by a broad professional outlook, a large amount of professional knowledge, interests, skills, a creative understanding of the production situation as a problem, and the ability to solve it efficiently, creatively, and effectively. To achieve a positive result in shaping the professional culture of the future mass media specialist, it is necessary to develop at the state level the concept of forming the professional culture of mass media professionals and create a model of their activities. Specific examples have shown that the professional culture of future mass media professionals should not be simplified into a system of specialized, highly professional knowledge and skills. The article emphasized that, within the framework of educational and journalistic activities, it is essential to create a system of conditions and means necessary for the effective formation and professional culture of the future mass media specialist improvement at the government level., У статті, на основі аналізу наукових джерел та власних досліджень, розглянуто проблему формування професійної культури майбутніх фахівців мас-медіа. Охарактеризовано аспекти професійної культури. На основі компонентного аналізу професійної культури майбутніх фахівців мас-медіа виділенои три головні елементи: професійний, соціальний і духовно-моральний, які містять кілька складників. Зазначено основні функції професійної культури фахової діяльності ЗМІ. Проаналізовано принципи для розроблення моделі формування професійної культури майбутніх фахівців мас-медіа. Презентовано практичний досвід підготовки журналістів на базі Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Акцентовано увагу, що для формування та розвитку професійної культури студентам спеціальності "Журналістика" необхідне отримання "живих" практичних порад із уст фахівців, тому на базі профільної кафедри університету створено й реалізовується навчальний проєкт для майбутніх журналістів "Такого у книгах не прочитаєш". Зауважено, що базова професійна освіта є тим фундаментом, який закладає основи загальної та професійної культури фахівця, а також розширює світогляд, спонукає до реалізації власного потенціалу в медіа-галузі. Саме мiждисциплінарні зв’язки спрямовані на формування цiлісної системи фахових знань, умінь майбутнього фахівця мас-медіа, розвиток професiйних здiбностей тощо. Резюмовано, що формування професійної культури майбутнього фахівця мас-медіа – це системний процес, що передбачає розвиток особистісних якостей і врахування всіх фахових завдань, вимог та їх реалізацію через форми й методи. Наголошено, що рамках освітньої та журналістської діяльності важливо створити систему умов і засобів, необхідних для ефективного формування й удосконалення професійної культури майбутнього фахівця мас-медіа на державному рівні.

The article takes a closer look at the model journalist presented in the „Niedziela” Catholic weekly. The purpose of this presentation is to find answers to the following questions: in what way should a journalist perform his or her work? Are there explications thanks to which the journalist can understand professional tasks more precisely and carry them out more properly? The author found these explanations in the weekly “Niedziela.” The following issues related to journalism are described there: mission, professionalism, reliability, openness, creativity, honesty, ethics, moral responsibility, expressing love for God as the Truth, and Christian values. Texts published in “Niedziela“ describing misconceived journalistic work and the creation of poor media coverage also served the indicated purpose. A journalist who does not understand the principles of journalistic service and rejects its values is characterized by a lack of professionalism, promotion of “celebrity journalism,” replacing service with commercialism, using false information, not pursuing the truth and bringing out the good. The study uses descriptive and hermeneutic methods, which made it possible to present the issue in the light of the collected publications and to interpret the content cited from them. In this way, answers were found to the question concerning a model journalist., W tekście przybliżono wzorzec dziennikarza przedstawiony na łamach tygodnika katolickiego „Niedziela”. Celem prezentacji jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytania: W jaki sposób powinien wykonywać on swoją pracę? Czy znajdują się objaśnienia, dzięki którym może dokładniej rozumieć dziennikarskie zadania i właściwie je realizować? Objaśnienia te autor odnalazł w tygodniku „Niedziela”; w znajdujących się tam tekstach opisane są następujące zagadnienia związane z dziennikarstwem: misja, profesjonalizm, rzetelność, otwartość, twórczość, uczciwość, etyczność, odpowiedzialność moralna, wyrażanie miłości do Boga – Prawdy, wartości chrześcijańskie. Do realizacji wskazanego celu posłużyły także znajdujące się w „Niedzieli” teksty opisujące błędne pojmowanie pracy dziennikarskiej i tworzenie złego medialnego przekazu. Dziennikarz nierozumiejący dziennikarskiej służby i odrzucający wartości odznacza się brakiem profesjonalizmu, promuje „gwiazdorski styl dziennikarstwa”, zastępuje służbę komercjalnością, posługuje się fałszywymi informacjami, zaprzestaje dążenia do prawdy i wydobywania dobra. W opracowaniu wykorzystane zostały metody: opisowa i hermeneutyczna; pozwoliły one na przedstawienie podjętego zagadnienia w świetle zgromadzonych publikacji oraz zinterpretowanie przywoływanych z nich treści. W ten sposób odnaleziono odpowiedzi na pytanie o wzorzec dziennikarza.

The practice of obscuring news and advertising is still a problem in the Indonesian mass media. This research aimed to unravel journalistic ethics problems, especially those related to advertorials (advertisements delivered in an editorial style). The clear separation between news and advertisements is one of the two pillars of journalistic ethics, apart from separating facts and opinions to maintain journalistic independence. The research approach used was qualitative-descriptive, with data collection techniques through interviews (to journalists), observation and document searches. The results showed that most of the printed mass media studied tended to blur the boundaries between news and advertisements through various means, such as removing or shortening advertorial information.

The relationship between news and advertising has become a subject of discussion in alternative media with the development of communication technologies, as in traditional mass media. Especially, journalists who leave mainstream media organizations or cannot find a job in these channels prefer to work on social media platforms and use advertisements as a source of income in these areas. With the development of new media platforms, the study seeks an answer to whether it is feasible for individual journalists who carry out journalism activities in these areas to incorporate advertising into income models regarding professional ethics. For this purpose, the importance of social media in individual journalism activities is discussed by focusing on the approaches of professional press or news organizations on the news-advertisement relationship. In addition, through in-depth interviews with the managers of institutions that play an active role in the determination of professional principles and academicians who are experts in their fields, the ethical dimension of advertising on the accounts of individual journalists using alternative media is tried to be positioned in the digital age., Haber ve reklam ilişkisi, geleneksel kitle iletişim araçlarında olduğu gibi iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle alternatif mecralarda da tartışma konusu olmaktadır. Özellikle ana akım medya kuruluşlarından ayrılan veya bu kanallarda iş bulamayan gazetecilerin sosyal medya platformlarında çalışmalarını yürütmeyi tercih etmesi ve bu alanlarda reklamı gelir kaynağı olarak kullanmaları ile farklı boyutlara yönelmektedir. Çalışmada, yeni medya platformlarının gelişmesi ile bu alanlarda gazetecilik faaliyetlerini yürüten bireysel gazetecilerin reklamı gelir modelleri içerisine dâhil etmesinin meslek etiği bakımından uygulanabilirliği sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır. Bu amaçla, basın meslek örgütlerinin veya haber kuruluşlarının haber-reklam ilişkisine dair yaklaşımlarından örnekler üzerinde durulup bireysel gazetecilik faaliyetlerinde sosyal medyanın önemi tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca meslek ilkelerinin belirlenmesinde etkin rol oynayan kurumların yöneticileri ve alanında uzman akademisyenlerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelerle alternatif mecralarda bireysel gazetecilik yapan kişilerin hesaplarından reklam yapmalarının dijital çağdaki etik boyutu konumlandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Muhittin Baha Bey, Bursa'da doğmuştur. Muhittin (Muhiddin) Baha Pars, Milli Mücadele ve TBMM’nin ilk devresinin önemli şahsiyetlerindendir. Muhittin Baha Pars, aynı zamanda gazeteci, hukukçu, cemiyetçi ve milletvekili kişilikleriyle de tanınmaktadır. Muhittin Baha Bey çok yönlü bir karakterdir. Köklü bir aileye mensup olması, aile üyelerinin tanınırlığı, dönemin ileri gelenlerine yakınlığı, gençliğinden vefatına kadar, hep Milli Mücadele faaliyetlerinde olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Muhittin Baha Bey'i, ulaşabildiğimiz tüm kaynaklar ile akademik bir bakışla ele alarak, hem yakın dönem Türkiye tarihine tanıklık etmiş bir şahsiyetin gözüyle döneme bakmış olacağız hem de bu yakın dönem tarihimizde önemli bir yer eden Muhittin Baha Bey’i kapsamlı olarak tanıtmış olacağız. Osmanlı Devleti’nin son ve yeni Türk Devleti’nin inşa ve gelişim yıllarında birçok alanda önemli görevler almasına, faaliyetlerde bulunmasına rağmen hakkında yazılanlar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmamız ile Muhittin Baha Pars’ın hayatına ışık tutmaya çalışacağız., Muhittin Baha Bey was born in Bursa. Muhittin (Muhiddin) Baha Pars is one of the significant figures of the National Struggle and the first period of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Muhittin Baha Pars is also known for his journalistic, legal, social and parliamentary personality. Muhittin Baha Bey has a versatile character. Being a member of a very deep-rooted family, the recognition of his family members, his closeness to the notables of the period, he has always been in the activities of the National Struggle from his youth until his death. With this research, we will both look at the period through the eyes of a person who has witnessed the recent history of Turkey, by considering Muhittin Baha Bey with an academic point of view with all the sources we can reach, and comprehensively introduced Muhittin Baha Bey, who has an important place in our recent history. Despite the fact that the Ottoman Empire took important roles and activities in many areas during the construction and development years of the last and new Turkish State, the writings about it are quite limited. With this work, we will try to shed light on the life of Muhittin Baha Pars.

The article examines criminal offenses in the field of legal professional activity in the field of preparation and dissemination of mass information., У статті досліджуються кримінальні правопорушення у сфері законної професійної діяльності у сфері підготовки та поширення масової інформації.

The training process of future journalists is of great importance in higher education institutions. The aim of it is to form creative, competent, innovation-oriented professionals who are good with words, able to express their thoughts and quickly adapt to a multicultural environment, and use knowledge, skills and abilities to succeed. This is due tomodern requirements for the journalistic profession, society's demand for professional skills, improving the com­municative and linguistic level of future professionals. The article examines the issue of studying stylistics of mass media as an academic discipline in the training process of media officers. It also reveals the problem of improving the stylistic skills of journalism students in the process of mastering the course as an important factor in their training. The necessity of work on stylistic dexterity of speech in the context of improving the professional skills of a journalist is substantiated as well. It points out the importance of stylistics of mass media in the modern teaching process of future media officers as a means of forming a highly educated language personality that a modern journalist should be like. It is concluded that the stylistics of the media has great communicative potential, which contributes to thecommunicatively appropriate use of language in the future journalistic profession. Additionally, the study of this educational component will contribute to the assimilation of future journalists of the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language, and the formation of skills to create and edit media texts of different genres and styles. During thestudy of the educational component "Stylistics of mass media" higher education students master the skills of literate, expressive, clear speech, acquire skills in stylistic editing, use of oral and written forms of all functional styles, following spelling, orthoepic, lexical and grammatical, punctuation, thus improving their communication skills., У статті розглянуто питання вивчення стилістики ЗМІ як навчальної дисципліни в підготовці медійників, розкрито проблему вдосконалення стилістичних навичок студентів-журналістів у процесі опанування курсу як важливого чинника професійної підготовки, обґрунтовано потребу роботи над стилістичною вправністю мовлення в контексті підвищення майстерності журналіста. Зауважено про вагоме місце стилістики ЗМІ в підготовці майбутніх працівників ЗМІ як засобу формування високоосвіченої мовної особистості, якою має бути сучасний журналіст. Підсумовано, що стилістика засобів масової інформації має значні комунікативні можливості, що сприяє влучному, доцільному та виваженому застосуванню мовних засобів у майбутній журналістській практиці.

Purpose: In this study, the story of the Art Yard at Dadaocheng, Taipei, Taiwan, was adopted as a case study. We thoroughly investigated the founder, a former television reporter, and her social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) to initiate a social enterprise. Methodology: By integrating the two classic models of entrepreneurship intention, entrepreneurial event theory and theory of planned behavior, we investigated the antecedents of SEI (i.e., empathy, entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, social responsibility, and social capital and support). Findings: The founder possessed capability of communication and coordination because of her professional journalism experience and successfully introduced her passionate empathy and profound sense of social responsibility into her entrepreneurial aspirations. Her entrepreneurial alertness and self-disciplined entrepreneurial self-efficacy originated from in-service education and inspiration through action. Social networks accumulated during her journalism career did not represent the primary source of support when establishing her social enterprise. In this research, two additional antecedents of SEI were identified: knowledge capital and work experience. Implications for theory and practice: Social entrepreneurial attitudes can be developed on the basis of passionate empathy and social entrepreneurial alertness is required to address the professional development needs in service programs. Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy in communication and marketing management is closely associated with the journalism profession, and the journalistic passion for social justice can motivate social responsibility activities. Careful selection, maintenance, and transformation of business partners for social support are essential. Originality and value: A new SEI theory was subsequently proposed for future research, and practical implications were addressed for social entrepreneurship.

The study illustrates the pattern of organizational communication on journalist's coverage in the Vice President's agenda. Journalists from various media form informational organizations in fulfilling the task of getting news. This study used a constructivist paradigm with a descriptive qualitative approach. The method used was a case study. Data collection was done by observing the journalist's communication patterns when reporting the vice president's agenda. In-depth interviews were conducted to journalists who conducted coverage in the vice president's office in 2019 and the vice president's secretariat. Other data were obtained from documents. This study found that organizational information communication was formed between journalists, vice president secretariat, and vice president itself. In terms of reporting, journalists follow information from the vice president's secretariat. However, journalists have many ways to get information about the Vice President's internal agenda. Communication patterns showed that journalists do their work by pursuing information from several sources.

Medya her döneminde politik olmuştur. Çünkü ortaya koyduğu ürünlerin dili ve söylemi politiktir. Bunun bir diğer nedeni medya söylemleri, iktidar sahiplerinin ya istemedikleri ya da dönüştürmek istedikleri türden söylemlerdir. Bundan olsa gerek güçlü iktidarların karşı savaş başlattıkları pek çok kurumun başında medya gelmektedir. Medyayı denetim altına almak ve öyle tutmak aykırı ya da marjinal söylemlerin yaşam alanlarını daraltmaktadır. İnternetin ve sosyal ağların gelişmesine kadar gazeteciler için var olabilmelerinin yegâne şartı ana akım medya kuruluşlarının birinde bulunmaktı. Ancak bugün sosyal internet ağları farklı boyutlarda yeni bağımlılıklar veya tartışmalı durumlar yarattıkları gibi artık gazetecilik mesleğinin de icra edilebileceği birer alan haline gelmiştir. Bazı gazeteciler alternatif bir alan olarak değerlendirdikleri YouTube platformunda da mesleklerini icra etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmada YouTube ortamının yapısı, haberciliğe elverişli olup olmadığı ve burada habercilik mesleğinin devam edip edemeyeceği gibi konular YouTube platformunda habercilik yapmaya çalışan gazeteciler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bulguların değerlendirilmesi sonucunda söylenebilir ki YouTube görüntülü haberlerin üretilmesi ve hedef kitleye ulaştırılması için popüler bir mecra haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışma göstermiştir ki, geleneksel medya ile sınırlı kalmayan gazeteciler, habercilik deneyimlerine YouTube gibi sosyal medya platformları üzerinden devam edebilmekte ve belirli bir hedef kitleye ulaşabilmektedir.

The article presents two models of journalism, i.e. concerning the presentation of operations carried out by the Armed Forces and the activities carried out by the Police. The author presents a way of re-porting information by the media representatives from the so called “horse’s mouth” and the conditions of functioning of journalists, informing about military operations, as well as media representatives publishing information about police activities. He also notes how journalists should behave so as not to lose their integrity and credibility in the conditions under which they are required to comply with the rules governing military operations and investigations and, in particular, the information policy related to these areas of activity.

The article focuses on Ivan Ohienko’s views on the language aspects of mass media, his claims towards pressmen. The discipline “Ukrainian in mass media” as it is studied by the journalist students of Kamjanets-Podilsky is paid attention to., У статті розглядаються погляди Івана Огієнка на мовні аспекти преси, акцентовано на його вимогах до працівників пера. Також увагу зосереджено на вивченні студентами-журналістами Кам'янець-Подільського державного університету дисципліни "Українська мова в засобах масової інформації".

In the array of the diaspora press archival materials, researchers discover the peculiarities of this type of publications mission, in particular, in Western Europe countries. Wellknown journalist, public and political figure Zenon Pelenskyi wrote about his mission and tasks to preserve national and religious identity and significantly contributed to several press bodies’ publications in post-war Germany. One of such bodies that formed a public opinion in this country and among our compatriots in other countries of the continent was the socio-religious journal “Khrystyianskyi Holos” (“Christian Voice”) (founded in 1949 in Munich). In one of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic articles, he comprehended the mission and tasks of this type of periodical, which the author of this publication actualizes from the standpoint of today. In the process of writing the article we used the following methods: historicism (considered in the historical perspective of the journal “Khrystyianskyi Holos” editors in the postwar period), content analysis (highlighted the main theses of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic articles), synthesis (combined these topics into separate blocks), generalization (highlighted the importance of the periodical press of Ukrainians in postwar Germany) and others. The portrait of publicist Zenon Pelenskyi in the context of reference publications and his contribution to the formation of Ukrainian journals in the diaspora since the late 1940s are considered. Abstracts of the article “On the need to support the Christian Voice is an important church and national task” (Munich, November 23, 1971). The main center where Ukrainians were concentrated in Germany since the late 1940s was Munich, where in the year of writing the article by Z. Pelenskyi, people raised funds for the construction of a national-religious center. The phenomenon of the “Khrystyianskyi Holos” journal was that it became an authoritative socio-religious publication for Ukrainians of Western Europe, at a time when the Iron Curtain of the USSR did not allow it to be delivered to readers in Ukraine. Z. Pelenskyi emphasizes some problems of Ukrainian journalism in Western Europe and points to the pain points of the establishment of Ukrainians abroad, which are still relevant today. In the future, journalistic experts could discover new facets of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic skills based on archival materials of our magazines and journals in Germany. The publications of the “Khrystyianskyi Holos” journal itself are an invaluable historical source in the “golden age” of its publication – from 1949 to the 1970s., У масиві архівних матеріалів діаспорної преси дослідники відкривають особливості місії такого типу видань, зокрема, і в країнах Західної Європи. Про її місію і завдання задля збереження національної і релігійної тотожності писав відомий журналіст і громадсько-політичний діяч Зенон Пеленський, який суттєво спричинився до видання низки пресових органів у післявоєнній Німеччині. Одним із таких органів, який формував громадську думку в цій країні та серед наших земляків в інших країнах континенту, був суспільно-релігійний часопис «Християнський Голос» (заснований 1949 року в Мюнхені). В одній із публіцистичних статей З. Пеленський осмислив місію і завдання такого типу періодичного видання, яку автор цієї публікації актуалізує з позицій сьогодення. У процесі написання статті використано такі методи: історизму (розглянуто в історичному ракурсі особистості редакторів газети «Християнський Голос» у післявоєнний період), контент-аналізу (виокремлено основні тези публіцистичних статей З. Пеленського), синтезу (поєднано ці теми в окремі блоки), узагальнення (виділено значення періодичної преси українців у повоєнній Німеччині) та інші. Розглянуто портрет публіциста Зенона Пеленського у зрізі довідкових видань та його вклад у становлення українських часописів у діаспорі з кінця 1940-х років. Зреферовано тези статті «Про потребу підтримати «Християнський Голос» – вагоме церковне і національне завдання» (Мюнхен, 23 листопада 1971 року). Основним осередком, на якому трималося українство в Німеччині з кінця 1940-х років, став Мюнхен, де у рік написання статті З. Пеленським збирали кошти на спорудження національно-релігійного центру. Феномен часопису «ХГ» полягав у тому, що він став авторитетним суспільно-релігійним виданням для українців Західної Європи в той час, коли «залізна завіса» СРСР не давала змоги доставити його читачам в Україні. З. Пеленський акцентує на окремих проблемах української журналістики в Західній Європі і вказує на больові точки утвердження українства на чужині, які нині є актуальні. Журналістикознавці могли би в майбутньому відкривати нові грані публіцистичної майстерності З. Пеленського на основі архівних матеріалів наших часописів у Німеччині. Публікації самого часопису «ХГ» є неоціненним історичним джерелом у «золоту добу» його видання – з 1949 року до 1970-х років.

In the array of the diaspora press archival materials, researchers discover the peculiarities of this type of publications mission, in particular, in Western Europe countries. Wellknown journalist, public and political figure Zenon Pelenskyi wrote about his mission and tasks to preserve national and religious identity and significantly contributed to several press bodies’ publications in post-war Germany. One of such bodies that formed a public opinion in this country and among our compatriots in other countries of the continent was the socio-religious journal “Khrystyianskyi Holos” (“Christian Voice”) (founded in 1949 in Munich). In one of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic articles, he comprehended the mission and tasks of this type of periodical, which the author of this publication actualizes from the standpoint of today. In the process of writing the article we used the following methods: historicism (considered in the historical perspective of the journal “Khrystyianskyi Holos” editors in the postwar period), content analysis (highlighted the main theses of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic articles), synthesis (combined these topics into separate blocks), generalization (highlighted the importance of the periodical press of Ukrainians in postwar Germany) and others. The portrait of publicist Zenon Pelenskyi in the context of reference publications and his contribution to the formation of Ukrainian journals in the diaspora since the late 1940s are considered. Abstracts of the article “On the need to support the Christian Voice is an important church and national task” (Munich, November 23, 1971). The main center where Ukrainians were concentrated in Germany since the late 1940s was Munich, where in the year of writing the article by Z. Pelenskyi, people raised funds for the construction of a national-religious center. The phenomenon of the “Khrystyianskyi Holos” journal was that it became an authoritative socio-religious publication for Ukrainians of Western Europe, at a time when the Iron Curtain of the USSR did not allow it to be delivered to readers in Ukraine. Z. Pelenskyi emphasizes some problems of Ukrainian journalism in Western Europe and points to the pain points of the establishment of Ukrainians abroad, which are still relevant today. In the future, journalistic experts could discover new facets of Z. Pelenskyi’s journalistic skills based on archival materials of our magazines and journals in Germany. The publications of the “Khrystyianskyi Holos” journal itself are an invaluable historical source in the “golden age” of its publication – from 1949 to the 1970s.

In this paper, we analyse the language game “the journalist as a socio-political worker”, which was the professional label for journalists’ action in the former socialist Yugoslavia. The text is divided into two main parts. The first part uses a historical-conceptual method to analyse the mentioned formulation in normative texts, covering programmatic and engaged texts produced at the time. This approach seeks to enter into the meaning of the term from the inside, into the pulse and spirit of the time, and above all to understand what its creators wished to achieve and communicate with this expression. We find that journalism and the journalist’s action as a socio-political worker were understood as an important political factor, as a political force on one hand contributing to the development and implementation of a new socio-political order, i.e., a socialist community based on self-management and, on the other hand, the journalist who through their own products tried to influence the broader consciousness of the masses, as manifested through the idea of the education for the new man: the self-manager. The second part of the paper complements the first since through the qualitative method of in-depth semi-structured interviews with former journalists who had been professionally active in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and via their recollections, we continue to internally reconstruct the meaning, understanding and use of the formulation at that time. In particular, we observe the relationship with politics that the concept essentially contains. Empirical analysis thus led us to different conclusions: some interviewees (the minority) described the term affirmatively, that the journalist as a socio-political worker had a special mission, while most approached the use and meaning of the expression with a critical distance, namely, that the journalist as a socio-political worker was harnessed to the needs of daily politics and thereby seen as non-autonomous in their labour and actions., V prispevku analiziramo jezikovno igro 'novinar kot družbeno-politični delavec', ki je bila profesionalna oznaka za novinarjevo delovanje v nekdanji socialistični Jugoslaviji. Besedilo je razdeljeno na dva osrednja dela. V prvem razdelku se lotevamo z uporabo zgodovinsko-pojmovne metode analize izraza v normativnih tekstih, kar zaobjema programska in angažirana besedila, ki so nastajala v takratnem času. S tovrstnim pristopom skušamo v pomen izraza vstopiti notranje, v utrip in duh časa, predvsem pa razumeti, kaj so z oznako njeni ustvarjalci želeli doseči in tudi sporočiti. Ugotavljamo, da je bilo novinarstvo in novinarjevo delovanje kot družbeno-političnega delavca razumljeno kot pomemben političen dejavnik, kot sila, ki prispeva po eni strani k razvoju in izvedbi novega družbeno-političnega reda, tj. samoupravne socialistične skupnosti, po drugi strani pa novinar z lastnimi izdelki vpliva na širšo zavest množice, kar se izkazuje skozi idejo izobrazbe in vzgoje novega človeka: samoupravljavca. Drugi del prispevka je komplement prvemu, saj s kvalitativno metodo poglobljenega polstrukturiranega intervjuja z nekdanjimi novinarji, ki so profesionalno delovali v času Socialistične federativne republike Jugoslavije, in skozi njihovo spominjanje nadaljujemo notranjo rekonstrukcijo pomena, razumevanja in rabe izraza v takratnem času.Še posebej smo opazovali odnos s politiko, ki ga koncept esencialno vsebuje. Z empirično analizo smo tako prišli do različnih zaključkov: nekateri intervjuvanci so izraz orisovali afirmativno, da ima novinar posebno poslanstvo, večina od njih pa so do rabe in pomena izraza pristopili s kritično distanco, da je novinar vprežen v potrebe dnevne politike in tako v svojem delovanju viden kot neavtonomen.

The article represents an attempt to systematize and develop in a chronological order a few testimonies of the personal and by letter contacts of two Ukrainian workers-intellects – Ivan Oghienko and Yurij Koshelnyak – mostly in terms of thewriting, publishing and journalism., Стаття являє собою спробу систематизувати та вибудувати у хронологічному порядку нечисленні свідчення про особисті та листовні контакти двох українських діячів-інтелектуалів – Івана Огієнка та Юрія Кошельняка – переважно з точки зору письменницької та видавничо-журналістської.

Life ways, activity and creational heritage of a talented and well-known in the world but not in Ukraine writer and journalist of the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA Kharyton Dovhalyuk (*15.10.1916 – †26.11.2006) are described in the article. He was born in Izyaslav district and is known as a priest and a churchman., В статті розкрито життєві шляхи, діяльність і творчу спадщину талановитого і відомого письменника і журналіста української діаспори США, але майже невідомого в Україні, уродженця Ізяславщини, священика і церковного діяча Харитона Довгалюка (*15.10.1916 – †26.11.2006).

Au sein des rares travaux académiques à son sujet, la presse vidéoludique est volontiers vue comme un espace de construction d’une culture vidéoludique partagée, ou encore d’un « habitus du gamer ». On lui reconnaît ainsi une posture d’intermédiaire qui inscrit dans la durée une série de référents. Elle possède également un rôle de catalyseur qui, à travers une batterie de critères spécifiques de notation, raconte le jeu vidéo, bon comme mauvais. Tant et si bien que, à force de « passer les plats » de l’industrie, la presse vidéoludique est vue comme dépossédée de tout esprit critique par de nombreux acteurs académiques. Le présent article se propose de déconstruire ces dévaluations arguant que la presse jeu vidéo se limiterait à une posture de guide d’achat. Certains journalistes actuels, las de cheviller leurs contenus à l’actualité, développent une série de tactiques pour enrichir le traitement de leur matière première vidéoludique. À travers l’analyse d’une série d’exemples, nous cherchons à démontrer que ces angles originaux participent à enrichir le langage propre aux discours sur le jeu vidéo. In the few academic works on the subject, the video game press is often seen as a space dedicated to the construction of a shared videogame culture, or a “gamer’s habitus”. It is thus recognized as an intermediary that inscribes a series of referents over time; a role of catalyst that, through a battery of specific notation criteria, describes video games, both good ones and bad ones. So much so that, by dint of working with the industry, many academic actors perceive the video game press as deprived of any critical spirit. This paper seeks to deconstruct the devaluations arguing that the video game press would be a mere buying guide. Some active journalists, tired of pegging their content to the news, are developing a series of tactics to enrich the treatment of their videogame raw material. By analyzing a series of examples, we seek to demonstrate how these original insights contribute to enriching the language of discourses about video game.

La presente investigación describe las condiciones laborales de los periodistas del Estado de Chihuahua, México, de acuerdo a sus propias percepciones. La perspectiva teórica enfoca los antecedentes del tema enfatizando el riesgo de ejercer la profesión. Utiliza una metodología cuantitativa descriptiva, no experimental transeccional y aplica un cuestionario estratificando las principales ciudades del estado. Los resultados permiten establecer que, a pesar de la inseguridad, los periodistas de la entidad en general se muestran satisfechos con sus condiciones de trabajo, aunque sus salarios y prestaciones sean inferiores al promedio. The present investigation describes the working conditions of journalists from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, according to their own perceptions. The theoretical perspective focuses the background of the topic by emphasizing the risk of practicing the profession. It uses a descriptive, non-experimental, transactional quantitative methodology and applies a questionnaire stratifying the main cities of the state. The results allow establishing that the journalists of the entity, in general, are satisfied with their working conditions although their salaries and benefits are below average.

More journalists are choosing to settle down and work in bigger cities, while the number of journalists in smaller towns decreases. This study aims to examine professional journalists' views on careers and job opportunities in a metropolitan centralized field of work. The focus is on career, salary, network, geographical proximity and myths that arise in the conversation around these focus points. Despite the fact that journalists are educated around the country and the population expects nationwide reporting, half of Sweden's journalists live in Stockholm today. Therefore it is interesting to see what consequences it has in the attitudes towards a working career and the journalistic force after a few years as an active journalist. To find out, a qualitative interview study was conducted with six professional journalists. The conversations resulted in five themes that are presented in the study's analysis. The theoretical frameworks on which the study is based are Pierre Bourdeius' field theory and Roland Barthe's theory of myths. The results show that the geographical choice of profession affects what a journalist can work with. For example, certain journalistic professions are not offered in the smaller towns. There is also a difference between the journalism that is conducted in smaller and larger places. Because of this, some journalists believe that a move to a larger city is required to be able to pursue a career in the industry. In the field of work, contacts are important, as networks are seen as the main path to new job opportunities. The perception of uncertainty in the industry means that a permanent job is seen as a sign of status as it generates recognition among other journalists. In conversations about journalists' careers, underlying and implicit meanings are expressed that can be linked to journalism. The answers in the interviews can be seen as myths. One of the most common descriptions of being educated as a journalist is that it is difficult to get a job after graduation. Furthermore, local journalism is expressed as a limited form, while national journalism is city-based and limited in reporting from smaller towns in the country.

Este estudio pretende analizar la figura de los periodistas presentes en los videojuegos Outlast (2013), Hollywood Monsters (1997) y la saga Uncharted (2005-2016) —Miles Upshur; Sue Bergman y Ron Ashman; y Elena Fisher, respectivamente— con el fin de tratar de establecer una suerte de arquetipo que se pueda extrapolar al resto de personajes que pertenezcan a esta misma profesión en esta industria. Para ello, se examinarán los papeles de cada uno de los protagonistas desde una perspectiva que atienda, principalmente, a la narrativa y la jugabilidad. Es decir, se abordarán cuestiones como la historia, el entorno en el que se desarrolla la acción, el género del videojuego y las mecánicas de juego del personaje con el objetivo de identificar aquellos factores acordes a la profesión periodística. Previamente, se tratará de establecer un arquetipo del periodista de la vida real, así como del ámbito literario, cinematográfico y serial con la intención de poder realizar una comparativa que identifique aquellos elementos que comparten los distintos sectores y aquellos que, por el contrario, sean notablemente dispares. Además, esta comparativa y el texto en su conjunto permitirá sopesar las problemáticas a las que se ha podido enfrentar la industria de los videojuegos —íntimamente relacionadas con la interactividad y la labor del jugador o la jugadora— para poder desarrollar periodistas con un papel relevante en la historia y cuya profesión cumpla una función específica en la misma. This study aims to analyze the figure of the journalists appearing in the video games Outlast (2013), Hollywood Monsters (1997) and the Uncharted saga (2005-2016) —Miles Upshur; Sue Bergman and Ron Ashman; and Elena Fisher, respectively— with the purpose of trying to establish a kind of archetype that can be extrapolated to the rest of the characters that belong to the same profession in this industry. For this, the roles of each of the protagonists will be examined from a perspective that attends, mainly, to the narrative and the gameplay. In other words, issues such as the story, the environment in which the action takes place, the genre of the video game and the game mechanics of the character will be addressed with the aim of identifying those factors in accordance with the journalistic profession. Previously, we will try to establish an archetype of the journalist in real life, as well as in the literary, cinematographic and serial fields with the intention of being able to make a comparison that identifies those elements that the different sectors share and those that, on the contrary, are remarkably dissimilar. In addition, this comparison and the text itself will allow weighing up the problems that the video game industry has been able to face —intimately related to interactivity and the work of the player— in order to develop journalists with a relevant role in history and whose profession fulfills a specific role in it.

This article is part of the issue “New Narratives for New Consumers: Influencers and the Millennial and Centennial Generations” edited by Luis M. Romero‐Rodríguez (Rey Juan Carlos University), Santiago Tejedor (Autonomous University of Barcelona), and Inmaculada Berlanga (International University of La Rioja) In recent years, media has adapted to the logic of each new social network to respond to renewed consumption habits and journalists have developed new roles on these platforms. TikTok is an emerging platform with its own influencer culture and in which the main audiences are the millennial and centennial generations. The main objective of this study is to analyze the presence of journalists on TikTok through the type of content and strategies used in adapting to this platform. The research is based on methodological triangulation. First, a database of journalists on TikTok (n1 = 212) was developed and the profiles were reviewed. Second, a questionnaire survey (n2 = 63) was developed. Finally, a content analysis (n3 = 520) of profiles exceeding 100,000 followers was conducted. This research provides a first description of the activity of journalists on TikTok, where a variety of roles, usages, and strategies are identified, beyond those of their profession. They join the of-the-moment platform with different purposes (to inform, entertain, or introduce themselves) and targets (new audiences, young people, fans). Journalists adapt their presence to the TikTok social media logic, seeking a space of influence on a platform that is the natural habitat of younger generations This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Government of Spain) and the ERDF structural fund within the research project Digital Native Media in Spain: Storytelling Formats and Mobile Strategy (RTI2018–093346‐B‐C33) SI

[EN] Since its appearance in 2018, TikTok has become one of the most popular social media platforms among digital natives because of its algorithm-based engagement strategies, a policy of public accounts, and a simple, colorful, and intuitive content interface. As happened in the past with other platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, various media are currently seeking ways to adapt to TikTok and its particular characteristics to attract a younger audience less accustomed to the consumption of journalistic material. Against this background, the aim of this study is to identify the presence of the media and journalists on TikTok, measure the virality and engagement of the content they generate, describe the communities created around them, and identify the presence of journalistic use of these accounts. For this, 23,174 videos from 143 accounts belonging to media from 25 countries were analyzed. The results indicate that, in general, the presence and impact of the media in this social network are low and that most of their content is oriented towards the creation of user communities based on viral content and entertainment. However, albeit with a lesser presence, one can also identify accounts and messages that adapt their content to the specific characteristics of TikTok. Their virality and engagement figures illustrate that there is indeed a niche for current affairs on this social network. [ES] Desde su aparición en 2018, TikTok se ha convertido en una de las redes sociales preferidas por los nativos digitales, gracias a sus estrategias de engagement o enganche mediante el uso de algoritmos, una política de cuentas públicas, y una interfaz de contenidos simple, colorida e intuitiva. Al igual que ocurrió en su momento con otras plataformas como Facebook, Twitter o Instagram, diversos medios de comunicación buscan en la actualidad la manera de adaptarse a TikTok y a sus particulares características para captar a una audiencia más joven y menos acostumbrada al consumo de información periodística. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación consiste en identificar la presencia de los medios de comunicación y periodistas en TikTok, medir la viralidad y el enganche de los contenidos que generan, describir las comunidades que se crean a su alrededor e identificar la presencia de usos periodísticos en estas cuentas. Para ello se han analizado 23.174 vídeos de 143 cuentas pertenecientes a medios de comunicación de 25 países. Los resultados indican que, con carácter general, la presencia y el impacto de los medios de comunicación en esta red social es baja, y que la mayoría de los contenidos se orientan hacia la creación de comunidades de usuarios sobre la base de contenidos virales y de entretenimiento. Sin embargo, aunque su presencia es menor, pueden identificarse asimismo cuentas y mensajes que adaptan sus contenidos a las características específicas de TikTok que por sus cifras de viralidad y enganche muestran que existe un nicho para la información de actualidad en esta red social. This work is part of the project “Noticias, redes y usuarios en el sistema híbrido de medios” (RTI2018-095775-B-C41), financed by Plan Nacional del I+D+i, of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Grupo de Investigación del Gobierno Vasco “Gureiker” (IT- 1112).

The starting point of this essay is an attempt to establish if Marika Stjernstedt was present in the French press at the beginning of the XXIth century. If this is the case, how did the newspaper journalists of this period described her personality? Is that in positive or negative terms? What were the main subjects they wrote about? Which of her books or articles have aroused a lot of interest? How did they introduce her and her culture quite unknown at this epoch in France? Have these journalists conveyed the same stereotyped pictures of the North and the Northerners? Or did they replace them with accurate ones? The analysis is based on eighty-five articles released in the French press between 1914 and 1954. Our principal aim is to show if a famous female Swedish journalist and writer could become a well-known person in a foreign country, using the French language. Because of the sexism we are tempted to think that women were kept out of the celebrity. We assume that some of them were published but their publications were smaller in numbers if we compare them to men’s publications.

Journalists encounter some of their sources only episodically, while relationships with other sources involve several social contexts and roles. The political beat, where both reporters and sources have years of experience in the field and interact on regular basis, and where opinions can turn into news, is an arena where relationships and interactions play a special role. This study explores how formal and informal relationships between journalists and their sources are reflected in the news-making in Lithuania and Sweden. How do journalists and sources negotiate their social and professional roles in their relationships with each other? This PhD thesis consists of an introduction and five articles. Theoretically, the study follows the process model of journalistic roles and discusses autonomy vs. adaptation between journalists and sources both when it comes to role conception and role performance. How do journalists and sources think about their relationships with each other (articles 1 and 2)? How do they use these relationships in practice (articles 3 and 4)? What motives guide the journalists‘ interactions with sources in different relational contexts (article 5)? The analysis of the role conception of this study is based on 43 qualitative interviews with journalists covering the national politics in two countries: Lithuania and Sweden. The data on the role performance consists of reconstruction interviews that cover 517 interactions between journalists and their sources in these countries. The results indicate that up to half of all sources who contribute to the media content stay invisible. Also, at least one-third of sources influencing the content are connected to the journalist with closer than purely formal social ties. Formal and informal and visible and invisible forms of interaction between journalists and sources presuppose different roles these sources get to play in the news-making process. These aspects of sourcing the news are a significant part of the journalistic routines despite the country context. The study concludes that while distance between journalists and sources is a normative condition to achieve autonomy, social relationships come into play when navigating the competitive environment. Professional and social roles can complement, overlap or be used interchangeably in journalist-source interactions, since sourcing the news is not only a professional practice but also a social practice between human agents who adapt to each other and the expectations from the environment. Informality and formality can drive each other, as informal solutions from journalists and sources emerge as a response to the formal structural constellations that are coordinating and professionalizing the government communication. Prevalence and reliance on different social ties in a certain context, therefore, could be a variable in studies of journalism and political communication culture. Journalister har källor de enbart möter vid något eller några tillfällen, och andra som utvecklas till relationer som spänner över flera sociala sammanhang och roller. Den politiska nyhetsbevakningen, där både reportrar och källor har mångårig erfarenhet på sina områden och interagerar regelbundet, och där åsikter blir nyheter, är en arena där relationer och interaktion spelar en särskild roll. Denna doktorsavhandling granskar hur formella och informella relationer mellan journalister och deras källor påverkar nyhetsbevakningen i Litauen och Sverige. Hur navigerar journalister och källor mellan sina sociala och professionella roller när de interagerar med varandra? Teoretiskt utgår studien från processmodellen för den journalistiska yrkesrollen, och diskuterar självständighet kontra anpassning mellan journalister och källor, både vad gäller hur roller uppfattas och utförs. Hur resonerar journalister och källor om relationen dem emellan? Hur använder de relationen i praktiken? Hur motiverar journalister sina beslut när de interagerar med en formell/informell och/eller synlig/osynlig källa? Denna doktorsavhandling består av en introduktion och fem artiklar. De första två artiklarna analyserar relationer mellan journalister och deras källor utifrån den normativa och den kognitiva rolluppfattningen. Artiklar tre och fyra testar när, på vilket sätt och varför de informella källorna bidrar till nyhetsbevakningen. Artikel fem undersöker hur journalisterna motiverar sina val och sin tillit till källorna i olika nyhets- och relationssammanhang. Studiens analys av rolluppfattningen baseras på 43 kvalitativa intervjuer med journalister som bevakar inrikespolitik i två länder: Litauen och Sverige. Underlaget som rör genomförandet av rollerna består av rekonstruktionsintervjuer som täcker 517 interaktioner mellan journalister och källor i dessa två länder. Resultatet visar att upp till hälften av alla källor som bidrar till medieinnehållet förblir osynliga där. Dessutom, en tredjedel av alla källor som bidrar till innehållet har icke-formella sociala band med journalister. Detta gäller i båda länder som undersökts. Den journalistiska yrkesrollens krav på autonomi kräver ett visst socialt avstånd mellan journalister och deras källor. Samtidigt förlitar sig både journalister och källor på varandras sociala relationer när de tar sig fram i den konkurrensutsatta omgivningen. Formell och informell samt synlig och osynlig interaktion mellan journalister och källor förutsätter olika roller som källorna får spela i nyhetsprocessen. Källor som även interagerar informellt med en journalist är mer aktiva i att ta fram uppslag till nyheter. Denna sorts källor syns ofta inte i rapporteringen och ingen hänvisning till dem finns i artiklarna. Sist men inte minst så har journalister större tillit till en källa, och anpassar i större utsträckning sin rapportering efter den, ju starkare social koppling de har till denna källa. Därför är de sociala banden mellan journalister och källor, och hur dessa kopplingar används vid det specifika tillfället, ett taktiskt val för källor som vill sätta en agenda och kan användas som en strategisk fördel när källorna vill sätta ramar som senare dominerar i den offentliga sfären. Studiens slutsats är att för journalister så kan den professionella och sociala rollerna komplettera, överlappa eller ta över varandra. Rollerna används växelvis i interaktionen mellan journalist och källa. Studien visar att interaktion mellan journalister och deras källor inte bara styrs professionellt utan också socialt mellan människor som anpassar sig till varandra och omgivningens förväntningar. Informell och formell interaktion driver på varandra. Informella lösningar mellan journalister och källor uppstår för att möta ökat tryck (från politiska ledare) att koordinera och professionalisera kommunikationen. Sociala nätverk och sociala band mellan journalister och deras källor och hur de spelar in i konkreta sammanhang kan därför vara en variabel i forskningen om journalistisk kultur och politisk kommunikation. Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 5 inskickat.At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 5 submitted.

1 Abstract Social media are a part of journalistic work for several years now. One of them, Twitter, plays a major role in the journalistic world. With its speed, conciseness and algorithm setup, it has become the best place for journalists to meet, share information and interact with their readers. This paper examines how seven selected Czech journalists use Twitter. It follows journalists' profiles and analyses their published posts over three months on Twitter (March, April and May 2022). At the same time, each journalist was interviewed to analyse both their social media activity and how they use the networks for their work. Journalists from both, private and public service and audio-visual and written media were selected for this paper. The analysis shows that journalists overwhelmingly present themselves on social media in a purely journalistic way - as journalists who are part of the media. In the vast majority of posts, journalists shared the work of their media outlet and their colleagues. In interviews, journalists most often reported that they saw social media as a way of presenting their work and their colleagues, but also as a tool to help them gain greater insight and simplify access to information. In addition to the benefits, journalists also perceive the complications that social networking...

La presente investigación describe las condiciones laborales de los periodistas del Estado de Chihuahua, México, de acuerdo a sus propias percepciones. La perspectiva teórica enfoca los antecedentes del tema enfatizando el riesgo de ejercer la profesión. Utiliza una metodología cuantitativa descriptiva, no experimental transeccional y aplica un cuestionario estratificando las principales ciudades del estado. Los resultados permiten establecer que, a pesar de la inseguridad, los periodistas de la entidad en general se muestran satisfechos con sus condiciones de trabajo, aunque sus salarios y prestaciones sean inferiores al promedio. The present investigation describes the working conditions of journalists from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, according to their own perceptions. The theoretical perspective focuses the background of the topic by emphasizing the risk of practicing the profession. It uses a descriptive, non-experimental, transactional quantitative methodology and applies a questionnaire stratifying the main cities of the state. The results allow establishing that the journalists of the entity, in general, are satisfied with their working conditions although their salaries and benefits are below average.

Στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η αποσαφήνιση των διαφορών των παραδοσιακών από τα Νέα μέσα και η παρουσίαση του προφίλ του σύγχρονου δημοσιογράφου , καθώς και τα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει. Τα προσδοκώμενα αποτελέσματα είναι η εύρεση μεθόδων και καινοτομιών που θα είναι χρήσιμες στα νέα μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης για την αναζήτηση νέων τρόπων εξέλιξης και ανάπτυξης. Η χρησιμότητα της εργασίας είναι η ανάδειξη των μέσων μαζικής ενημέρωσης, τα οποία είναι οπλισμένα με ένα υπερ-εργαλείο του κλάδου της τεχνολογίας, το Διαδίκτυο, το οποίο αν χρησιμοποιηθεί σωστά μπορεί να αποδειχθεί ένας πολύτιμος σύμμαχος. Ο συνδυασμός των ενοτήτων μεταξύ τους είναι αλληλένδετος, έτσι ώστε να μπορεί να δομηθεί και να προσδιοριστεί καλύτερα η πληροφορία που παρουσιάζει αλλά και η μέγιστη διευκόλυνση στην ανάγνωση και ενημέρωση με κάθε ενότητα και υπό-ενότητα αντίστοιχα. Η μεθοδολογία που ακολουθήθηκε είναι αρχικά η έρευνα και η συλλογή πληροφοριών όσον αφορά τα παραδοσιακά και τα νέα μέσα και η παρουσίαση των νέων μορφών της σύγχρονης δημοσιογραφίας. Κρίνεται απαραίτητη η σύγκριση και συζήτηση των διαφορών που παρατηρούνται ανάμεσα στη σύγχρονη και την παραδοσιακή δημοσιογραφία. Μετέπειτα προχωρώντας στο κεφάλαιο της παρουσίασης του προφίλ και της αναζήτησης του ρόλου του σύγχρονου δημοσιογράφου, πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα μέσω συνεντεύξεων., The aim of the thesis is to clarify the differences between traditional and new media and to present the profile of the modern journalist, as well as the problems he faces. The expected results are to find methods and innovations that will be useful in new mass media in search of new ways of evolution and development. The utility of the work is to highlight the media, which is armed with a super-tool of the technology industry, the Internet, which if used correctly can prove to be a valuable ally. The combination of the sections is interrelated, so that the information it presents can be better structured and defined, as well as the maximum ease of reading and updating with each section and sub-section respectively. The methodology followed is initially the research and the collection of information regarding traditional and new media and the presentation of the new forms of modern journalism. It is considered necessary to compare and discuss the differences observed between modern and traditional journalism. Then proceeding to the chapter of presenting the profile and searching for the role of the modern journalist, research was carried out through interviews.

In recent years, reported violence, both physical and psychological, against journalists in Germany and the United States has increased threateningly. This development needs to be reviewed in more detail, since freedom of speech and freedom of the press in journalism particularly serve the public interest by fulfilling fundamental democratic tasks. The so-called chilling effect describes how pressure and threats of violence can influence journalists’ work and cause changes in content and style of reporting. This development is especially problematic, as it interferes with the most basic societal functions of journalism. To explore these developments, a qualitative study of the situation in Germany and the United States was conducted to determine whether editorial work in news reporting is already influenced by violence against journalists. Data for this study was collected in guided qualitative interviews with 22 journalists from Germany and the United States. The study reveals that the most common consequence of increasing violence is the implementation of a wide range of security measures by journalists and news organizations. Nevertheless, effects on reporting are mostly denied. The research unfolds that there is a wide range of individual experiences with violence and consequences for journalistic work. This demonstrates the relevance of further research in this area in order not to endanger the press and freedom of expression in democracies.

У дисертації здійснено теоретичне представлення функціонування аналізу інтерпретаційної журналістики, а також досліджено структурний та організаційний чинники розяснення інформаційного простору. Актуальність теми дослідження. Журналістику часто ототожнюють із феноменом, який може продукувати неправду, вводити аудиторією в оману, не допомагає соціуму вирішувати суспільні проблеми, а, навпаки, продукує ще більше проблем. Професійне розчарування багатьох журналістів у своїй професії призвело до актуалізації журналістської практики, яка виходить за межі певних норм та цінностей «об'єктивності» та «нейтральності», притаманних так званій традиційній журналістиці. Такі впливові журналістські практики, як журналістські розслідування, публічна / громадянська журналістика, розвиток блогерства як взірця авторської журналістики, мають і прихильників, і критиків. Різні погляди на методологію подачі контенту, рівень авторської чесності, практичності і можливості журналістського втручання в опис проблеми та її інтерпретацію стали причиною того, що роль журналіста не просто як автора, а як громадянина перетворилась на концептуальну проблему сучасної журналістики. Об’єкт дослідження – епістемологія інтерпретаційної журналістики. Предмет дослідження – діахронний аналіз, структурний та організаційний чинники інтерпретаційної журналістики. Мета роботи – здійснення діахронного аналізу та в розкриття структурних та організаційних чинників епістемологічних особливостей інтерпретаційної журналістики, як феномену соціальних комунікацій, який може бути концептуалізований як чинник постійного надання актуальної інформації. Методологічну основу дослідження становлять загальнонаукові методи. Ключовим науковим методом, який використовували протягом проведення аналізу епістемологічних проблем інтерпретаційної журналістики, став синергетичний підхід до визначення ролі і місця інтерпретаційної журналістики в соціально-комунікаційних процесах. Опрацювання джерельної бази дослідження ґрунтувалося на застосуванні аналітико-синтетичного методу. Застосування методу історичного досвіду стосувалось аналізу функціонування принципів епістемології та інтерпретаційної журналістики у контексті історіографії аналізованої проблеми. Аналітичний метод використано при розкритті типологічних чинників інтерпретаційної журналістики. Індуктивний метод дозволив здійснити загальний аналіз існуючих точок зору на проблему інтерпретаційної журналістики. Ступінь і рівень втручання автора журналістського тексту у тлумачення, пояснення події, прямі заклики сприймати цю подію саме так, як цього хоче журналіст, призвели до появи такого феномену, як інтерпретаційна журналістика. Ключова мета інтерпретаційної журналістики полягає в тому, що вона при подачі контенту успадковує певний нормативний стимул, визначає центральні пріоритети тлумачення події, саму подію як відправну точку бачення проблеми в цілому. Інтерпретаційна журналістика виступає своєрідною програмою журналістського висвітлення новин, а прихильники інтерпретаційної журналістики спираються на критичне дослідження поточного стану проблеми. У роботі схарактеризовано теоретико-методологічні засади та джерельну базу дослідження епістемології журналістики, проаналізовано місце епістемології журналістики в системі соціальних комунікацій, підсумовано особливості концепту епістемології журналістики, що характеризує епістемологічні засади істини та правди у засобах масової інформації. Епістемологія журналістики асоціюється із тенденцією до того, що, чим більше засобів масової інформації, тим більше різноманітності, можливостей залучення різноманітних структур і окремих людей до розповсюдження конкретного контенту. Аудиторія через засоби масової інформації не отримує безпосередні «цінності», засоби масової інформації безпосередньо не вдосконалюють суспільство. Розглядаючи сучасні тенденції розвитку концепту епістемології журналістики, можна помітити, що цей концепт характеризується превалюванням політичних чинників, що і не дивно, адже саме політичні контенти засобів масової інформації як ключова зібрана проблема поглинають інші контенти, створені в різноманітному концепті епістемології журналістики. Контентні конвенції епістемології журналістики створюють різноманітні варіанти інтерпретацій, тому аудиторія може знайти на комунікаційному ринкові інформацію про події, які досягають класичного розташування концепту епістемології журналістики. Вивчення епістемологічних засад істини та правди у засобах масової інформації засвідчило, що результати упливу матеріалів ЗМІ на сприйняття аудиторією контенту з огляду на довіру аудиторії до цього контенту залежать як від історичних та соціальних передумов розвитку аудиторії, так і від перспектив, які є важливими для аудиторії. Досліджуючи інтерпретаційну журналістику ми розглянули інтерпретацію контенту як феномену журналістики, подали стислу історіографію проблеми інтерпретаційної журналістики, проаналізували семантику інтерпретаційної журналістики. Інтерпретаційна журналістика розташована, в певному сенсі, у точках перетину чистої думки журналіста і асептичною інформацією, а інтерпретаційний імператив необхідний для його здійснення через чесність у підходах до реалізації правдивого контенту. Проаналізовано структурні та організаційні аспекти інтерпретаційної журналістики, їх структурний та організаційний чинники обігу інтерпретаційного контенту в засобах масової інформації. Ані універсальна, ані сегментована моделі засобів масової інформації не дають відповіді на запитання про сегментованість аудиторії. Якщо ми розуміємо універсальність тільки як ознаку аудиторії, то відповідь на запитання, чи сегментується аудиторія в залежності від сегментації масмедіа, буде ствердною. Але бажано зрозуміти, що і світовий, і український досвід медіапрактики свідчить про те, що універсальність засобів масової інформації – явище набагато ширше, ніж просте охоплення читання. Перспектива незалежності і засобів масової інформації, і журналістики тісно пов’язана із такими політичними тенденціями в суспільстві, які впливатимуть на журналістику, журналістську практику і журналістську незалежність як наслідки відтворення відносини між журналістикою і політикою. Розвиток інтерпретаційної журналістики у дискурсі як теоретичних, так і структурних та організаційних її особливостей, розглядався нами як приклад такої організації матеріалів у засобах масової інформації, яка являє собою чітко продуману дискурсивну практику. Аналіз інтерпретаційної журналістики може стати корисним для вивчення критичного ставлення засобів масової інформації чи окремих журналістів до сталих комунікативних практик у суспільстві. Кожне суспільство створює «режим істини» відповідно до своїх переконань, цінностей і звичаїв. В журналістиці істину слід розуміти як систему упорядкованих процедур виробництва, розповсюдження, регулювання і функціонування контенту. Істина пов'язана із системами влади, представники якої намагаються виробляти «істинний» контент і витримувати його, переконуючи аудиторію в «істинності істини», розуміючи силу наслідків, які спонукаються та розширюються цієї істиною. Сучасна інтерпретаційна журналістика має особливі інструменти конструювання та створення уявної моделі суспільства, яка модифікує перспективу світу таким чином, що дає змогу «розділити» деякі важливі знання про реальність. Інтерпретація журналістського контенту завжди вважалась викликом для традиційних журналістських цінностей та процесів. Аналіз інтерпретаційної журналістики та його соціальної втіленості прогресує протягом останніх десятиліть, особливо у зв'язку із появою та розвитком критичного аналізу дискурсу. Особливо активно інтерпретаційна журналістика працює у часовій площині в аналізі дискурсу проблеми та втілює ключові дискурсивні соціальні стратегії. Семантика інтерпретаційної журналістики ґрунтується на аналізі різних типів авторських розповідей та представлена на основі ієрархії інтерпретаційних презумпцій. З цієї точки зору розвиток інтерпретаційної, авторської форми висловлювання у журналістиці розглядається як результат абдуктивної схеми міркування, в якій стикаються різні типи правдоподібності. Інтерпретаційна журналістика передбачає процеси динамічного розширення технологічних можливостей передачі контенту та постійну взаємодію між стратегією та організацією роботи медіаструктур. Індивідуальний авторський медійний дискурс та громадська думка являють собою дві паралельні системи побудови сенсу. Різні інтерпретаційні підходи до висвітлення подій є таким медіадискурсом, який виступає контекстом для розуміння специфіки формування громадської думки. Рівень затребуваності інтерпретаційної журналістики виявляє ступінь структурно-організаційної життєздатності медіаструктури. The thesis analyzes interpretive journalism, particularly its structural and organizational factors. Relevance of the research topic. Journalism is often equated with a phenomenon that can produce lies, mislead the audience, does not help society solve social problems, and, on the contrary, creates even more problems. The professional disappointment of many journalists in their profession has led to the actualization of journalistic practice, which goes beyond certain norms and values of "objectivity" and "neutrality" inherent in so-called traditional journalism. Such influential journalistic practices as journalistic investigations, public / civil journalism, and the development of blogging as a model of authorial journalism have both supporters and critics. Different views on the methodology of providing content, the authorial honesty level, practicality, and the possibility of journalistic intervention in the description of the problem and its interpretation caused the fact that the role of the journalist, not just as an author but as a citizen turned into a conceptual issue of modern journalism. The object of research is the epistemology of interpretive journalism. The subject of the study is diachronic analysis, structural and organizational factors of interpretive journalism. The work aims to carry out a diachronic analysis and to reveal the structural and organizational factors of the epistemological features of interpretive journalism as a phenomenon of social communications, which can be conceptualized as a factor of constant provision of relevant information. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods. The key scientific method used during the analysis of epistemological problems of interpretive journalism was a synergistic approach to determining the role and place of interpretive journalism in social and communication processes. The processing of the research sources was based on applying the analytical-synthetic method. The application of the historical experience method is concerned with analyzing the functioning of the epistemology and interpretive journalism principles in the context of the historiography of the analyzed problem. The analytical method was used to reveal the typological factors of interpretive journalism. The inductive method made it possible to conduct a general analysis of existing points of view on the problem of interpretive journalism. The degree and level of intervention of the author of the journalistic text in the interpretation, explanation of the event, and direct appeals to perceive this event exactly as the journalist wants it, led to the emergence of such a phenomenon as interpretive journalism. The key goal of interpretive journalism is that it inherits a certain regulatory incentive when presenting content, determines the central priorities of interpreting an event, and the event itself as a starting point for viewing the problem as a whole. Interpretive journalism acts as a kind of program of journalistic news coverage, and supporters of interpretive journalism rely on a critical study of the current state of the problem. The work characterizes the theoretical and methodological principles and source base of the research on the epistemology of journalism, analyzes the place of the epistemology of journalism in the system of social communications, summarizes the features of the concept of the epistemology of journalism, which characterizes the epistemological principles of truth and truth in mass media. The epistemology of journalism is associated with the tendency that the more mass media, the more diversity and opportunities to involve various structures and individuals in the distribution of specific content. The audience does not receive direct "values" through the mass media; the mass media do not directly improve society. With the current trends in the development of the concept of journalism epistemology examing, it can be seen that this concept is characterized by the predominance of political factors, which is not surprising. The political content of mass media as a key collected problem absorbs other content created in the various concept of journalism epistemology. The content conventions of journalism epistemology create a variety of interpretation options, so the audience can find on the communication market information about events that reach the classical location of the concept of journalism epistemology. The study of the epistemological foundations of truth in the mass media proved that the results of the impact of media materials on the audience's perception of content in terms of the audience's trust in this content depend both on the historical and social prerequisites of the audience's development, and on the perspectives that are important to the audience. Studying interpretive journalism made it possible to consider the interpretation of content as a phenomenon of journalism, present a concise historiography of the problem of interpretive journalism, and analyze the semantics of interpretive journalism. Interpretive journalism is located, in a certain sense, at the intersection of the journalist's pure thought and aseptic information. The interpretive imperative is necessary for its implementation through honesty in approaches to the realization of truthful content. The structural and organizational aspects of interpretive journalism and their structural and organizational factors of circulation of interpretive content in mass media are analyzed. Neither universal nor segmented mass media models answer the question of audience segmentation. If we understand universality only as a feature of the audience, then the answer to the question of whether the audience is segmented depending on the segmentation of the mass media will be in the affirmative. However, it is desirable to understand that both the world and Ukrainian experience of media practice show that the universality of mass media is a much broader phenomenon than the simple coverage of reading. The perspective of the independence of mass media and journalism is closely related to such political trends in society, which will affect journalism, journalistic practice, and journalistic independence as a consequence of the reproduction of the relationship between journalism and politics. The development of interpretive journalism in the discourse of its theoretical, structural, and organizational features was considered an example of such an organization of materials in the mass media, a well-thought-out discursive practice. The analysis of interpretive journalism can be useful for studying the critical attitude of mass media or individual journalists toward sustainable communicative practices in society. Each society creates a “regime of truth” according to its beliefs, values, and customs. In journalism, truth should be understood as a system of orderly procedures for content production, distribution, regulation, and functioning. Truth is associated with systems of power, whose representatives try to produce and sustain “truthful” content by convincing audiences of the “genuineness” of the “truth,” understanding the power of consequences that are induced and amplified by that truth. Modern interpretive journalism has special tools for constructing and creating an imaginary model of society, which modifies the perspective of the world in such a way that it makes it possible to “divide” some important knowledge about reality. Interpreting journalistic content has constantly challenged traditional journalistic values and processes. The analysis of interpretive journalism and its social embodiment has progressed during the last decades, especially in connection with the emergence and development of critical discourse analysis. Interpretive journalism works especially active in the time plane in analyzing the discourse of the problem and embodies key discursive social strategies. Interpretive journalism's semantics are based on analyzing various types of authors' stories and is presented based on a hierarchy of interpretive presumptions. According to this, the development of the interpretative, authorial form of expression in journalism is considered the result of an abductive reasoning scheme in which different types of plausibility collide. Interpretive journalism involves the dynamic expansion of technological possibilities of content transmission and constant interaction between the strategy and organization of work of media structures. Individual authors' media discourse and public opinion represent two parallel systems of construction of meaning. Various interpretive approaches to coverage events are a media discourse that serves as a context for understanding the specifics of public opinion formation. The level of demand for interpretive journalism reveals the degree of structural and organizational viability of the media structure.

В статье освещаются вопросы авторских прав на интервью, приведены точки зрения таких учёных как Э.П. Гаврилов, А.П. Сергеев, В.Л. Энтин на то, кому из участников интервью принадлежат права на него. В статье раскрыт вопрос признания соавтором интервьюируемого лица. Приведены мнения по этому вопросу вышеперечисленных учёных, а также проанализированы их труды. Вместе с трудами произведён анализ статей Гражданского Кодекса Российской Федерации. Рассмотрен дискуссионный вопрос характера информации, которую предоставляет интервьюируемое лицо и влияние её на определение наличия соавторства в интервью. Отдельно указано мнение авторов статьи по данному вопросу., The article highlights the issues of copyright for the interview, provides the points of view of such scientists as E.P. Gavrilov, A.P. Sergeev, V.L. Entin on which of the interview participants owns the rights to it. The article reveals the issue of recognition of the interviewee as a co-author. The opinions of the above-mentioned scientists on this issue are given, as well as their works are analyzed. Together with the works, the articles of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation were analyzed. The debatable question of the nature of the information provided by the interviewee and its impact on determining the presence of co-authorship in the interview is considered. The opinion of the authors of the article on this issue is indicated separately., Вестник научной мысли, Выпуск 5 2022, Pages 217-222

El periodismo es una pieza fundamental en la sociedad para informarnos y para contrarrestar la sobre abundancia de información falsa que se propaga rápidamente en las redes, especialmente ante la contingencia sanitaria del COVID-19. El artículo explora, en el contexto de la pandemia, los entornos y desafíos de la actividad periodística en el noreste de México, uno de los países más peligrosos para ejercer el periodismo. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con un enfoque mixto; en lo cuantitativo se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra representativa intencional de periodistas de los estados de Nuevo León, Coahuila y Tamaulipas y; en lo cualitativo, se realizó un grupo focal con 7 periodistas de la misma región cuyos datos se utilizaron como información sobre validez de criterio concurrente. Los resultados muestran que los periodistas definen a su profesión como una de gran riesgo, especialmente por las agresiones a periodistas que prevalecen en esta región y acrecentada durante la pandemia. La crisis económica en las empresas de medios y la precariedad laboral recrudecieron los problemas a los que se enfrentan. Además, señalan que la praxis de las empresas, la impunidad y los constantes ataques del gobierno hacia el trabajo de los periodistas han construido un imaginario colectivo de descrédito hacia éstos. Journalism is a fundamental piece in society, in the face of the health contingency of COVID-19, to inform us and to counteract the overabundance of false information that spreads rapidly on the networks. The article explores, in the context of the pandemic, the environments and challenges of journalistic activity in northeastern Mexico, one of the most dangerous countries to practice journalism. This is a descriptive study with a mixed approach; quantitatively, a survey was applied to an intentional representative sample of journalists from the states of Nuevo León, Coahuila and Tamaulipas and qualitatively, a focus group was held with 7 journalists from the same region whose data was used as information on the validity of concurrent criteria. The results show that journalists mention their profession as one of great risk, especially due to the attacks on journalists that prevail in this region and increased during the pandemic. The economic crisis in media companies and job insecurity intensified the problems they face. In addition, they point out that the praxis of the companies, the impunity and the constant attacks by the government on the work of journalists have built a collective imaginary of discredit towards them.