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Apstrakt: Obrazovanje je jedan od ključnih elemenata održivog ekonomskog razvoja (ekonomije zasnovane na znanju) i socijalne kohezije društva. Takođe, dostignuti nivo obrazovanosti populacije i permanentno obrazovanje su bitni uslovi uravnoteženog regionalnog razvoja. Predmet ovog rada je analiza regionalnih i lokalnih razlika prema obrazovnom nivou radne populacije (20-64 godine) u Republici Srbiji, na osnovu podataka Popisa 2011. godine. Cilj rada je rangiranje i klasifikacija opština/gradova prema obrazovnoj strukturi radnog kontigenta stanovništva, što je pokazatelj potencijala ljudskih resursa kao nosioca ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Abstract: Education is one of the key element for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and social cohesion in society. Also, the educational level attained and permanent education (lifelong learning) are important conditions for balanced regional development. The subject of this paper is the analysis region and local differences in the education level of workforce (20-64 years) in the Republic of Serbia, on the 2011 Census data. The goal of the paper is to rank and classify municipalities/cities according to the educational structure of workforce, as an indicator of human resources potentials of economic and social development.

Slivno područje Južne Morave obuhvata površinu oko 14 000 km2 . Reprezentativni uzorci su prema WEGS (zapadno evropske geohemijske grupacije) prikupljeni na tri profila: A- horizont na dubini (15-20) cm od površine terena, OB-Overbank sedimenta na dubni (80-100) cm i S-savremeni strim sedimenta. Geohemijskom prospekcijom na 5 lokacija obalskih profila u slivu Južne Morave prikupljeno je 40 uzoraka koji su analizirani na sadržaje prirodnih radionuklida 238U, 232Th i 40K. Na svakoj lokaciji izvršeno je kartiranje obalskog profila. Na bazi rezultata radiometrijskih ispitivanja izračunato je geohemijsko radijaciono opterećenje prirodnih radionuklida u životnoj sredini ruralnih naselja. Za procenu uticaja eksterne ekvivalentne doze jonizujućeg zračenja u ambijentu ruralnih naselja primenjena je metoda Monte Karlo. River basin of South Morava covers an area of about 14 000 km2 . Representative samples from coastal profiles were the base for the development of regional geochemical map in the frame of WEGS (Western European geochemical group). Samples were collected at the A- horizon at a depth of 15-20 cm from the ground surface; OB-overbank sediments at the depth of (80-100) cm and S-modern stream sediment. Geochemical prospecting was used at 538 coastal locations profile in the basin of South Morava and 40 samples were collected and analyzed for the content of natural radionuclides 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K. Based on the results of radiometric tests geochemical radiation burden of natural radionuclides in environment were calculated. To assess the impact of external equivalent dose of ionizing radiation in the atmosphere of rural settlements Monte Carlo was applied.

Taking into consideration the reduction of energy dependence and the use of potentials of renewable energy sources (RES), which approximately amounts to 6Mt per year in Serbia, the paper considers the potential of using biomass or energy crops. According to the Energy Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, issue No. 145/2014), energy crops represent a renewable energy source produced from non-fossil renewable sources and include primarily the plantations of crops that contain a high percentage of oil or sugar (fast-growing trees, miscanthus or elephant grass, eucalyptus, green algae). The paper includes a review of the current legislative and planning framework that promotes the development of energy crops, especially fast-growing forests. Also a case study is highlighted on the level of urban planning that provides an insight into the planning framework. One of the conclusions of the paper points at the importance of establishing a suitable legislative and planning framework for planting energy crops-fast-growing forests (poplar; willow) in order to gain multiple benefits which, primarily, include the production of new energy sources and the environmental protection. Uvažavajući neophodnost smanjenje energetske zavisnosti i iskorišćavanje potencijala obnovljivih izvora energije (OIE), koji za Srbiju iznosi oko 6Mt godišnje, rad razmatra potencijal korišćenja biomase odnosno energetskih zasada. Energetski zasadi, prema Zakonu o energetici (Sl.gl.RS broj 145/2014) predstavljaju obnovljiv izvor energije proizveden iz nefosilnih obnovljivih izvora i obuhvataju pre svega plantaže biljaka koje sadrže visok procenat ulja ili šećera (brzorastuće drveće, kineska trska, eukaliptus, zelene alge). U radu je dat pregled aktuelnog zakonskog i planskog okvira kojim se promoviše razvoj energetskih zasada, posebno brzorastućih šuma. Takođe, izdvojena je studija slučaja na nivou urbanstičkog planiranja sa ciljem uvida u planski okvir: Jedan od zaključaka rada ukazuje na značaj uspostavljanja odgovarajućeg okvira, kako zakonskog tako i planskog za podizanje energetskih zasada brzorastućih šuma (topola, vrba) sa ciljem ostvarivanja višestrukih koristi koje, pre svega, podrazumevaju stvaranje novih energetskih izvora i očuvanje životne sredine

Социјална искљученост је процес у којем су одређени појединци или групе гурнуте на ивицу друштва и спречени да у потпуности учествују у друштву, што је последица њиховог сиромаштва, недостатка основне стручности (неадекватног образовања) и могућности доживотног учења, или је резултат дискриминације. Ово их удаљава од запослења, прихода и могућности образовања, као и од социјалних мрежа и активности у друштву и заједници. Квалитетно образовање (услови и приступ/доступност) представља један од фактора који значајно утиче на смањене социјалне искључености. Другим речима, образовање има кључну улогу у осигуравању социјалне укључености (једнаке могућности и активно учествовање у друштву). Истовремено, образовање и доживотно учење је установљено као темељ за остваривање циљева одрживог економског развоја (економија заснована на знању) и постизања социјалне кохезије. Квалитетно образовање је предуслов за напредовање, развој и благостање заједнице. Услови и доступност образовању постали су приоритети националних реформи у већини европских земаља. Предмет овог рада је образовна структура становништва Србије и доступност образовања. Образовна структура је анализирана с обзиром на старост, пол и тип насеља (градска и остала/сеоска насеља). Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities, or as a result of discrimination. This distances them from job, income and education opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. Quality education (conditions and access/ accessibility/availability) is one of the factors that significantly influence the reduced social exclusion. In other words, education has is key role key role in ensuring social inclusion (equal opportunities and active social participation). At the same time, education and lifelong learning is established as the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and to achieve social cohesion. Quality education is a prerequisite for progress, development and well-being of the community. Conditions and accessibility to education have become priorities of national reforms in most European countries. The subject of this paper is the educational structure of population of Serbia and the accessibility of education. The analysis covers the educational structure with regard to age, gender and type of settlement (city and other/villages settlements).

Apstrakt: Na području Kostolačkog ugljenog basena već više od pola veka obavlja se obimna eksploatacija lignitskog ležišta, a poslednjih 15 - 20 godina i eksploatacija nafte i gasa u neposrednoj blizini akvatorije Dunava. Obimna eksploatacija mineralnih sirovina ima značajne uticaje na privredni i socijalni razvoj područja, uslove korišćenja drugih resursa, prostorni razvoj i degradaciju životne sredine. U radu je analizirana raspoloživost prirodnih resursa na ovom prostoru i mogući konflikti koji nastaju kao posledica eksploatacije ugljenog ležišta i korišćenja drugih prirodnih resursa. U zaključnim razmatranjima ukazuje se na mogući pristup održivom korišćenju prirodnih resursa u velikim ugljenim basenima, a posebno u Kostolačkom basenu. Pritom se poseban značaj pridaje istraživanjima i planiranju u oblasti prostornog razvoja. Rad je zasnovan na studijskoj i dokumentacionoj građi prikupljenoj za potrebe Prostonog plana područja posebne namene Kostolačkog lignitskog basena. Abstrakt: For more than half a century lignite coal is being exploited in Kolubara mining region, while in the last 15 - 20 years oil and natural gas have been also exploited near the Danube river. Extensive exploitation of mineral resources created significant impacts on economic and social regional development, on the conditions of utilising other natural resources, spatial development and environmental degradation. The paper analyses availability of natural resources in this region, as well as possible conflicts arising as the consequence of coal exploitation, as well as utilisation of other natural resources. The concluding remarks point out at possible approach to sustainable use of natural resources in big mining basins, and especially in Kostolac basin. The special attention is given to research and planning in the area of spatial development. The paper is based on study material and documentation collected for compilation of the Spatial Plan of Special Purpose Area of Kostolac Lignite Basin.

Pravilo "reda veličine" naselja u Srbiji – prilog za ocenu policentričnosti prostornog razvoja / Apstrakt: Pravilo „reda veličine” ukazuje da je demografska veličina svakog urbanog centra neke teritorije determinisana veličinom najvećeg grada i rangom tog centra unutar skupa svih gradova posmatrane teritorije. Ovim radom se ispituje da li ovo pravilo postoji i u distribuciji zaposlenih i investicija u naseljskom sistemu. Rezultati treba da pruže uvid u stepen dominacije glavnog grada ili više gradova, zastupljenost malih i srednjih gradova ili uravnoteženost urbanog sistema zemlje. Cilj rada je da pokaže da li tendencije u razvoju urbane mreže na nacionalnom nivou vode ka policentričnom sistemu gradova, što se smatra jednim od prioriteta prostornog razvoja. A Rank Size Rule in Urban System in Serbia – Contribution to the Discussion of Polycentricity / Abstract: The rank-size rule shows that the size of the urban centre of a territory is determined by the population size of the largest city and rank of each ciiy within the set of all cities at a certain territory. This paper examines whether this rule exists in the distribution of employment and investment in the settlement system. The results should provide insight of rank-size distributions of city sizes, from city-primate, or more cities, representation of small and medium-sized cities, as well as the balance of urban system of the country. The aim of this paper is to show whether tendencies in the development of the urban network at national level leading to a polycentric system of cities, which is considered one of the priorities of spatial development. Posebna izdanja br. 74 Urednici: Jasna Petrić, Miodrag Vujošević, Miroljub Hadžić, Branislav Bajat

Apstrakt: Ljudski resursi predstavljaju osnovu ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Važna komponenta ljudskog razvoja su demografske resursi, koji uključuju opšte kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakteristike stanovništva. Demografski razvoj je jedan od glavnih izazova u ostvarivanju održivog/uravnoteženog razvoja, posebno sa stanovišta buduće organizacije društva, raspoloživih resursa radne snage, socijalne i teritorijalne kohezije i opšteg ekonomskog i socijalnog napretka zajednice. Istovremeno, koncept održivog razvoja podrazumeva postojanje potrebnog stepena demografske stabilnosti i uravnoteženosti funkcionalnih kontingenata u društvenoj zajednici i njenim regionalnim područjima. Ovaj rad daje pregled demografskih promena u periodu od 1948 do 2011. godine i karakteristike ljudskih resursa u Podunavlju u Srbiji. Analizirani su odabrani demografski indikatori, a populacioni potencijali su iskazani indeksom demografskih resursa. Abstract: Human resources are the basis of economic and social development. An important component of human development are demographic resources, which include the overall qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the population. The demographic development is also one of the main challenges in achieving sustainable/balanced development, particularly with regard to the future organization of society, the available labour resources, social and territorial cohesion and general economic and social progress of the community. At the same time, the concept of sustainable development implies the existence of the requisite level of demographic stability and balance of functional groups in the community and its regional areas. This paper makes an overview of demographic changes in the period from 1948 to 2011, and characteristics of the human resources in Danube Region in Serbia. The analysis is based on selected demographic indicators, population potential being represented by the demographic resources index.

Apstrakt: U pоslеdnjој dеcеniјi 20. vеkа, kоncеpt sоciјаlnе isključеnоsti zаuzimа cеntrаlnо mеstо u rаzmаtrаnjimа društvеnоg rаzvоја. Mеrеnjе i prаcеnjе sоciјаlnе isključеnоsti оbuhvаtа rаzlicitе dimеnziје zа kоје sе uspоstаvljајu оdgоvаrајući indikаtоri usklаdu sа ciljеvimа istrаživаnjа i dоstupnim pоdаcimа. Prеdmеt оvоg rаdа је prоstоrnа dimеnziја rаzmеštаја stаnоvništvа kоја uključuје njegovu stаrоsnu i оbrаzоvnu strukturu. Analiza odnosa izmedu starosne i оbrаzоvnе strukturе rаdnоg kоntingеntа је višеstrukо znаčајna zа rаzmаtrаnjе ljudskih rеsursа. Analiza uključuје dеmоgrаfskе аtributе pоpulаciје u vеzi sа fаktоrimа isključеnjа (obrazovanje, starost, dоstignuti nivо kоncеntrаciје оsеtljivih društvеnih grupа – stаri i dеcа), s јеdnе strаnе, i pоkаzuје kоlikо su, nа kојim dеlоvimа tеritоriје Republike Srbije i u kоm оbimu ljudski rеsursi limitirајući fаktоr еkоnоmskоg i sоciјаlnоg rаzvоја zајеdnicе, s drugе. Abstract: In the last decade of the 20th century, the concept of social exclusion has a central place in the discussions on social development. Measuring and monitoring of social exclusion includes different dimensions for which proper indicators are establishing, in accordance with the objectives of the research and with the available data.The subject of this paper is the spatial dimension of two key characteristics for measuring social exclusion – age and educational structure of the population. Analysis of the relationship between the age and educational structure of the working population is multiple important for consideration of human resources capacities and development potentials. On the one hand, the analysis includes demographic attributes of the population in relation to the factors of exclusion education, age, achieved level of the concentration of vulnerable groups - the elderly and children), and shows how much, on which parts of the Republic of Serbia territory and in which extent human resources acts as a limiting factor for economic and social development of the community, on the other hand.

Apstrakt: Tema socijalnog razvoja u poslednjoj deceniji 20. veka postaje sve aktuelnija. Naime, opšteprihvacena formula intenzivnog ekonomskog rasta koji će po automatizmu obezbedivati socijalno blagostanje, prouzrokovala je brojne negativne posledice. Povecanje ekonomskih i socijalnih nejednakosti, redukcija socijalnih prava kao i opadanje kvaliteta socijalnih usluga dovelo je znacajan broj gradana u zamku siromaštva I iskljucenosti iz opštih društvenih tokova. Jaz izmedu bogatih i siromašnih širi se i produbljuje, povecava se razlika izmedu gradskih i seoskih podrucja, izmedu i unutar regija, govori se o društvu s dve brzine (two-speed society). U takvim okolnostima, tema socijalnog razvoja sve više se stavlja na dnevni red. Socijalni razvoj se s razlogom definiše kao integralni faktor održivog ekonomskog razvoja. Bez socijalnog razvoja nije moguce jacati socijalnu koheziju koja je postavljena kao jedan od strateških ciljeva i koa temelj stabilnog razvoja evropskog društva. Jedan od pristupa u unaparedenju socijalnog razvoja je borba protiv siromaštva i socijalne iskljucenosti, odnosno jacanje procesa socijalne ukljucenosti, koji su prihvaceni kao kljucni element daljeg razvoja evropskog socijalnog modela. Prostorna distribucija indikatora socijalne iskljucenosti pokazuje da je dostupnost usluga od javnog interesa jedan od osnovnih činilaca društvene nejednakosti i generiranja obima socijalne iskljucenosti. Abstract: Theme of social development in the last decade of the 20th century is becoming increasingly topical. The generally accepted formula of intensive economic growth that will automatically provide social welfare, has caused many negative consequences. Increasing economic and social inequality, reduction of social rights, as well as the decline in the quality of social services has resulted in a significant number of people in poverty and exclusion from the general social trends. The gap between rich and poor is wider and deeper, increasing the difference between urban and rural areas, between and within regions, discusses a two-speed society. In such circumstances, the theme of social development is increasingly placed on the agenda. Social development is rightly defined as an integral factor in sustainable economic development. Without social development is not possible to strengthen the social cohesion that is set as one of the strategic objectives and the basis of stable development of European society. One approach to its improvement in social development is the struggle against poverty and social exclusion and strengthening social inclusion process, which were accepted as a key element for further development of the European social model. Spatial distribution of indicators of social exclusion shows that the availability of services of public interest is one of the main factors of social inequality and generating volume social exclusion.

Efficient management of spatial development within the available normative framework and institutional organization, includes a coordinated participation of a large number of stakeholders, fundamental knowledge of all important spatial features, and the existence of a developed information base (database and system of indicators). Spatial Information system is a basic instrument for monitoring the spatial conditions, development tendencies, management and conduction of appropriate actions. In order to respond to these requirements, the spatial information system should be integrated with other sectoral information systems and databases at the national, regional and local level. Areas which are featured by extensive lignite exploitation, have been characterised by significant structural changes in spatial development, which are manifested in terms of the use of space (large land encompass - a permanent change in land-use), socio-economic transformations, concentration of activities and jobs, transformation in the network of settlements, environmental impacts (degradation of natural resources, ecosystem change, pollution of the air, water, soil, etc.). Dynamic changes in the lignite basins which are caused by the development of mining and related/supporting functions may be directed according to development of a dynamic and continuous planning process and research. In that sense, information system for the purposes of planning and management of development, should be adapted to dynamic changes in the basin, as well as to the dynamics of planning, research, programming, design and control of development and regeneration of the area. Formation of an information system for lignite basin creates a common framework for the development, implementation and monitoring of spatial and urban development plans and implementation of mining - energy plans / programs and investment- technical documentation. The paper gives an overview of the spatial information system, sectoral coordination and synchronization of activities, as well as the concept of an information system for planning in the lignite basins.

Starting with a review of brown coal exploitation capacities in Poland, firstly it was pointed out to limitations on further development of the mining-energy complex, which derive from its multiple adverse impacts on the environment, among which the CO2 emissions as well as the slowdown in financing the geological explorations have presently been given the key importance. Successful dealing with other ecological issues, which in Poland have been linked to surface overburden in coal mines, has been greatly influenced by a consistent law regulation on recultivation of degraded areas. In addition, some conceptual postulates on recultivation are addressed here since in the last half a century they have evolved from the attempts to bring a degraded soil back to previously dominant agricultural use into alternative ways for adaptation of the post-mining landscapes according to the socioeconomic needs, natural limitations, and technical and technology potentials at the location. In such context, there have been brought forward the criteria and indicators which have been lately applied in the selection process of the best recultivation use, and which involve public participation. Concluding remarks point to the instructive role of polish recultivation experience for dealing with a number of spatial development problems which may occur in the great mining basins of Serbia.

There are numerous definitions and interpretations of what is the purpose and subject of SIA (Social Impact Assessment). A number of common determinants occur in various definitions. SIA examines the social changes that are likely to arise as a direct or indirect result of planned interventions (plans, programs, policies). In fact, SIA is a process aimed at understanding, managing and controlling the changes. The initiation of SIA application is linked to development of economic and infrastructural systems, i.e. zones in which intensive changes in social space have taken the place. There is an increased interest in SIA, and it has been applied not only in development of certain activities (large economic systems, construction of public facilities, etc.), but even more so in the implementation of programs and policies. SIA is generally associated with the five types of changes: • Demographic • Economic • Health and welfare • Environmental • Institutional changes. SIA has become a binding activity in the World Bank funded projects. In Serbia, neither the current Law on planning and construction nor the Law on expropriation would require the preparation of SIA. During development of several spatial plans in Serbia for the areas in which the population and village displacement has been planned, only the segments of SEA methodology as it is commonly performed have been included in the analyses and programs. The paper will show SIA development, framework and principles, as well as some results of its application in the projects of mining activity – for surface exploitation of raw mineral resources.

During the oral application of radionuclide therapy it is from the vital importance to measure effective dose in stomach in which the (NaI)-I-131 therapeutic capsule stays during the 15 minutes which is long enough to make risky exposure. As it is not possible to determine it by direct measurements there is a strong recommendation to estimate the dose by calculation. The main goal is to calculate effective dose and risk as a result of I-131 capsules remaining in stomach before the absorption starts. Monte Carlo code MCNP4b was used to model the transport of gamma and beta particles emitted by radionuclide I-131 treated as a point source at the bottom of the stomach. Absorbed energy per unit transformation in stomach and surrounding organs has been calculated. The dose equivalents in these organs have been calculated in aim to determine the effective doses using appropriate tissue weighting factor values. The local doses in stomach wall reached the values in order of several hundreds of grays in a very short time. In such case the traditional concept of risk is not applicable, so it becomes necessary to create the very new concept which is able to cover higher risks under presented circumstances. 19th IMEKO World Congress, Proceedings, Sep 06-12, 2009, Lisbon, Portugal

Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities or as a result of discrimination. This distances them from job, income and education opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. Quality education (conditions and access/accessibility/availability) is one of the factors that significantly influence the reduced social exclusion. In other words, education has is key role key role in ensuring social inclusion (equal opportunities and active social participation). At the same time, education and lifelong learning is established as the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and to achieve social cohesion. Quality education is a prerequisite for progress, development and well-being of the community. Conditions and accessibility to education have become priorities of national reforms in most European countries. The subject of this paper is the educational structure of population of Serbia and the accessibility of education. The analysis covers the educational structure with regard to age, gender and type of settlement (city and other/villages settlements). Socijalna isključenost je proces u kojem su određeni pojedinci ili grupe gurnute na ivicu društva i sprečeni da u potpunosti učestvuju u društvu, što je posledica njihovog siromaštva, nedostatka osnovne stručnosti (neadekvatnog obrazovanja) i mogućnosti doživotnog učenja, ili je rezultat diskriminacije. Ovo ih udaljava od zaposlenja, prihoda i mogućnosti obrazovanja, kao i od socijalnih mreža i aktivnosti u društvu i zajednici. Kvalitetno obrazovanje (uslovi i pristup/dostupnost) predstavlja jedan od faktora koji značajno utiče na smanjene socijalne isključenosti. Drugim rečima, obrazovanje ima ključnu ulogu u osiguravanju socijalne uključenosti (jednake mogućnosti i aktivno učestvovanje u društvu). Istovremeno, obrazovanje i doživotno učenje je ustanovljeno kao temelj za ostvarivanje ciljeva održivog ekonomskog razvoja (ekonomija zasnovana na znanju) i postizanja socijalne kohezije. Kvalitetno obrazovanje je preduslov za napredovanje, razvoj i blagostanje zajednice. Uslovi i dostupnost obrazovanju postali su prioriteti nacionalnih reformi u većini evropskih zemalja. Predmet ovog rada je obrazovna struktura stanovništva Srbije i dostupnost obrazovanja. Obrazovna struktura je analizirana s obzirom na starost, pol i tip naselja (gradska i ostala/seoska naselja).

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan's propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.

The paper presents new courses in medical physics, medical engineering and bio/physics for clinical engineers, medicine and veterinary medicine specialists introduced at two universities in Serbia - University of Novi Sad and University in Belgrade since 2004. The courses were aimed to educate well trained specialists in medical physics, medical engineering and veterinary medicine and to establish new programs in specialist studies incorporated in CPD programs for professional licensing. 11th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing (MEDICON 2007), Jun 26-30, 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Pomoću anketnog upitnika utvrđene su specifične ozljede plivača delfin tehnike te je na osnovu tih podataka prikazana važnost kondicijskog treninga kod prevencije ozljeda.

The results of determination of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in raw building materials and final products are presented. Activity of the radionuclides was determined on an HPGe detector by standard gamma spectrometry. Mean activities of natural radionuclides were in the range of 2.0-560 Bq/kg depending on the radionuclide and the type of the material. Equivalent indices and OECD index for natural radionuclides were calculated, indicating lower content of natural radionuclides compared with data from other European countries. Indoor radon concentrations were measured in Belgrade dwellings by alpha scintillation counting technique. The concentrations were under 200 Bq/m3, depending on geochemical characteristics of the soil, building materials, construction of the building, storey number, dwelling conditions, as well as on the season. The measurements were performed as a part of the Quality Control Program for the Assessment by a National Laboratory for Radioactivity Control of Building Materials.

U radii su analizirani podaci o uslovima merenja aktivnosti radionuklida u uzorcima iz zivotne sredine u naucnim institucijama u nasoj zemji dobijeni iz Upitnika a tehnickim karakteristikama merila i uslovima ineienja aktivnosti, sastavljenog prema medunarodnom standardu EML Proceduies "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements - 300. Podaci treba da omoguce formiranje baze podataka o tehnickim. metiolos im i opstim uslovima kontrole radioaktivnosti u zivotnoj sredini u nasoj zemlji- na iza obuhvata podatke o strucnosti osobija, prostornim uslovima i metodologiji nieienja. metodama merenja, tehnickim karakteristikama merila. postupcima uzoi ovanja i pripreme uzoraka, nacinu obrade i prezentacije rezultata, s posebnim osvitom na postupke ocene sigurnosti i kvaliteta merenja. The paper analyses data obtained from the Questionnaire on Instrumentation and Methods in Radioactivity Measurements which was composed in accordance with the international standard EML Procedures Manual "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements” llASL-300. The Questionnaire was distributed to the laboratories and institutions involved in environmental radiactivity monitoring in our country. The Questionnaire should provide a data base on instrumentation, methods, personnel, sampling procedures and general working conditions and improve Quality Assurance and Quality Control procedures in the institutions involved in environmental radioactivit\ measurements.

U tezi je rešavan centralni problem – detekcija nule dvobitnomstohastičkom digitalnom mernom metodom (SDMM). Formulisane sudve metode detekcije nule primenom dvobitne SDMM. Po prvoj metodidinamička rezerva je oko 100 dB a po drugoj ne manje od 160 dB. Obemetode su proverene teorijski, simulaciono i eksperimentalno. Poredrešenja centralnog problema, dato je i nekoliko rešenja problemakoji su sa njim vezani. Hipoteza ove teze – „dvobitna SDMM je u opsegu0 % - 10% FS bolja od standardne sempling metode (SSM)“ – je potpunopotvrđena u svim razmatranim slučajevima., The main goal of this thesis was null-detection using a two-bit stochasticdigital measurement method (SDMM). Two methods of null-detection, usingtwo-bit SDMM, were formulated. Using the first method around 100 dB ofdynamic reserve was achieved and using the second one no less than160 dB. Both methods were theoretically, using simulation and experimentallyconfirmed. In addition to the solution of the main problem, several otherrelated problems were also solved. The hypothesis of this thesis – “two-bitSDMM in range from 0 % - 10 % FS is better than the standard samplingmethod (SSM)” has been fully confirmed in all considered cases.

Koordinatne merne mašine (KMM) su dominantni merni instrumenti udimenzionalnoj metrologiji. NJihovom upotrebom se može izmeritibilo koja makro tolerancija označena na tehničkoj dokumentaciji.Tolerancija ravnosti je često prisutna u cilju izvršenja zahtevanihfunkcionalnih zahteva radnog predmeta. Istraživanja sprovedena uovom radu se bave problemom procene greške ravnosti merene na KMMzasnovane na metodi minimalne zone i procene merne nesigurnosti zaovaj merni zadakat. Aksenat je stavljen na primeni Monte Karlometode kao simulacionog alata za procenu merne nesigurnosti.Razvijena je nova metodologija za procenu greške ravnosti kao isimulacioni model za procenu merne nesigurnosti za ovaj mernizadatak., Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are dominant measuringinstruments in dimensional metrology. These machines can measure anymacro-tolerance indicated in the technical documentation. Flatness toleranceis often present with the aim of completing the needed functionalrequirements of a workpiece. The investigation conducted in this paperconsiders the problem of assessing the flatness error measured on a CMMbased on the minimum zone method and on the method of evaluatingmeasurement uncertainty for this measuring task. The emphasis is on theuse of Monte Carlo method as a simulation tool for evaluating measurementuncertainty. A new methodology for assessing the flatness error has beendeveloped, as well as a simulation model for evaluating measurementuncertainty for this measuring task.

U disertaciji je prikazano teorijsko i praktično istraživanje koje seodnosi na utvrđivanje potrebnih i dovoljnih uslova za merenjeharmonika u realnoj elektrodistributivnoj mreži. Cilj istraživanjadoktorske disertacije je formulisanje merne metode i na metodibaziranom hardveru - po mogućnosti minimalne rezolucijeprimenjenih A/D konvertora - praktično dvobitnih za merenjeharmonika u realnoj elektrodistributivnoj mreži. Jednostavanhardver omogućuje jednostavna paralelna merenja, kao i mali brojizvora sistematske greške merenja, što je vrlo primenljivo umerenjima u realnoj distributivnoj mreži.Simulacionom analizom, apotom i eksperimentom potvrđena je hipoteza istraživanja., The dissertation shows the theoretical and practical research related to thedetermination of necessary and sufficient conditions for the measurement ofharmonics in a real power grid. The aim of the PhD research is to formulatemethod and hardware based on the measurement method - preferably withminimal resolution of applied A/D converter - practically 2-bit, for harmonicsmeasurement in a real power grid. Simple hardware allows simple parallelmeasurements, as well as a small number of systematic measurement error,which is applicable for measurement in the real power grid. Simulationanalysis, followed by the experiment, confirmed the hypothesis of thisresearch.

The most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for treatment of thyroid diseases such as Thyroid Cancer and Hyperthyroidism is radioactive iodine 131I. It has a very high success rate in treatment of patients with thyroid diseases and also it has been proven to be safe and relatively inexpensive treatment modality. Whenever radiation is used in the treatment of the benign or cancer diseases dosimetry is essential. The main aim of this study is to perform external measurements of dose rate after administered activity and to simulate dosimetry of internal organs and risk assessment using MCNP 4b code, either for thyroid cancer and Hyperthyroid patients. To search safety optimization in this kind of therapy, it was recognized the necessity of more accurate knowledge of dose levels received by stomach and other organs. Of great importance is to know the effective dose that will be reached in gastric and other surrounding organs such as liver, lung, bladder etc. Additional aim was to provide information to be used in the improvement of radiation therapy, radiation safety practices and improvement of the fundamentals of radiation protection as defined by ICRP: justification, optimization and application of dose limits. The significance of this research is that the doses to internal organs can be determined and it worth to mention that such internal dosimetry calculation has been performed rare in the field of nuclear medicine. In accordance with the calculations carried out during this study and reference available in the literature that the therapy with radioiodine will be improved at the Institute of pathophysiology and nuclear medicine. Designed quality programs will be useful also for regulatory and accreditation bodies in the process of accreditation and radiation protection strategy. This work is divided into interconnected chapters. Chapter 2 to 4 contains the literature review and theoretical background of the study. Chapter 3 covers material and methods and aspect of Monte Carlo transport code focused on MCNP 4b code. Chapter 4 provides the results and discussion of the findings. Conclusions and recommendations are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 contains references used in this work., Cilj terapije sa radiaoktivnim jodom 131I kod pacijenata koji boluju od nekih tipova tiroidnih carcinoma i hipertiroidizma je isporuka doze i apsorpcija doze u tiroidnoj žlezdi. Terapija sa radioaktivnim jodom sprovodi se u obliku rastvora Na131I (natrijum jodida) u tečnoj formi ili aplicira se u formi kapsule. Efektivna doza je rezultat apsorbovane doze u tiroidnom tkivu, ali i ostali unutrašnji organi prime izvesnu dozu. Kapsule koje sadrže natrijum jodid ostaju u stomaku oko 15 minuta pre nego što započne apsorpcija, vreme dovoljno dugo za rizično izlaganje. Ova činjenica je jedan od ciljeva doktorske teze, odrediti efektivnu dozu u stomaku i nekoliko unutrašnjih okolnih organa modelovanje transporta i interakcije gama zračenja i beta čestica emitovanih iz radionuklida 131I je korišćen Monte Karlo kod (MCNP4b). Radiojod je modelovan kao tačkasti izvor na dnu stomaka. Proračunavana je apsorbovana energija po jedinici transformacije u stomaku i okolnim organima. Ekvivalentna doza u tim organima je izračunata da bi se odredila efektivna doza primenom odgovarajućih težinskih faktora. Dobijeni rezultati imaju značaja za zaštitu od zračenja, ali su važni i za ustanovljavanje novih kalibracionih procedura kao deo sigurnosne kontrole i kontrole kvaliteta u proizvodnji i kontroli radiofarmaceutika kao i procedure administriranja radiofarmaceutika i primene bolnčikih puteva. Smatramo da če rezultati ovog istraživanja poboljšati bezbednosnu kulturu u našem sistemu zdravstvene zaštite kao i u državnim organima koji kreiraju i donose regulative.

The most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for treatment of thyroid diseases such as Thyroid Cancer and Hyperthyroidism is radioactive iodine 131I. It has a very high success rate in treatment of patients with thyroid diseases and also it has been proven to be safe and relatively inexpensive treatment modality. Whenever radiation is used in the treatment of the benign or cancer diseases dosimetry is essential. The main aim of this study is to perform external measurements of dose rate after administered activity and to simulate dosimetry of internal organs and risk assessment using MCNP 4b code, either for thyroid cancer and Hyperthyroid patients. To search safety optimization in this kind of therapy, it was recognized the necessity of more accurate knowledge of dose levels received by stomach and other organs. Of great importance is to know the effective dose that will be reached in gastric and other surrounding organs such as liver, lung, bladder etc. Additional aim was to provide information to be used in the improvement of radiation therapy, radiation safety practices and improvement of the fundamentals of radiation protection as defined by ICRP: justification, optimization and application of dose limits. The significance of this research is that the doses to internal organs can be determined and it worth to mention that such internal dosimetry calculation has been performed rare in the field of nuclear medicine. In accordance with the calculations carried out during this study and reference available in the literature that the therapy with radioiodine will be improved at the Institute of pathophysiology and nuclear medicine. Designed quality programs will be useful also for regulatory and accreditation bodies in the process of accreditation and radiation protection strategy. This work is divided into interconnected chapters. Chapter 2 to 4 contains the literature review and theoretical background of the study. Chapter 3 covers material and methods and aspect of Monte Carlo transport code focused on MCNP 4b code. Chapter 4 provides the results and discussion of the findings. Conclusions and recommendations are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 contains references used in this work. Cilj terapije sa radiaoktivnim jodom 131I kod pacijenata koji boluju od nekih tipova tiroidnih carcinoma i hipertiroidizma je isporuka doze i apsorpcija doze u tiroidnoj žlezdi. Terapija sa radioaktivnim jodom sprovodi se u obliku rastvora Na131I (natrijum jodida) u tečnoj formi ili aplicira se u formi kapsule. Efektivna doza je rezultat apsorbovane doze u tiroidnom tkivu, ali i ostali unutrašnji organi prime izvesnu dozu. Kapsule koje sadrže natrijum jodid ostaju u stomaku oko 15 minuta pre nego što započne apsorpcija, vreme dovoljno dugo za rizično izlaganje. Ova činjenica je jedan od ciljeva doktorske teze, odrediti efektivnu dozu u stomaku i nekoliko unutrašnjih okolnih organa modelovanje transporta i interakcije gama zračenja i beta čestica emitovanih iz radionuklida 131I je korišćen Monte Karlo kod (MCNP4b). Radiojod je modelovan kao tačkasti izvor na dnu stomaka. Proračunavana je apsorbovana energija po jedinici transformacije u stomaku i okolnim organima. Ekvivalentna doza u tim organima je izračunata da bi se odredila efektivna doza primenom odgovarajućih težinskih faktora. Dobijeni rezultati imaju značaja za zaštitu od zračenja, ali su važni i za ustanovljavanje novih kalibracionih procedura kao deo sigurnosne kontrole i kontrole kvaliteta u proizvodnji i kontroli radiofarmaceutika kao i procedure administriranja radiofarmaceutika i primene bolnčikih puteva. Smatramo da če rezultati ovog istraživanja poboljšati bezbednosnu kulturu u našem sistemu zdravstvene zaštite kao i u državnim organima koji kreiraju i donose regulative.

Procena rizika po zdravlje stanovništva i profesionalno izloženih lica usled izlaganja niskim dozama jonizujućeg zračenja nalazi se u istraživačkom fokusu u oblasti zaštite od zračenja. U modele se unosi veliki broj pretpostavki usled nedovoljnog poznavanja mehanizama kancerogeneze, tako da procenjene zdravstvene rizike prate velike merne nesigurnosti koje često nisu iskazane. Sa druge strane, razvoj metoda za procenu zdravstvenih rizika je od izuzetnog značaja pošto se na osnovu njih donose kriterijumi za ograničavanje izlaganja stanovništva i profesionalno izloženih lica. Cilj istraživanja je razvoj metoda za procenu rizika po zdravlje stanovništva usled spoljašnjeg i unutrašnjeg izlaganja prirodnim radionuklidima poput 238U, 232Th i 40K iz zemljišta. Veličina koja opisuje zdravsteni rizik je mortalitet od malignih tumora, usled celoživotnog izlaganja radionuklidima putem inhalacije, direktne ingestije i spoljašnjeg izlaganja. Zdravstveni rizik se procenjuje metodom Monte Karlo na osnovu izmerenih koncentracija aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida metodom gama-spektrometrije, procenjenih apsorbovanih doza u detektoru od tkivno-ekvivalentnog materijala koji se nalazi u vazduhu (u slučaju spoljašnjeg izlaganja), definisanih parametara izlaganja i obradom dobijenih rezultata, uključujući i ocenu mernih nesigurnosti utvrđenih zdravstvenih rizika. Procena zdravstvenog rizika je rađena za stanovništvo koje živi na teritoriji Bela Crkva - Vršačke planine. Ispitivano područje karakteriše dominantna poljoprivredna aktivnost stanovništva kao i rastući turistički značaj. Merenjem radioaktivnosti zemljišta metodom gama-spektrometrije, dobijena je srednja vrednost koncentracije aktivnosti za teritoriju opštine Bela Crkva i iznosi... Health risk assessment related to low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is in the research focus in radiation protection. Lack of the knowledge about the mechanisms of cancerogenesis leads to introduction of great number of assumptions that are connected to proposed models, so assessed health risks have large uncertainty which is usually not explicitly stated. Development of the health risk assessment methods is very important because criteria for introducing dose limits are based on them. The aim of the study is health risk assessment for general public related to internal and external exposure to natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K from soils. Lifetime radiation cancer mortality risks were assessed for lifelong exposure to natural radionuclides via inhalation, ingestion and external radiation exposure pathways. Health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo techniques. Important steps included: radionuclides gamma spectrometric measurement, estimation of absorbed dose rate in tissue equivalent dosimeter in air 1 m above the ground level (for external exposure pathway), exposure parameters determination and results interpretation including measurement uncertainty estimation of assessed health risks. Health risk assessment for general public was performed for the territory Bela Crkva – Vršac Mountains. Territory under investigation is characteristic because of the intensive agricultural activity as well as increasing importance of tourism. Gamma spectrometric measurement was performed for determination of the natural radionuclides activity concentration in soil. Average activity concentration for territory of Bela Crkva is i) 37,9 Bq/kg, range (25,7 – 48,7) Bq/kg, for 232Th, ii) 35,9 Bq/kg, range (24,4 – 44,7) Bq/kg for 238U, and iii) 515 Bq/kg, range (420 – 598) Bq/kg, for 40K. Average activity concentration for territory of Vršačke planine is i) 42,2 Bq/kg,...