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During the period of ten weeks, a study has been conducted on the effects of a complex training method on the maximal isometric muscle force, its peaking time, and the rate of force development in the semi-squat test. The participants of the study were twenty junior basketball players (average age 16.4+/-0.7; mean body height 186.2cm+/-9.2; mean body weight 75,4+/-7.5kg; mean body fat percentage 12,83%+/-1.15). The participants were divided into experimental (n=10) and control group (n=10). The experimental group, besides technical-tactical training sessions, had additional complex training, while the control group had technical-tactical training sessions only. At the final testing, the results of maximal isometric muscle force and the explosive power index, have significantly improved in the experimental group, while the control group did not make significant progress. There were no significant changes in the maximal isometric muscle force's peak time at the final testing. The study findings indicate that application of the complex training method has positive effects on the development of maximal isometric force, and the rate of force development.

The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between the isometric force-time characteristics of the leg extensors and speed and agility performance. Material and Methods — Sixty young elite basketball players performed a standardized isometric leg press test in order to assess the characteristics of isometric force and 9 field tests in order to assess speed and agility performances. Results — Based on obtained results, among the measured leg extensors` force-time characteristics with the observed characteristics of performance tests, the best correlation was in maximal force parameters (from r=0.370 to r=0.610 with agility and from r=0.345 to r=0.574 with speed performance) and in rate of force development, measured in time interval of 180 ms, i.e. the characteristic ground contact time during running in submaximal exertion regime, frequent changes of movement direction and vertical rebounds (from r=0.357 to r=0.612 with agility and from r=0.320 to r=0.468 with speed performance). Conclusion — The practical implications of a moderate to strong and consistent correlation between neuromuscular function of the leg extensors and characteristics of performance tests might indicate that improvements in force-time characteristics in young basketball players, may result in significant improvements in speed and change of direction performances longitudinally.

The aim of this study was to investigate the personality of male wheelchair basketball players and persons with disabilities who did not compete in sports. For the purposes of this study, wheelchair basketball players (N=25) and wheelchair nonathletes (N=32) completed a Cattell 16PF questionnaire. Basic descriptive statistics were used in the data processing, and differences between the two groups of participants were calculated by means of the t-test. The results demonstrated the existence of differences in the expression of certain forms of behavior within certain dimensions of personality between these two groups. Wheelchair basketball players had higher scores for factor B - Reasoning (p=.025) and factor G - Rule Consciousness (p=.001), which means that they exhibit a more developed ability of abstract thinking, problem solving, and have a higher 'super ego', a higher level of reliability and sense of duty to the obligations, compared to people who do not practice sports. Basketball players had lower scores, than non-athletes, for the following factors: E - Dominance (p=.036), I - Sensitivity (p=.001), O - Apprehension (p=.005) and Q2 - Self-Reliance (p=.023). That means that they exhibit a higher level of behavior mildness, conformity, modesty, and also, 'sharper temper', a higher level of confidence, resistance to stressful situations, and they are characterized as 'dependent on the group'.

The purpose of this work was to determine the structure of latent factors, to identify and analyse groups of game tasks under specifi c attributes and variables, to classify the tasks into relatively homogenous groups, and to determine the differences between the acquired groups of tasks. In order to achieve the above mentioned it was necessary to construct a measuring instrument (questionnaire) for the registration of knowledge in the game of basketball. For the characterisation of entities, 16 specifi c attributes were chosen, according to which ten competent experts performed the assessment. Within the research space, factor analysis under component model was used, along with Guttman-Kaiser criterion and OBLIMIN rotation. Three latent dimensions in the space of specifi c game attributes were isolated: information component, energy component (game intensity) and socio-motor interaction. Along with factor analysis, hierarchical method of classifi cation was used, where the tasks in the space of specifi c game attributes were classifi ed into three homogenous groups. In the space of specifi c attributes three groups were acquired and they were interpreted as A, B and C. • Group A – tasks that demand high energy component, low socio-motor interaction and low information component, • Group B – tasks that demand above average information component, a bit lower energy component and below average socio-motor interaction and, • Group C – tasks that demand high level of socio-motor interaction, low energy component and medium information component. Objectively scientifi cally arranged groups of associated data can directly infl uence the creation of curriculum and syllabus for basketball players training, evaluation of players’ performance, and they make the foundation for the realization of further researches in the fi eld of team sports games analysis.

From the point of view of expert coaches and players, basketball can be observed as a team sports game, which can be presented as an ordered sequence of actions that each player has to perform according to the position and the role within the certain model of the game’s tactics. The aim of this survey was to determine the structure of latent factors, to identify and analyze a group of actions in the game, in the set of basic attributes and variables, to classify actions into relatively homogenous groups and to determine differences between the obtained groups of actions. In order to achieve the above mentioned, it was necessary to construct a measuring instrument (questionnaire) for knowledge registration in the game of basketball. 15 primary attributes were chosen for the characterization of entities (tasks in the game) and 10 competent experts performed the assessment according to them. Factor analysis under component model was used in the research process, with the use of Guttmann-Kaiser criterion and OBLIMIN rotation. That way we isolated four latent dimensions in the space of primary attributes, and they are named as: inside players, flow of the game, outside players and subspace C. Beside the factor analysis, hierarchy method of classification was used, where the tasks in the space of primary game attributes were classified into four relatively homogenous groups of tasks, interpreted as groups A, B, C and D. Group A – tasks performed by inside players (power forward and centre) in A and B zone, thus in transition offence and set offence. Group B – tasks performed by inside players in A and B zone, in back court, thus in transition defence and set defence. Group C – tasks performed by outside players in the whole court, in front court and back court, thus in transition defence and set defence. Group D - tasks performed by outside players in the whole court, in front court and back court, thus in transition offence and set offence. The acquired knowledge can directly influence the development of learning plans and basketball players’ exercises, the development of new means for game monitoring, the analysis of the game of basketball, the evaluation of players’ stats, and they make the foundation for the realization of further researches in the field of team sports games analysis.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of plyometric training on the explosive power of the lower extremities, sprint and the change of direction speed. The sample of the respondents consisted of 33 basketball players of OKK "Stari Ras" and OKK "Novi Pazar" from Novi Pazar. The respodents were divided into two groups: experimental group (E; n=16), age (15.3±0.4years), body height (185.45±8.75cm), body weight (76.87±11.51kg), with training experience (4.69±1.40years) and control group (K; n=17), age (15.4±0.5years), body height (184.16±6.93cm), body weight (73.68±11.70kg), with training experience (5.53±3.18years). The experimental group consisted of basketball players from basketball team OKK "Stari Ras", who in addition to the basic technical and tactical training, also had plyometric training. The control group consisted of the basketball players from basketball team OKK "Novi Pazar", who at that time had only technical and tactical training. To assess the explosive power of the lower extremities, were used: Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Drop Jump (DJ) and Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing (CMJ/AS). For sprint assess: Sprint Speed at 5m (S5m), 10m (S10m) and 20m (F20m). To assess the change of direction speed: Reactive Shuttle Test (RST), Lane Arrow Closeout (LAC), Lane Agility Drill (LAD) and Modified 505 Test (M505). The experimental program, which involves the use of plyometric training, lasted for 10 weeks, and every week they conducted two training sessions. Plyometric training lasted from 45min at the beginning of the experiment to 70min at the end of the experiment. Each plyometric training consisted of three parts: introduction, main and final part. The data obtained by the procedure described above are processed by the statistical program SPSS 19. To determine the effect of plyometric training on the motor skills of basketball players, the analysis of covariance ANCOVA was used. The results showed that after experimental treatment, E group achieved significantly greater progress than group K in the following tests: SJ, CMJ, DJ, S5m, S20m, RST, LAC and LAD. There was no difference between the E and K groups on the CMJ/AS, S10m and M505 tests. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the plyometric training had positive effects on the development of explosive power of the lower extremities, sprint and change of direction speed of young basketball players.

Osnovni cilj ove disertacije bio je da se istraži kvantitativna povezanost prediktorskih varijabli - rezultata laboratorijskih i terenskih testova, kojima se procenjuju funkcionalne, metaboličke i motoričke sposobnosti sa kriterijskom varijablom - takmičarskom uspešnošću mladih košarkašica, kao i da se istraži uticaj prediktorskih varijabli na kriterijsku varijablu. Dok su sekundarni ciljevi bili sledeći: da se utvrdi da li su rezultati terenskih testova prediktori takmičarske uspešnosti; da se utvrdi da li su rezultati laboratorijskih testova prediktori takmičarske uspešnosti; da se sa aspekta međusobnog uticaja utvrdi prediktivna dominantnost rezultata terenskih testova u odnosu na rezultate laboratorijskih testova u opisu takmičarske uspešnosti; da se definiše hijerarhijski uticaj ispitivanih fizičkih sposobnosti u odnosu na takmičarsku uspešnost; kao i da se definiše model predikcije nivoa takmičarske uspešnosti aplikovanog u košarkaškoj praksi. U istraživanju su učestvovale košarkašice kadetske (U16) selekcije tri najbolja košarkaška kluba iz Prve kadetske lige Srbije (N=30), prosečne starosti 14.98 ± 0.68 godina. U odnosu na primenjene metode, u istraživanju je korišćeno laboratorijsko i terensko testiranje, kao prostor prediktivnih (nezavisnih) varijabli, i analiza takmičarske aktivnosti gde kriterijsku (zavisnu) varijablu predstavlja nivo postignute takmičarske uspešnosti. Korišćena je baterija laboratorijskih i terenskih testova kojima su merene i procenjivane: kontraktilne sposobnosti osnovnih mišićnih grupa (Fmax i RFDmax), karakteristike snage donjih ekstremiteta (Vingejt test i različiti skokovi), brzina lokomocije i agilnost (S5, S10, S20 i TT), aerobna i anaerobna izdržljivosti (JoJo i PS20), gipkost (DP), kao i funkcionalni i metabolički parametari karakteristika brzine oporavka (HR i La). Testirani prostor fizičkih sposobnosti je definisan pomoću 26 različitih prediktorskih varijabli... The main objective of this dissertation was to explore the quantitative coherence of predictive variables – results of laboratory and field tests, that evaluate functional, metabolic and motor abilities with criterion variable – competitive success of young female basketball players, and also to explore influence of predictive variables on the criterion variable. Secondary goals were following: to determine whether the results of the laboratory tests are predictors of competitive success; to determine, from the aspect of conference, the predictive dominance of the results of the field tests in relation to the results of the laboratory tests in the description of the competitive success; to define hierarchical influence of the examined physical abilities in relation to the competitive success; and also to define the prediction model of level of competitive success that is applied in basketball practice. In the research were participate female basketball of cadet (U16) selection of three best basketball clubs from the first cadet league of Serbia (N=30), average age 14.98 ± 0.68. In relation to the applied methods, the research was used the laboratory and field testing, as the scope of predictive (independent) variables, and the analysis of competitive activity where the criterion (dependent) variable is presented by the level of achieved competitive success. It was used the battery of laboratory and field tests that were measured and evaluated: contractile abilities of basic muscle groups (Fmax and RFDmax), strength characteristics of the lower extremities (Wingate test and different kinds of jumps), speed of locomotion and agility (S5, S10, S20 and TT), aerobic and anaerobic endurance (JoJo and PS20), flexibility (DP), also as functional and metabolic parameters of characteristic of the speed of recovery (HR and La). Tested scope of physical abilities is defined by 26 different predictive variables...

Prema ranijim istraživanjima kinetičkih i kinematičkih karakteristika skokova uvis, ispitanici su u stanju da u nekoliko uzastopnih pokušaja ponove obrazac kretanja kojim se postiže maksimalna visina skoka uvis (Hmax). Zbog toga je mogući efekat visine centra mase tela u ekscentričnoj fazi (Hdub) na brojne varijable koje se dobijaju testiranjem maksimalnih skokova uvis sa počučnjem uglavnom zanemaren. Ciljevi istraživanja su da se ispita pouzdanost izvođenja skokova uvis iz Hdub koju ispitanici sami određuju (spontana Hdub), i da se ispita uticaj promene Hdub na kinetiku i kinematiku skokova uvis. Pretpostavljeno je da (1) postoji visoka pouzdanost kinematičkih i kinetičkih varijabli prilikom izvođenja skokova uvis sa počučnjem bez (CMJ) i sa zamahom rukama (CMJA). Dalje pretpostavljeno je da (2) postoji optimalna Hdub za postizanje Hmax, (3) da se ona razlikuje od spontana Hdub, (4) da se taj uticaj razlikuje između grupa ispitanika različite usmerenosti, i da (5) rast Hdub dovodi do smanjenja maksimalne sile i dinamičkog izlaza procenjenog na osnovu maksimalne snage. Dve grupe ispitanika, profesionalni košarkaši i fizički aktivni ispitanici izvodili su maksimalne CMJ i CMJA sa opsegom Hdub od ± 30 cm od spontana Hdub. Nezavisno od vrste skoka, postoji visoka pouzdanost kinematičkog obrasca , gledano kroz Hmax i spontana Hdub (CV < 3.61, ICC > 0.86 za Hmax; CV < 6.41, ICC > 0.83 za spontana Hdub). Iako primenjeni regresioni modeli otkrivaju postojanje optimalne Hdub, Hmax se zanemarljivo malo menja unutar širokog opsega testirane Hdub. Optimalna Hdub bila je pomerena naniže u odnosu na spontana Hdub. Mišićna sila i dinamički izlaz se smanjuju sa rastom Hdub. Dobijeni nalazi ukazuju da iako optimalna Hdub postoji, njen uticaja na Hmax je minimalan unutar „prirodnog“ opsega Hdub...

Asymmetry in limb use is a phenomenon that is present in daily life, and therefore also in the sport. It´s presence is a consequence of lateralization at the level of the CNS. The primary objective of the study that was realized is to determine the to which extent asymmetry is present in limb use in basketball, and how unilateral type of training impact on the reduction of the same. A secondary objective was to determine how basketball affects on the uneven use of extremities compared to healthy school population that is not actively involved in sports training. Research included 45 boys aged 15, who were divided into three groups: Experimental, Control 1 and Control 2. Tested variables are explosive strength of leg extensors, explosive strength of arm extensors, agility, reaction time and dribbling control. In the experimental group was realized a corrective training, composed of 24 units for a period of eight weeks. The training was focused on the limb that has proven to be a weaker in the initial testing, and training methods were applied: circuit training, working at stations and complex training. The results were analyzed by the coefficient of asymmetry, One Way ANOVA, Mixed Design ANOVA and the percentage difference from the same limb at the initial and final testing. Results of the research indicate that the variables that most influenced by the corrective training are explosive strength of leg extensors and explosive strength of arm extensors, while the other variables were also made progress and have a positive trend in reducing the asymmetry, but not that much. It was also found that basketball has a positive effect in that ages on the level of asymmetry in the use of limbs as opposed to sedentary school population.

У овом истраживању на основу примарног циља дефинисане су моделне карактеристике различитих индикатора експлозивне силе опружача ногу врхунских спортиста оба пола. На основу секундарних циљева су утврђене разлике у факторској структури, функционалног и полног диморфизма, нивоа развијености и повезаности индикатора за процену експлозивности опружача ногу. У истраживању је учествовало 378 испитаникa распоређених у 8 група према полу и специфичности тренажног процеса којем су подвргнути: врхунски спортисти из групе брзинско-снажних спортова (мушкарци N=40 и жене N=34), врхунски спортисти из групе спортова с комплексним испољавањем свих моторичких својстава (мушкарци N=99 и жене N=43), врхунски спортисти из групе спортова издржљивости (мушкарци N=64 и жене N=33) и контролна група сачињена од нетренираних особа мушког и женског пола (мушкарци N=33 и жене N=32). Мерни опсег дефинисан је на основу 81 варијабле подељених у 6 димензија које се односе на контрактилне карактеристике изометријске силе опружача ногу и то: 1) ниво испољене силе мерене уни и билатерално, 2) интензитет прираста силе или експлозивности мерене уни и билатерално, 3) времена потребног за достизање дате силе мерене уни и билатерално, 4) нивоа билатералног дефицита, 5) нивоа функционалног диморфизма, 6) нивоа полног диморфизма; покривајући простор општих, специфичних и специјалних карактеристика мишићне силе и експлозивности опружача ногу. За процену максималне изометријске силе опружача ногу (билатерално и унилатерално) коришћена је стандардизована опрема, тј. справа металне конструкције за мерење изометријске силе опружача ногу, тензиометријска сонда и стандардизован тест у седећој позицији... This research, based on its primary goal, defines model characteristics of the explosive force indicators of leg extensors in top level athletes, both males and females. Based on its secondary goals, the differences in factor structure, functional and sexual dimorphism, level of development and coherence of indicators that can evaluate leg extensors explosiveness were determined. The research included 378 examinees divided into 8 groups based on gender and training process distinctiveness they have been subjected to: top level athletes from the speed-strength sports (male N=40 and female N=34), top level athletes from the sports with complex exertion of all motoric properties (male N=99 and female N=43), top level athletes from the endurance sports (male N=64 and female N=33) and controls consisting of healthy untrained adults, both genders (male N=33 and female N=32). Measurement range was defined by 81 variables divided into 6 dimensions regarding the contractile characteristics of leg extensors isometric force: 1) level of exerted force, measured both uni- and bilateral, 2) rate of force development or the explosiveness, measured both uni- and bilateral, 3) the time necessary to reach the given force, measured both uni- and bilateral, 4) bilateral deficiency level, 5) functional dimorphism level, 6) sexual dimorphism level; covering the range of basic, specific and special indicators of muscle force and leg extensors explosiveness. To evaluate maximal isometric leg extensors force (unilateral and bilateral), standardized equipment was used, i.e. metal device for measuring leg extensors isometric force, a tensiometric probe and standardized “seating leg extension” test...

Physical fitness testing of athletes represents an integral part of contemporary sports training in almost all sports disciplines. Although various physical fitness qualities are (partly) responsible for successful athletic performance in different athletic events, scientific research has been generally devoted to three particular fitness components: strength, speed, and endurance. Numerous tests have been proposed and are currently used for the assessment of athlete’ s strength, speed, and endurance qualities. These tests can be simply classified as either laboratory or field tests. An important dilemma among coaches and researches is to decide which testing approach to apply, and on which grounds this decision should be based on. In the present paper, we compare laboratory and field testing of strength, speed, and endurance qualities with respect to relevant characteristics that describe well-constructed test: reliability, factorial and constructive validity, discriminative ability, and simplicity or applicability. These issues are separately discussed for the three groups of sports: endurance (mono-structural cyclic) sports, strength/speed (mono-structural acyclic) sports, and complex or game sports. Current evidence suggests that both laboratory and field testing approaches should be used in high-performance sport. However, there is a general need for construction and evaluation of new field tests for particular sports or disciplines.