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This commentary is a call to make the future of chemistry laboratories accessible and inclusive. We draw from research and lived experience to put forward a list of recommendations for laboratory-based teaching. Our authorial team includes undergraduate and postgraduate chemistry students, graduate teaching assistants, teaching-focused and traditional research and teaching academics, and a Diversity Equality Inclusion (DEI/EDI) academic expert. We all have lived experiences of disability, chronic illness, neurodivergence, and other marginalizations related to race, religion, sexuality, or other characteristics. We believe that laboratory-based chemistry learning environments, teaching, assessment, and resources should be accessible to all students and staff.

Academic institutions are abelist. This, however, does not have to be the case. How do individuals involved in research management address this culture? In the context of the drastic changes in Higher Education since the 1990s, and an increasing emphasis on equality and inclusion, initiatives such as Athena Swan and the Race Equality Charter have led to more awareness of exclusionary practices. However, statistics on disability highlight serious issues in relation to disclosure rates for staff and staff report being stigmatised and their career choices undermined or invalidated. This can be particularly true for those who research into or around ableism. In this environment how can research managers raise awareness and empower all academics to ask for and gain adjustments to support their work? How has the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact on higher education institutions and their finances affected this issue? In this paper we consider some of the challenges of conducting research on ableism in academia and what it can tell us. We then discuss the changes that can be made to research management that would help address and challenge the ableist academic culture. This would be achieved through raising expectations, placing inclusivity and accessibility at the heart of research communication and encouraging, equipping and challenging the academic community to embed these practices in the dissemination of their research.

Background Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is increasingly reported and associated with an aggressive course and high mortality rate. Existing literature on GBS IE is limited to case series; we compared the characteristics of patients with GBS IE to patients with GBS bacteremia without IE to identify risk factors for development of IE. Methods A nested case–control study in a cohort of adult patients with GBS bacteremia over a 18-year period was conducted across seven centres in three Canadian cities. A chart review identified patients with possible or definite IE (per Modified Duke Criteria) and patients with IE were matched to those without endocarditis in a 1:3 fashion. Multivariate analyses were completed using logistic regression. Results Of 520 patients with GBS bacteremia, 28 cases of possible or definite IE were identified (5.4%). 68% (19/28) met criteria for definite IE, surgery was performed in 29% (8/28), and the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 29% (8/28). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IE was associated with injection drug use (OR = 19.6, 95% CI = 3.39–111.11, p = 0.001), prosthetic valve (OR = 11.5, 95% CI = 1.73–76.92, p = 0.011) and lack of identified source of bacteremia (OR = 3.81, 95% CI = 1.24–11.65, p = 0.019). Conclusions GBS bacteremia, especially amongst people who inject drugs, those with prosthetic valves, and those with no apparent source of infection, should increase clinical suspicion for IE.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 was met with condemnation from the European Union and the United States as an "unprovoked and unjustified military aggression" that undermines the liberal international order. However, some international relations scholars, such as John Mearsheimer, argue that Russia had genuine security concerns with regard to Ukraine and that the invasion was a response to the threat of NATO membership for Ukraine. Both liberal and realist perspectives on the invasion rely on the assumption of rational, cost-benefit calculations by actors, but cultural factors and irreconcilable non-material interests may also be at play in shaping the actions and motivations of states. Understanding the cultural and national identity factors at play in the invasion of Ukraine is complex and difficult, but they cannot be ignored in attempting to understand and address the conflict.

AIM of THESIS The primary aim of this thesis was to establish the clinical role of the Oxford Foot Model to assess foot deformity during gait. To achieve this, we evaluated the OFM’s clinimetric properties and created and tested a new outcome measure based on the OFM kinematics: the Foot Profile Score. A secondary aim was to explore a potential relationship between altered foot structure/ function during gait and perceived disability in a clinical population. CHAPTER OUTLINES The following chapters culminate to address the overall aims of this thesis. Chapter II is a repeatability study to justify the use of the OFM in populations with known foot deformity. Intra and inter-rater repeatability of marker placement was assessed in children with clubfoot and in children with hemiplegia cerebral palsy and compared to a typically developing population. This study was completed at the Oxford Gait Laboratory in Oxford, UK. Chapter III builds on previous research completed in Oxford evaluating the repeatability of the hindfoot marker in the OFM. Two jigs were created to improve the repeatability of the heel marker placement. Two gait analysts (one beginner and one experienced with the foot model) completed this repeatability study comparing the two jigs to the traditional method of eyeballing marker placement on 10 healthy adult subjects. This study was completed at VU Medical Centre in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Chapter IV is a validation study of a new summary score of dynamic foot motion during gait based on the OFM kinematics- the Foot Profile Score (FPS). THE FPS was defined, then studied for its properties and design, and analysed against a clinical assessment of foot deformity. This study was completed at the Oxford Gait Laboratory in Oxford, UK. Chapter V defines a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Foot Profile Score based on the regression of the FPS on the Clinical Foot Deformity Scale (CFDS) presented in Chapter IV. The FPS was then assessed for its responsiveness in children with hemiplegia, cerebral palsy who underwent gait analysis pre-and post-surgery for correction of their foot deformities. Chapter VI utilises the FPS to analyse recurrent foot deformities in children previously treated for clubfoot deformity, presenting at the Oxford Gait Laboratory for consideration of further treatment due to ongoing symptoms. Foot function was assessed by the OFM kinematics and plantar pressure and correlated with parent-reported outcome measures including the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire, the Disease Specific Index for clubfoot and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0. Chapter VII discusses the overall aim of this thesis and considerations for future research are given.

Correction 16 May 2023: Annex 1 corrected. The ICES Workshop on developing guidance for ensuring the integrity of scientific information submitted to ICES by data providers (WKEnsure) convened to develop guidance for identifying, assessing and managing potential conflict of interest (CoI) in data and information provision that may affect the integrity of ICES science and advice. Such guidance will contribute to protecting the legitimacy of ICES advice when data or data-providers with potential CoI are involved. Such guidance is required in support of the integration of an increasing number of data and information contributions by third parties, usually stakeholders such as the fishing industry and environmental organizations, often in response to existing knowledge gaps. WKEnsure consisted of a diversity of participants from several ICES countries as well as New Zealand, with different affiliations and varying degrees of experience in working within the ICES system, which proved to be very useful to the discussions. No conflicts of interest were declared during the meeting. Participants reviewed existing guidance, standards, tools, and documentation from both within and outside ICES. In our review of CoI in data provision to ICES, we only found one example dating a decade ago. However, we identified a number of possible areas where CoI in data pro-vision could occur, relating to both traditional as well as new data providers. With an increasing number of data streams for both traditional and new or future advisory products, including data provisions from third parties, risks of CoI occurrence could become higher. It is therefore im-portant that ICES extends its CoI declaration routine to participation in expert groups to include evaluation of CoI in data provision. This should be irrespective of whom the data providers are. This includes flagging possible CoI at data entry points and evaluation of the potential impact and likelihood of a CoI using a suggested template. The existing Data Profiling Tool offers op-portunities to flag potential CoI in data provision, but should be slightly modified to include questions which will help highlighting potential CoI. The use of the revised Data Profiling Tool should be extended to all other data flows into the ICES system, starting with benchmarks. Iden-tifying potential risks for CoI should also take place at ACOM level when evaluating special requests. It is important to maintain a track record of how potential CoI were identified, evaluated and managed; both in relation to CoI in data provision as well as CoI in relation to participation in expert groups. Societal changes where social media are getting a bigger role in influencing polit-ical debate pose increasing risks. A perceived CoI, even though it is not an actual CoI could have big consequences as our review showed in a case study from New Zealand. It is also important to note that managing perceived CoI, once it is out in the public sphere, is extremely difficult to handle. Having due processes and keeping a track record will help discussions with stakeholders and clients but will not easily change stakeholders’ and public perception. Therefore it is im-portant to have key elements of a communications strategy in place.

Historic inequities exacerbated by COVID-19 and spotlighted by social justice movements like Black Lives Matter have reinforced the necessity and urgency for societies and organizations to bring healing into focus. However, few integrated models exist within management and organization scholarship to guide practice. In response, our focus aims to unpack how organizations can become healing spaces. This paper offers a holistic definition of healing as the foundation for a new conceptual model of organizations as healing spaces. Drawing upon literature from clinical psychology, social psychology, and political science, we identify four perspectives that address healing in organizational contexts: (1) restorative justice, (2) posttraumatic growth, (3) relational cultural theory, and (4) dignity. These healing modalities represent prominent views of how healing can be achieved at the individual, dyadic, organizational, and societal levels. Synthesizing and building on these perspectives, we develop a typology that illustrates three ways organizations can function as healing spaces — Emergent, Endeavoring, and Exemplifying — representing a range of opportunities for how organizations can better respond to suffering. These spaces of healing are differentiated across seven dimensions, including source of harm, recipients of healing, facilitators of healing, focus of healing, length and strength of organizational attention, process of healing, and activators or enablers of healing. This research contributes to organizational healing research and to nascent social justice discussions in the management literature by exploring a range of opportunities for how organizations can better respond to suffering and substantively contribute to remedying harm from systematic bias against marginalized groups via healing.

Intergenerational playgroups purposively bring older people, young children and their caregivers together to engage in play and develop reciprocal relationships. Intergenerational research focuses on the benefits for participants, with much less known about how these programmes sustain. This paper discusses and explores programme sustainability through the examination of two playgroups established through Playgroup Queensland’s Ageless Play programme. Through qualitative interviewing with playgroup practitioners and participants we aimed to understand how each of these playgroups had sustained beyond 3 years. The findings included the importance of mutual benefit for stakeholders, knowledge and skills of the playgroup facilitator and use of strategies to ensure ongoing interaction and engagement within the group. These findings are important for ensuring the continuation of intergenerational playgroup programmes.

The relationships between female sex workers and their noncommercial male partners are often assumed to be coercive and anchored in risk, dismissed as “pimp-prostitute” arrangements by researchers and the general public alike. Yet, these stereotypes unjustly erase the complexity of lives we imagine to be consumed by social suffering. Dangerous Love centers a framework of love to rethink sex workers’ intimate relationships as commitments to collective solidarity and survival in contexts of oppression. Combining epidemiological research and ethnographic fieldwork in Tijuana, Mexico, Jennifer Leigh Syvertsen examines how individuals try to find love and meaning in lives marked by structural violence, social marginalization, drug addiction, and HIV/AIDS. Linking the political economy of inequalities along the border with emotional lived experience, this book explores how intimate relationships become dangerous safe havens that fundamentally shape both partners’ well-being. Through these stories, we are urged to reimagine the socially transformative power of love to carve new pathways to health equity.

Life-prolonging therapies (LPTs) are rapidly evolving for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, although factors associated with real-world uptake are not well characterized.In this cohort of prostate-cancer decedents, we analyzed factors associated with LPT access. Population-level databases from Ontario, Canada identified patients 65 years or older with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy and who died of prostate cancer between 2013 and 2017. Univariate and multivariable analyses assessed the association between baseline characteristics and receipt of LPT in the 2 years prior to death.Of 3575 patients who died of prostate cancer, 40.4% (n = 1443) received LPT, which comprised abiraterone (66.3%), docetaxel (50.3%), enzalutamide (17.2%), radium-223 (10.0%), and/or cabazitaxel (3.5%). Use of LPT increased by year of death (2013: 22.7%, 2014: 31.8%, 2015: 41.8%, 2016: 49.1%, and 2017: 57.9%, p 0.0001), driven by uptake of all agents except docetaxel. Adjusted odds of use were higher for patients seen at Regional Cancer Centers (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1) and who received prior prostate-directed therapy (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5), but lower with advanced age (≥85: OR: 0.54, 95% CI:0.39-0.75), increased chronic conditions (≥6: OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.43-0.92), and long-term care residency (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17-0.89). Income, stage at presentation, and distance to the cancer center were not associated with LPT uptake.In this cohort of prostate cancer-decedents, real-world uptake of novel prostate cancer therapies occurred at substantially higher rates for patients receiving care at Regional Cancer Centers, reinforcing the potential benefits for treatment access for patients referred to specialist centers.

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities face complex challenges that require Indigenous-led research. Increasing the Indigenous research workforce depends on structural change within higher education institutions, including better pathways to research training and careers for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. Undergraduate research experiences can improve student success and encourage more students to progress to research programs and careers. The Kungullanji Summer Research Program offers research experiences for Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander undergraduates while recognizing their contributions to research. The Kungullanji program approach is a strengths-based research training framework that recognizes existing ability outside of institutional definitions of success and adapts to student needs with multi-layered support. The initial results suggest that this approach increases students

Introduction Ectopic thyroid tissue is defined as any functional thyroid tissue outside the normal anatomical location. It is rare and occurs with a frequency of 1 in 100,000-300,000. Most commonly, it is located along the normal track of thyroid development along the floor of the primitive gut to the pre-tracheal region of the neck; however, rarely it has been found in other areas. Malignancy is very rare in ectopic thyroid tissue ( Clinical Case A 11-year-old male presented with concerns of morbid obesity and a neck swelling. He endorsed a previous history of thyroid nodules measuring over 2 cm that were being monitored by his previous endocrinologist. On exam, he was noted to have a goiter. Labs were obtained which indicated normal thyroid function tests (TSH 3. 040 uIU/mL, nl 0.45-4.5 uIU/mL and free T4 0.96 ng/dL, nl 0.93-1.6 ng/dL) and negative anti thyroid antibodies (TPO antibody Discussion Ectopic thyroid tissue with an orthotopic thyroid is a very rare finding in the pediatric population. Ectopic thyroid tissue outside of the thyroglossal duct is rare as well. We present an 11-year-old male who underwent thyroidectomy for multiple large thyroid nodules and subsequently developed a new neck mass diagnosed as ectopic thyroid tissue. Presentation: No date and time listed

Background In August 2017, Myanmar’s Armed Forces, the Tatmadaw, launched an orchestrated attack on hundreds of Rohingya-majority villages in northern Rakhine state. This study seeks to validate the consistency of previous reports of violence against the Rohingya people in the region carried out by the Tatmadaw, Border Guard Police, and Rakhine villagers in the late summer and early fall of 2017. Methods Internal validation data is from a three-armed study. Data analyzed in the external triangulation was sourced through a literature review of known, publicly available surveys and interviews. Both sets of data documented instances of violence against the Rohingya people in northern Rakhine state during the late summer and early fall of 2017. Consistency was evaluated across five indicators of violence: arson, presence of mass graves, reports of sexual violence and human injuries, as well as human fatalities, across 611 locales in northern Rakhine state. Further analysis was conducted to measure consistency of reports by locale and across locales by indicator. Results Overall, an internal validation of 94 hamlets found that 98% of these locales were consistent across at least four of the five indicators (80% + consistency). Arson and reports of human injuries were the most consistent indicators across locales (100% and 99% consistency, respectively) and sexual violence was the least consistent indicator, with 84% of participating locales exhibiting consistent reports of sexual violence between the qualitative and quantitative data. Similarly, an external validation of 57 locations found that 50 of the 57 locations (88%) were consistent across indicators. Arson was the most consistent across sources (96%), whereas source agreement across locations was the least consistent for reports of sexual violence (58%). Conclusion The government of Myanmar has denied involvement in the 2017 attacks on Rohingya communities in northern Rakhine state and purports that reports of the violence and destruction are overstated. However, consistent reporting from multiple sources on the same locales clearly underscores the veracity of the evidence documented, both by investigative groups and as recounted by Rohingya survivors of violence. It is our hope that this cataloging and comparison of available data, along with this study’s assessment of its consistency, will aid ongoing accountability efforts.

This article explores how an organisation – Jabiru – integrates a learning ‘community’ philosophy into its work with children, particularly within what is understood within Australia as School-aged Care (SAC). Distinguished from other organisations, Jabiru understands community is an intentional practice that provides what we find to be a unique third space, one with links to what is sometimes understood as the new neighbourhood. Research observations and interviews in two SAC sites, guided by the conceptual framework of loving, having and being, led to key findings about the intentional approach to community that supports learning, and the significance of educator wisdom.

In 1999, two years after the publication of The Racial Contract, I had the pleasure of meeting Charles Mills for the first time when I organized a panel at the American Political Science Associatio...

Multiple aspects of intergenerational programs present challenges for evaluators. Broader measures and perspectives are needed particularly with respect to informing economic evaluations of intergenerational programs. The study aims to (1) Identify impact measures suitable for an economic evaluation of a mixed generation program; (2) Design an economic evaluation that compares these program impacts with current services. The suggested evaluation design includes perspectives from children, parents, adult care recipients, caregivers and service providers. Measures for inclusion were based on the literature and selected using a set of criteria and stakeholder interviews. To inform economic evaluations of mixed generation programs we recommend a quasi-experimental design using measures of experience/satisfaction, quality of life/wellbeing, willingness to pay, burden of care and service utilization. The suggested economic evaluation measures and design will guide future programs of mixed generations in the pursuit of cost-effective and sustainable service options in this rapidly evolving service environment.

Children with antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) diagnosed with postnatal asymptomatic vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are thought to be at higher risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). As such, continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is empirically recommended until age of toilet training; however, there are limited data to support this. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the existing data and compare UTI rates in infants with asymptomatic VUR on CAP during the first year of life, to those not on CAP. Secondary objectives were to determine associated risk factors with UTI development. A systematic search of all relevant studies and abstracts was conducted using 4 electronic databases by utilizing appropriate key words by an expert hospital librarian. Eligible studies included children with prenatal hydronephrosis, asymptomatic VUR with or without CAP, and reported on development of UTI in the first year. Of 6903 citations screened, 18 were selected, giving a total population of 829 (69.4% male, median age 57 days) who met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were retrospective and of low-quality evidence. Overall, 15.4% of patients developed at least one breakthrough UTI and females had a higher risk of UTI (odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.7). Comparison with children not taking CAP was not readily reported, and meta-analysis could not be completed. Randomized controlled trials and standardized reporting of clinical variables are required to understand the protective effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in this cohort.

Low breastfeeding rates are driven by multiple bio-psycho-social factors. Experience of breastfeeding is known to differ by maternal demographic factors (age, education and ethnicity) but there is less recognition of factors such as neurodivergence. This review, prospectively registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021271465), systematically identified qualitative research, commentaries and personal accounts related to Autistic mothers and infant feeding. Database searching identified 1225 records, with thematic synthesis undertaken on 22 (eight peer-reviewed studies and 14 grey literature) pieces. Our analysis identified that maternity and infant feeding services were built on a lack of understanding of Autistic needs, and were often inaccessible at a time when Autistic mothers already felt a loss of control and lack of social support. Specifically relating to breastfeeding, knowledge and determination were often high, and a minority of mothers reported positive breastfeeding experiences. However, sensory challenges, pain and interoceptive differences (exacerbated by a lack of support) made breastfeeding impossible for some. Infant formula was viewed as second-best to breastmilk, but a minority of mothers found the ritual of preparing bottles of formula positive. There is an urgent need for maternity and infant feeding services to accommodate the needs of Autistic mothers, including service design and staff training.Lay abstractWhat is already known about the topic? Mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their babies due to known health benefits for both babies and mothers. However, although breastfeeding is ‘natural’, that does not make it easy and many women experience challenges. Autistic women may face additional barriers to breastfeeding when compared to neurotypical women. What this paper adds? We reviewed all existing evidence on Autistic mothers’ infant feeding experiences (22 pieces) and found that although many Autistic women wanted to breastfeed, breastfeeding was difficult for Autistic mothers for three key reasons. First, maternity and infant feeding services were inaccessible and unsupportive to Autistic mothers, meaning they did not receive help when needed. Second, becoming a mother was challenging because of exhaustion, loss of control over routines and a lack of social support. Third, when breastfeeding Autistic mothers experienced sensory challenges, such as ‘being touched out’, and pain, which could feel unbearable. Despite these difficulties, many Autistic mothers had done a lot of reading about breastfeeding and were determined to breastfeed their babies; some mothers found breastfeeding positive. Infant formula was often viewed as second-best compared to breastmilk, but some mothers found the ritual of preparing bottles of formula to be calming. Implications for practice, research or policy The findings of this work show that Autistic mothers urgently need better support from health professionals to help meet their breastfeeding goals, including how to remove or reduce the extra barriers being Autistic brings to breastfeeding.

INTRODUCTION Low-grade gliomas (LGG), specifically WHO grade 2 diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, are increasingly considered for adjuvant chemotherapy with high-risk features (age ≥ 40y or subtotal resection). This is based on prospective studies showing improvement in survival with adjuvant procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine (PCV) or temozolomide (TMZ) in this cohort. Use of PCV or TMZ is variable without published head-to-head comparison. PROTECT is a Canadian multicentre retrospective study aiming to compare overall survival (OS) in high-risk LGGs receiving PCV or TMZ. We are presenting results from The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre (TOHCC). METHODS Patients age ≥ 18y with LGG that received PCV or TMZ within 6 months of primary brain tumor resection at TOHCC from 2005 to 2019 were included. The primary outcome is OS. Secondary outcomes include 1)time to progression (TTP), 2)rate of completion of 6 cycles of PCV or TMZ, and 3)rate of hospitalization or death due to chemotherapy-related complications. RESULTS Of 250 cases, 20 patients (11 diffuse astrocytoma, 9 oligodendroglioma) were eligible. IDH status was mutated in 11, wild-type in 1, and unknown in 5 cases. 1p/19q co-deletion was present in 6, non-co-deleted in 1, and unknown in 13 cases. Six patients received PCV, and 14 received TMZ. Hematologic toxicity (CTCAE Grade 1-2) occurred in 3 PCV patients and 0 of 11 of assessable TMZ patients; no severe toxicity was observed. Median follow-up was 64.5 (IQR 42.5–88) months. The median OS and TTP for PCV and TMZ groups were not reached. The 5-year OS and TTP were 75% vs. 100 % (p=0.08) and 83.3% vs 81.3% (p=0.7) respectively. CONCLUSIONS There are insufficient cases and follow-up time to determine OS and TTP amongst patients treated with PCV or TMZ. Hematologic toxicity appears to be more common with PCV. Patient screening and data collection is ongoing at 8 other cancer centres.

Background Documenting perpetrators of human rights violations enables effective prosecution and can help prevent future atrocities. Doing so calls for collecting reliable data using verifiable and transparent methodology. We present methods used to document crimes and identify alleged perpetrators implicated in the 2017 attacks against Rohingya civilians in Myanmar. The findings and lessons-learned have relevance to contemporary crises with widespread atrocities. Methods A mixed-methods assessment conducted from May to July 2018 included: (1) cross-sectional quantitative surveys among leaders of affected hamlets in northern Rakhine State, (2) qualitative interviews to record hamlet-level accounts, and (3) clinical evaluations of survivors of violence. Survey respondents who reported violence and destruction in each hamlet were asked to identify perpetrators of those acts, including known role or affiliation. The reported names were reviewed for clarity and divergent spellings, repeated references were aggregated, and the names and roles were analyzed and classified by location and affiliation. Results 143 individuals were implicated in atrocities committed across three Northern Rakhine townships. Each was independently identified by at least three separate survey respondents as directly committing violence or destruction in their hamlet of origin, or as witnessed while fleeing to Bangladesh. Two-thirds (69%) of identified perpetrators were reported by four or more participants and 47% by five or more. Some form of additional identifying information, was provided for 85% of names. The most common affiliations were: Myanmar army (n = 40), Border Guard Police (n = 32), Village Tract Administrators (n = 17), and extremists (n = 25). Conclusions The methodology presented here yielded a unique record of individuals purported to have directly committed acts of violence and destruction in Rakhine State in August 2017, forming the most extensive record of individuals implicated in ground-level perpetration of those crimes. This methodology can play a key role in accountability mechanisms for the Rohingya, and in other settings in which perpetrators are many and documentation of their crimes is difficult. The use of survey methods and standardized data collection amongst affected populations to comprehensively characterize crimes committed and to identify individuals implicated in those crimes can serve as a key tool in documentation and an important component of accountability.

Introduction Research training programs are an integral part of a well-rounded medical education. These programs help students contribute to medical knowledge, develop skills in critical evaluation and research dissemination, and they facilitate the training of our future medical researchers. Existing literature suggests barriers including lack of available time and access to projects may hinder a medical student’s research training. These barriers likely differ based on the medical school curriculum, and there exists limited data looking at these attitudes in Canadian students, students outside large academic centers or those in condensed programs. Given this, our study aims to further explore medical students' perceptions, perceived barriers of research in a three-year Canadian undergraduate medical school with regional campuses. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of medical students (classes of 2019, 2020 and 2021) representing the main and regional campuses of the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine in Ontario, Canada to explore their attitudes towards research. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participant demographics, research background and attitudes towards research. Results Overall, 70.4% of students identified as being involved in a research project at some point during their medical school tenure. Motivating factors for research participation included the goal of obtaining a residency spot (63.0%), and interest in their research topic (74.7%). Barriers to research included perceived lack of available time (31.5%), and difficulty in finding a research project (44.5%). Perceived curriculum deficiencies included lack of education in research methodology and appraisal of scientific literature (93.2% and 89.0%, respectively). Lastly, regional campuses tended conduct their research outside of their home campus (43.6% vs 3.3%, p

396 Background: Frail cancer patients are more likely to die or experience treatment toxicity than non-frail patients. The Faurot frailty index (FFI) is a validated Medicare claims-based proxy that predicts frailty in individuals. Frailty is dynamic and can change over time. We assessed the distribution of the FFI and associations with 1-year mortality using varying durations of frailty ascertainment windows in breast cancer patients. Methods: We identified women (66+ yrs) with stage I-III breast cancer in the SEER-Medicare database who had ≥1 year of continuous enrollment in Medicare Parts A and B prior to diagnosis. The FFI-predicted probability of frailty was assessed using demographic and diagnostic and procedural billing information during varying pre-diagnosis ascertainment windows: 3, 6, 8, or 12 months or using all available pre-diagnosis claims. We described the distributions of the claims-based frailty measures using each of the five ascertainment windows and reported 1-year mortality for individuals with high (≥0.20), medium (0.05 - < 0.20), or low (< 0.05) claims-based frailty using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Follow-up began on the date of cancer diagnosis. Results: We identified 235,145 women with breast cancer. Using a 3-month ascertainment window, 76%, 20%, and 4% were classified as having low, medium, and high claims-based frailty. Although the distributions of claims-based frailty were similar using 3, 6, 8, and 12-month frailty ascertainment windows, the use of all available lookback led a wider interquartile range (IQR) for claims-based frailty (Table). Overall, 4% of women died within 1 year of diagnosis. Higher claims-based frailty was strongly associated with increased 1-year mortality risk, using each ascertainment window. Mortality associations were strongest with a 3-month ascertainment window: risk difference (RD) high vs. low frailty 20% (95% CI, 19-20%). Associations were weakest with an all available lookback window: RD high vs. low frailty 11% (95% CI, 11-12%). Conclusions: Varying frailty ascertainment window durations did not lead to substantial differences in the distribution of the FFI in women with stage I-III breast cancer. Associations between the FFI and 1-year mortality monotonically decreased with increasing ascertainment window durations. This may be due to claims in the distant past having less etiological relevance for predicting mortality during the year following cancer diagnosis.[Table: see text]