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This paper provides an appropriate technological intervention with a zero-carbon footprint operating model while converting a dangerous forest bio-residue into a usable commodity. In our study, the dangerous forest bio-residue consists of the dry and fallen pine needles of the trees that grow in the Western Himalayan region. The appropriate technological intervention is the evolution of a manually operated biomass briquetting machine, and the usable commodity is the bio-briquettes, which could be used as an ...

In this paper, we report on electrical transport in F4TCNQ doped organic semiconductor (host) materials. By monitoring the conductance of the sample in-situ during and after deposition, we show that sequential deposition of F4TCNQ and host semiconductor results in bulk doping of the semiconductor. In addition, the doping density (and conductivity) of the host can be easily controlled by adjusting the thickness of the bottom F4TCNQ layer. This alternative scheme for doping is simpler than the conventional way of doping small molecules which involves simultaneous co-evaporation of host and dopant. In the sequential doping scheme outlined here, bulk doping of the host takes place due to rapid diffusion of F4TCNQ in the host material. The motion of F4TCNQ in the host is complex and is not always described by a simple diffusion process. In situ transport measurements provide a quick and easy way of measuring dopant diffusion in new hosts. Based on the doping results, we also outline a possible route to improved transconductance for organic thin film transistors in a manufacturing environment., 22 pages, 6 figures