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Purpose - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy. A clear conclusion can be drawn from the numerical method results that the HAM provides highly accurate solutions for nonlinear differential equations.Design/methodology/approach - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.Findings - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.Originality/value - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy. Purpose - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy. A clear conclusion can be drawn from the numerical method results that the HAM provides highly accurate solutions for nonlinear differential equations.Design/methodology/approach - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.Findings - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.Originality/value - In this paper a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide-range applications of the Homotopy Analysis Method in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problems. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.

Investigates the B2B commerce in the steel inbdustry in a developing country

To rectify the problems of electron clouds observed in RHIC and unacceptable ohmic heating for superconducting magnets that can limit future machine upgrades, we started developing a robotic plasma deposition technique for $in-situ$ coating of the RHIC 316LN stainless steel cold bore tubes based on staged magnetrons mounted on a mobile mole for deposition of Cu followed by amorphous carbon (a-C) coating. The Cu coating reduces wall resistivity, while a-C has low SEY that suppresses electron cloud formation. Recent RF resistivity computations indicate that 10 {\mu}m of Cu coating thickness is needed. But, Cu coatings thicker than 2 {\mu}m can have grain structures that might have lower SEY like gold black. A 15-cm Cu cathode magnetron was designed and fabricated, after which, 30 cm long samples of RHIC cold bore tubes were coated with various OFHC copper thicknesses; room temperature RF resistivity measured. Rectangular stainless steel and SS discs were Cu coated. SEY of rectangular samples were measured at room; and, SEY of a disc sample was measured at cryogenic temperatures., Comment: 8 pages, contribution to the Joint INFN-CERN-EuCARD-AccNet Workshop on Electron-Cloud Effects: ECLOUD'12; 5-9 Jun 2012, La Biodola, Isola d'Elba, Italy

Background: Cooling is one of the main processes in bone temperature decrement, while drilling. this experiment was conducted for examination of alcohol effect as cooler in prevention of thermal necrosis. Methods: Bovine femur bone was considered as specimen and inclusions criteria for this study were: femur bone, cortical area and without bone periosteum. Drilling process was conducted by two types of k-wire- Trocar and Diamond, three speeds and three feed rates and in the time of march, 2016 in the place of university of Isfahan, Iran. Two type of thermometer- K-thermocouple and infrared thermometer- were used for temperature measurement, and all data were logged by data logger. Drilling processes were conducted by milling machine with ability of table movement for feed rate parameter. Method of alcohol usage in cooling was in form of conducting alcoholic gauze with k-wire while rotating. Results: Totally in the cases of trocar and diamond wires, while were cooled by alcohol, the risk of bone necrosis decreased about 44.44% and 66.66%. All temperature data were logged by changing parameters. maximum temperature, 94.5 °C, belonged to trocar wire in a non-cooling condition and after usage of cooler it decreased to 75 °C. In the usage of diamond wires, the maximum temperature was recorded 71 °C and the temperature while using alcohol was 51 °C. Diamond wire had better result in both conditions of cooling and no cooling, and this is related to geometric differences between two types of wires. Conclusion: Due to obtained data from examination, utilization alcohol can have an important influence on final bone temperature decreasing. The way of using alcohol was in the style of attrition soaked gauze onto wire while insertion.

To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink at the bottom of the page Multiple models of human metabolism have been reconstructed, but each represents only a subset of our knowledge. Here we describe Recon 2, a community-driven, consensus 'metabolic reconstruction', which is the most comprehensive representation of human metabolism that is applicable to computational modeling. Compared with its predecessors, the reconstruction has improved topological and functional features, including ∼2× more reactions and ∼1.7× more unique metabolites. Using Recon 2 we predicted changes in metabolite biomarkers for 49 inborn errors of metabolism with 77% accuracy when compared to experimental data. Mapping metabolomic data and drug information onto Recon 2 demonstrates its potential for integrating and analyzing diverse data types. Using protein expression data, we automatically generated a compendium of 65 cell type-specific models, providing a basis for manual curation or investigation of cell-specific metabolic properties. Recon 2 will facilitate many future biomedical studies and is freely available at http://humanmetabolism.org/. Rannis research grant 100406022 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council BB/C008219/1 European Union 201142 Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation BBSRC BB/F005938 BB/F00561X German Federal Ministry for Education and Research within the Virtual Liver Network 0315756 0315741 US National Institutes of Health GM088244 National Science Foundation 0643548 Cystic Fibrosis Research Foundation 1060 National Cancer Institute Science and Technology Facilities Council US National Institute of General Medical Sciences R01GM070923 R01GM080219 BioRange programme of The Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre under a Besluit Subsidies Investeringen Kennisinfrastructuur grant through The Netherlands Genomics Initiative SP1.2.4 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/232816 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/249261

The Warburg effect (WE), or aerobic glycolysis, is commonly recognized as a hallmark of cancer and has been extensively studied for potential anti-cancer therapeutics development. Beyond cancer, the WE plays an important role in many other cell types involved in immunity, angiogenesis, pluripotency, and infection by pathogens (e.g., malaria). Here, we review the WE in non-cancerous context as a "hallmark of rapid proliferation." We observe that the WE operates in rapidly dividing cells in normal and pathological states that are triggered by internal and external cues. Aerobic glycolysis is also the preferred metabolic program in the cases when robust transient responses are needed. We aim to draw attention to the potential of computational modeling approaches in systematic characterization of common metabolic features beyond the WE across physiological and pathological conditions. Identification of metabolic commonalities across various diseases may lead to successful repurposing of drugs and biomarkers.

3 p. Ebrahim, Ali et al., Constraint‐based analysis of genome‐scale models (GEMs) arose shortly after the first genome sequences became available. As numerous reviews of the field show, this approach and methodology has proven to be successful in studying a wide range of biological phenomena (McCloskey et al, 2013; Bordbar et al, 2014). However, efforts to expand the user base are impeded by hurdles in correctly formulating these problems to obtain numerical solutions. In particular, in a study entitled “An exact arithmetic toolbox for a consistent and reproducible structural analysis of metabolic network models” (Chindelevitch et al, 2014), the authors apply an exact solver to 88 genome‐scale constraint‐based models of metabolism. The authors claim that COBRA calculations (Orth et al, 2010) are inconsistent with their results and that many published and actively used (Lee et al, 2007; McCloskey et al, 2013) genome‐scale models do support cellular growth in existing studies only because of numerical errors. They base these broad claims on two observations: (i) three reconstructions (iAF1260, iIT341, and iNJ661) compute feasibly in COBRA, but are infeasible when exact numerical algorithms are used by their software (entitled MONGOOSE); (ii) linear programs generated by MONGOOSE for iIT341 were submitted to the NEOS Server (a Web site that runs linear programs through various solvers) and gave inconsistent results. They further claim that a large percentage of these COBRA models are actually unable to produce biomass flux. Here, we demonstrate that the claims made by Chindelevitch et al (2014) stem from an incorrect parsing of models from files rather than actual problems with numerical error or COBRA computations.

In order to respond the human needs, all regional, social, and economical factors are available to gain residents’ comfort and ideal architecture. There is no doubt the thermal comfort has to satisfy people not only for daily and physical activities but also creating pleasant area for mental activities and relaxing. It costs energy and increases greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing energy use in buildings is a critical component of meeting carbon reduction commitments. Hence housing design represents a major opportunity to cut energy use and CO2 emissions. In terms of energy efficiency, it is vital to propose and research modern design methods for buildings however vernacular architecture techniques are proven empirical existing practices which have to be considered. This research tries to compare two architectural solution were proposed by Persian vernacular architecture, to achieve energy efficiency in hot areas. The aim of this research is to analyze two forms of traditional Persian architecture in different locations in order to develop a systematic research and sustainable technologies on adaptation to contemporary living standards., {"references":["M. H. Ganji, The Atlas of Iranian Climates. \tTehran: University of Tehran, 1964, pp. 15–64.","H. Fathi, \"Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture\" Chicago: The university of Chicago, 1986.","M. Kasmaee, The guide of designing in Iran climate conditions, Tehran: University of Tehran, 2001.","M. Robobi, F.Rahimi, \"Shavadan and Shabestan\", Asar, vol.2, 3, 4. Tehran: Iran Statistic Centre, 2009, p.192-208.","M. Bina, \"Analysis of Shavadan in Dezful houses\", Fine Arts, vol.33. Tehran, 2008, p.37-46.","N. Pigulevskia, Iranian cities during Partian and Sasanid, Ed: R.Ayatollah, Tehran, 1998.","L. Zamani, N. Barshadat, \"Architecture through the Earth\", Iran National Convention of culture and sustainability: Kermanshah, 2011.","M.M. Safaee,\"Sustainable city of Dezful\", Tehran, 2008, p. 10.","M. Robobi, F.Rahimi, \"Shavadan and Shabestan\", Asar, vol.2, 3, 4. Tehran: Iran Statistic Centre, 2009, p.195.\n[10]\tM. Pirnia, Iranian architecture, 2009, p.36-48.\n[11]\tS. Majidi, \"Persian traditional sustainable construction\", Tehran: Iranian architect convention, 2011, p.601.\n[12]\tQ.M. Memarian, Iranian Housing architecture, 2006, p.115.\n[13]\tA. A. Helli, \"Traditional Houses in Kashan (Taj House)\", Culture & People, vol. 19, 20, 2006, p.169-173.\n[14]\tM. Jamshidi, N. Yazdanfar & M. Nasri, \"Increasing of Energy Efficiency Based on Persian Ancient Architectural Patterns in Desert Regions\", World Academy of science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, 2011, p.331."]}