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1. The intestine: A highly dynamic microenvironment for IgA plasma cells

Author

Pracht, Katharina, Wittner, Jens, Kagerer, Fritz, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Schuh, Wolfgang

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, ddc:610
Abstract

To achieve longevity, IgA plasma cells require a sophisticated anatomical microenvironment that provides cytokines, cell-cell contacts, and nutrients as well as metabolites. The intestinal epithelium harbors cells with distinct functions and represents an important defense line. Anti-microbial peptide-producing paneth cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells and antigen-transporting microfold (M) cells cooperate to build a protective barrier against pathogens. In addition, intestinal epithelial cells are instrumental in the transcytosis of IgA to the gut lumen, and support plasma cell survival by producing the cytokines APRIL and BAFF. Moreover, nutrients are sensed through specialized receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by both, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the intestinal epithelium is highly dynamic with a high cellular turn-over rate and exposure to changing microbiota and nutritional factors. In this review, we discuss the spatial interplay of the intestinal epithelium with plasma cells and its potential contribution to IgA plasma cell generation, homing, and longevity. Moreover, we describe the impact of nutritional AhR ligands on intestinal epithelial cell-IgA plasma cell interaction. Finally, we introduce spatial transcriptomics as a new technology to address open questions in intestinal IgA plasma cell biology.

Published
2023

2. DGCR8 deficiency impairs macrophage growth and unleashes the interferon response to mycobacteria

Author

Killy, Barbara, Bodendorfer, Barbara, Mages, Jörg, Ritter, Kristina, Schreiber, Jonathan, Hölscher, Christoph, Pracht, Katharina, Ekici, Arif, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Lang, Roland

Subjects
ddc:610
Abstract

The mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) activates macrophages through the C-type lectin receptor MINCLE. Regulation of innate immune cells relies on miRNAs, which may be exploited by mycobacteria to survive and replicate in macrophages. Here, we have used macrophages deficient in the microprocessor component DGCR8 to investigate the impact of miRNA on the response to TDM. Deletion of DGCR8 in bone marrow progenitors reduced macrophage yield, but did not block macrophage differentiation. DGCR8-deficient macrophages showed reduced constitutive and TDM-inducible miRNA expression. RNAseq analysis revealed that they accumulated primary miRNA transcripts and displayed a modest type I IFN signature at baseline. Stimulation with TDM in the absence of DGCR8 induced overshooting expression of IFNβ and IFN-induced genes, which was blocked by antibodies to type I IFN. In contrast, signaling and transcriptional responses to recombinant IFNβ were unaltered. Infection with live Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette–Guerin replicated the enhanced IFN response. Together, our results reveal an essential role for DGCR8 in curbing IFNβ expression macrophage reprogramming by mycobacteria.

Published
2021

3. Network- and systems-based re-engineering of dendritic cells with non-coding RNAs for cancer immunotherapy

Author

Lai, Xin, Dreyer, Florian S., Cantone, Martina, Eberhardt, Martin, Gerer, Kerstin F., Jaitly, Tanushree, Uebe, Steffen, Lischer, Christopher, Ekici, Arif, Wittmann, Jürgen, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Schaft, Niels, Dörrie, Jan, and Vera, Julio

Subjects
RNA, Untranslated, dendritic cell, network biology, systems biology, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Dendritic Cells, Adaptive Immunity, Cancer Vaccines, I-kappa B Kinase, MicroRNAs, Neoplasms, Cytokines, Humans, therapeutic vaccination in cancer, Immunotherapy, ddc:610, Cells, Cultured, Research Paper, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that induce and regulate adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T cells. Due to their coordinative role in adaptive immune responses, DCs have been used as cell-based therapeutic vaccination against cancer. The capacity of DCs to induce a therapeutic immune response can be enhanced by re-wiring of cellular signalling pathways with microRNAs (miRNAs). Methods: Since the activation and maturation of DCs is controlled by an interconnected signalling network, we deploy an approach that combines RNA sequencing data and systems biology methods to delineate miRNA-based strategies that enhance DC-elicited immune responses. Results: Through RNA sequencing of IKKβ-matured DCs that are currently being tested in a clinical trial on therapeutic anti-cancer vaccination, we identified 44 differentially expressed miRNAs. According to a network analysis, most of these miRNAs regulate targets that are linked to immune pathways, such as cytokine and interleukin signalling. We employed a network topology-oriented scoring model to rank the miRNAs, analysed their impact on immunogenic potency of DCs, and identified dozens of promising miRNA candidates, with miR-15a and miR-16 as the top ones. The results of our analysis are presented in a database that constitutes a tool to identify DC-relevant miRNA-gene interactions with therapeutic potential (https://www.synmirapy.net/dc-optimization). Conclusions: Our approach enables the systematic analysis and identification of functional miRNA-gene interactions that can be experimentally tested for improving DC immunogenic potency.

Published
2021

4. Additional file 1 of Increased risk of chronic fatigue and hair loss following COVID-19 in individuals with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

Author

Hennig, Verena, Schuh, Wolfgang, Neubert, Antje, Mielenz, Dirk, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Schneider, Holm

Abstract

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-blocking antibodies in the sera of HED patients using the SUBA assay (Schuh et al., 2021). In brief, 96-well plates were coated with recombinant human ACE2. Spike-expressing Ramos cells (Rsp cells) were then allowed to attach to ACE2 in the absence or presence of sera containing spike-binding and -blocking antibodies. Bound Rsp cells were then fixed and stained with crystal violet. Crystal violet staining was quantified using a spectrophotometer. Data are presented as mean % Rsp cell binding of triplicates relative to control (Rsp cells in the absence of serum or blocking antibodies). A serum sample which reduced Rsp cell binding to less than 50% was defined as “serum with spike-blocking antibodies”.

Published
2021
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5. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

Author

Cossarizza, Andrea, Chang, Hyun-Dong, Radbruch, Andreas, Abrignani, Sergio, Addo, Richard, Akdis, Mübeccel, Andrä, Immanuel, Andreata, Francesco, Annunziato, Francesco, Arranz, Eduardo, Bacher, Petra, Bari, Sudipto, Barnaba, Vincenzo, Barros-Martins, Joana, Baumjohann, Dirk, Beccaria, Cristian G., Bernardo, David, Boardman, Dominic A., Borger, Jessica, Böttcher, Chotima, Brockmann, Leonie, Burns, Marie, Busch, Dirk H., Cameron, Garth, Cammarata, Ilenia, Cassotta, Antonino, Chang, Yinshui, Chirdo, Fernando Gabriel, Christakou, Eleni, Čicin-Šain, Luka, Cook, Laura, Corbett, Alexandra J., Cornelis, Rebecca, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Davey, Martin S., De Biasi, Sara, De Simone, Gabriele, del Zotto, Genny, Delacher, Michael, Di Rosa, Francesca, Di Santo, James, Diefenbach, Andreas, Dong, Jun, Dörner, Thomas, Dress, Regine J., Dutertre, Charles-Antoine, Eckle, Sidonia B.G., Eede, Pascale, Evrard, Maximilien, Falk, Christine S., Feuerer, Markus, Fillatreau, Simon, Fiz-Lopez, Aida, Follo, Marie, Foulds, Gemma A., Fröbel, Julia, Gagliani, Nicola, Galletti, Giovanni, Gangaev, Anastasia, Garbi, Natalio, Garrote, José Antonio, Geginat, Jens, Gherardin, Nicholas A., Gibellini, Lara, Ginhoux, Florent, Godfrey, Dale I., Gruarin, Paola, Haftmann, Claudia, Hansmann, Leo, Harpur, Christopher M., Hayday, Adrian C., Heine, Guido, Hernández, Daniela Carolina, Herrmann, Martin, Hoelsken, Oliver, Huang, Qing, Huber, Samuel, Huber, Johanna E., Huehn, Jochen, Hundemer, Michael, Hwang, William Y.K., Iannacone, Matteo, Ivison, Sabine M., Jäck, Hans-Martin, Jani, Peter K., Keller, Baerbel, Kessler, Nina, Ketelaars, Steven, Knop, Laura, Knopf, Jasmin, Koay, Hui-Fern, Kobow, Katja, Kriegsmann, Katharina, Kristyanto, H., Krueger, Andreas, Kuehne, Jenny F., Kunze-Schumacher, Heike, Kvistborg, Pia, Kwok, Immanuel, Latorre, Daniela, Lenz, Daniel, Levings, Megan K., Lino, Andreia C., Liotta, Francesco, Long, Heather M., Lugli, Enrico, MacDonald, Katherine N., Maggi, Laura, Maini, Mala K., Mair, Florian, Manta, Calin, Manz, Rudolf Armin, Mashreghi, Mir-Farzin, Mazzoni, Alessio, McCluskey, James, Mei, Henrik E., Melchers, Fritz, Melzer, Susanne, Mielenz, Dirk, Monin, Leticia, Moretta, Lorenzo, Multhoff, Gabriele, Muñoz, Luis Enrique, Muñoz-Ruiz, Miguel, Muscate, Franziska, Natalini, Ambra, Neumann, Katrin, Ng, Lai Guan, Niedobitek, Antonia, Niemz, Jana, Almeida, Larissa Nogueira, Notarbartolo, Samuele, Ostendorf, Lennard, Pallett, Laura J., Patel, Amit A., Percin, Gulce Itir, Peruzzi, Giovanna, Pinti, Marcello, Pockley, A. Graham, Pracht, Katharina, Prinz, Immo, Pujol-Autonell, Irma, Pulvirenti, Nadia, Quatrini, Linda, Quinn, Kylie M., Radbruch, Helena, Rhys, Hefin, Rodrigo, Maria B., Romagnani, Chiara, Saggau, Carina, Sakaguchi, Shimon, Sallusto, Federica, Sandrock, Inga, Schauer, Christine, Schiemann, Matthias, Schildberg, Frank A., Schober, Kilian, Schoen, Janina, Schuh, Wolfgang, Schüler, Thomas, Schulz, Axel R., Schulz, Sebastian, Schulze, Julia, Simonetti, Sonia, Singh, Jeeshan, Sitnik, Katarzyna M., Stark, Regina, Starossom, Sarah, Stehle, Christina, Szelinski, Franziska, Tan, Leonard, Tarnok, Attila, Tornack, Julia, Tree, Timothy I.M., van Beek, Jasper J.P., van de Veen, Willem, Vasco, Chiara, Verheyden, Nikita A., von Borstel, Anouk, Ward-Hartstonge, Kirsten A., Warnatz, Klaus, Waskow, Claudia, Wiedemann, Annika, Wilharm, Anneke, Wing, James, Wirz, Oliver, Wittner, Jens, Yang, Jennie H.M., and Yang, Juhao

Abstract

The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers., European Journal of Immunology, 51 (12), ISSN:0014-2980, ISSN:1521-4141

Published
2021
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6. The impact of hyperosmolality on activation and differentiation of B lymphoid cells

Author

Cvetkovic, Ljiljana, Perisic, Stojan, Titze, Jens, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Schuh, Wolfgang

Subjects
Medizinische Fakultät, ddc:610
Abstract

B lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood. Here, we report that B cells respond to osmotic stress in a biphasic manner. Initially, increased osmolality boosted B cell activation and differentiation as shown by an untimely downregulation of Pax5 as well as upregulation of CD138. However, in the second phase, we observed an increase in cell death and impaired plasmablast differentiation. Osmotic stress resulted in impaired class switch to IgG1, inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase and a delayed NFAT5 response. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of microenvironmental hyperosmolality and osmotic stress caused by NaCl for B cell activation and differentiation.

Published
2019

7. Regulation of energy metabolism during early B lymphocyte development

Author

Urbanczyk, Sophia, Stein, Merle, Schuh, Wolfgang, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Mougiakakos, Dimitrios, and Mielenz, Dirk Alexander

Subjects
Mitochondrium, oxidative phosphorylation, Review, Glykolyse, lcsh:Chemistry, EFhd1, Mice, DDC 570 / Life sciences, Medizinische Fakultät, ddc:570, Animals, Humans, ddc:610, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Mice, Knockout, B-Lymphocytes, Stoffwechsel, Calcium-Binding Proteins, pre-BCR, glycolysis, mitoflash, Mitochondria, B lymphocyte development, Metabolism, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Calcium, Energy Metabolism, metabolism, Glycolysis
Abstract

he most important feature of humoral immunity is the adaptation of the diversity of newly generated B cell receptors, that is, the antigen receptor repertoire, to the body’s own and foreign structures. This includes the transient propagation of B progenitor cells and B cells, which possess receptors that are positively selected via anabolic signalling pathways under highly competitive conditions. The metabolic regulation of early B-cell development thus has important consequences for the expansion of normal or malignant pre-B cell clones. In addition, cellular senescence programs based on the expression of B cell identity factors, such as Pax5, act to prevent excessive proliferation and cellular deviation. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during early B cell development in bone marrow. We focus on the regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at the transition from non-transformed pro- to pre-B cells and discuss some ongoing issues. We introduce Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 as a potential regulator of glycolysis in pro-B cells that has also been linked to Ca2+-mediated mitoflashes. Mitoflashes are bioenergetic mitochondrial events that control mitochondrial metabolism and signalling in both healthy and disease states. We discuss how Ca2+ fluctuations in pro- and pre-B cells may translate into mitoflashes in early B cells and speculate about the consequences of these changes., publishedVersion

Published
2018

8. APOBEC3 enzymes restrict marginal zone B cells

Author

Beck-Engeser, Gabriele B, Winkelmann, Rebecca, Wheeler, Matthew L, Shansab, Maryam, Yu, Philipp, Wünsche, Sarah, Walchhütter, Anja, Metzner, Mirjam, Vettermann, Christian, Eilat, Dan, DeFranco, Anthony, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Wabl, Matthias

Subjects
Knockout, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Immunology, Sialyl transferases, Cytosine Deaminase, Mice, Recovery from Friend virus 3, Underpinning research, Cytidine Deaminase, Animals, Humans, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, APOBEC Deaminases, Hitchhiker-1, Aetiology, Inbred BALB C, B-Lymphocytes, B cell, Germinal Center, Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Virus Diseases, Antibody Formation, Immunization, Apobec3, Biotechnology
Abstract

In general, a long-lasting immune response to viruses is achieved when they are infectious and replication competent. In the mouse, the neutralizing antibody response to Friend murine leukemia virus is contributed by an allelic form of the enzyme Apobec3 (abbreviated A3). This is counterintuitive because A3 directly controls viremia before the onset of adaptive antiviral immune responses. It suggests that A3 also affects the antibody response directly. Here, we studied the relative size of cell populations of the adaptive immune system as a function of A3 activity. We created a transgenic mouse that expresses all seven human A3 enzymes and compared it to WT and mouse A3-deficient mice. A3 enzymes decreased the number of marginal zone B cells, but not the number of follicular B or T cells. When mouse A3 was knocked out, the retroelement hitchhiker-1 and sialyl transferases encoded by genes close to it were overexpressed three and two orders of magnitude, respectively. We suggest that A3 shifts the balance, from the fast antibody response mediated by marginal zone B cells with little affinity maturation, to a more sustained germinal center B-cell response, which drives affinity maturation and, thereby, a better neutralizing response.

Published
2015

10. HnRNP L and L-like cooperate in multiple-exon regulation of CD45 alternative splicing

Author

Preußner, Marco, Schreiner, Silke, Hung, Lee-Hsueh, Porstner, Martina, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Benes, Vladimir, Rätsch, Gunnar, Bindereif, Albrecht, and Institute of Biochemistry

Subjects
B-Lymphocytes, phosphatase activity, Exons, Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid, hnRNP L/LL (heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins L / L-like), Life sciences, immune response, Cell Line, Alternative Splicing, Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L, ddc:570, Mutation, RNA, Humans, Leukocyte Common Antigens, CD45, combinatorial exon splicing, HeLa Cells
Abstract

CD45 encodes a trans-membrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase expressed in diverse cells of the immune system. By combinatorial use of three variable exons 4-6, isoforms are generated that differ in their extracellular domain, thereby modulating phosphatase activity and immune response. Alternative splicing of these CD45 exons involves two heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins, hnRNP L and its cell-type specific paralog hnRNP L-like (LL). To address the complex combinatorial splicing of exons 4-6, we investigated hnRNP L/LL protein expression in human B-cells in relation to CD45 splicing patterns, applying RNA-Seq. In addition, mutational and RNA-binding analyses were carried out in HeLa cells. We conclude that hnRNP LL functions as the major CD45 splicing repressor, with two CA elements in exon 6 as its primary target. In exon 4, one element is targeted by both hnRNP L and LL. In contrast, exon 5 was never repressed on its own and only co-regulated with exons 4 and 6. Stable L/LL interaction requires CD45 RNA, specifically exons 4 and 6. We propose a novel model of combinatorial alternative splicing: HnRNP L and LL cooperate on the CD45 pre-mRNA, bridging exons 4 and 6 and looping out exon 5, thereby achieving full repression of the three variable exons.

Published
2012

11. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies

Author

Cossarizza, Andrea, Chang, Hyun-Dong, Radbruch, Andreas, Akdis, Mübeccel, Andrä, Immanuel, Annunziato, Francesco, Bacher, Petra, Barnaba, Vincenzo, Battistini, Luca, Bauer, Wolfgang M, Baumgart, Sabine, Becher, Burkhard, Beisker, Wolfgang, Berek, Claudia, Blanco, Alfonso, Borsellino, Giovanna, Boulais, Philip E, Brinkman, Ryan R, Büscher, Martin, Busch, Dirk H, Bushnell, Timothy P, Cao, Xuetao, Cavani, Andrea, Chattopadhyay, Pratip K, Cheng, Qingyu, Chow, Sue, Clerici, Mario, Cooke, Anne, Cosma, Antonio, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Cumano, Ana, Dang, Van Duc, Davies, Derek, De Biasi, Sara, Del Zotto, Genny, Della Bella, Silvia, Dellabona, Paolo, Deniz, Günnur, Dessing, Mark, Diefenbach, Andreas, Di Santo, James, Dieli, Francesco, Dolf, Andreas, Donnenberg, Vera S, Dörner, Thomas, Ehrhardt, Götz R A, Endl, Elmar, Engel, Pablo, Engelhardt, Britta, Esser, Charlotte, Everts, Bart, Dreher, Anita, Falk, Christine S, Fehniger, Todd A, Filby, Andrew, Fillatreau, Simon, Follo, Marie, Förster, Irmgard, Foster, John, Foulds, Gemma A, Frenette, Paul S, Galbraith, David, Garbi, Natalio, García-Godoy, Maria Dolores, Geginat, Jens, Ghoreschi, Kamran, Gibellini, Lara, Goettlinger, Christoph, Goodyear, Carl S, Gori, Andrea, Grogan, Jane, Gross, Mor, Grützkau, Andreas, Grummitt, Daryl, Hahn, Jonas, Hammer, Quirin, Hauser, Anja E, Haviland, David L, Hedley, David, Herrera, Guadalupe, Herrmann, Martin, Hiepe, Falk, Holland, Tristan, Hombrink, Pleun, Houston, Jessica P, Hoyer, Bimba F, Huang, Bo, Hunter, Christopher A, Iannone, Anna, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Jávega, Beatriz, Jonjic, Stipan, Juelke, Kerstin, Jung, Steffen, Kaiser, Toralf, Kalina, Tomas, Keller, Baerbel, Khan, Srijit, Kienhöfer, Deborah, Kroneis, Thomas, Kunkel, Désirée, Kurts, Christian, Kvistborg, Pia, Lannigan, Joanne, Lantz, Olivier, Larbi, Anis, LeibundGut-Landmann, Salome, Leipold, Michael D, Levings, Megan K, Litwin, Virginia, Liu, Yanling, Lohoff, Michael, Lombardi, Giovanna, Lopez, Lilly, Lovett-Racke, Amy, Lubberts, Erik, Ludewig, Burkhard, Lugli, Enrico, Maecker, Holden T, Martrus, Glòria, Matarese, Giuseppe, Maueröder, Christian, McGrath, Mairi, McInnes, Iain, Mei, Henrik E, Melchers, Fritz, Melzer, Susanne, Mielenz, Dirk, Mills, Kingston, Mirrer, David, Mjösberg, Jenny, Moore, Jonni, Moran, Barry, Moretta, Alessandro, Moretta, Lorenzo, Mosmann, Tim R, Müller, Susann, Müller, Werner, Münz, Christian, Multhoff, Gabriele, Munoz, Luis Enrique, Murphy, Kenneth M, Nakayama, Toshinori, Nasi, Milena, Neudörfl, Christine, Nolan, John, Nourshargh, Sussan, O'Connor, José-Enrique, Ouyang, Wenjun, Oxenius, Annette, Palankar, Raghav, Panse, Isabel, Peterson, Pärt, Peth, Christian, Petriz, Jordi, Philips, Daisy, Pickl, Winfried, Piconese, Silvia, Pinti, Marcello, Pockley, A Graham, Podolska, Malgorzata Justyna, Pucillo, Carlo, Quataert, Sally A, Radstake, Timothy R D J, Rajwa, Bartek, Rebhahn, Jonathan A, Recktenwald, Diether, Remmerswaal, Ester B M, Rezvani, Katy, Rico, Laura G, Robinson, J Paul, Romagnani, Chiara, Rubartelli, Anna, Ruckert, Beate, Ruland, Jürgen, Sakaguchi, Shimon, Sala-De-Oyanguren, Francisco, Samstag, Yvonne, Sanderson, Sharon, Sawitzki, Birgit, Scheffold, Alexander, Schiemann, Matthias, Schildberg, Frank, Schimisky, Esther, Schmid, Stephan A, Schmitt, Steffen, Schober, Kilian, Schüler, Thomas, Schulz, Axel Ronald, Schumacher, Ton, Scotta, Cristiano, Shankey, T Vincent, Shemer, Anat, Simon, Anna-Katharina, Spidlen, Josef, Stall, Alan M, Stark, Regina, Stehle, Christina, Stein, Merle, Steinmetz, Tobit, Stockinger, Hannes, Takahama, Yousuke, Tarnok, Attila, Tian, ZhiGang, Toldi, Gergely, Tornack, Julia, Traggiai, Elisabetta, Trotter, Joe, Ulrich, Henning, Van Der Braber, Marlous, Van Lier, René A W, Veldhoen, Marc, Vento-Asturias, Salvador, Vieira, Paulo, Voehringer, David, Volk, Hans-Dieter, Von Volkmann, Konrad, Waisman, Ari, Walker, Rachael, Ward, Michael D, Warnatz, Klaus, Warth, Sarah, Watson, James V, Watzl, Carsten, Wegener, Leonie, Wiedemann, Annika, Wienands, Jürgen, Willimsky, Gerald, Wing, James, Wurst, Peter, Yu, Liping, Yue, Alice, Zhang, Qianjun, Zhao, Yi, Ziegler, Susanne, and Zimmermann, Jakob

Subjects
610 Medicine & health, 3. Good health

12. Adaptationen von T Helferlymphozyten an chronische Entzündungen

Author

Chang, Hyun-Dong, Lohoff, Michael, Jäck, Hans-Martin, and Volk, Hans-Dieter

Subjects
T Helferlymphozyten, chronic inflammation, ddc:570, Zytokine, WF 9910, T cell differentiation, chronische Entzündung, T-Zelldifferenzierung, cytokines, T helper lymphocytes, 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
Abstract

T-Helfer(Th)-Lymphozyten spielen aufgrund ihrer Expression von Zytokinen eine zentrale Rolle in der Regulation von Immunantworten. Durch die Zytokine fördern die Th-Zellen die Rekrutierung und Aktivierung von Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems, den Immunglobulin-Klassenwechsel von B-Zellen und ihre Differenzierung zu antikörper-sezernierenden Plasmazellen. Welche Zytokine eine aktivierte Th-Zelle exprimiert hängt von instruktiven Signalen ab, die sie in der Regel von antigen-präsentierenden Signalen bekommt. Mit den instruktiven Signalen wird ein ganzes Differenzierungsprogramm in den Th-Zellen initiiert, welches am Ende zu einer epigenetischen Prägung des Effektorprogramms führt, sodass die Th-Zelle auch bei nachfolgenden Aktivierungen die gleichen Funktionen ausführt. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht wie diese Differenzierungsprogramme zur Pathogenese von chronischen Entzündungen beitragen und wie eine chronische Entzündung wiederum die Differenzierung der Th-Zellen beeinflusst. Des Weiteren haben wir molekulare Adaptationen identifiziert, die selektiv in chronisch aktivierten entzündungsfördernden Th Typ 1 (Th1)-Zellen hochgeregelt werden. Diese Adaptationen, wie die Expression von Twist1 und Hopx, fördern das Überleben der Th1-Zellen am Ort der Entzündung und könnten zur Perpetuation der Entzündung entscheidend beitragen. Zusammengenommen zeigen unsere Daten, dass Th-Zellen durch ihre pro-inflammatorische Prägung zwar gut gerüstet sind uns gegen Pathogene zu schützen, im Falle einer Autoreaktivität aber auch Immunpathologie und chronische Entzündungen auslösen können. Allerdings weisen unsere Arbeiten auch daraufhin, dass selektive Anpassungen der Th-Zellen an eine chronische Entzündung auch gleichzeitig Ansatzpunkte für ein therapeutisches Eingreifen bei chronisch-entzündlichen Krankheiten darstellen., T helper (Th) lymhocytes play a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Through the expression of cytokines, Th cells orchestrate the recruitment and activation of cells of the innate immune system, and induce antibody class switch recombination in B lymphocytes and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Which cytokines an activated Th cell expresses is dependent on instructive signals, the Th cells receives from antigen-presenting cells. Such instructive signals initiate a differentiation program, which in the end leads to the epigenetic imprinting of the effector program, ensuring that the Th cell execute the same functions in subsequent activations. In this thesis, we investigated how such differentiation programs contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and how chronic inflammation, in turn, affects the differentiation of the Th cells. Furthermore, we have identified molecular adaptations, which are selectively upregulated in chronically activated pro-inflammatory Th type 1 (Th1) cells. Such adaptations, like the upregulation of Twist1 and Hopx, promote the survival of Th1 cells in the inflamed tissue and could thereby contribute to the perpetuation of the inflammation. Taken together, our data show that Th cells with a pro-inflammatory imprint are well equipped to protect us against pathogens, in case of autoimmunity, however, cause immune pathology and chronic inflammation. At the same time, our work also shows that the selective adaptations of Th cells to chronic inflammation could also be promising targets for novel therapies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Published
2018

13. Charakterisierung von Plasmazellsubpopulationen im humanen Knochenmark

Author

Kruck, Ina, Radbruch, Andreas, Dörner, Thomas, and Jäck, Hans-Martin

Subjects
bone marrow, Überleben, plasma cell, 32 Biologie, Differenzierung, adaptation, migration, survival, stimulation, Plasmablast, Dynamik, ddc:570, humorales Immungedächtnis, Knochenmark, 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, humoral memory, Stabilität, dynamic, CD19, Apoptose, tetanus vaccination, apoptosis, Zellmigration, differentiation, stability, Tetanusimmunisierung, adhesion, Plasmazelle, Adaption, WF 9880, Zelladhäsion
Abstract

Plasmazellen gehören zu den Effektorzellen des adaptiven Immunsystems. Langlebige Plasmazellen tragen durch kontinuierliche Sekretion protektiver Antikörper wesentlich zum humoralen Gedächtnis bei und überleben hauptsächlich in spezialisierten Nischen des Knochenmarks. Bislang ist jedoch kein Marker bekannt, mit dessen Hilfe langlebige Plasmazellen eindeutig identifiziert werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der molekularbiologischen, phänotypischen und funktionellen Charakterisierung von reifen Plasmazellen im gesunden humanen Knochenmark, die sich durch die differentielle Expression von CD19 unterscheiden. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass CD19negative Plasmazellen durch eine vergleichsweise geringere Expression von CD45 und HLADR einen höheren Reifegrad aufweisen als CD19positive Plasmazellen. Zudem lässt die vermehrte Expression von CD28, Mcl1, Bcl2 sowie die schwächere Expression u.a. von CD95 darauf schließen, dass CD19negative Plasmazellen im Knochenmark eine bessere Überlebenskapazität besitzen als CD19positive Plasmazellen. Da beide Plasmazellpopulationen ähnliche Antigen-Spezifitäten aufweisen, Plasmazellen im Knochenmark von Säuglingen ausschließlich CD19 exprimieren und nach sekundärer Vakzinierung im Blut detektierbare Plasmablasten und Plasmazellen ebenfalls CD19 auf ihrer Oberfläche exprimieren, weist die Gesamtheit der Daten darauf hin, dass sich CD19negative Plasmazellen im Kindesalter in situ aus reifen CD19positiven Plasmazellen im Knochenmark entwickeln. Die CD19negative Plasmazellpopulation leistet durch hohe Halbwertszeit und Stabilität einen konstanten Beitrag zur Aufrechterhaltung des humoralen Gedächtnisses. Die CD19positive Plasmazellpopulation stellt hingegen eine flexible Komponente dar, die eine Anpassung der humoralen Immunität und des humoralen Gedächtnisses an aktuelle Herausforderungen auch im Erwachsenenalter ermöglicht. Plasma cells are effector cells of the adaptive immune system. Humoral memory is sustained by long-lived plasma cells that continuously secrete protective antibodies and mostly reside in specialized niches in the bone marrow. So far, no marker is known that could distinguish long-lived plasma cells from short-lived ones. The present work addresses the biomolecular, phenotypical and functional characterization of mature plasma cells in healthy human bone marrow that differ in their expression of the surface marker CD19. CD19negative plasma cells showed higher maturity than CD19positive plasma cells as they expressed lesser amounts of CD45 and HLADR. Moreover, higher expression of CD28, Mcl1 and Bcl2 and lesser expression of CD95 argues for a better survival capacity of CD19negative plasma cells. Both plasma cell populations showed similar antigen specificities. All plasmablasts and plasma cells detectable in blood after secondary vaccination expressed CD19, as well as all plasma cells isolated from infant bone marrow. These results indicate that CD19negative plasma cells mainly develop during childhood by further differentiation of mature CD19positive plasma cells in situ in the bone marrow. CD19negative plasma cells represent a long-lived and stable component of the adaptive immune system and humoral memory, whereas the CD19positive plasma cell population displays a flexible element allowing for adaption of humoral immunity to new challenges throughout a lifetime.

Published
2015

14. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies

Author

Guadalupe Herrera, Jens Geginat, Daryl Grummitt, Vincenzo Barnaba, Joanne Lannigan, Beate Rückert, Elisabetta Traggiai, Christian Münz, Susanne Melzer, Ari Waisman, Pratip K. Chattopadhyay, Jonas Hahn, T. Vincent Shankey, S Schmid, Julia Tornack, David W. Hedley, Paolo Dellabona, Jürgen Wienands, Ana Cumano, Ester B. M. Remmerswaal, Christopher A. Hunter, Van Duc Dang, Anis Larbi, Timothy P. Bushnell, Mor Gross, Wenjun Ouyang, Vera S. Donnenberg, Lilly Lopez, Holden T. Maecker, Jenny Mjösberg, Christina Stehle, Yanling Liu, Alan M. Stall, Anja E. Hauser, Yousuke Takahama, Mark C. Dessing, Gergely Toldi, Klaus Warnatz, Raghav Palankar, Sussan Nourshargh, Enrico Lugli, Bimba F. Hoyer, Pleun Hombrink, Bartek Rajwa, Sarah Warth, Isabel Panse, Rachael C. Walker, Silvia Piconese, Andrew Filby, Pärt Peterson, Kilian Schober, Silvia Della Bella, Leonie Wegener, Merle Stein, Anne Cooke, Alessandro Moretta, Deborah Kienhöfer, Andrea Cossarizza, Hyun-Dong Chang, Konrad von Volkmann, Jessica P. Houston, Mübeccel Akdis, Andreas Grützkau, Tristan Holland, Jakob Zimmermann, Jonni S. Moore, Dirk Mielenz, Iain B. McInnes, Bo Huang, Paulo Vieira, Thomas Kroneis, Tobit Steinmetz, Kerstin Juelke, Sharon Sanderson, James V. Watson, Srijit Khan, Sally A. Quataert, Winfried F. Pickl, Annika Wiedemann, Sara De Biasi, Andreas Radbruch, James B. Wing, Susann Müller, Ton N. Schumacher, Katy Rezvani, Gloria Martrus, Alexander Scheffold, Toralf Kaiser, Carlo Pucillo, Lara Gibellini, Anna Rubartelli, Qingyu Cheng, Luca Battistini, David Mirrer, David W. Galbraith, Giovanna Borsellino, Ryan R. Brinkman, Tim R. Mosmann, Laura G. Rico, Anita Dreher, Désirée Kunkel, Francesco Annunziato, Pia Kvistborg, Andrea Gori, Chiara Romagnani, Anat Shemer, Toshinori Nakayama, Francisco Sala-de-Oyanguren, Attila Tárnok, Alfonso Blanco, Anna Iannone, Giuseppe Matarese, Thomas Dörner, Virginia Litwin, Michael Lohoff, Petra Bacher, Jordi Petriz, Lorenzo Moretta, Götz R. A. Ehrhardt, Qianjun Zhang, Andrea Cavani, Barry Moran, Christian Maueröder, Immanuel Andrä, Dirk H. Busch, Joe Trotter, Timothy R D J Radstake, Stipan Jonjić, Fritz Melchers, Hans-Martin Jäck, Beatriz Jávega, Gerald Willimsky, Martin Büscher, Henrik E. Mei, Christine S. Falk, Zhigang Tian, Martin Herrmann, Alice Yue, Steffen Jung, Bart Everts, Frank A. Schildberg, John Bellamy Foster, Giovanna Lombardi, Milena Nasi, John P. Nolan, Todd A. Fehniger, Francesco Dieli, Steffen Schmitt, Andreas Dolf, A. Graham Pockley, Claudia Berek, Josef Spidlen, Megan K. Levings, Werner Müller, Baerbel Keller, René A. W. van Lier, Daisy Philips, Susanne Ziegler, Christian Kurts, Malgorzata J. Podolska, Jürgen Ruland, David Voehringer, Kenneth M. Murphy, Marlous van der Braber, Maria Dolores García-Godoy, Sabine Baumgart, Yi Zhao, Antonio Cosma, Falk Hiepe, Charlotte Esser, Pablo Engel, Marcello Veldhoen, Irmgard Förster, Amy E. Lovett-Racke, Günnur Deniz, Burkhard Ludewig, Esther Schimisky, Cristiano Scottà, Marcello Pinti, Jonathan Rebhahn, Regina Stark, Mario Clerici, Liping Yu, Shimon Sakaguchi, Derek Davies, Anna Katharina Simon, Lorenzo Cosmi, Gabriele Multhoff, Kamran Ghoreschi, Quirin Hammer, Henning Ulrich, J. Paul Robinson, Yvonne Samstag, Olivier Lantz, Hannes Stockinger, Xuetao Cao, Simon Fillatreau, David L. Haviland, Natalio Garbi, C. Neudörfl, Kingston H. G. Mills, Salvador Vento-Asturias, Christian Peth, Philip E. Boulais, Diether J. Recktenwald, Burkhard Becher, Tomas Kalina, Michael D. Leipold, Christoph Goettlinger, Gemma A. Foulds, Jane L. Grogan, Axel R. Schulz, James P. Di Santo, Matthias Schiemann, Michael D. Ward, Britta Engelhardt, Birgit Sawitzki, Annette Oxenius, Carl S. Goodyear, Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann, Wolfgang Beisker, Sue Chow, Carsten Watzl, Marie Follo, Erik Lubberts, Peter Wurst, Thomas Schüler, Andreas Diefenbach, Wolfgang Bauer, Hans-Dieter Volk, Luis E. Muñoz, Elmar Endl, Genny Del Zotto, José-Enrique O'Connor, Mairi McGrath, Paul S. Frenette, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Cell Biology, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Department of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI)-DENOTHE Center, Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Inorganic Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, Caprotec Bioanalytics GmbH, International Occultation Timing Association European Section (IOTA ES), International Occultation Timing Association European Section, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC)-British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes (IMVA - U1184), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Experimental Immunology Unit, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Département d'Immunologie - Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Charité Hospital, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Rheumatologie, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Immunité et cancer (U932), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Institute of Virology [Zürich], College of Food Science and Technology [Shangai], Shanghai Ocean University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, Centre for Transplantation, King's College London (MRC), Guy's Hospital [London], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Heinrich Pette Institute [Hamburg], Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm]-Lipid Laboratory, Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Viral Immunobiology, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Institute of Experimental Immunology [Zurich], Department of Radiation Oncology [Munich], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Cytometry Laboratories and School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Osaka University [Osaka], FACS and Array Core Facility, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrueck, Department of Molecular Immunology, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences-University of Science & Technology of China [Suzhou], Lymphopoïèse (Lymphopoïèse (UMR_1223 / U1223 / U-Pasteur_4)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute for Immunology, Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 (PROTEE), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Enrico Lugli and Pratip K. Chattopadhyay were supported by grants from the Fondazione Cariplo (Grant Ricerca Biomedica 2012/0683), the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori GR-2011-02347324) and the European Union Marie Curie Career Integration Grant 322093 (all to E.L.). E.L. and P.K.C. are International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) Marylou Ingram scholars. Alice Yue and Ryan R. Brinkman were funded by Genome BC and NSERC. Klaus Warnatz received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1303) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DECIDE, DFG WA 1597/4-1 and the TRR130). The Jung laboratory is supported by funds of the ERC and ISF. Henrik Mei is a 2017-2021 ISAC scholar. Antonio Cosma is supported by the French government program: 'Investissement d'avenir: Equipements d'Excellence' (EQUIPEX)-2010 FlowCyTech, Grant number: ANR-10-EQPX-02-01. Henrik Mei is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grants Me3644/5-1 and TRR130/TP24)., Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI)-DENOTHE Center, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Humboldt University Of Berlin, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Universität Leipzig, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rheumatology, Pediatrics, Landsteiner Laboratory, Other departments, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, DENOTHE Center-University of Florence, Santa Lucia Foundation ( IRCCS ), International Occultation Timing Association European Section ( IOTA ES ), Fondazione Santa Lucia ( IRCCS ), BC Cancer Agency ( BCCRC ) -British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Fondazione IRCCS, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes ( IMVA - U1184 ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Département d'Immunologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Universitat de Barcelona ( UB ), Charité, Weizmann Institute of Science, Université de Bonn, Immunité et cancer ( U932 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut Curie-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Singapore Immunology Network ( SIgN ), Agency for Science Technology and Research, College of Food Science and Technology, Centre for Transplantation, King's College London ( MRC ), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ( UFZ ), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research ( HZI ), University of Zürich [Zürich] ( UZH ) -Institute of Experimental Immunology [Zurich], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz ( JGU ), Medical University of Vienna, Lymphopoïèse, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Johannes Gutenberg - University of Mainz ( JGU ), Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 ( PROTEE ), Université de Toulon ( UTLN ), Universita degli studi di Genova, Cossarizza, Andrea, Chang, Hyun-Dong, Radbruch, Andrea, Akdis, Mübeccel, Andrä, Immanuel, Annunziato, Francesco, Bacher, Petra, Barnaba, Vincenzo, Battistini, Luca, Bauer, Wolfgang M., Baumgart, Sabine, Becher, Burkhard, Beisker, Wolfgang, Berek, Claudia, Blanco, Alfonso, Borsellino, Giovanna, Boulais, Philip E., Brinkman, Ryan R., Büscher, Martin, Busch, Dirk H., Bushnell, Timothy P., Cao, Xuetao, Cavani, Andrea, Chattopadhyay, Pratip K., Cheng, Qingyu, Chow, Sue, Clerici, Mario, Cooke, Anne, Cosma, Antonio, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Cumano, Ana, Dang, Van Duc, Davies, Derek, De Biasi, Sara, Del Zotto, Genny, Della Bella, Silvia, Dellabona, Paolo, Deniz, Günnur, Dessing, Mark, Diefenbach, Andrea, Di Santo, Jame, Dieli, Francesco, Dolf, Andrea, Donnenberg, Vera S., Dörner, Thoma, Ehrhardt, Götz R. A., Endl, Elmar, Engel, Pablo, Engelhardt, Britta, Esser, Charlotte, Everts, Bart, Dreher, Anita, Falk, Christine S., Fehniger, Todd A., Filby, Andrew, Fillatreau, Simon, Follo, Marie, Förster, Irmgard, Foster, John, Foulds, Gemma A., Frenette, Paul S., Galbraith, David, Garbi, Natalio, García-Godoy, Maria Dolore, Geginat, Jen, Ghoreschi, Kamran, Gibellini, Lara, Goettlinger, Christoph, Goodyear, Carl S., Gori, Andrea, Grogan, Jane, Gross, Mor, Grützkau, Andrea, Grummitt, Daryl, Hahn, Jona, Hammer, Quirin, Hauser, Anja E., Haviland, David L., Hedley, David, Herrera, Guadalupe, Herrmann, Martin, Hiepe, Falk, Holland, Tristan, Hombrink, Pleun, Houston, Jessica P., Hoyer, Bimba F., Huang, Bo, Hunter, Christopher A., Iannone, Anna, Jäck, Hans-Martin, Jávega, Beatriz, Jonjic, Stipan, Juelke, Kerstin, Jung, Steffen, Kaiser, Toralf, Kalina, Toma, Keller, Baerbel, Khan, Srijit, Kienhöfer, Deborah, Kroneis, Thoma, Kunkel, Désirée, Kurts, Christian, Kvistborg, Pia, Lannigan, Joanne, Lantz, Olivier, Larbi, Ani, LeibundGut-Landmann, Salome, Leipold, Michael D., Levings, Megan K., Litwin, Virginia, Liu, Yanling, Lohoff, Michael, Lombardi, Giovanna, Lopez, Lilly, Lovett-Racke, Amy, Lubberts, Erik, Ludewig, Burkhard, Lugli, Enrico, Maecker, Holden T., Martrus, Glòria, Matarese, Giuseppe, Maueröder, Christian, Mcgrath, Mairi, Mcinnes, Iain, Mei, Henrik E., Melchers, Fritz, Melzer, Susanne, Mielenz, Dirk, Mills, Kingston, Mirrer, David, Mjösberg, Jenny, Moore, Jonni, Moran, Barry, Moretta, Alessandro, Moretta, Lorenzo, Mosmann, Tim R., Müller, Susann, Müller, Werner, Münz, Christian, Multhoff, Gabriele, Munoz, Luis Enrique, Murphy, Kenneth M., Nakayama, Toshinori, Nasi, Milena, Neudörfl, Christine, Nolan, John, Nourshargh, Sussan, O'Connor, José-Enrique, Ouyang, Wenjun, Oxenius, Annette, Palankar, Raghav, Panse, Isabel, Peterson, Pärt, Peth, Christian, Petriz, Jordi, Philips, Daisy, Pickl, Winfried, Piconese, Silvia, Pinti, Marcello, Pockley, A. Graham, Podolska, Malgorzata Justyna, Pucillo, Carlo, Quataert, Sally A., Radstake, Timothy R. D. J., Rajwa, Bartek, Rebhahn, Jonathan A., Recktenwald, Diether, Remmerswaal, Ester B. M., Rezvani, Katy, Rico, Laura G., Robinson, J. Paul, Romagnani, Chiara, Rubartelli, Anna, Ruckert, Beate, Ruland, Jürgen, Sakaguchi, Shimon, Sala-de-Oyanguren, Francisco, Samstag, Yvonne, Sanderson, Sharon, Sawitzki, Birgit, Scheffold, Alexander, Schiemann, Matthia, Schildberg, Frank, Schimisky, Esther, Schmid, Stephan A., Schmitt, Steffen, Schober, Kilian, Schüler, Thoma, Schulz, Axel Ronald, Schumacher, Ton, Scotta, Cristiano, Shankey, T. Vincent, Shemer, Anat, Simon, Anna-Katharina, Spidlen, Josef, Stall, Alan M., Stark, Regina, Stehle, Christina, Stein, Merle, Steinmetz, Tobit, Stockinger, Hanne, Takahama, Yousuke, Tarnok, Attila, Tian, Zhigang, Toldi, Gergely, Tornack, Julia, Traggiai, Elisabetta, Trotter, Joe, Ulrich, Henning, van der Braber, Marlou, van Lier, René A. W., Veldhoen, Marcello, Vento-Asturias, Salvador, Vieira, Paulo, Voehringer, David, Volk, Hans-Dieter, von Volkmann, Konrad, Waisman, Ari, Walker, Rachael, Ward, Michael D., Warnatz, Klau, Warth, Sarah, Watson, James V., Watzl, Carsten, Wegener, Leonie, Wiedemann, Annika, Wienands, Jürgen, Willimsky, Gerald, Wing, Jame, Wurst, Peter, Yu, Liping, Yue, Alice, Zhang, Qianjun, Zhao, Yi, Ziegler, Susanne, Zimmermann, Jakob, Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Akdis, M., Andrã¤, I., Annunziato, F., Bacher, P., Barnaba, V., Battistini, L., Bauer, W., Baumgart, S., Becher, B., Beisker, W., Berek, C., Blanco, A., Borsellino, G., Boulais, P., Brinkman, R., Bã¼scher, M., Busch, D., Bushnell, T., Cao, X., Cavani, A., Chattopadhyay, P., Cheng, Q., Chow, S., Clerici, M., Cooke, A., Cosma, A., Cosmi, L., Cumano, A., Dang, V., Davies, D., De Biasi, S., Del Zotto, G., Della Bella, S., Dellabona, P., Deniz, G., Dessing, M., Diefenbach, A., Di Santo, J., Dieli, F., Dolf, A., Donnenberg, V., Dã¶rner, T., Ehrhardt, G., Endl, E., Engel, P., Engelhardt, B., Esser, C., Everts, B., Dreher, A., Falk, C., Fehniger, T., Filby, A., Fillatreau, S., Follo, M., Fã¶rster, I., Foster, J., Foulds, G., Frenette, P., Galbraith, D., Garbi, N., García-Godoy, M., Geginat, J., Ghoreschi, K., Gibellini, L., Goettlinger, C., Goodyear, C., Gori, A., Grogan, J., Gross, M., Grã¼tzkau, A., Grummitt, D., Hahn, J., Hammer, Q., Hauser, A., Haviland, D., Hedley, D., Herrera, G., Herrmann, M., Hiepe, F., Holland, T., Hombrink, P., Houston, J., Hoyer, B., Huang, B., Hunter, C., Iannone, A., Jã¤ck, H., Jã¡vega, B., Jonjic, S., Juelke, K., Jung, S., Kaiser, T., Kalina, T., Keller, B., Khan, S., Kienhã¶fer, D., Kroneis, T., Kunkel, D., Kurts, C., Kvistborg, P., Lannigan, J., Lantz, O., Larbi, A., LeibundGut-Landmann, S., Leipold, M., Levings, M., Litwin, V., Liu, Y., Lohoff, M., Lombardi, G., Lopez, L., Lovett-Racke, A., Lubberts, E., Ludewig, B., Lugli, E., Maecker, H., Martrus, G., Matarese, G., Mauerã¶der, C., Mcgrath, M., Mcinnes, I., Mei, H., Melchers, F., Melzer, S., Mielenz, D., Mills, K., Mirrer, D., Mjã¶sberg, J., Moore, J., Moran, B., Moretta, A., Moretta, L., Mosmann, T., Mã¼ller, S., Mã¼ller, W., Mã¼nz, C., Multhoff, G., Munoz, L., Murphy, K., Nakayama, T., Nasi, M., Neudã¶rfl, C., Nolan, J., Nourshargh, S., O'Connor, J., Ouyang, W., Oxenius, A., Palankar, R., Panse, I., Peterson, P., Peth, C., Petriz, J., Philips, D., Pickl, W., Piconese, S., Pinti, M., Pockley, A., Podolska, M., Pucillo, C., Quataert, S., Radstake, T., Rajwa, B., Rebhahn, J., Recktenwald, D., Remmerswaal, E., Rezvani, K., Rico, L., Robinson, J., Romagnani, C., Rubartelli, A., Ruckert, B., Ruland, J., Sakaguchi, S., Sala-de-Oyanguren, F., Samstag, Y., Sanderson, S., Sawitzki, B., Scheffold, A., Schiemann, M., Schildberg, F., Schimisky, E., Schmid, S., Schmitt, S., Schober, K., Schã¼ler, T., Schulz, A., Schumacher, T., Scotta, C., Shankey, T., Shemer, A., Simon, A., Spidlen, J., Stall, A., Stark, R., Stehle, C., Stein, M., Steinmetz, T., Stockinger, H., Takahama, Y., Tarnok, A., Tian, Z., Toldi, G., Tornack, J., Traggiai, E., Trotter, J., Ulrich, H., van der Braber, M., van Lier, R., Veldhoen, M., Vento-Asturias, S., Vieira, P., Voehringer, D., Volk, H., von Volkmann, K., Waisman, A., Walker, R., Ward, M., Warnatz, K., Warth, S., Watson, J., Watzl, C., Wegener, L., Wiedemann, A., Wienands, J., Willimsky, G., Wing, J., Wurst, P., Liping, Y., Yue, A., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Ziegler, S., and Zimmermann, J.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, T-Lymphocytes, Cell Separation, T cell precursors, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunophenotyping, Human lymphopoiesis, [ SDV.IMM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Non-U.S. Gov't, Immunologic Technique, medicine.diagnostic_test, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, virus diseases, hemic and immune systems, False Positive Reaction, Cell sorting, Flow Cytometry, natural killer and innate lymphoid cells differentiation, 3. Good health, Research Design, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Human, Quality Control, medicine.drug_class, Immunology, Animals, Cell Proliferation, DNA, False Positive Reactions, Humans, RNA, Software, Guidelines as Topic, Immunologic Techniques, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Computational biology, Biology, Monoclonal antibody, Research Support, Article, Flow cytometry, N.I.H, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, medicine, early lymphoid progenitors, Journal Article, Mass cytometry, IMUNOLOGIA, Animal, Extramural, B cell ontogeny, 030104 developmental biology, T-Lymphocyte, Cytometry, 030215 immunology
Abstract

The marriage between immunology and cytometry is one of the most stable and productive in the recent history of science. A rapid search in PubMed shows that, as of July 2017, using “flow cytometry immunology” as a search term yields more than 68 000 articles, the first of which, interestingly, is not about lymphocytes. It might be stated that, after a short engagement, the exchange of the wedding rings between immunology and cytometry officially occurred when the idea to link fluorochromes to monoclonal antibodies came about. After this, recognizing different types of cells became relatively easy and feasible not only by using a simple fluorescence microscope, but also by a complex and sometimes esoteric instrument, the flow cytometer that is able to count hundreds of cells in a single second, and can provide repetitive results in a tireless manner. Given this, the possibility to analyse immune phenotypes in a variety of clinical conditions has changed the use of the flow cytometer, which was incidentally invented in the late 1960s to measure cellular DNA by using intercalating dyes, such as ethidium bromide. The epidemics of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s then gave a dramatic impulse to the technology of counting specific cells, since it became clear that the quantification of the number of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells was crucial to follow the course of the infection, and eventually for monitoring the therapy. As a consequence, the development of flow cytometers that had to be easy-to-use in all clinical laboratories helped to widely disseminate this technology. Nowadays, it is rare to find an immunological paper or read a conference abstract in which the authors did not use flow cytometry as the main tool to dissect the immune system and identify its fine and complex functions. Of note, recent developments have created the sophisticated technology of mass cytometry, which is able to simultaneously identify dozens of molecules at the single cell level and allows us to better understand the complexity and beauty of the immune system.

Published
2017

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