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In order to obtain the chemical composition characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a western industrial region of Jinan, manual sampling and analysis of PM2.5 in Pingyin County was conducted during 2019. The results showed that the total concentration of 29 species of PM2.5 was 53.8 μg·m−3. The NO3− concentration (14.6 ± 14.2 μg·m−3) was the highest, followed by OC (9.3 ± 5.5 μg·m−3), SO42− (9.1 ± 6.4 μg·m−3) and NH4+ (8.1 ± 6.8 μg·m−3). Concentrations of OC, NO3− and SO42− were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The concentration of NH4+ was highest in winter and lowest in spring. The annual SOR and NOR were 0.30 ± 0.14 and 0.21 ± 0.12, respectively. SO2 emission and conversion ratio was highest in winter, leading to the highest SO42− concentration. SO2 emission in summer was low, but the conversion ratio was high. NOR in winter and autumn were close and higher than spring and summer. The high NOR in autumn caused a higher NO3− concentration compared with that in spring and summer. The average concentration of SOC during 2019 was 2.8 ± 1.9 μg·m−3, accounting for 30% of OC. The PMF results showed that coal emission accounted for 36.5% of PM2.5 concentration, followed by mobile sources (32.6%), industry emission (17.4%), dust emission (7.1%) and other emissions (6.4%).

Studies on the factors that influence farmers’ pro-environmental behavior could promote environmental management in rural areas. Jinan of China was selected as the case study area in this study. A structural equation model and multiple hierarchical regression analysis were applied to analyze the influence mechanism of ecological value cognition on pro-environmental behavior. Environmental attitudes were set as the mediating variable and place attachment was selected as the moderating variable. The results showed that (1) ecological value cognition exhibited a positive influence on pro-environmental behavior in both direct and indirect ways. The indirect influence was mediated by environmental attitude. (2) Place identity and place dependence showed a positive direct influence on pro-environmental behavior. (3) It is suggested that in order to improve pro-environmental behavior, enhancing ecological value cognition, cultivating farmers’ positive environmental attitude, increasing farmers’ place attachment, and releasing reward and punishment measures are good strategies. The findings in this study are important to the improvement of the rural ecological environment and the quality of life of farmers. Meanwhile, the findings shed light on the construction process of ecological civilization and the improvement of public welfare.

Actively promoting the orderly and voluntary withdrawal of idle rural house bases and effectively activating “sleeping” land assets are considered important measures to accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, as well as promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. However, few studies have focused on the superimposed effects of negative psychological and social environmental factors on the willingness of farmers to withdraw from their homestead. Therefore, we conducted this study in order to clarify the logical ideas of rural home base withdrawal, analyze the factors that influence the decision of home base withdrawal behavior of interest subjects, and provide a scientific decision basis for promoting rural home base withdrawal and accelerating the process of transferring citizens of agricultural population in terms of policies, measures, and paths, so as to design and develop an incentive mechanism for home base withdrawal of citizens of agricultural transfer population. The results of the study show that: (1) the findings indicate that social deprivation, economic deprivation, and emotional deprivation all significantly and negatively affect farmers’ willingness to withdraw from their homesteads; (2) social trust plays a mediating role between relative deprivation and farmer homestead withdrawal behavior; and (3) urban integration plays a moderating role between social and emotional deprivation and the social trust of farmers, but does not have a significant moderating role in the relationship between economic deprivation and social trust. Furthermore, it plays a moderating role between all deprivation factors (i.e., economic, social, and emotional deprivation) and farmer homestead withdrawal behavior. This study aims to provide useful guidance and policy suggestions for optimizing policies related to farmer homestead withdrawal behaviors, and for scientifically designing the homestead withdrawal mechanism and policy system.

Pro-environmental behavior can promote the optimization of the living environment and sustainable social development. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of “environmental consciousness, habitat environment-social capital- pro-environmental behavior”. By using structural equation modeling and 1005 instances of microscopic research data, we analyzed the influence of environmental awareness and habitat environment on the pro-environmental behavior of community residents. The results of the analysis were combined with the Bootstrap method to verify the mediating role of social capital dimensions in the influence of environmental awareness and habitat quality on the pro-environmental behavior of community residents. The results show that: Firstly, environmental awareness, habitat quality, and social capital have positive effects on the pro-environmental behavior of community residents. Secondly, environmental awareness and habitat quality have positive effects on the five dimensions of social capital. Thirdly, among the five dimensions of social capital, four dimensions of social trust, social norms, sense of community belonging, and community voluntarism play a partially mediating role between environmental awareness, habitat quality, and pro-environmental behavior. This paper enriches the research on the influence of environmental awareness and habitat environment on pro-environmental behavior, reveals the mediating effect of each dimension of social capital, and broadens the horizon for the study of pro-environmental behavior. The results of the study can provide a reference for decision making to promote the implementation of pro-environmental behavior among community residents.

Extreme precipitation triggered by climate change is a hot issue of global concern. This study investigates changes in temporal trends of precipitation at Jinan City, Shandong Province over the last six decades. It first constructs a long series of measured daily precipitation data (1951–2017) and then exploits the relative variability, Mann–Kendall, and rescaled range analysis (R/S analysis) methods to update precipitation characteristics. Results indicate that: (1) annual precipitation varies over 116%, with 74.1% of total precipitation concentrated from June to September, especially for heavy rains and storm days; (2) at the 95% confidence level, the annual rainfall does not increase significantly (U = 1.15), but there is a significant upward trend in the spring (U = 2.08), whereas there is no significant downward trend in the fall (U = −1.03); (3) precipitation sequence mutates in 1990, consistent with spring precipitation series, while there are two to four mutations in summer, autumn, and winter. The above results will provide the theoretical basis and data support for the rational development of water resources in Jinan; meanwhile, studying the law of precipitation changes in Jinan City has important practical significance for flood disaster prevention. HIGHLIGHTS A latest measured long-sequence precipitation data set (over 60 years) is established;; Precipitation characteristics in Jinan are updated;; Annual precipitation varies over 116%, with 74.1% of total precipitation concentrated from June to September, especially for heavy rains and storm days;; Precipitation sequence mutates in 1990, consistent with spring precipitation series;; Future precipitation trends continue to increase.

An evaluation index system of urban water resource vulnerability was constructed to objectively reflect the sustainable development capacity of water resources and provide reference for the construction of sustainable development cities. The improved analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method were adopted to determine the combined index weights to achieve a unification of subjectivity and objectivity and make the calculation more accurate and reliable. A comprehensive evaluation method was used to build the water resource vulnerability evaluation model. The annual water resource vulnerability index and vulnerability grade were calculated and determined. The results showed that the water resource vulnerability index of Jinan showed a fluctuant trend from 2008 to 2017. The annual vulnerability grade was severe, moderate, or mild vulnerability, and there was a gradual reduction in vulnerability overall, which was consistent with the actual situation. In the future, the water resource vulnerability grade will be reduced if the industrial structure can be further reformed and optimized, and the level of water resource management and the utilization efficiency of water resources can be further improved by strengthening the construction of smart water systems.

Land ecological security plays an important role in the sustainable land resources utilization and social economic development. In this study, the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model was constructed to measure the land ecological security pattern based on grids scale of Jinan from 2006 to 2016. Then, Moran’s index was used to explore the spatial autocorrelation of the land ecological security score. Finally, the driving factors of land ecological security pattern differentiation in Jinan were revealed by using geographical detector method. The results showed that the level of land ecological security in Jinan, generally, decreased at the beginning and then gradually increased during the research periods. More specifically, land ecological security was represented as a downward trend in the central region and an upward trend in the southern mountainous area. The apparent regional heterogeneity of land ecological security level in Jinan showed the overall distribution pattern “low in the middle and high around” and the direction of urban expansion consistent with the low-level land ecological security. Land ecological security presented a significant spatial autocorrelation. The differentiation of land ecological security pattern was mainly driven by social and economic development factors, among which urban expansion was most important, so urban development should try to avoid occupying those areas with high level of land ecological security. From the study, the valuable information could be provided in the improvement of land ecosystem environment and in the facilitation of sustainable development.

This thesis explores the puzzling subnational variation of policymaking for the online ride-hailing industry (ORS) in China. Chengdu and Jinan are two similar cities on many economic and political levels. They are both capital cities of their provinces, new first-tier cities in terms of their economic size and both have a large population. Yet, they adopted significantly different ORS policies. This thesis asks why two similar cities in China have diverging policy outcomes. Using a method of difference (MOD) strategy to compare these two similar cases with diverging outcomes, the thesis evaluates three potential explanations. They are as follows: (1) historical legacies and political communities, (2) the cadre evaluation system (CES), and (3) government-business relationships. Using a historical institutionalism theoretical framework with comparative capitalism and economic sociology roots, this thesis finds that a mixture of CES incentives and government business relationship patterns has had a determining impact on diverging outcomes in Jinan and Chengdu. There have been two phases of ORS policymaking in China until now. In phase 1, Chengdu had a laxer ORS policy than Jinan. A comparison of historical legacies and political communities tells us that Chengdu has been a more market-oriented city than Jinan. More importantly, Jinan���s government had a more intimate relationship with local taxi agencies, which proved to be the major cause of subnational differences. In phase 2, Chengdu���s ORS policy was found to be more stringent than Jinan���s. In this case, the significant variable leading to Chengdu���s tightened policy was the target-setting of the cadre evaluation system (CES). The CES specifically required Chengdu���s government to ban non-green vehicles from the ORS market while Jinan did not encounter the same requirement. Moreover, Jinan can exclude non-green vehicles from its environmental protection plan while Chengdu cannot. This thesis observes a structural distortion caused by the CES. Throughout the two phases of ORS policymaking, both governments play a consistently dominant role. However, the government-business relationship remains flexible. If the relationship is viewed as an institution, it is composed of informal procedures, conventions, and orders where actors accommodate each other. The largest privately-owned ORS enterprise, Didi, has declared that their preferences are taken into consideration by the government. Some questions remain as to how the government processes those preferences and how much importance it attaches to them, but this illustrates the mutual accommodation of the government and an enterprise within an informal institution. By some unwritten but conventional procedures, they coordinate with each other. This thesis furthers the study of the government-business relationship in China. It not only unearths the institutional factors of subnational variation for ORS policymaking, but also verifies the presence of institutional flexibility in China. This thesis is an important addition to the literature on government-business ties in China because it does beyond the study of rent-seeking to evaluate the multifaceted ways in which the Chinese government can build relationships with enterprises.

It is of great significance to study the interactive relationship between urban transportation and land use for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of cities. Taking Jinan, China, as an example, this study explored the interactive relationship between street centrality (SC) and land use intensity (LUI) in the main urban area of Jinan by using the spatial three-stage least squares method. The results showed that the closeness centrality showed an obvious “core-edge” pattern, which gradually decreased from the central urban area to the edge area. Both the betweenness centrality and the straightness centrality showed a multi-center structure. The commercial land intensity (CLUI) showed the characteristics of multi-core spatial distribution, while the residential land intensity (RLUI) and public service land intensity (PLUI) showed the characteristics of spatial distribution with the coexistence of large and small cores. There was an interactive relationship between SC and LUI. The closeness centrality and straightness centrality had positive effects on LUI, and LUI had a positive effect on closeness centrality and straightness centrality. The betweenness centrality had a negative impact on LUI, and LUI also had a negative impact on betweenness centrality. Moreover, good location factors and good traffic conditions were conducive to improving the closeness and straightness centrality of the regional traffic network. Good location factors, good traffic conditions and high population density were conducive to improving regional LUI.

Land use conflicts exacerbate soil erosion and reduce biodiversity, which is detrimental to sustainable development. Multiple methods such as multi-criteria evaluation and landscape pattern indexes can identify land use conflicts, but few studies conform to the concept of green development. The concept of green development gives priority to ecological protection and coordinates the relationship between production development, food production and ecological protection to achieve sustainable development. Taking Jinan City (China) as the study area, we identified the ecological source areas by evaluating the importance of ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity, then extracted and optimized the ecological corridor network (using the minimum cumulative resistance model and gravity model), and constructed the ecological security pattern. Spatial overlay analysis of cultivated land, construction land, and the ecological security pattern was performed to identify the types and intensity of land use conflicts. Spatially, we found that ecological land was in more serious conflict with cultivated land than construction land. Different types of land use conflicts have significant differences in spatial distribution. The key to land use conflict mediation in Jinan City is to balance food security with the improvements in the quality of the ecological environment. Hence, it is necessary to delineate the main functional zones and formulate tailored land use conflict mediation strategies in each zone. The method for land use conflict identification proposed here follows the principle of giving priority to ecological protection, providing a scientific reference for the utilization and protection of territorial space in other similar areas.

Urban parks have been proven to cool the surrounding environment, and can thus mitigate the urban heat island to an extent by forming a park cooling island. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of park cooling islands is still required. Therefore, we studied 32 urban parks in Jinan, China and proposed absolute and relative indicators to depict the detailed features of the park cooling island. High-spatial-resolution GF-2 images were used to obtain the land cover of parks, and Landsat 8 TIR images were used to examine the thermal environment by applying buffer analysis. Linear statistical models were developed to explore the relationships between park characteristics and the park cooling island. The results showed that the average land surface temperature (LST) of urban parks was approximately 3.6 °C lower than that of the study area, with the largest temperature difference of 7.84 °C occurring during summer daytime, while the average park cooling area was approximately 120.68 ha. The park cooling island could be classified into four categories—regular, declined, increased, and others—based on the changing features of the surrounding LSTs. Park area (PA), park perimeter (PP), water area proportion (WAP), and park shape index (PSI) were significantly negatively correlated with the park LST. We also found that WAP, PP, and greenness (characterized by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were three important factors that determined the park cooling island. However, the relationship between PA and the park cooling island was complex, as the results indicated that only parks larger than a threshold size (20 ha in our study) would provide a larger cooling effect with the increase in park size. In this case, increasing the NDVI of the parks by planting more vegetation would be a more sustainable and effective solution to form a stronger park cooling island.

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Tasks that were solved in the course of the study: 1. Social changes in Jinan in historical development. 2. Economic issues of social development of Jinan. 3. Causes of economic problems and ways to solve them. 4. Formulate solutions and suggestions. The study was conducted on the current state of urban development in Jinan, collected a lot of historical data������urban changes and population changes before and after the opening of Jinan Port, the development of urban culture, the industrial development process of Jinan City and the existing problems, the impact of Jinan urban economy on Jinan, as well as problems and solutions in the economic development process. Therefore, the history, culture, economy and population of Jinan are analyzed and investigated,the problems of Jinan development are studied and solved, and effective solutions are formulated. Promote urban development through economic reforms, while economic development also affects population, political and cultural development.

In order to achieve the sustainable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of the economy, an evaluation index system for water-use efficiency and economic development systems was constructed. The entropy weight and the comprehensive evaluation methods were adopted to determine the index weights and conduct a comprehensive evaluation for the two systems. A coupling coordination model was used to calculate the coupling degree, coordination degree, and coupling coordination degree of the two systems. The annual coupling stage and coupling coordination intensity of the two systems were analyzed and determined. The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation values of both the water-use efficiency system and the economic development system in Jinan increased greatly from 2008 to 2017, and showed a changing trend of ups and downs. The two systems were in the antagonistic stage, and were gradually approaching the running-in stage, indicating that they were in the state of common development. The coupling coordination degree of the two systems gradually increased in waves, progressing from moderately to highly coordinated coupling. In the future, if the water control path appropriate to Jinan can be explored actively, the water-saving kinetic energy of economic development can be increased constantly, and the linkage effect between economic development and water resource utilization can be given full play. The two systems will then be in sync, enjoying a benign interaction and a healthy harmonious development.

From 26 March to 30 March 2021, a severe mixed haze and dust pollution process occurred in Jinan, China. Ground light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and satellite radar were used to observe and analyze the mixed pollution. In this study, a variety of data, including the pollutant concentration, meteorological factors, radiosonde data, and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite data, as well as back-trajectory analysis, were employed to analyze the causes of the mixed pollution. The results show that, at the beginning of this weather process, fine particulate matter such as PM2.5 was the main source of pollution, and the low air mass transporting the main pollution originated from nearby cities and polluted industrial areas. After 28 March, due to the influence of a high-altitude Mongolian air mass, the concentration of coarse particulate matter such as PM10 increased significantly. The surface temperature, humidity, and wind speed also affected the accumulation of pollutants, which affected the timely diffusion of the pollution. In this study, ground LiDAR and satellite-based radar were used to detect the pollution. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the various meteorological factors, the formation and influence of the pollution were investigated from various perspectives. The extinction coefficient reflected the PM2.5 concentration, verifying the effectiveness of LiDAR in pollution concentration detection. The variation in the boundary layer height also had an important effect on pollution dissipation.

The Jinan Karst Spring System in Shandong province, China, has suffered to maintain groundwater level and spring flowing for decades. Recharge of river water to karst aquifer in Jinan is important for the outflowing of four large karst springs in the city center. Field investigations were conducted for two times in May and October, 2015, respectively and water samples were collected for hydrogeochemical and isotopic measurements. Results showed that (a) the water type was predominantly Ca-HCO3-SO4 for karst groundwater, and Ca-Mg-SO4 for river water, (b) the concentration of HCO3&minus, and NO3&minus, in karst groundwater were higher than that in river water, in contrast, the concentration of SO42&minus, and K+ in karst groundwater were lower than that in river water, (c) the &delta, 2H and &delta, 18O values with average of &minus, 51.2&permil, and &minus, 6.6&permil, for river water is more enriched than the values in groundwater samples (&minus, 59.1&permil, 8.3&permil, ), in that river experienced evaporation in the upstream reservoir, (d) Based on the distribution pattern of &delta, 18O, groundwater near river bank was found to be recharged from river water and found a preferential flow path in karst aquifer situated from Dongkema to Manzizhuang near the river bank. This study provides useful information for understanding of the hydraulic connection between river water and karst aquifer, and benefit the protection and management of water resources.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was simultaneously collected from the indoor and outdoor environments in urban area of Jinan in North China from November to December 2018 to evaluate the characteristics and sources of indoor PM2.5 pollution. The concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were 69.0 &plusmn, 50.5 &micro, g m&minus, 3 and 128.7 &plusmn, 67.9 &micro, 3, respectively, much higher than the WHO-established 24-h standards for PM2.5, indicating serious PM2.5 pollution of indoor and outdoor environments in urban Jinan. SO42&minus, NO3&minus, NH4+, and organic carbon (OC) were the predominant components, which accounted for more than 60% of the PM2.5 concentration. The total elemental risk values in urban Jinan for the three highly vulnerable groups of population (children (aged 2&ndash, 6 years and 6&ndash, 12 years) and older adults (&ge, 70 years)) were nearly 1, indicating that exposure to all of the elements in PM2.5 had potential non-carcinogenic risks to human health. Further analyses of the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios, infiltration rates (FINF), and indoor-generated concentration (Cig) indicated that indoor PM2.5 and its major chemical components (SO42&minus, NH4+, OC, and elemental carbon) were primarily determined by outdoor pollution. The lower indoor NO3&minus, /SO42&minus, ratio and FINF of NO3&minus, relative to the outdoor values were due to the volatility of NO3&minus, Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was performed to estimate the sources of PM2.5 using the combined datasets of indoor and outdoor environments and revealed that secondary aerosols, dust, cement production, and coal combustion/metal smelting were the major sources during the sampling period.

As one of the biggest cities in North China, Jinan has been suffering heavy air pollution in recent decades. To better characterize the ambient particulate matter in Jinan during heavy pollution periods, we collected daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters equal to or less than 2.5 &mu, m) filter samples from 15 October 2017 to 31 January 2018 and analyzed their chemical compositions (including inorganic water-soluble ions (WSIs), carbonaceous species, and inorganic elements). The daily average concentration of PM2.5 was 83.5 &mu, g/m3 during the sampling period. A meteorological analysis revealed that both low wind speed and high relative humidity facilitated the occurrence of high PM2.5 pollution episodes. A chemical analysis indicated that high concentrations of water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species, and elements were observed during heavy pollution days. The major constituents of PM2.5 in Jinan were secondary aerosol particles and organic matter based on the results of mass closure. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) was used to track possible sources and identified that nitrate, sulfate, vehicle exhaust and coal fly ash were the main contributors to PM2.5 during heavy pollution days in Jinan, accounting for 25.4%, 18.6%, 18.2%, and 13.3%, respectively.

As the main scavenge port of groundwater in the karst water system, most of the karst springs affected by human activities experienced discharge attenuation phenomenon in the north of China. Whilst artificial replenishment measures have been taken to keep water spewing, the results are not ideal in many karst springs. This is mainly because of poor understanding about the recharging water sources. This paper used the Jinan Spring region as an example to discuss about different spring water supply sources. Based on a wide range of methods (e.g., dynamic observation of spring water level, real-time monitoring of water temperature and electrical conductivity (EC), tracer test, and frequency analysis), this study obtained several findings. First, the maximum karst-fractured water proportion that Cambrian Zhangxia Formation contribute to the Zhenzhu Spring is 57&ndash, 59%, and the Heihu Spring only recharges 25&ndash, 31%. Second, the proportion of fracture-karst water to the Heihu Spring from the Fengshan Formation to the Sanshanzi Formation of the Ordovician is 69&ndash, 75%, while the proportion of the Tanxi spring is 15&ndash, 17%. Third, the Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring mainly receive karst-fractured water from the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation and fracture-karst water from the Cambrian Fengshan Formation to the Ordovician Sanshanzi Formation. The supply sources of the Zhenzhu Spring and Tanxi Spring are more diverse, including karst-fractured water of the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation and fracture-karst water of the Cambrian Fengshan Formation to the Ordovician Sanshanzi Formation, as well as a small amount of pore water and fissure water, artificial recharge water supply. Fourth, the frequency analysis of spring water temperature indicated that the Zhenzhu Spring and Tanxi Spring are mainly in deep circulation, while the Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring are predominantly in shallow circulation. The differences in the sources of the four largest spring groups suggest that the karst water movement in Jinan has heterogeneous characteristics. The determination of the mixing ratio of the sources of spring water supplies provides a scientific basis for the protection of spring water, and the implementation of artificial recharge projects.

The Jinan karst spring system, discharged by 108 springs in 2.6 km2 city center area of Jinan, China, has been suffering lower regional groundwater levels, which threatens the karst springs outflowing and aquatic ecological civilization. For better spring protection, monthly hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations were conducted in four representative karst springs (Baotu Spring (BTQ), Heihu Spring (HHQ), Zhenzhu (ZZQ), and Wulongtan Springs (WLT)) in 2016. Results showed that the BTQ, WLT, and ZZQ had similar hydrogeochemical and isotopic behaviors, which were different with that of HHQ. By combining the daily water level data with monthly hydrogeochemical and isotopic data of BTQ and HHQ, the hydrogeological processes of the two neighboring karst springs (470 m apart) are distinguished. (a) BTQ is recharged by two sources of precipitation and river water, while HHQ is recharged mainly by precipitation. (b) Hydrogeochemical characteristics of Baotu Spring are mainly controlled by calcite, dolomite, and gypsum dissolution mixture with river water and agricultural activity, while the hydrogeochemical characteristics of Heihu Spring are mainly controlled by calcite, dolomite, and gypsum dissolution in dry season, and dilution in wet season. (c) The discharge component of both springs is storage water by diffuse flow which is pressured by new infiltration rain water. The ratio of rain water is 14% in Baotu Spring and 9% in Heihu Spring calculated by a binary mixture model. Overall, this study puts forward the standpoint that neighboring karst springs with the same geological condition, can show different hydrogeological characteristics, which is a useful evidence for understanding the heterogeneity/complexity of karst aquifers.

Sustainable transportation measures have been widely promoted in China since the late 1990s; several different organizations (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), World Bank, Asian Development Bank) have provided training and exposure to Chinese planners and leaders on these practices. Yet few cities have incorporated them fully into their transportation systems. This dissertation investigates the reasons for the uneven implementation of sustainable transportation measures in China.Many sustainable transportation polices require inter-agency collaboration, working across vertical boundaries, for these planning interventions to take hold. For example, a popular transportation intervention has been bus rapid transit, imported from the South American cities of Curitiba, Brazil and Bogota, Colombia. These express bus systems can handle subway-level transit demand but are far less expensive than subways and can be delivered much faster. However, BRT implementation also requires coordinated action across multiple agencies - urban planners, bus operators, street engineers, traffic operations managers, and traffic enforcement officers.Using a qualitative research approach based on field observations, interviews, and analysis of government records and reports, I investigate how two Chinese cities -Jinan and Kunming--incorporated sustainable transportation policies into their transportation systems. The impacts have been substantially different. Public transit accounts for 25% of daily trips in Kunming (38% central city area), and only 16% in Jinan, despite Kunming having twice the passenger vehicle population as Jinan's. This research shows that these differences are related to how these cities learned about sustainable transportation practices and implemented them.The research uncovered significant differences in the intellectual and practical framing of the issues between the two cities. Kunming planners frame public transit as the backbone of their transportation system and urban development. This unique and unusual perspective came out of a decades-long sister-city partnership with Zurich, Switzerland that took into account both theory of good urban form and practical examples of how to produce a sustainable transportation system by combining transportation and land use planning. The Kunming planners have consistently pursued sustainable transportation measures in their planning and as a result of the partnership transportation planning has greater legitimacy. In contrast, while Jinan transit officials embraced sustainable transportation measures such as BRT and transit-oriented development (TOD), these measures were never fully integrated within their urban planning system. They were conceived of as projects. For BRT, the focus was placed on physical planning of the corridors and stations but little attention was paid to organizational requirements for implementation. One result of these different approaches has been that Kunming planners have a range of sustainable strategies, the ability to adjust these strategies to changing conditions and contexts, incorporate new knowledge, and support their strategic direction based on empirical evidence and experience, whereas Jinan has struggled to maintain and extend their BRT system and has only been able to make incremental changes.This research draws upon theories of policy transfer and challenges claims that municipal leadership is the key to successful implementation of innovations. From my research, leadership support is only one ingredient; capacity building among staff, inter-agency collaboration, a combination of theoretical and practical examples, and empirical evidence of success are equally important to substantive and continuing learning and innovation.

Forms in planning often do not match the forms of cities. This is important because the experience and functionings of cities are given by certain forms and not by others. In particular we are concerned here with the fact planning and design thinking often assumes a nested hierarchy of communities and spaces while the real forms of cities suggest a different diagram of how hierarchies are formed and sustained as active spaces. We ask the question what kind of forms human action and urban activity entail, and begin to answer this with a view taken from hermeneutical phenomenology that finds these mediated by technologies in such a way that what acts is the human?technology network rather than the human in a polar relation with a resistant ‘environment’. ‘Environments’ are, it is suggested, ‘technological spaces’ constructed in networks and to normative forms and scales like ‘neighbourhood’ or ‘city’. We review previous work on the role of the supergrid in constructing these forms in a process of historical development in Amsterdam. In Amsterdam infrastructure has been systematised to create networks of places in neighbourhoods, in cities (neighbourhoods and other city?scale things), and in metropolitan regions (cities and other metropolitan scaled things). This is a level of ‘planning’ that concerns normative assumptions and exists outside of the explicit concerns of planning while affecting all planning decisions at the level of sense. We conclude there is a different ‘diagram’ of urban space, consisting of three grids superimposed on each other, each of which produces a different normative element: neighbourhood, city and metropolitan region; each of which exists in part?whole relations with the others. We use this model to investigate the form of the city of Jinan in China, asking about its relevance and how we can use it to promote planning for an active public space in new towns in Jinan. Chinese planning assumes a particular form of the city and we contrast this with the actuality of activity patterns in Jinan and their historical formation. We ask how planning form needs to be translated here into urban form in order to promote public space activity in the new towns proposed and make some guidelines and suggestions for planners on how we can begin to do this. The question of why a model derived in European conditions may help us in China may be answered by the fact that both were subject of urbanisation under conditions of industrialisation and both are undergoing transformation under conditions of metropolitanisation. There is an open question still concerning Chinese ‘neighbourhoods’ and their definition.

Forms in planning often do not match the forms of cities. This is important because the experience and functionings of cities are given by certain forms and not by others. In particular we are concerned here with the fact planning and design thinking often assumes a nested hierarchy of communities and spaces while the real forms of cities suggest a different diagram of how hierarchies are formed and sustained as active spaces. We ask the question what kind of forms human action and urban activity entail, and begin to answer this with a view taken from hermeneutical phenomenology that finds these mediated by technologies in such a way that what acts is the human?technology network rather than the human in a polar relation with a resistant ‘environment’. ‘Environments’ are, it is suggested, ‘technological spaces’ constructed in networks and to normative forms and scales like ‘neighbourhood’ or ‘city’. We review previous work on the role of the supergrid in constructing these forms in a process of historical development in Amsterdam. In Amsterdam infrastructure has been systematised to create networks of places in neighbourhoods, in cities (neighbourhoods and other city?scale things), and in metropolitan regions (cities and other metropolitan scaled things). This is a level of ‘planning’ that concerns normative assumptions and exists outside of the explicit concerns of planning while affecting all planning decisions at the level of sense. We conclude there is a different ‘diagram’ of urban space, consisting of three grids superimposed on each other, each of which produces a different normative element: neighbourhood, city and metropolitan region; each of which exists in part?whole relations with the others. We use this model to investigate the form of the city of Jinan in China, asking about its relevance and how we can use it to promote planning for an active public space in new towns in Jinan. Chinese planning assumes a particular form of the city and we contrast this with the actuality of activity patterns in Jinan and their historical formation. We ask how planning form needs to be translated here into urban form in order to promote public space activity in the new towns proposed and make some guidelines and suggestions for planners on how we can begin to do this. The question of why a model derived in European conditions may help us in China may be answered by the fact that both were subject of urbanisation under conditions of industrialisation and both are undergoing transformation under conditions of metropolitanisation. There is an open question still concerning Chinese ‘neighbourhoods’ and their definition.

The three-period (1995, 1998 and 2003) remote sensing images in Jinan City, China are selected. And the information of green land, construction land, woodland and water body is extracted by using the image processing module of remote-sensing software and computerized interpretation module. Both the change table and transfer matrix table of land use area are analyzed by modeling module of remote-sensing software. Then, the Geo-information Tupu is obtained; and the temporal and spatial variation of land use in Jinan City is monitored and analyzed by Geo-information Tupu and transfer matrix. Result shows that land use structure change of Jinan City in the years 1995-1998 shows a transformation from green land to construction land. Area of green land circulating into construction land reaches 62.27 square kilometers, accounting for 25.84% of the initial green land. In the year 1998, areas of woodland and green land are reduced due to the urban expansion of Jinan City. However, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, areas of woodland and green land gradually increase in the year 2003, which are still less than those in the year 1995.

The purpose of this study is to explore whether changes in consumption patterns contributed to the changes in waste composition in Jinan during 1999-2008 and to predict trend of the waste composition relevant total household consumer expenditure in the future 10 years. The results reveal that household consumption is the most significant contributors in changes of waste composition. Although this study points to the possibility of predictions for several important fraction such as food scraps, metal, glass, paper and plastic by according to household consumption, these predictions has not been strong enough to decrease errors, a trend can only be given in the future 10 years.

Changes in land use and ecosystem service values in the main urban area of Jinan between 1988 and 2002 were investigated in this paper using dataset deriving from LANDSAT TM images. In the study period, the most notable changes of land use are the decrease of cropland and the increase of construction land. With the urbanization, more and more lands were occupied for the construction purpose. Woodland and cropland are the dominant land use categories providing about 80% of the total ecosystem service value. Ecosystem service valuation results showed that the total ecosystem service value decreased by 42.86 million Yuan between 1988 and 2002, with an average annual decline of 3.06 million Yuan. Emphasis should be paid on the conservation of woodland and cropland in the future.