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Funding was provided by US NSF DEB-1342604, DEB-1925487 and DEB-1926919 grant awards to K.P.J., and European Commission grant H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 (INTROSYM:886532) to JD., The effective population size (N-e) of an organism is expected to be generally proportional to the total number of individuals in a population. In parasites, we might expect the effective population size to be proportional to host population size and host body size, because both are expected to increase the number of parasite individuals. However, among other factors, parasite populations are sometimes so extremely subdivided that high levels of inbreeding may distort these predicted relationships. Here, we used whole-genome sequence data from dove parasites (71 feather louse species of the genus Columbicola) and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the relationship between parasite effective population size and host population size and body size. We found that parasite effective population size is largely explained by host body size but not host population size. These results suggest the potential local population size (infrapopulation or deme size) is more predictive of the long-term effective population size of parasites than is the total number of potential parasite infrapopulations (i.e., host individuals)., National Science Foundation (NSF) DEB-1342604, DEB-1925487, DEB-1926919, European Commission Joint Research Centre H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 (INTROSYM:886532)

Adaptive radiation is an important mechanism of organismal diversification and can be triggered by new ecological opportunities. Although poorly studied in this regard, parasites are an ideal group in which to study adaptive radiations because of their close associations with host species. Both experimental and comparative studies suggest that the ectoparasitic wing lice of pigeons and doves have adaptively radiated, leading to differences in body size and overall coloration. Here, we show that long-distance dispersal by dove hosts was central to parasite diversification because it provided new ecological opportunities for parasites to speciate after host-switching. We further show that among extant parasite lineages host-switching decreased over time, with cospeciation becoming the more dominant mode of parasite speciation. Taken together, our results suggest that host dispersal, followed by host-switching, provided novel ecological opportunities that facilitated adaptive radiation by parasites.

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The causes underlying disjunct distributions are of major importance in biogeography. Arcto-Tertiary relict biotas in the temperate northern hemisphere, which typically show disjunct distributions between Asia and the Nearctic region, are widely known, but often poorly understood examples of disjunct distributions. The distributional pattern of the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum is an example of an Arcto-Tertiary relict, with centres of species diversity in Asia and Central America. We evaluated the potential causes of this disjunct distribution in Trichadenotecnum using a molecular phylogeny, divergence dating and ancestral area reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis identified three separate clades of New World Trichadenotecnum, whereas all other groups were distributed in the Old World. Ancestral area and dating analyses recovered three independent events of trans-Beringian dispersal in the Oligocene to Miocene (27–15 Mya). The formation of two disjunct centres of diversity can be explained by the restriction of distributional areas to temperate refugia during the Quaternary glaciations (2.5–0.02 Mya). The South American Trichadenotecnum appeared to have arisen from two independent dispersal events in the Miocene (19–9 Mya). These estimated dispersal dates are much older than the generally assumed date (Pleistocene: c. 3 Mya) for the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.

The insect order Psocodea is a diverse lineage comprising both parasitic (Phthiraptera) and nonparasitic members (Psocoptera). The extreme age and ecological diversity of the group may be associated with major genomic changes, such as base compositional biases expected to affect phylogenetic inference. Divergent morphology between parasitic and nonparasitic members has also obscured the origins of parasitism within the order. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis on the order Psocodea utilizing both transcriptome and genome sequencing to obtain a data set of 2370 orthologous genes. All phylogenomic analyses, including both concatenated and coalescent methods suggest a single origin of parasitism within the order Psocodea, resolving conflicting results from previous studies. This phylogeny allows us to propose a stable ordinal level classification scheme that retains significant taxonomic names present in historical scientific literature and reflects the evolution of the group as a whole. A dating analysis, with internal nodes calibrated by fossil evidence, suggests an origin of parasitism that predates the K-Pg boundary. Nucleotide compositional biases are detected in third and first codon positions and result in the anomalous placement of the Amphientometae as sister to Psocomorpha when all nucleotide sites are analyzed. Likelihood-mapping and quartet sampling methods demonstrate that base compositional biases can also have an effect on quartet-based methods.[Illumina; Phthiraptera; Psocoptera; quartet sampling; recoding methods.]

The bathing behavior of woodpeckers (Picidae) is almost unknown and the paucity of reports of bathing in the family has led to suppositions that they may do so rarely. An unusual observation of the Atlantic Forest endemic Robust Woodpecker Campephilus robustus dew-bathing socially is reported from Paraguay and discussion of its significance follows. Dew-bathing has been reported for a small number of New World bird families and has often been linked to a shortage of water, but has never been previously reported in New World Picidae. Given the environmental conditions in this humid habitat it is considered that dew-bathing in this family is related to structure and ecological constraints and not to limited access to water. Picids are highly arboreal birds with structural modifications for arboreality that make them awkward and thus potentially vulnerable when on the ground. A propensity for dew-bathing in forest canopies at sunrise may be a factor in the rarity of such observations and contribute to the lack of published reports.

Dispersal is a central process in biology with implications at multiple scales of organization 1,2,3,4 . Organisms vary in their dispersal abilities, and these differences can have important biological consequences, such as impacting the likelihood of hybridization events 5 . However, the factors shaping the frequency of hybridization are still poorly understood, and therefore how dispersal ability affects the opportunities for hybridization is still unknown. Here, using the ecological replicate system of dove wing and body lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) 6 , we show that species with higher dispersal abilities exhibited increased genomic signatures of introgression. Specifically, we found a higher proportion of introgressed genomic reads and more reticulated phylogenetic networks in wing lice, the louse group with higher dispersal abilities. Our results illustrate how differences in dispersal ability can drive differences in the extent of introgression through hybridization. The results from this study represent an important step for understanding the factors driving hybridization. We expect our approach will stimulate future studies on the ecological factors shaping hybridization to further understand this important process.

Paraclaravis, new genus Type species. Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, 1856, currently Claravis mondetoura. Included species. Paraclaravis mondetoura, new comb., and Paraclaravis geoffroyi (Temminck, 1811), new comb. Diagnosis Small (18���24 cm), arboreal or semi-terrestrial doves, similar to Claravis pretiosa, but both sexes of Paraclaravis differing from C. pretiosa in having: (i) lesser upperwing-coverts marked with a single bar formed by spots on a single row of feathers; and (ii) tertials unmarked. In C. pretiosa, lesser upperwing-coverts are spotted on nearly all feathers and tertials are marked with a prominent spot on each feather (Fig. 2). Males of the two species of Paraclaravis differ from male C. pretiosa in two additional characters: (iii) extensive white on distal parts of outer rectrices (entirely black in C. pretiosa); and (iv) white under tail-coverts (slate-grey in C. pretiosa) (Ridgway 1916; Gibbs et al. 2001; Fig. 2). Females of Paraclaravis also differ from Claravis by showing: (iii) lateral rectrices broadly tipped white, light grayish brown, or light cinnamon (uniform in C. pretiosa); and (iv) under tailcoverts buffy (cinnamon or cinnamon-brown in C. pretiosa; Ridgway 1916; Fig. 2). The two species of Paraclaravis differ from all other small ground-doves, except Claravis pretiosa, by a combination of pronounced sexual dimorphism in colouration, upperparts grey in males, tail truncated, bare orbital space small, lores wholly feathered, and wing feathers spotted with extensive markings forming three prominent dark wing bars (Ridgway 1916). Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek para (beside), the Latin clarus (clear, brilliant) and the Latin avis (bird). Its gender is feminine. The name refers to the morphological resemblance of Paraclaravis mondetoura and P. geoffroyi to Claravis pretiosa. Distribution. Paraclaravis mondetoura is found in several isolated populations from southern Mexico to northern and western Venezuela south to central Bolivia, at altitudes from 1000���3000 m. Paraclaravis geoffroyi has been found in south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and Misiones, Argentina, at altitudes up to 1400 m, but is now extremely rare (Baptista et al. 2016). Both species are strongly associated with bamboo., Published as part of Sangster, George, Sweet, Andrew D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2018, Paraclaravis, a new genus for the Purple-winged and Maroon-chested Ground-doves (Aves: Columbidae), pp. 134-140 in Zootaxa 4461 (1) on pages 136-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/1459830, {"references":["Bonaparte, C. (1856) Especes nouvelles d'Oiseaux d'Asie et d'Amerique, et tableaux paralleliques des Pelagiens ou Gaviae. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 42, 764 - 776. Available from: http: // catalogue. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / cb 343481087 (accessed 17 August 2018)","Temminck, C. J. (1811) Knip, P. & Temminck, C. J. Les Pigeons. Livraisons 14 & 15. G. Dufour, Paris, 17 pp.","Ridgway, R. (1916) The birds of North and Middle America, part VII. United States National Museum Bulletin, 50 (7), 1 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 54021","Gibbs, D., Barnes, E. & Cox, J. (2001) Pigeons and Doves, a Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, 615 pp.","Baptista, L. F., Trail, P. W., Horblit, H. M., Kirwan, G. M. & Sharpe, C. J. (2016) Purple-winged Ground-dove (Claravis geoffroyi). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (Eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Available from: http: // www. hbw. com / node / 54220 (accessed 28 November 2016)"]}

Paraclaravis, new genus Type species. Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, 1856, currently Claravis mondetoura. Included species. Paraclaravis mondetoura, new comb., and Paraclaravis geoffroyi (Temminck, 1811), new comb. Diagnosis Small (18–24 cm), arboreal or semi-terrestrial doves, similar to Claravis pretiosa, but both sexes of Paraclaravis differing from C. pretiosa in having: (i) lesser upperwing-coverts marked with a single bar formed by spots on a single row of feathers; and (ii) tertials unmarked. In C. pretiosa, lesser upperwing-coverts are spotted on nearly all feathers and tertials are marked with a prominent spot on each feather (Fig. 2). Males of the two species of Paraclaravis differ from male C. pretiosa in two additional characters: (iii) extensive white on distal parts of outer rectrices (entirely black in C. pretiosa); and (iv) white under tail-coverts (slate-grey in C. pretiosa) (Ridgway 1916; Gibbs et al. 2001; Fig. 2). Females of Paraclaravis also differ from Claravis by showing: (iii) lateral rectrices broadly tipped white, light grayish brown, or light cinnamon (uniform in C. pretiosa); and (iv) under tailcoverts buffy (cinnamon or cinnamon-brown in C. pretiosa; Ridgway 1916; Fig. 2). The two species of Paraclaravis differ from all other small ground-doves, except Claravis pretiosa, by a combination of pronounced sexual dimorphism in colouration, upperparts grey in males, tail truncated, bare orbital space small, lores wholly feathered, and wing feathers spotted with extensive markings forming three prominent dark wing bars (Ridgway 1916). Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek para (beside), the Latin clarus (clear, brilliant) and the Latin avis (bird). Its gender is feminine. The name refers to the morphological resemblance of Paraclaravis mondetoura and P. geoffroyi to Claravis pretiosa. Distribution. Paraclaravis mondetoura is found in several isolated populations from southern Mexico to northern and western Venezuela south to central Bolivia, at altitudes from 1000–3000 m. Paraclaravis geoffroyi has been found in south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and Misiones, Argentina, at altitudes up to 1400 m, but is now extremely rare (Baptista et al. 2016). Both species are strongly associated with bamboo.

Supplementary Material S1: Commands used for phylogenetic analyses; Figure S1: Phylogeny of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera) based on coalescent based ASTRAL II analysis of 1,107 single copy ortholog genes. Numbers indicate local posterior probability.; Table S1: Samples sequenced for genomes; Table S2: Figure attribution and Creative Commons usage licenses

The largest suborder of bark lice (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) is Psocomorpha, which includes over 3600 described species. We estimated the phylogeny of this major group with family-level taxon sampling using multiple gene markers, including both nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA and protein-coding genes. Monophyly of the suborder was strongly supported, and monophyly of three of four previously recognized infraorders (Caeciliusetae, Epipsocetae, and Psocetae) was also strongly supported. In contrast, monophyly of the infraorder Homilopsocidea was not supported. Based on the phylogeny, we divided Homilopsocidea into three independent infraorders: Archipsocetae, Philotarsetae, and Homilopsocidea. Except for a few cases, previously recognized families were recovered as monophyletic. To establish a classification more congruent with the phylogeny, we synonymized the families Bryopsocidae (with Zelandopsocinae of Pseudocaeciliidae), Calopsocidae (with Pseudocaeciliidae), and Neurostigmatidae (with Epipsocidae). Monophyly of Elipsocidae, Lachesillidae, and Mesopsocidae was not supported, but the monophyly of these families could not be rejected statistically, so they are tentatively maintained as valid families. The molecular tree was compared with a morphological phylogeny estimated previously. Sources of congruence and incongruence exist and the utility of the morphological data for phylogenetic estimation is evaluated.

The phylogenetic relationships of bark lice and parasitic lice (Insecta: Psocodea) have been studied in a number of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences. Many of these studies have focused on the position of parasitic lice within the free-living bark lice. However, fewer such studies have examined the relationships among major groups of free-living bark lice and their implications for classification. In this study we focus on the infraorder Caeciliusetae, a large group of bark lice (˜1000 species) within the suborder Psocomorpha. Using sequences of two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, we estimated the phylogeny for relationships among the five recognized families within the infraorder Caeciliusetae. Based on the results, the sister-group relationship and respective monophyly of Stenopsocidae and Dasydemellidae is strongly supported. Monophyly of the larger families Amphipsocidae and Caeciliusidae was not supported, although the causes of this were the placement of two distinct subfamilies (Paracaeciliinae and Calocaeciliinae). The monophyly of Asiopsocidae could not be tested because it was sampled only by one species. Based on these results and consideration of morphological characters, we propose a new classification for Caeciliusetae, recognizing six families: Amphipsocidae, Stenopsocidae, Dasydemellidae, Asiopsocidae, Paracaeciliidae and Caeciliusidae. We expect that this new classification will stabilize the higher-level taxonomy of this group and help to identify groups in need of further work among these insects.

The systematic status of Kaindipsocinae (formerly Kaindipsocini) is revised based on morphology of the male terminalia and on molecular data. Clematostigma, Lasiopsocus and Tanystigma are newly assigned to this subfamily. The 'Blaste' lunulata species group is also placed within Kaindipsocinae and is probably closest to Kaindipsocus. Both morphological and molecular data provide strong support for monophyly of Kaindipsocinae and molecular data support a sister relationship between this subfamily and the rest of Psocidae.

Smith, V.S. Johnson, KP. The evolution of microhabitat specialization in parasitic lice: lineage assortment or character displacement? Joint meetings of the American Society of Naturalists (ASN), the Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE), and the Society of Systematic Biologists (SSB). University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA. June 10-14, 2005.

Smith, V.S.* and Johnson, K.P. The diversification of lice: phylogeny. 3rd International Congress on Phthiraptera. CIPEIN, Buenos Aires, Argentina. October 16 - 20, 2006.

Smith, V.S.,* Ford, T., Johnson, K.P., Johnson, P., Yoshizawa, K. & Page, RDM. The diversification of lice: age. 3rd International Congress on Phthiraptera. CIPEIN, Buenos Aires, Argentina. October 16 - 20, 2006.

Myrsidea dalgleishi Valim, Price & Johnson n. sp. (Figs. 28 ���29, 33��� 35) Type host. Glyphorynchus spirurus (Vieillot, 1819) ���the Wedge-billed Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptidae). Female (n = 3). Habitus as in Fig. 28. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.03 long; DHS 11, 0.09 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side (rarely 5 on one side). Metanotum with 9���11 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 11���14. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 33. Tergites of similar size, tergite I with very slight medioposterior convexity. With a conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 10���13; II, 12��� 14; III, 14���17; IV, 13���15; V, 14���16; VI, 14���15; VII, 11���12; VIII, 9���10. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.11���0.17) on III, V, VI and VII, and extremely long (0.24���0.38) on I, II, IV, and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 3 setae (rarely 4 on one side), posterior margin with 11���14 and anteriorly with 7���8; III, 18���22; IV, 22���24; V, 25���27; VI, 19���21; VII, 8���10; VIII���IX with 9���10 marginal and 7���9 anterior setae. Each pleurite III���VII with about 4���5 short marginal setae. Anus with 30���34 ventral fringe setae, 30���34 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.41; HL, 0.28���0.29; PW, 0.24���0.25; PSPL, 0.10; MW, 0.37���0.39; MSPL, 0.13���0.14; AWIV, 0.50���0.51; ANW, 0.18���0.20; TL, 1.29���1.36. Male (n = 3). Habitus as in Fig. 29. Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum with 6���10 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6 setae. Setae of femoral brush, 10���11. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 34. Tergal setae: I, 10���12; II, 11���12; III���IV, 12���13; V, 12; VI, 10���12; VII, 9���10; VIII, 8. A conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 3 setae (rarely 4 on one site), posterior margin with 12 and anteriorly with 7; III, 17; IV, 18���20; V, 21���22; VI, 18���19; VII, 9���10; VIII, 5���6. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 35, rounded apically, without lateral projections. Dimensions: TW, 0.39; HL, 0.26; PW, 0.23���0.24; PSPL, 0.09; MW, 0.32���0.33; MSPL, 0.12; AWIV, 0.40���0.41; GL, 0.35���0.36; GSL, 0.09���0.10; TL, 1.07���1.09. Type material. Holotype female, ex Glyphorynchus spirurus, Costa Rica: San Jose, Tinamaste, 12 km SW San Isidro de El General, 1 February 2000, R.C. Dalgleish, Fisher & JS # 3078. Paratypes: 2 males and 2 females, same data as holotype. One pair of paratypes at MZUSP. Additional material. 1 male and 1 nymph, ex G. spirurus, # 1103, PERU: Madre de Dios, Cerro de Pantiacolla, elev. 680 m, 16 November 1985, D.H. Clayton coll., at FMNH; 1 nymph, ex G. s p i r u r u s, same data except 9 November 1985, at FMNH. Remarks. Myrsidea dalgleishi n. sp. can be easily distinguished from M. souleyetii Sychra, 2007 (Figs. 22, 23) by its smaller measurements and by the length of postspiracular setae on VII in both sexes (long in M. souleyetii). Males can be distinguished by sternite VII with reduced number of setae (20 setae in M. souleyetii), curvature of parameres (strongly curved in M. souleyetii), and the distinct male genital sclerites. This new species was previously found by Sychra et al. (2007) on G. s p i r u r u s also in Costa Rica, but it was regarded as ��� Myrsidea sp. 2 ��� after the examination and description of only one female specimen. The color pattern described by those authors is also present in our specimens of M. dalgleishi n. sp. (see Figs. 28, 29). Etymology. This species is named after Robert C. Dalgleish (1940���2009) in recognition of his contributions to the taxonomy of lice, especially his efforts in studying the genus Myrsidea., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Sychra, O., Literak, I., Capek, M. & Havlicek, M. (2007) Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from Ovenbirds, Leaftossers and Woodcreepers (Passeriformes: Furnariidae: Furnariinae, Sclerurinae, Dendrocolaptinae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species of the genera Rallicola and Myrsidea. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43 (1), 117 - 126."]}

Myrsidea castroae Valim, Price and Johnson n. sp. (Figs. 40 ���41, 46��� 48) Type host. Atlapetes albinucha gutturalis (Lafresnaye, 1843) ���the White-naped Brush-Finch (Emberizidae). Female (n = 3). Habitus as in Fig. 40. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.03 long; DHS 11, 0.11 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side (rarely 5 on one side). Metanotum with 11���13 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 11���16. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 46. Abdomen with tergites of similar size, tergites II���III with very slight medioposterior convexity. Tergal setae, except on I, with continuous row across segment. Tergal setae: I, 8; II, 18���19; III, 23���26; IV, 23; V, 23���24; VI, 22���25; VII, 19���20; VIII, 16. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.18���0.25) on I, III, V, and VI, and extremely long (0.36���0.44) on II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae, posterior margin with 17���18 and anteriorly with 10���12; III, 24���26; IV, 28; V, 32���37; VI, 31; VII, 16���18; VIII���IX with 10 marginal, 9���10 anterior setae. Sternite III concave anteriorly. Each pleurite II���V with about 5 short marginal setae, 2 of these long on V���VIII. Anus with 33 ventral fringe setae, 30���32 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.42���0.43; HL, 0.29; PW, 0.28���0.29; PSPL, 0.10; MW, 0.42���0.43; MSPL, 0.14; AWIV, 0.58���0.59; ANW, 0.19��� 0.20; TL, 1.41���1.47. Male (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 41. Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum with 11 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 7 setae. Setae of femoral brush, 12���13. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 47. Tergal setae, except on I, with continuous row across segment. Tergal setae: I, 10; II, 22; III, 22; IV, 25; V, 24; VI, 25; VII, 20; VIII, 18. Tergal and postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae, posterior margin with 16 and anteriorly with 13; III, 21; IV, 25; V, 30; VI, 26; VII, 18; VIII, 8. Long setae on pleurites on IV���VII. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 48, with slight apical indentation and distinct subapical lateral projections. Dimensions: TW, 0.39; HL, 0.29; PW, 0.27; PSPL, 0.10; MW, 0.36; MSPL, 0.12; AWIV, 0.43; GL, 0.38; GSL, 0.09; TL, 1.20. Type material. Holotype female, ex Atlapetes albinucha gutturalis, GMS 1990, PANAMA: Palo Seco, 22 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. Paratypes: 1 male and 2 females (females DNA voucher Mysp.Atgut.6.6.2007.8 and Mysp.Atgut.4.26.2006.4), same data as holotype. One female paratype at MZUSP. Remarks. This species belongs to the ��� campestris species group��� (sensu Price and Dalgleish, 2007). It is morphologically close to Myrsidea coronatae Price &Dalgleish, 2007 by lacking a median gap in tergal rows for both sexes. However, M. castroae n. sp. can be easily distinguish by its smaller total length (males of M. coronatae 1.29���1.35; females 1.61���1.66) as well as by other measurements; by a smaller number of setae on tergite I in both sexes (males of M. coronatae 16���18, females 13���15); by tergites I���III only slightly enlarged (with modest medioposterior convexity in M. coronatae); by lacking long setae on pleurite IV of females; and by differences in the male genital sac sclerite. The result of the analyses of partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene (Fig. 49) shows M. castroae n. sp. sister to M.rozsai. Females of M. castroae n. sp. differ from those of M. rozsai (II, 23���26; III���IV, 27���32) by fewer numbers of setae on tergites II���IV and the males of M. castroae n. sp. differ from those of M. rozsai (I, 18���22) by fewer number of setae on tergite I. Etymology. This species is named after Dolores del C. Castro (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina) in recognition of her many contributions to the taxonomy of South American lice., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Price, R. D. & Dalgleish, R. C. (2007) Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Emberizidae (Passeriformes), with descriptions of 13 new species. Zootaxa, 1467, 1 - 18."]}

Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 Type species. Myrsidea victrix Waterston, 1915, by original designation. A thorough characterization of this genus may be found in Clay (1966) and in papers referring to some of the host groups treated herein (Dalgleish & Price 2005; Price et al. 2005; Price & Dalgleish, 2007)., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Clay, T. (1966) Contributions towards a revision of Myrsidea Waterston. I. (Menoponidae: Mallophaga). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) - Entomology, 17, 327 - 395.","Price, R. D. & Dalgleish, R. C. (2007) Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Emberizidae (Passeriformes), with descriptions of 13 new species. Zootaxa, 1467, 1 - 18."]}

Myrsidea meyi Valim, Price and Johnson n. sp. (Figs. 21, 26���27, 30��� 32) Type host. Syndactyla subalaris (Sclater, 1859) ���the Lineated Foliage-gleaner (Furnariidae). Female (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 26. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.08 long; DHS 11, 0.11 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum with 7 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 14. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 30. Metanotum enlarged posteriorly, tergite I divided into two pieces, one on each side of the metanotum, tergites II���IV with median setae finer and placed anteriorly from the posterior margin, tergite V compressed by IV with setae on its posterior margin, tergites VI���VII unmodified and of similar size. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 10; II, 16; III, 17; IV���VI, 18; VII, 12; VIII, 6. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.11���0.15) on III, V and VI, and extremely long (0.30���0.43) on I, II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 13 and anteriorly with 10; III, 25; IV, 31; V, 30; VI, 25; VII, 19; VIII���IX with 13 marginal and 12 anterior setae. Each pleurite III���VII with about 5���7 short marginal setae. Anus with 36 ventral fringe setae, 31 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.49; HL, 0.34; PW, 0.31; PSPL, 0.12; MW, 0.50; MSPL, 0.15; AWIV, 0.65; ANW, 0.24; TL, 1.54. Male (n = 2). Habitus as in Fig. 27. Gula with 4 setae on each side (one paratype with 3 on each side). Metanotum with 6 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6 setae as in Fig. 21. Setae of femoral brush, 11���14. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 31. Conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 6���7; II, 13���14; III, 14���16; IV, 15���16; V, 16; VI, 14���15; VII, 9���11; VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 8���11 and anteriorly with 8; III, 20���22; IV, 22���24; V, 22���25; VI, 22��� 24; VII, 14���15; VIII, 6���9. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 32. Dimensions: TW, 0.45; HL, 0.31; PW, 0.29���0.30; PSPL, 0.10���0.11; MW, 0.39���0.41; MSPL, 0.13; AWIV, 0.49; GL, 0.42���0.46; GSL, 0.06; TL, 1.23���1.33. Type material. Female holotype, ex Syndactyla subalaris, JK06- 276, Panama: Palo Seco, 25 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. Paratypes: 1 male, same data as holotype; 1 male (DNA voucher Mysp.Sybub.5.1.2006.3), same data as holotype except JK06-325, 27 February 2006. One male paratype (JK06- 325) at MZUSP. Other specimens. 1 nymph (DNA voucher Mysp.Sysub.6.6.2007.2), same data as holotype; 1 nymph (DNA voucher Mysp.Sysub.6.6.2007.4), same data as holotype except JK06-325, 27 February 2006. Remarks. Females of M. meyi n. sp. are morphologically separable from the other species found on furnariids (e.g. M. strobilisternata, M. calvi, M. ochrolaemi, and M. waterstoni n. sp.) by the division of tergite I into two lateral pieces (entire in other species) and by the placement of setal insertions on tergal segments II���IV on the middle portion of segments instead of on the posterior margin. Males are unique in the reduction of number and size of setae on tergite I (Fig. 31). Etymology. This species is named after Eberhard Mey (Naturhistorisches Museum im Th��ringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg, Rudolstadt, Germany), in recognition of his contributions to the taxonomy of lice., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624

Myrsidea cinnamomei Dalgleish & Price, 2005 (Fig. 38 ���39, 45) Type host. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Lawrence, 1861 ��� the Cinnamon Becard (Cotingidae). Female (n = 2). Habitus as in Fig. 38. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.06 long; DHS 11, 0.10 long. Gula with 5 setae on each side. Metanotum with 11���13 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 23���25. Tergite I enlarged with broadly rounded medioposterior prolongation resulting in distortion of tergites II���IV. Tergites V���VIII unmodified and of similar size. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 14���19; II, 17���18; III, 16���18; IV, 17���18; V, 15���16; VI, 11���14; VII, 8���11; VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.17���0.19) on III, V and VI, and extremely long (0.28���0.54) on I, II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae (one specimen with 5 on both sides), posterior margin with 19 and anteriorly with 7; III, 23���26; IV, 37��� 40; V, 43���45; VI, 34���38; VII, 14���17; VIII���IX with 11���13 marginal and 9���10 anterior setae. Each pleurite III���VII with about 6���10 short marginal setae. Anus with 37 ventral fringe setae, 36���41 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.45��� 0.48; HL, 0.34���0.35; PW, 0.30; PSPL, 0.12���0.13; MW, 0.46���0.47; MSPL, 0.18; AWIV, 0.60���0.63; ANW, 0.23��� 0.25; TL, 1.57���1.62. Male (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 39. Gula with 5 setae on each side. Metanotum with 10 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6 setae. Setae of femoral brush, 20���21. Tergal setae: I, 10; II���III, 16; IV, 14; V, 16; VI, 15; VII, 12; VIII, 8. Conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae (rarely 5 on one side), posterior margin with 14 and anteriorly with 8; III, 21; IV, 34; V, 37; VI, 31; VII, 19; VIII, 6. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 45. Dimensions: TW, 0.44; HL, 0.30; PW, 0.29; PSPL, 0.11; MW, 0.40; MSPL, 0.15; AWIV, 0.47; GL, 0.43; GSL, 0.10; TL, 1.36. Material examined. 1 male and 1 female (female DNA voucher Mysp.Pahom.4.24.2006.4), ex Pachyramphus homochrous Sclater, 1859, GMS 1814, Panama: Lago Bayano, 16 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. 1 female, same data, except GMS 1815. Remarks. This species was described by Dalgleish & Price (2005) from 8 specimens collected on Pachyramphus cinnamomeus from Costa Rica. It is herein redescribed to add new data based on material from an additional host species, in particular the variability in the shape of the genital sac sclerite of the male (compare Fig. 45 with fig. 3 in Dalgleish & Price 2005). In other aspects, our 3 specimens from P. homochrous agree with the original description of M. cinnamomei. This sample represents a new host-association and a new geographical record for this louse species., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624

Myrsidea ochrolaemi Sychra, 2007 (Figs. 3 ���6, 9���12, 16, 19) Type host. Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844) ��� the Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner (Furnariidae). Female (n = 23). Habitus as in Figs. 3, 4. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.05 long; DHS 11, 0.10 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side (rarely 3 or 5 on one side). Metanotum with 11���17 setae on posterior margin. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 9. Tergites unmodified, of similar size, with conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row limited to segments IV���VIII. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.10���0.14) on III, V and VI, longer (0.22) on I, and extremely long (0.32���0.58) on II, IV, VII and VIII. Each pleurite III���VII with about 5���7 short marginal setae. Anus with 40���47 ventral fringe setae, 38���48 dorsal. The following chaetotaxic and morphometric data for female specimens are given separately for each host species: From Automolus ochrolaemus (n = 6): Setae of femoral brush, 13���17. Tergal setae: I, 24���31; II, 26���31; III, 26��� 29; IV, 23���31; V, 19���26; VI, 18���24; VII, 15���20; VIII, 8���12. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae (rarely 4 on one side), posterior margin with 10���12 and anteriorly with 8���10; III, 23���29; IV, 41���45; V, 41���48; VI, 40���42; VII, 19��� 24; VIII���IX with 12���14 marginal and 17���22 anterior setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.47���0.50; HL, 0.33���0.34; PW, 0.32��� 0.35; PSPL, 0.12; MW, 0.49���0.56; MSPL, 0.16���0.17; AWIV, 0.65���0.69; ANW, 0.25���0.27; TL, 1.57���1.67. From Automolus infuscatus (Sclater, 1856) (n = 4): Setae of femoral brush, 12���17. Tergal setae: I, 26���30; II, 25���30; III, 26���28; IV, 22���29; V, 20���24; VI, 20���21; VII, 17���19; VIII, 10���13. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 10���12 and anteriorly with 7���8; III, 22���29; IV, 39���42; V, 40���45; VI, 36���40; VII, 22���25; VIII���IX with 12���15 marginal and 20���22 anterior setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.46���0.48; HL, 0.33; PW, 0.31���0.32; PSPL, 0.12; MW, 0.47���0.51; MSPL, 0.15���0.17; AWIV, 0.63���0.67; ANW, 0.24���0.27; TL, 1.46���1.55. From Anabacerthia variegaticeps (Sclater, 1857) (n = 1): Setae of femoral brush, 14���15. Tergal setae: I, 35; II, 37; III, 29; IV, 28; V���VI, 22; VII, 17; VIII, 8. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 11 and anteriorly with 7; III, 25; IV, 46; V, 47; VI, 40; VII, 21; VIII���IX with 17 marginal and 22 anterior setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.50; HL, 0.34; PW, 0.32; PSPL, 0.13; MW, 0.54; MSPL, 0.17; AWIV, 0.70; ANW, 0.28; TL, 1.74. Male (n = 20). Habitus as in Figs. 5 ��� 6. Gula with 4 setae on each side (rarely 3 or 5 on one side). Metanotum with 11���13 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6���8 setae, as in Fig. 19. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 10. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row limited to segments III���VIII. Postspiracular setae as for female. Genitalia as in Fig. 11, broad sac sclerite with concave lateral projections as in Fig. 12. The following chaetotaxic and morphometric data for male specimens are given separately for each host species: From Automolus ochrolaemus (n = 6): Setae of femoral brush, 12���13. Tergal setae: I, 19���22; II, 20���23; III���IV, 19���24; V, 19���21; VI, 17���20; VII, 16���19; VIII, 10���13. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae (rarely 4 or 6 on one site), posterior margin with 11���15 and anteriorly with 8���13; III, 21���25; IV, 29���36; V, 31���35; VI, 29���34; VII, 20��� 25; VIII, 10���12. Dimensions: TW, 0.44���0.46; HL, 0.30���0.32; PW, 0.30���0.31; PSPL, 0.10���0.12; MW, 0.40���0.43; MSPL, 0.13���0.14; AWIV, 0.49���0.52; GL, 0.42���0.48; GSL, 0.07���0.08; TL, 1.33���1.42. From Automolus infuscatus (n = 4): Setae of femoral brush, 12���14. Tergal setae: I, 17���23; II, 19���22; III, 19��� 24; IV, 19���21; V, 18���20; VI, 18���21; VII, 17���19; VIII, 10���12. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 11���13 and anteriorly with 8���9; III, 19���21; IV, 27���31; V, 29���32; VI, 27���32; VII, 20���23; VIII, 11���14. Dimensions: TW, 0.42���0.43; HL, 0.28���0.31; PW, 0.28���0.30; PSPL, 0.10���0.11; MW, 0.37���0.39; MSPL, 0.13���0.15; AWIV, 0.47���0.49; GL, 0.42���0.45; GSL, 0.06���0.07; TL, 1.27���1.31. From Anabacerthia variegaticeps (n = 1): Setae of femoral brush, 12���14. Tergal setae: I, 22; II, 24; III-IV, 23; V���VI, 19; VII, 18; VIII, 11. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 12 and anteriorly with 11; III, 19; IV, 31; V, 34; VI, 29; VII, 22; VIII, 11. Dimensions: TW, 0.45; HL, 0.31; PW, 0.30; PSPL, 0.12; MW, 0.43; MSPL, 0.12; AWIV, 0.50; GL, 0.46; GSL, 0.07; TL, 1.38. Material examined. 3 females (one female DNA voucher Mysp.Auoch.5.1.2006.16), ex Automolus ochrolaemus exsertus Bangs, 1901, JMD 867 FMNH # 410611, Panama: Charco Azul, 2 March 2006, K.P. Johnson coll.; 1 male and 1 female, ex A. ochrolaemus exsertus, JMD 874 FMNH # 410616, Panama: Charco Azul, 2 March 2006, K.P. Johnson coll.; 1 male and 2 females, ex A. ochrolaemus, Fisher # 1088, Costa Rica: Puntarenus, Monte Anivo Lodge, 13 Km N. Portero Grande, 16 March 1995, R.C. Dalgleish coll.; 1 male and 2 females, ex. A. ochrolaemus, Peru: ExplorNapa Camp, Rio Nafa, SE Iquitos, 15 June 1989, R.C. Dalgleish coll.; 3 males and 1 female, ex. A. ochrolaemus, Fisher and JS # 3082, Costa Rica: San Jose, Tinamaste, 12 km SW San Isidro de El General, 1 February 2000, R.C. Dalgleish coll.; 4 males and 4 females, ex A. ochrolaemus, Peru: Madre de Dios, Cerro de Pantiacolla, elev. 1030 m, above Palotoa river, 26 August 1985, D.H. Clayton coll., at FMNH; 1 male and 5 nymphs, ex A. ochrolaemus, # 85-128, Peru: Madre de Dios, Hda. Amazonia, near Atalaya Ridge, elev. 550 m, 8 August 1985, D.H. Clayton coll., at FMNH; 8 males and 9 females, ex A. infuscatus, Venezuela: Edo. Bol��var, 60 km E Sta. Elena, January 1987, R.C. Dalgleish coll.; 1 male and 1 female, ex Anabacerthia variegaticeps, JK06- 241, Panama: Fortuna, 25 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. Two pairs from A. ochrolaemus (no number, from Iquitos, Peru; and # 3082, from San Jose, Costa Rica) in MZUSP, remaining specimens in INHS. Remarks. This species was recently described (Sychra in Sychra et al. 2007). Although its description is precise enough to recognize the species, the original drawings were published in such small size and low quality that it is difficult to accurately interpret some structures. Therefore, we included new drawings for this species in order to avoid misidentifications resulting from incorrect interpretations of the original illustrations. Furthermore, due to our finding of this louse species on host species other than the type host, we have provided some chaetotaxic and morphometric data separately for specimens from the other hosts., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Sychra, O., Literak, I., Capek, M. & Havlicek, M. (2007) Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from Ovenbirds, Leaftossers and Woodcreepers (Passeriformes: Furnariidae: Furnariinae, Sclerurinae, Dendrocolaptinae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species of the genera Rallicola and Myrsidea. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43 (1), 117 - 126."]}

Myrsidea strobilisternata Eichler, 1956 (Figs. 1 ���2, 15, 18) Type host. Lochmias nematura obscurata Cabanis, 1873 ���the Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper (Furnariidae). Female (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 1. Hypopharynx reduced, DHS 10, 0.06 long; DHS 11, 0.11 long. Gula with 5 + 6 setae on each side. Metanotum slightly enlarged, posterior margin rounded with 14 setae. Metasternal plate and postspiracular setae not observed. Tergites I���IV enlarged, posterior margin of tergite I damaged, tergite II rounded, III with median convexity, and IV rounded. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 17; II, 18; III, 23; IV, 19; V, 17; VI, 14; VII���VIII, 6. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae, posterior margin with 17 and anteriorly with at least 2; III, 27; IV, ~ 24; V, 32; VI, 35; VII, 26; VIII���IX with 10 marginal and 13 anterior setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.45; HL, 0.29; PW, 0.28; PSPL, 0.12; MW, 0.48; MSPL, 0.18; AWIV, 0.58; ANW, 0.20; TL, 1.53. Male (n = 2). Habitus as in Fig. 2. DHS 10, 0.05 long; DHS 11, 0.98 long. Gula with 4 (rarely 5 on one side) setae on each side. Metanotum with 8 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6 setae, as in Fig. 18. Setae of femoral brush, 12���15. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 10. Tergal setae: I, 11���14; II, 14; III, 15���16; IV, 14��� 15; V, 12���14; VI, 10���12; VII, 10���12; VIII, 8���10. Conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.11���0.12) on III, V and VI, longer (0.18) on I, and extremely long (0.30���0.39) on II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae, posterior margin with 12���13 and anteriorly with 5���6; III, 18���19; IV, 24; V, 26���27; VI, 26���29; VII, 19���20; VIII, 10. Genital sac sclerite similar to that of M. ochrolaemi (Fig. 12). Dimensions: TW, 0.39���0.40; HL, 0.28; PW, 0.26; PSPL, 0.10���0.12; MW, 0.34���0.35; MSPL, 0.14���0.15; AWIV, 0.43��� 0.44; GL, 0.40���0.41; GSL, 0.07; TL, 1.23���1.24. Material examined. Female holotype (WEC 3910 a), ex Lochmias nematura obscurata, Bolivia: no precise locality, no date, B. Garlepp leg. (O. Sychra pers. comm.) deposited in MNHU. Two males and 1 nymph, ex Lochmias nematura, Peru: Cuzco, 20 km NW Pilcopata, elev. 900 m, 29 November 1985, D.H. Clayton coll., at FMNH. Remarks. This species is unique among Myrsidea from furnariids by having a reduced hypopharynx and only 4 setae in each aster. The most distinctive characters of the male of M. strobilisternata are the shape of the metasternal plate (Fig. 18), the chaetotaxy of the metanotum (with only 8 setae on the posterior margin), and the chaetotaxy of tergites VII���VIII (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Eichler, W. (1956) Mallophaga. In: Niethammer, G. (Ed.) Zur Vogelwelt Boliviens (Teil II, Passeres). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 7, 84 - 150."]}

Myrsidea cicchinoi Valim, Price & Johnson n. sp. (Figs. 36 ���37, 42��� 44) Type host. Rhynchocyclus olivaceus (Temminck, 1820) ���the Olivaceous Flatbill (Tyrannidae). Female (n = 4). Habitus as in Fig. 36. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.02 long; DHS 11, 0.08 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side (rarely 3 or 5 on one side). Metanotum with 8���9 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 12���16. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 42. Tergites unmodified, of similar size. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 12���15; II, 13���17; III, 16���18; IV, 14���18; V, 16; VI, 12���15; VII, 8���9; VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.30���0.37) on I, III, V, and VI, and longer (0.40���0.50) on II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae (rarely 3 on one side), posterior margin with 15���16 and anteriorly with 9; III, 24���30; IV, 28���32; V, 32���40; VI, 26���35; VII, 10���15; VIII���IX with 10���12 marginal and 9���10 anterior setae. Each pleurite III���VII with about 6���7 short marginal setae. Anus with 36���42 ventral fringe setae, 36���44 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.48���0.49; HL, 0.32���0.34; PW, 0.31���0.32; PSPL, 0.11���0.12; MW, 0.45���0.46; MSPL, 0.15; AWIV, 0.59���0.65; ANW, 0.24���0.25; TL, 1.62���1.68. Male (n = 2). Habitus as in Fig. 37. Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum with 9 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 6 setae. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 43. Setae of femoral brush, 12���14. Tergal setae: I, 11; II, 15; III, 16; IV, 15; V, 11; VI, 13; VII���VIII, 8. Conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 4 setae, posterior margin with 13 and anteriorly with 9; III, 22; IV���V, 29; VI, 25; VII, 12; VIII, 7. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 44, rounded apically and with thin subapical lateral projections. Dimensions: TW, 0.46; HL, 0.32; PW, 0.32; PSPL, 0.11; MW, 0.39; MSPL, 0.14; AWIV, 0.49; GL, 0.46; GSL, 0.10; TL, 1.35. Type material. Holotype female, ex Rhynchocyclus olivaceus, GMS 1838, Panama: Lago Bayano, 13 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. Paratypes: 1 male (DNA voucher Mysp.Rholi.6.6.2007.7), same data as holotype; 2 females (one female DNA voucher Mysp.Rholi.6.6.2007.6), same data as holotype, except GMS 1776, 12 February 2006; 1 male and 1 female (male DNA voucher Mysp.Rholi.4.24.2006.3), same data as holotype, except GMS 1809, 12 February 2006. One pair of paratypes (GMS 1809) at MZUSP. Remarks. This species belongs to the ��� pitangi species group��� (sensu Price et al. 2005), being easily distinguished from others of the group by the presence of an extra spiniform seta on the lateral margin of tergites II���VIII, as well as the lateral seta associated with the post-spiracular seta, sensu Clay (1970) in both sexes (Figs. 42, 43). In females, tergites I���II are practically unmodified, and in males the genital sac sclerite (Fig. 44) is slightly different from that of M. flaviventris Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005 (see their fig. 12). Etymology. This species is named after Armando C. Cicchino (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina) in recognition of his many contributions to louse taxonomy, especially taxa from South America., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Clay, T. (1970) The Amblycera (Phthiraptera: Insecta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) - Entomology, 25, 75 - 98.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A. & Dalgleish, R. C. (2005) The genus Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tyrant-flycatchers (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae), with descriptions of 13 new species. Zootaxa, 1048, 1 - 20."]}

Myrsidea waterstoni Valim, Price & Johnson n. sp. (Figs. 13 ���14, 20, 24���25) Type host. Anabacerthia variegaticeps (Sclater, 1857) ���the Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner (Furnariidae). Female (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 24. Hypopharynx fully developed, DHS 10, 0.07 long; DHS 11, 0.11 long. Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum with 10 setae on posterior margin. Setae of femoral brush, 11���14. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 13. Tergite I enlarged with medioposterior convexity resulting in distortion of tergites II���V. Tergite III with slender posterior detached plate bearing its medial postero-tergal pair of setae, and compressing tergites IV-V medially. Tergites VI���VIII unmodified and of similar size. With conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Tergal setae: I, 14; II, 15; III, 12; IV, 13; V, 14; VI, 11; VII���VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae shortest (0.11���0.21) on III, V and VI, and extremely long (0.34���0.44) on I, II, IV, VII and VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 14 and anteriorly with 10; III, 27; IV, 35; V, 28; VI, 24; VII, 16; VIII��� IX with 6 marginal and 6 anterior setae. Each pleurite III���VII with about 5���6 short marginal setae. Anus with 34 ventral fringe setae, 31 dorsal. Dimensions: TW, 0.49; HL, 0.35; PW, 0.29; PSPL, 0.11; MW, 0.46; MSPL, 0.14; AWIV, 0.58; ANW, 0.22; TL, 1.51. Male (n = 1). Habitus as in Fig. 25. Gula with 3 setae on each side. Metanotum with 10 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 5 setae, as in Fig. 5. Setae of femoral brush, 13. Metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 14. Tergal setae: I, 13; II, 14; III, 16; IV���V, 15; VI, 13; VII���VIII, 8. Conspicuous median gap in each tergal setal row. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 5 setae, posterior margin with 15 and anteriorly with 10; III, 21; IV���V, 31; VI, 24; VII, 14; VIII, 4. Genital sac sclerite similar to that of M. ochrolaemi, much as in Fig. 12. Dimensions: TW, 0.47; HL, 0.33; PW, 0.31; PSPL, 0.11; MW, 0.41; MSPL, 0.14; AWIV, 0.52; GL, 0.44; GSL, 0.07; TL, 1.41. Type material. Female holotype (DNA voucher Mysp.Anvar.5.1.2006.4), ex Anabacerthia variegaticeps, JMD 780 FMNH # 410612, Panama: Fortuna, 25 February 2006, K.P. Johnson coll. Paratype: 1 male, same data as holotype. Remarks. The female of M. waterstoni n. sp. can be easily distinguished from other species of Myrsidea found on furnariids (e.g. M. strobilisternata, M. calvi Sychra, 2007, and M. ochrolaemi) by the presence of a detached plate on tergite III. In the male, the most distinctive morphological character is the chaetotaxy of tergites VII���VIII (see Figs. 15���17). Etymology. This species is named after James Waterston (1879���1930), in honor of his description of the genus Myrsidea., Published as part of Valim, Michel P., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2011, New host records and descriptions of five new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3097 on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202624, {"references":["Sychra, O., Literak, I., Capek, M. & Havlicek, M. (2007) Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from Ovenbirds, Leaftossers and Woodcreepers (Passeriformes: Furnariidae: Furnariinae, Sclerurinae, Dendrocolaptinae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species of the genera Rallicola and Myrsidea. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43 (1), 117 - 126."]}

Myrsidea patersoni Price and Johnson, new species (Figs. 3, 4) Type host. Eucometis penicillata (Spix), the Grey-headed Tanager. Female (6). Gula with 4 setae on each side, sometimes 3 or 5. Metanotum and dorsal abdomen as in Fig. 3. Metanotum not enlarged, posterior margin with 8���10 setae; metasternal plate with 5���6 setae. All tergites of essentially similar length, I with straight margin, II, III, and occasionally IV with very slight medioposterior convexity, remainder with straight margin. Tergal setae: I, 12���15; II, 14���16; III���VI, 15���18; VII, 14���16; VIII, 11���14. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II, IV, VII, and VIII (> 0.40 long), considerably shorter on III, V, and VI (Male (4). Gula with 4, sometimes 3, setae on each side. Metanotal posterior margin with 6���8 setae; metasternal plate with 4���6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 10���12; II, 12���14; III���VI, 13���17; VII, 13���16; VIII, 10���12. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 14���16 marginal between asters, 8���10 anterior; III, 19���24; IV, 26���29; V, 31���33; VI, 27���31; VII, 14���18; VIII, 6���8. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 4, with parallel-sided terminally truncated apical portion. Dimensions: TW, 0.44���0.45; HL, 0.30���0.31; PW, 0.28���0.30; MW, 0.38���0.42; AWIV, 0.50���0.52; GL, 0.47���0.49; TL, 1.29���1.37. Type material. Holotype female, ex E. penicillata, PANAMA: Charco Azul, 2 Mar 2006, JMD 861, K Johnson. Paratypes: 1 female, 2 males, same data as holotype; 3 females, 2 males, same except JMD 859; 1 female, same except JMD 895. Remarks. The female of M. patersoni goes to M. surinami Price and Dalgleish and M. ramphoceli Price and Dalgleish in couplet 21, but does not satisfy either of these species. Both of these two have very long to extremely long postspiracular setae on all tergites and also differ in some dimensions and numbers of setae. The male of M. patersoni keys to M. rufi Price and Dalgleish in couplet 19. The differing genital sac sclerites distinguish these species. The female of M. rufi has a pronounced medioposterior convexity of tergite II, something lacking for M. patersoni. Etymology. This species is named for Adrian Paterson, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, in recognition of his contributions to the systematics of lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2009, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Panama, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2200 on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189595

Myrsidea rozsai Price and Johnson, new species Type host. Euphonia laniirostris d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, the Thick-billed Euphonia. Female (3). Gula with 4 or 5 setae on each side. Metanotum and dorsal abdomen shaped as in Price and Dalgleish (2006: Fig. 10). Metanotum not enlarged, posterior margin with 8���12 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Abdominal tergite I slightly enlarged with gently curved posterior margin, II���III with small medioposterior convexity. Tergal setae: I, 9���10; II, 23���26; III���IV, 27���32; V���VI, 25���28; VII, 22���24; VIII, 16��� 19. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II, IV, and VIII (> 0.35 long), considerably shorter on I, III, V, and VI (Male (3). Much as in Price and Dalgleish (2006: Fig. 1) except for having more numerous abdominal tergal and sternal setae. Gula with 5, sometimes 4, setae on each side. Metanotal posterior margin with 10���11 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 18���22; II, 25���28; III���VI, 25���33; VII, 24���30; VIII, 19���21. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, 4, less often 3, in each aster, 15���17 marginal between asters, 14���16 anterior; III, 24���28; IV, 25���32; V, 30���35; VI, 27���33; VII, 17���22; VIII, 10. Genital sac sclerite as in Price and Dalgleish (2006: Fig. 7), tapered apically, with median dark line and small subapical process on each side. Dimensions: TW, 0.39; HL, 0.28; PW, 0.27���0.28; MW, 0.35; AWIV, 0.41���0.43; GL, 0.38���0.40; TL, 1.20���1.24. Type material. Holotype female, ex E. laniirostris, PANAMA: Serrania del Maje, 15 Feb 2006, JMD 595, K Johnson. Paratypes: 2 females, 2 males, same data as holotype; 1 male, same except Charco Azul, 2 Mar 2006, JMD 916. Remarks. This species is morphologically very similar to M. violaceae Price and Dalgleish ex Euphonia violacea (Linnaeus), with both the female and male keying to M. violaceae in couplets 10 and 9, respectively. The female of M. rozsai is separated by having fewer setae on tergite I, more setae on tergites II���IV and sternites III���IV, a greater total length, and a tendency for other dimensions to be larger. While there are no clearcut characters separating the males of these two species, that of M. rozsai has a greater total length, other dimensions at the upper limits for M. violaceae, and a tendency for more sternal setae on VII���VIII. Etymology. This species is named for Lajos R��zsa, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, in recognition of his many contributions to louse ecology. The four new species described below belong to the fusca species group as discussed in Price and Dalgleish (2006), with both sexes having a well-defined median gap in the rows of tergal setae. FIGURES 1���6. 1��� 2. Myrsidea cruickshanki. 1. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 2. Male genital sac sclerite. 3���4. M. patersoni. 3. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 4. Male genital sac sclerite. 5���6. M. valimi. 5. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 6. Male genital sac sclerite., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2009, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Panama, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2200 on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189595, {"references":["Price, R. D. & Dalgleish, R. C. (2006) Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), with descriptions of 18 new species. Zootaxa, 1174, 1 - 25."]}

Myrsidea cruickshanki Price and Johnson, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Type host. Chlorothraupis carmioli (Lawrence), the Carmiol's Tanager. Female (7). Gula usually with 5 setae on each side, sometimes only 4. Metanotum and dorsal abdomen as in Fig. 1. Metanotum not enlarged, posterior margin with 10���12 setae; metasternal plate with 6���7 setae. Tergite I much enlarged, remainder smaller, with II���III curved due to compression by I, and remainder normal. Tergal setae: I, 6; II, 14���16; III���V, 16���19; VI, 14���16; VII, 11���14; VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II, IV, and VIII (> 0.40 long), considerably shorter on III, V, VI, and VII (Male (4). Gula with 5, sometimes 6, setae on each side. Metanotal posterior margin with 11���12 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 11���13; II, 18���21; III���V, 17���22; VI, 16���18; VII, 14���15; VIII, 10���12. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 16���19 marginal between asters, 8��� 12 anterior; III, 20���25; IV, 26���29; V, 28���31; VI, 26���31; VII, 19���20; VIII, 11���12. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 2, with elongate slender apical portion. Dimensions: TW, 0.42���0.44; HL & PW, 0.29���0.31; MW, 0.38���0.39; AWIV, 0.48���0.49; GL, 0.41���0.45; TL, 1.32���1.38. Type material. Holotype female, ex C. carmioli, PANAMA: Serrania del Maje, 15 Feb 2006, JMD 581, K Johnson. Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male, same data as holotype; 2 females, 1 male, same except JMD 608; 1 male, same except JMD 610; 2 females, 1 male, same except Palo Seco, 24 Feb 2006, JK06- 244. Remarks. Even though the female of M. cruickshanki keys to M. fusca (Carriker) in couplet 14 and the male cannot be successfully identified through couplets 12 and 13, both are readily distinguished from those of the other members of the fusca species group by having their postspiracular setae on tergite VII as short as those on V and VI and much shorter than the extremely long setae on VIII. Both sexes of M. cruickshanki additionally usually have five gular setae on each side. The female has fewer setae on most abdominal tergites, especially on VIII, and a tendency for larger dimensions, while the male has fewer setae on sternite VII and more setae on sternite VIII. Etymology. This species is named for Robert Cruickshank, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, in recognition of his contributions to the systematics of lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2009, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Panama, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2200 on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189595

Genus Myrsidea Waterston Myrsidea Waterston 1915: 12. Type species: Myrsidea victrix Waterston by original designation. A brief characterization of this genus as it pertains to the features shared in common by the Malagasy warbler lice in this study is as follows. Head as in Fig. 1; evenly rounded anteriorly; no lateral notch or slit; inner occipital setae much longer than minute outer setae; no ventral sclerotized processes; gula with heavier longer posterior seta on each side; hypopharyngeal sclerites strongly developed. Thorax (Fig. 1) with pronotum having 6 long posterior setae; no central setae; and 3 short setae at each lateral angle. Mesonotum with 2 minute medioanterior setae adjacent to postnotum and 2 at posterior margin. Metanotum without central setae; with 6 short lateral and anterior setae, and very long (0.25���0.30) posterior corner seta. Prosternal plate well developed, elongate, with 2 short anterior setae; metasternal plate large, diamond shaped, with 4 setae; venter of femur III with setal brush. Abdomen (Figs. 1, 4, 6���7) with undivided tergites; no anterior setae except very small corner seta on each side of tergite I; postspiracular setae extremely long on tergites II, IV, and VIII (tergal setal counts include postspiracular setae and all setae between them); sternite I small, without setae; sternite II enlarged, with aster of heavy setae at each lateroposterior corner. Pleurites without anterior setae. Male subgenital plate of fused sternites VIII���IX; setae given for VIII represent those anteriorly located in region of segment VIII; genitalia of characteristic shape (Fig. 3), with spinous sac having associated sclerites (Figs. 2, 5). Female anus oval, without inner setae; subgenital plate of fused sternites VII���IX, with serrated posterior margin; setae given for VII represent those anteriorly located in region of segment VII and those for VIII���IX are on the remainder of the plate. For brevity, these characters are not repeated in discussing each species., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2006, Four new species of Myrsidea Waterston chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Malagasy warblers (Passeriformes), pp. 47-55 in Zootaxa 1297 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173561, {"references":["Waterston, J. (1915) On two new species of Mallophaga (Menoponidae): Menacanthus balfouri n. sp. and Myrsidea victrix n. sp. from Colombia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 51, 12 - 16."]}

Myrsidea valimi Price and Johnson, new species (Figs. 5, 6) Type host. Euphonia anneae Cassin, the Tawny-capped Euphonia. Female (3). Gula with 4, sometimes 3, setae on each side. Metanotum and dorsal abdomen as in Fig. 5. Metanotum not enlarged, posterior margin with 9 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergites all of essentially similar size, with II-IV having very slight convexity. Tergal setae: I, 12���13; II, 16; III, 17���18; IV, 15���17; V���VI, 13���16; VII, 12���14; VIII, 9���13. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II, IV, and VIII (> 0.35 long), considerably shorter on I, III, V, and VI (Male (3). Metanotal posterior margin with 8���10 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 12��� 14; II���VI, 12���18; VII���VIII, 10���13. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, 3, less often 4, in each aster, 11���12 marginal between asters, 9���10 anterior; III, 19���20; IV���VI, 21���25; VII, 12���13; VIII, 5���7. Genital sac sclerite as in Fig. 6, broadly triangular with blunt rounded apical tip. Dimensions: TW, 0.36���0.39; HL & PW, 0.26���0.28; MW, 0.34���0.35; AWIV, 0.39���0.44; GL, 0.38���0.39; TL, 1.13���1.16. Type material. Holotype female, ex E. anneae, PANAMA: Fortuna, 27 Feb 2006, JMD 840, K Johnson. Paratypes: 1 female, 2 males, same data as holotype; 1 female, 1 male, same except Palo Seco, 23 Feb 2006, GMS 2008. Remarks. The female of this species keys close to M. venustae Price and Dalgleish and M. diglossae Price and Dalgleish in couplets 19 and 20, respectively, while the male keys only to the latter species in couplet 16, probably limited to that because the male of M. venustae is still unknown. The female of M. valimi is separated from both of these other species by having fewer tergal and sternal setae than M. diglossae and more in those positions than M. venustae. The male of M. valimi also has fewer tergal and sternal setae on most segments than does M. diglossae. Etymology. This species is named for Michel P. Valim, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in recognition of his deep interest in the taxonomy of the chewing lice and his past and anticipated future contributions to the subject., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2009, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Panama, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2200 on pages 65-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189595

Myrsidea pagei Price and Johnson, new species Type host. Ramphocelus dimidiatus Lafresnaye, the Crimson-backed Tanager. Female (3). Gula with 4 setae on each side. Metanotum and dorsal abdomen as for M. patersoni (Fig. 3). Metanotum not enlarged, posterior margin with 11 setae; metasternal plate with 5���7 setae. Tergites of essentially similar size, with I having straight posterior margin, II���III with obvious convexity, and IV���VI with only slight convexity due to compression by segments anterior to them. Tergal setae: I, 13���14; II, 15���16; III��� VI, 15���18; VII, 14���15; VIII, 11���12. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II, IV, VII and VIII (> 0.40 long), considerably shorter on I, III, V, and VI (usually Male (4). Gula with 4, sometimes 5, setae on each side. Metanotal posterior margin with 7���8 setae; metasternal plate with 5���6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 9���12; II, 13���15; III���V, 14���18; VI���VII, 14���16; VIII, 11���13. Postspiracular setae as for female. Sternal setae: II, 4, less often 3, in each aster, 13���16 marginal between asters, 8���10 anterior; III, 19���20; IV, 24���25; V, 28���31; VI, 24���26; VII, 17���18; VIII, 6���7. Genital sac sclerite as for M. patersoni (Fig. 4). Dimensions: TW, 0.42���0.44; HL, 0.30���0.31; PW, 0.27���0.29; MW, 0.39���0.40; AWIV, 0.46���0.49; GL, 0.43���0.46; TL, 1.26���1.30. Type material. Holotype female, ex R. dimidiatus, PANAMA: Serrania del Maje, 15 Feb 2006, JK06- 0 25, K Johnson. Paratypes: 1 female, 3 males, same data as holotype; 1 female, 1 male, same except 17 Feb 2006, JMD 712. Remarks. This species is close morphologically to M. patersoni, differing from the other species of the group in the same ways as the latter. These two species are separable by M. pagei having the female with a more obvious medioposterior convexity on tergites II and III and fewer setae on the abdominal sternites, and the male with fewer sternal setae on IV���VI. Etymology. This species is named for Rod Page, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, in recognition of his contributions to the systematics and electronic taxonomic resources for lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2009, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Panama, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2200 on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189595

Forficuloecus forficula (Piaget) (Fig. 14) Docophorus forficula Piaget, 1871: 117. Type host: Platycercus eximius (Shaw, 1792), the Eastern Rosella. Male. Tergal setae: II���III, 9���11; IV, 10���11; V���VII, 7���10; VIII, 8. Tergite IX with well developed lateral plates, distinct median gap between them. Sternal setae: II, 2; III���VI, 5���8; VII, 3���4. Genitalia (Fig. 14) with broad inwardly projecting parameres and penis "U"-shaped. Female. Tergal setae: II���VI, 11���14; VII, 10���12; VIII, 6���9. Sternal setae: II, 2; III���V, 7���9; VI, 6���7; VII, 4��� 5. Material. Ex P. caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), AUSTRALIA: 2 males, 2 females (MONZ), N. Tasmania, Oct.-Nov. 1986, N. Rice & R.H. Green. Ex P. adscitus (Latham, 1790), AUSTRALIA: 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), Victoria, 561 / 81. Ex P. elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), AUSTRALIA: 1 male (INHS), N.S.W., Navra region, ANWC 29246, 19 Jul. 2002, R. Palmer. Ex Lathamus discolor (Shaw, 1790), AUSTRALIA: 1 female (MONZ), Tasmania, Glengarry, 18 Nov. 1984, S. Holland. Remarks. This species is similar to F. banksi, but is separable by features discussed under the latter species., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637, {"references":["Piaget, E. (1871) Description de quelques parasites du genre Docophorus. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 14, 113 - 137, 2 pl."]}

Myrsidea johnklickai Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species (Figs. 5���7) Type host. Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye, 1847), the Blue-black Grosbeak. Female. Head with strongly developed hypopharyngeal sclerites; gula usually with 4 setae on each side, less often only 3. Dorsoventral metathorax and abdomen as in Fig. 5. Metanotal posterior margin with 9���10 setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergite I of normal size, tergite II much enlarged with pronounced tapered medioposterior convexity, resulting in compression of tergites III���VI. Each tergal setal row with distinct median gap. Tergal setae: I, 11���15; II, 14���16; III, 12���18; IV, 13���16; V, 12���15; VI, 13���15; VII, 12���16; VIII, 10���14. Postspiracular setae on III and V���VI Male. Head, thorax, median gap in abdominal tergal setal rows, lengths of postspiracular setae, and chaetotaxy of abdominal pleurites as for female (Fig. 7), except for only 8���9 marginal metanotal setae and rarely 5 setae on metasternal plate. Tergal setae: I, 10���12; II, 13���14; III, 12���15; IV, 13���14; V, 11���14; VI, 11���14; VII, 11���15; VIII, 8���10. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, rarely 3, 11��� 15 marginal between asters, 9���14 anterior; III, 16���21; IV, 22���28; V, 25���31; VI, 22���26; VII, 10���15; VIII, 5���6. Genitalia as in Fig. 2; genital sac sclerite (Fig. 6) posteriorly tapered, with median dark line but lacking small slender subapical processes. Dimensions: TW, 0.42���0.43; HL, 0.29���0.31; PW, 0.26���0.29; MW, 0.35���0.40; AWIV, 0.46���0.48; GL, 0.40���0.45; TL, 1.24���1.33. Type material. Holotype female (to INHS), ex C. cyanoides, PANAMA: Serriana del Maje, 15 Feb. 2006, JMD 591, K.P. Johnson. Paratypes, all from type host: 2 males, same data as holotype; 1 female, 2 males, same except JKO 6 -024; paratypes (to USNM) COSTA RICA: 5 females, 2 males, Las Cruces Biological Station, Cota Brus, 27 June 1993, R.L. Fisher 675, R.C. Dalgleish; 3 females, 1 male, La Selva Biological Station, 11���14 June 1992, R.L. Fisher 376, R.C. Dalgleish; VENEZUELA: 2 females, 3 males, 60 km E. Sta. Elena, Edo. Bolivar, June 1987, R.C. Dalgleish. Remarks. This is the second of three species for which both sexes have a distinct median gap in the abdominal tergal setal rows. It is easily separated from M. lightae by the female having a normal abdominal tergite I and an enlarged tergite II (Fig. 5 vs. Fig. 1). Further differences involve both sexes being consistently smaller than the other two, having typically only three or four setae in each sternite II aster instead of usually five for the other species, and having fewer setae on the abdominal sternites. Etymology. This species is named in honor of John Klicka, Marjorie Barrick Museum, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, in recognition of his assistance in collecting the lice in this study and for his contributions to the systematics of the Cardinalidae., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from saltators and grosbeaks (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), pp. 1-10 in Zootaxa 1873 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184026

Forficuloecus banksi Price, Johnson, and Palma, new species (Figs. 9���13) Type host. Psephotus varius Clark, 1910, the Mulga Parrot. Male. Dorsal abdomen as in Fig. 13. Tergal setae: II���VII, 5���8; VIII, 3���6. Tergite IX with well developed lateral plates, distinct median gap between them (Fig. 13). Sternal setae: II, 2; III, 3���6; IV���V, 4���8; VI, 6; VII, 4. Genitalia (Fig. 12) with long slender curved parameres and elongate "V"-shaped penis. Female. Head as in Fig. 11, dorsal abdomen as in Fig. 9. Tergal setae: II, 7���8; III, 5���8; IV, 8���9; V���VII, 6��� 8; VIII, 4���6. Sternal setae: II, 2���4; III, 4���7; IV���V, 5���8; VI, 5���6; VII, 4. Ventral terminalia as in Fig. 10. Type material. Holotype male (ANIC), ex P. v a r i u s, AUSTRALIA: Northwest Territory, 2 May 2002, T. Chesser, ANWC 32856. Paratypes (INHS, UU): 4 males, 5 females, same data as holotype; 2 males, 1 female, same except ANWC 32871; 1 female, same except with only ANWC 32737. Remarks. The dimensions of the male of F. banksi place it closest to that of F. f o r f i c u l a (Piaget). However, the shape of the genitalic parameres and penis along with the smaller number of abdominal tergal setae afford separation. The female of F. banksi also appears similar to F. forficula, but the differences in dimensions and the number of tergal setae support separation. Etymology. This species is named for Jonathan Banks, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, in recognition of his work on louse systematics., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637

Myrsidea whitemani Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species (Figs. 1���4) Type host. Campylorhynchus rufinucha (Lesson, 1838), the Rufous-naped Wren. Female. Head with weakly developed hypopharyngeal sclerites (Fig. 2). Dorsoventral metathorax and abdomen as in Fig. 1. Metanotal posterior margin with 10 setae; metasternal plate with 6���8 setae. Without any obviously enlarged tergites, but with slight medioposterior convexity on III and IV. Tergal setae: I, 17���18; II, 18���21; III, 21���23; IV, 22���26; V, 21���25; VI, 22���24; VII, 17���18; VIII, 8. Postspiracular setae on III and V���VII all at least 0.35 long. Pleurites: I���II with relatively uniform short setae; III-VII with fine longer setae toward midline; VIII with unusually long seta flanked on each side by much shorter seta. Sternal setae: II, each aster with 5���6 including quite long inners, 16���20 marginal between asters, 10���15 anterior; III, 33���38; IV, 50���54; V, 49���57; VI, 36���40; VII, 18���20; VIII���IX, 25���31. Anus with 34���36 ventral, 30���38 dorsal fringe setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.51���0.53; HL, 0.29���0.33; PW, 0.33���0.35; MW, 0.51���0.52; AWIV, 0.78���0.86; ANW, 0.27���0.29; TL, 1.68���1.81. Male. Metathorax and abdominal pleurites (Fig. 3) as for female. Tergal setae: I, 12���13; II, 19���21; III���VI, 20���22; VII, 16���17; VIII, 8. Sternal setae: II, 5 in each aster, 15���16 marginal between asters, 12 anterior; III, 27���31; IV, 40���42; V, 36���44; VI, 35���36; VII, 21���22; VIII, 9. Genital sac sclerite slender throughout length (Fig. 4). Dimensions: TW, 0.46���0.47; HL, 0.28���0.29; PW, 0.31���0.32; MW, 0.40���0.41; AWIV, 0.58���0.60; GL, 0.44���0.46; TL, 1.46���1.49. Type material. Holotype female (to USNM), ex C. rufinucha, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, Santa Maria, Hacienda Solimar, 5 May 1995, Fisher & JS # 2178. Paratypes: 4 females, 1 male (to USNM), 1 female, 1 male (to INHS), same data as holotype. Remarks. Both sexes of this species may readily be recognized by a combination of their large dimensions, their large number of abdominal tergal and sternal setae, their longer and more numerous aster setae on sternite II, and the hypopharynx with weakly developed sclerites. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Noah Whiteman, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in recognition of his contributions to understanding the ecology and population genetics of bird lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from wrens (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), with descriptions of three new species, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1740 on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181499

Platycercus caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Forficuloecus forficula (Piaget) Platycercus elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Forficuloecus forficula (Piaget) Platycercus venustus (Kuhl, 1820) Forficuloecus wilsoni Price, Johnson, and Palma Platycercus adscitus (Latham, 1790) Forficuloecus forficula (Piaget) Platycercus eximius (Shaw, 1792) Forficuloecus forficula (Piaget), Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637

Neophema chrysostoma (Kuhl, 1820) Forficuloecus greeni Guimar��es Neophema splendida (Gould, 1841) Forficuloecus josephi Price, Johnson, and Palma, Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637

Myrsidea sychrai Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species (Figs. 10���11) Type host. Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye, 1847), the Blue-black Grosbeak. Female. Head with strongly developed hypopharyngeal sclerites; gula with 5 setae on each side. Dorsoventral metathorax and abdomen as in Fig. 11. Metanotal posterior margin with 16���17 setae; metasternal plate with 8���9 setae. Tergite I much enlarged with pronounced tapered medioposterior convexity, this resulting in distortion of tergites II���V. Tergal setae, except on I, with continuous row across segment. Tergal setae: I, 12���15; II, 18���21; III, 24���26; IV, 25���32; V, 25���32; VI, 26���30; VII, 20���26; VIII, 14���16. Postspiracular setae on III, V, and VI not> 0.20 long, and VII extremely long (> 0.35). Pleurites: I���II with relatively uniform short setae; III-VII with fine longer setae toward midline; VIII with long seta flanked on each side by much shorter seta. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, less often 5, 18��� 22 marginal between asters, 15���22 anterior; III, 26���33; IV, 39���42; V, 42���47; VI, 34���37; VII, 15���19; VIII���IX, 26���30. Anus with 34���44 ventral, 36���38 dorsal fringe setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.55���0.56; HL, 0.31���0.35; PW, 0.33���0.34; MW, 0.51���0.55; AWIV, 0.65���0.71; ANW, 0.26���0.27; TL, 1.54���1.63. Male. Head, thorax, absence of median gap in abdominal tergal setal rows, lengths of postspiracular setae, and chaetotaxy of abdominal pleurites as for female (Fig. 10), except for 13 marginal metanotal setae, 8 metasternal plate setae, and continuous tergal setal row on I. Tergal setae: I, 17; II, 23; III���IV, 25; V, 28; VI, 24; VII, 21; VIII, 14. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 16 marginal between asters, 15 anterior; III, 27; IV, 37; V, 39; VI, 35; VII, 21; VIII, 12. Genital sac sclerite distorted but perhaps close to M. johnklickai (Fig. 6). Dimensions: TW, 0.48; HL, 0.31; PW, 0.31; MW, 0.41; AWIV, 0.53; GL, 0.42; TL, 1.36. Type material. Holotype female (to USNM), ex C. cyanoides, COSTA RICA: Wilson Botanical Garden, Las Cruces, Cota Brus, Puntarenus, 11 June 1992, Fisher. Paratypes: (to INHS) 1 female, (to USNM) 2 females, 1 male, same data as holotype. Remarks. This is the first of two species that differ from the previous three by having the majority to all of the abdominal tergal setae in a complete row across the segment, without a median gap. Both sexes of M. sychrai differ from the following species by being larger in all dimensions, by having more metasternal setae and more setae on tergites III���VI, and by having longer postspiracular setae on VII. The female is conspicuously different by having a much enlarged tergite I and different sizes of tergites II-V (Fig. 11 vs Fig. 12). The male has more anterior setae on sternite II and more total setae on sternites III���VI. This is the second new species of Myrsidea to be described from C. cyanoides in this paper. The type series was collected only in Costa Rica at a site similar to that where a series of M. johnklickai was collected. However, the hosts for these two new species had only a single species on each and we have confidence in the uniqueness of these species. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Oldrich Sychra, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science, Brno, Czech Republic, in recognition of his work on the taxonomy of Neotropical lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from saltators and grosbeaks (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), pp. 1-10 in Zootaxa 1873 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184026

Forficuloecus greeni Guimar��es Forficuloecus greeni Guimar��es, 1985: 44. Type host: Neophema chrysostoma (Kuhl, 1820), the Blue-winged Parrot. Male. Whole illustration as in Guimar��es (1985: Fig. 18). Tergal setae: II, 6���7; III, 5; IV���VII, 6���7; VIII, 4���6. Sternal setae: II, 2; III, 4; IV, 4���6; V, 5���6; VI���VII, 0���2. Genitalia as in Guimar��es (1985: Fig. 8). Female. Whole illustration as in Guimar��es (1985: Fig. 19). Tergal setae: II, 4���7; III, 5���6; IV, 5���9; V, 5��� 8; VI���VII, 7���10; VIII, 4���6. Sternal setae: II, 2; III, 4���6; IV, 5���6; V���VI, 6; VII, 4. Ventral terminalia as in Guimar��es (1985: Fig. 16). Material. Ex N. chrysostoma, AUSTRALIA: Holotype male, allotype female (NMH) of F. greeni, Tasmania, Exeter, 11 Aug. 1968, R.H. Green (QVTA. Reg. No. 437); 1 male, 1 female [paratypes of F. greeni], same data as holotype. Guimar��es (1985: 45) wrote that these paratypes were "to be deposited in the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Tasmania;". However, as they were not sent to Tasmania, it has been agreed by officers from both institutions that they will be permanently kept in NHM. Remarks. As discussed earlier under F. josephi, these species are quite similar morphologically. Both are small and have a reduced abdominal tergal chaetotaxy. However, F. josephi consistently has only a total of four setae (rarely two) on each male abdominal tergite and the female has only a total of four on the majority of its tergites. With minor differences in dimensions and in details of the male genitalia and female ventral terminalia, it is clear that these series represent two distinct species., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637, {"references":["Guimaraes, L. R. (1985) Ischnocera (Mallophaga) infesting parrots (Psittaciformes). V. Four new species of Forficuloecus Conci, 1941 (Philopteridae) from the South Pacific. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36, 41 - 49."]}

klickai species group Both sexes of the three species of this group with only 3���4 setae in each aster on sternite II. The male genital sac sclerite (Fig. 3) elongate and slender, 0.075���0.085 long, apically bifurcate, with median dark line and usually with a small process on each side. The female subgenital plate has its posterior margin only lightly spiculate, and the inner terminal setae on tergite IX 0.050 ���0.100 (mean = 0.075; n = 15) long, inserted 0.020���0.060 (mean = 0.033; n = 20) from base of each very long seta (Fig. 2)., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from antshrikes and antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 1819 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182969

Forficuloecus pilgrimi Guimar��es (Figs. 7���8) Forficuloecus pilgrimi Guimar��es, 1985: 43. Type host: Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis Oliver, 1930, the Chatham Island Red-fronted Parakeet. Male. Tergal setae: II���III, 8���9; IV���VII, 8���11; VIII, 6���9. Tergite IX with well developed lateral plates and narrow median bridge connecting them (Fig. 7). Sternal setae: II, 3���5; III, 4���6; IV���VI, 5���8; VII, 4���6. Genitalia (Fig. 8) with parameres and penis shaped as shown. Female. Tergal setae: II, 7���9; III, 8���10; IV���VII, 9���11; VIII, 7���10. Sternal setae: II, 2���6; III, 4���7; IV, 6���8; V���VI, 6���7; VII, 4���5. Material. Ex C. n. novaezelandiae (Sparrman, 1787), NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female [paratypes of F. pilgrimi] (MONZ), Whitianga, 10 Jan. 1974, J. Smuts-Kennedy. Ex C. n. chathamensis, NEW ZEALAND: 4 males, 4 females [paratypes of F. p i l g r i m i] (MONZ), Chatham Islands, Little Mangere Island, Oct. 1976, N.Z. Wildlife Service; 2 males, 2 females (MONZ), Chatham Islands, South East Island, 10 Feb. 1980, A. Nixon. Ex C. n. hochstetteri (Reischek, 1889), NEW ZEALAND: 1 male [paratype of F. p i l g r i m i] (MONZ), Antipodes Islands, 31 Oct. 1970, N.Z. Wildlife Service; 2 males, 2 females [paratypes of F. p i l - grimi] (MONZ), Antipodes Islands, 4 Dec. 1978, D.S. Horning. Ex C. auriceps (Kuhl, 1820), NEW ZEALAND: 2 males, 3 females (MONZ), Fiordland, Eglinton Valley, 10 Mar. 1980, B. Harcourt. Ex C. forbesi Rothschild, 1893, NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), Chatham Islands, D. Merton; 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), Chatham Islands, Mangere Island, 6 Dec. 2001, Dept. of Conservation. Ex C. unicolor (Lear, 1831), NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female [paratypes of F. p i l g r i m i] (MONZ), Antipodes Islands, 28 Feb. 1969, R.T. & B.D. Bell; 2 males, 2 females [paratypes of F. p i l g r i m i] (MONZ), Antipodes Islands, Hut Cove, 27 Nov. 1978, D.S. Horning; 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), Antipodes Islands, 8 Mar. 1985, B.D. Bell. Ex C. malherbi Souanc��, 1857, NEW ZEALAND: 2 males, 2 females (MONZ), Lake Sumner Forest Park, Mar. 1981, N.Z. Wildlife Service. Remarks. The males and females of F. p i l g r i m i are similar to those of F. meinertzhageni, but are separable by features discussed under the latter species., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637, {"references":["Guimaraes, L. R. (1985) Ischnocera (Mallophaga) infesting parrots (Psittaciformes). V. Four new species of Forficuloecus Conci, 1941 (Philopteridae) from the South Pacific. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36, 41 - 49."]}

Myrsidea vincesmithi Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species Type host. Thryothorus rutilus Vieillot, 1819, the Rufous-breasted Wren. Female. Unknown. Male. As for M. bessae, except as follows. Metanotum with 11 marginal setae; metasternal plate with 6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 13; II, 16; III���IV, 18; V, 16; VI, 15; VII, 14; VIII, 12. Postspiracular setae shortest on III and V���VI (not> 0.21 long), extremely long on VII, as long as on VIII. Sternal setae: II, each aster of 3 or 4 setae, 17 marginal between asters, 10 anterior; III, 20; IV, 26; V, 31; VI, 27; VII, 19; VIII, 8. Dimensions: TW, 0.43; HL, 0.29; PW, 0.28; MW, 0.39; AWIV, 0.47; GL, 0.40; TL, 1.22. Type material. Holotype male (to TNHM), ex T. rutilus, TRINIDAD: Cumuto, 17 May 1960, TRVL 4398, Brit. Mus. 1974 - 636. Remarks. While we generally are reluctant to describe a new species from only a single specimen, the differences are so marked in this case that we feel justified in doing so. This species is closest to M. bessae, but is separable by having more setae on all abdominal tergites and sternites as well as on the metanotal margin, and by having an extremely long postspiracular seta on tergite VII. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Vincent Smith, The Natural History Museum, London, in recognition of his contributions to taxonomic databases for lice and work on louse systematics., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from wrens (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), with descriptions of three new species, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1740 on page 63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181499

Picicola donwebbi Meyer, Price, and Johnson, new species (Figs. 1���3) Type host. Smithornis rufolateralis Gray, 1864, Rufous-sided Broadbill. Description. Both sexes similar except for terminalia and dimensions. General aspects of body and chaetotaxy as in Fig. 1 for male and Fig. 3 for female. Head with marginal carina well developed, with outer edge and inner border medially pointed; lateral notch present and interrupting, but not breaking, marginal carina at point of curvature around frons. Preantennal suture distinct. Frontal plate located anterior to preantennal suture, distinct and sculptured, but without thickened posterior edge. Tip of conus usually not reaching distal end of first antennal segment (scape). Abdominal tergites II���VII divided with 2 central setae, tergite VIII entire and with 4 central setae. Abdominal segments with prominent pleural thickening and reentrant heads. Margin of male tergite IX with long seta posteriolateral to shorter one on either side. Female subgenital plate vulval margin with 16 short setae and row of 6 very short setae lateromedial to this marginal row, with 4 additional short setae displaced latero-anteriorly. Male genitalia (Fig. 2) with one sensillum on each endomeral arm. Dimensions (in millimeters): Male (n= 5): TW, 0.32���0.33 (0.33); HL, 0.43���0.48 (0.45); CI, 1.33���1.49 (1.38); PW, 0.21���0.22 (0.21); MW, 0.27���0.28 (0.27); AWV, 0.38���0.46 (0.40); GL, 0.24���0.28 (0.27); PL, 0.03���0.04 (0.04); TL, 1.43���1.55 (1.48). Female (n= 5): TW, 0.34���0.37 (0.35); HL, 0.45���0.48 (0.47); CI, 1.31��� 1.33 (1.32); PW, 0.22���0.25 (0.23); MW, 0.29���0.30 (0.30); AWV, 0.40���0.44 (0.42); TL, 1.61���1.78 (1.72). Type material. Holotype male is labeled ���ex Smithornis rufolateralis, GHANA: Goaso, K. P. Johnson, 28 Mar 2003, BDM 851 ��� and is deposited in INHS. Paratypes: 4 males, 5 females with same data as holotype and deposited as follows: 1 male, 1 female (BMNH); 1 male, 1 female (FMNH); 1 male, 2 females and a female DNA voucher specimen (INHS); 1 male, 1 female (OSEC). Diagnosis. Picicola donwebbi differs from Picicola collected from the Picidae by the anterior shape of the head being medially pointed rather than smoothly rounded (as in P. candidus and P. snodgrassi species groups), or with an apical depression or truncate (as in P. thripias species group); by the marginal carina being well developed and complete rather than well developed but thinner where it curves around the frons; and by the lateral notch being present rather than absent. It differs from the Picicola found on the passeriform families Tyrannidae, Furnariidae, Mimidae, Parulidae, Cracticidae, Dicruridae, and Ptilonorhynchidae by having the preantennal suture distinct rather than indistinct; by the frontal plate lacking a thickened posterior edge; and by the marginal carina thin but not interrupted where it curves around the frons rather than nearly broken where it curves around the frons. Picicola donwebbi is morphologically most similar to the Picicola found on the Pittidae as defined by Somadder and Tandan (1977) and is, therefore, placed in their P. quadripustulosus species group. In this species group, it is most closely allied with P. angolensis Somadder and Tandan, 1977, by the males having only two sensilla associated with the endomeral arms; by the number of setae on abdominal tergites III���VI equaling 2 central (P. donwebbi is slightly smaller than P. angolensis in TW, HL, PW, MW, AWV, and TL, but has a significantly higher CI in both sexes. Further differences include the posterior margin of segment IX���XI not being emarginate in females of P. donwebbi and the number of preantennal setae (7 vs. 6). In ���Degeerielline Ischnocera (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of the Pittidae (Aves)��� (Somadder & Tandan 1977), P. donwebbi keys out to couplet 6. The following is a modification of that couplet: 6. Ocular seta and marginal temporal seta 2 very long; pigmentation pattern of abdominal dorsum characteristic (Figs. 4, 15): - with posterior margin of segment IX���XI in female emarginate; male and female with CI .................................................................................................................. angolensis Somadder and Tandan - with posterior margin of segment IX���XI in female not emarginate; male and female with CI> 1.0........... .......................................................................................................................................... donwebbi, sp. nov. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Donald Webb on occasion of his retirement after 40 years of service to the Illinois Natural History Survey and generations of entomology graduate students at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana., Published as part of Meyer, Mathys J., Price, Roger D. & Johnson, Kevin P., 2008, A new species of Picicola Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1938 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) parasitic on the Rufous-sided Broadbill (Passeriformes: Eurylaimidae) in Ghana, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1762 on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181951, {"references":["Somadder, K. & Tandan B. K. (1977) Degeerielline Ischnocera (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of the Pittidae (Aves). Oriental Insects, 11 (1), 113 - 138."]}

Forficuloecus meinertzhageni Guimar��es (Fig. 6) Forficuloecus meinertzhageni Guimar��es, 1974: 177. Type host: Nestor meridionalis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), the Kaka. Male. Tergal setae: II���III, 7���8; IV���VII, 9���11; VIII, 8���10. Tergite IX with median bridge connecting lateral portions of tergite IX, as in Fig. 7. Sternal setae: II, 3���4; III���VI, 5���8; VII, 3���6. Genitalia (Fig. 6) with parameres and penis shaped as shown. Female. Tergal setae: II, 7���8; III, 8���11; IV���VII, 9���12; VIII, 8���11. Sternal setae: II, 5���6; III���VI, 6���8; VII, 4���6. Material. Ex N. meridionalis, NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female [paratypes of F. meinertzhageni] (MONZ), JG. 150. Ex N. m. meridionalis, NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), E.F. Stead; 2 males, 2 females (MONZ), Canterbury, Patersons Creek, 23 Oct. 1974, D.S. Horning. Ex N. m. septentrionalis Lorenz, 1896, NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), North Island, Dannevirke, 27 June 1976, E. Brown; 1 male (MONZ), Kapiti Island, 25 Aug. 1981, P. McKenzie; 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), Kapiti Island, P. Dan i el. E x N. notabilis Gould, 1856, NEW ZEALAND: 1 male, 1 female (MONZ), South Island, 5 Sept. 1965; 2 females (MONZ), Kokatahi, Oct. 1973, C. Howatt; 4 males, 3 females (MONZ), South Island, near Discovery Stream, Hawdon Hut, 2 Sept. 1978, J.R. Jackson. Remarks. The combination of the small dimensions of both sexes and the male tergite IX with a median connecting bridge ally F. meinertzhageni with F. p i l g r i m i Guimar��es and distinguish it from the other two species. Males of F. meinertzhageni are separated from those of F. pilgrimi by their longer and wider male genitalia (Fig. 6 vs Fig. 8). Females of F. meinertzhageni are tenuously separable by their greater total length., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637, {"references":["Guimaraes, L. R. (1974) Ischnocera (Mallophaga) infesting parrots (Psittaciformes). II. Genera Psittoecus Conci, 1942, and Forficuloecus Conci, 1941. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 28, 163 - 180."]}

Forficuloecus cameroni Price, Johnson, and Palma, new species (Figs. 1���4) Type host. Aprosmictus erythropterus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), the Red-winged Parrot. Male. As in Fig. 1. Tergal setae: II���III, usually 8���9, less often 10; IV���VII, 10���11, less often 12; VIII, 6���8. Tergite IX with well developed lateral plates, distinct median gap between them. Sternal setae: II, 4���8; III���VI, 8���13; VII, 5���8. Genitalia with parameres and penis shaped as shown (Fig. 2). Female. Head as in Fig. 3, shaped as for male; metanotum and abdomen as in Fig. 4. Tergal setae: II���III, 8���11; IV���VII, 9���11; VIII, 7���8. Sternal setae: II, 5���8; III, 9���12; IV���VI, 10���14; VII, 6���7. Type material. Holotype male (ANIC), ex A. erythropterus, AUSTRALIA: 45 km E Darwin, 22 Oct. 2002, D.H. Clayton, ANWC 50026. Paratypes all ex A. erythropterus (UMSP, UU, FMNH, ANIC): 1 male, same data as holotype except ANWC 50044; 1 female same except Queensland, Weipa, 25 Oct. 2001, T. Chesser, ANWC 29802. SE NEW GUINEA: 2 males, 3 females, Papua, Weam, 1 June 1964, H. Clissold, BBM-NG 50872; 3 males, 4 females, same except 29 May 1964, BBM-NG 50765; 2 females, same except 9 June 1964, BBM-NG 50817. Remarks. This new species is recognized by the combination of the large dimensions of both sexes, the male with tergites on IX having a distinct median gap between them and with a unique shape of the genitalic parameres and penis, and the female with more numerous setae on sterna II���VII. While in a number of features it is close to F. emersoni Guimar��es, the differences of the male in the structure of tergite IX (Fig. 1 vs Fig. 7) and the shape of the parameres and penis (Fig. 2 vs Fig. 5) afford good separation. The female is tenuously recognized from F. emersoni by having a total of 35���37 setae on sterna IV���VI. Etymology. This species is named for Stephen Cameron, Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia, in recognition of his work on the systematics and genomics of lice., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637

Myrsidea markhafneri Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species (Figs. 8���9) Type host. Saltator grossus (Linnaeus, 1766), the Slate-colored Grosbeak. Female. Head with strongly developed hypopharyngeal sclerites; gula usually with 5 setae on each side, less often 6. Dorsoventral metathorax and abdomen as in Fig. 9. Metanotal posterior margin with 11���13 setae; metasternal plate with 6���7 setae. Tergite I of normal size, tergite II moderately enlarged with pronounced rounded medioposterior convexity, resulting in slight compression of tergites III���IV. Each tergal setal row with distinct median gap. Tergal setae: I, 15���17; II, 10���12; III, 13���14; IV, 15���16; V, 17���19; VI, 17���20; VII, 18���19; VIII, 9���12. Postspiracular setae on V���VI about 0.20 long, III 0.30 long, and VII extremely long (0.40). Pleurites: I���IV with relatively uniform short setae; V-VII with fine longer setae toward midline; VIII with long seta flanked on each side by much shorter seta. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 17���19 marginal between asters, 7���9 anterior; III, 28���29; IV, 55���61; V, 59���66; VI, 50���61; VII, 19; VIII���IX, 21���24. Anus with 36 ventral, 37���42 dorsal fringe setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.51���0.54; HL, 0.33���0.34; PW, 0.32���0.34; MW, 0.50���0.54; AWIV, 0.65���0.73; ANW, 0.23���0.26; TL, 1.63���1.68. Male. Head, thorax, median gap in abdominal tergal setal rows, lengths of postspiracular setae, and chaetotaxy of abdominal pleurites as for female (Fig. 8), except for 10���13 marginal metanotal setae, 6 metasternal plate setae, and no median gap in tergal setal row on I. Tergal setae: I, 16���19; II, 12���15; III, 13���15; IV, 15���17; V, 16���20; VI, 16���20; VII, 16���18; VIII, 9���12. Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, less often 3, 15��� 17 marginal between asters, 6���11 anterior; III, 23���27; IV, 41���52; V, 50���55; VI, 44���50; VII, 20���23; VIII, 5���6. Genitalia and genital sac sclerite as for M. lightae (Figs. 2, 3). Dimensions: TW, 0.46���0.48; HL, 0.31���0.33; PW, 0.29��� 0.31; MW, 0.39���0.42; AWIV, 0.51���0.55; GL, 0.42���0.47; TL, 1.38���1.42. Type material. Holotype female (to USNM)), ex S. grossus, PERU (Northeast): Explor Napa Camp, Rio Napa, SE Iquitos, 14 June 1989, RCD et al. Paratypes: (to INHS) 1 female, 1 male, (to USNM) 1 female, 4 males, same data as holotype. Remarks. This is the third and final species treated in this paper for which both sexes have the abdominal tergal setal rows with a pronounced median gap. The female of M. markhafneri is recognizable from the others by having tergite I relatively unmodified and a more modest development of tergite II (Fig. 9 vs. Figs. 1, 5). The consistently larger dimensions and very large number of abdominal sternal setae will further separate both sexes of this species from those of M. johnklickai. The large dimensions and certain other features more resemble M. lightae, but both sexes of M. markhafneri have only four, less often three, setae in each sternite II aster, have fewer setae on the metanotal margin and each of tergites II-IV, and more setae on sternites V and VI. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Mark Hafner, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in recognition of his work on louse systematics and coevolution., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from saltators and grosbeaks (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), pp. 1-10 in Zootaxa 1873 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184026

Myrsidea mayermae Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species Type host. Pithys albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766), the White-faced Antbird. Female (6). Metanotum with 6, less often 7, marginal setae; metasternal plate with 5���7 setae. Tergal setae: I, 8���12; II, 14���16; III, 14���19; IV���VI, 14���17; VII, 10���14; VIII, 8, less often 7. Sternal setae: II, 12���15 marginal between asters, 7���9 anterior; III, 22���26; IV, 30���35; V, 34���43; VI, 33���37; VII, 24���27; VIII���IX, 21��� 24. Anus with 31���37 setae in each fringe. Dimensions: TW, 0.44���0.46; HL and PW, 0.30���0.32; MW, 0.41��� 0.45; AWIV, 0.57���0.63; ANW, 0.23���0.25; TL, 1.47���1.51. Male (8). Metanotum with 6 marginal setae; metasternal plate with 4���6 setae. Tergal setae: I, 8���9; II, 12��� 15; III, 13���16; IV, 12���15; V���VI, 11���14; VII, 8���11; VIII, 8. Sternal setae: II, 10���13 marginal between asters, 7���9 anterior; III, 14���18; IV, 17���26; V, 23���27; VI, 20���27; VII, 13���16; VIII, 4���6. Dimensions: TW, 0.40���0.43; HL, 0.28���0.31; PW, 0.27���0.29; MW, 0.35���0.37; AWIV, 0.45���0.48; GL, 0.41���0.46; TL, 1.22���1.32. Type material. Holotype male (USNM), ex P. albifrons, VENEZUELA: Edo. Bolivar, 60 km E Sta. Elena, Jan. 1987, R.C. Dalgleish. Paratypes: (USNM) 4 females, 5 males, same data as holotype; (INHS) 2 females, 2 males, same data as holotype. Remarks. Both M. milleri and M. mayermae share similar small dimensions, thereby differing from M. mcleannani. Features for recognizing M. mayermae include female with a shorter total length, male with fewer tergal setae on IV���VII and fewer sternal setae on IV���VIII, and both sexes with fewer marginal setae between the asters on sternite II. Etymology. This species is named for Peggy Guitton-Mayerma, University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, in recognition of her assistance in collecting the lice used in this study., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from antshrikes and antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 1819 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182969

mcleannani species group Both sexes of the three species of this group with 5���6 setae in each aster on sternite II. The male genital sac sclerite (Fig. 5) broader and shorter than for the klickai group, 0.050���0.060 long, without a median dark line, and each apical side with a pronounced outwardly curved process. The female has the posterior margin of its subgenital plate strongly spiculate and shorter inner terminal setae on tergite IX inserted more toward the midline, 0.030���0.070 (mean = 0.042; n = 25) long, inserted 0.055���0.095 (mean = 0.069; n = 27) from base of each very long seta (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from antshrikes and antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 1819 on page 59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182969

Myrsidea klickai Price, Johnson, and Dalgleish, new species (Figs. 1���4) Type host. Thamnophilus punctatus (Shaw, 1809), the Northern Slaty Antshrike. Female (5). Metanotum and dorsoventral abdomen as in Fig. 2. Metanotal posterior margin with 6 setae; metasternal plate with 6, much less often 7, setae. Tergal setae: I, 14���16; II, 15���16; III, 15���17; IV, 14���18; V, 16���19; VI, 16���18; VII, 14���17; VIII, 9���10. Sternal setae: II, 12���17 marginal between asters, 7���8 anterior; III, 18���21; IV, 27���34; V, 29���33; VI, 27���31; VII, 9���12; VIII���IX, 16���19. Anus with 38���42 ventral, 39���46 dorsal fringe setae. Dimensions: TW, 0.46���0.49; HL, 0.32���0.34; PW, 0.30���0.32; MW, 0.43���0.45; AWIV, 0.60���0.63; ANW, 0.23���0.25; TL, 1.50���1.57. Male (3). As in Fig. 1. Metanotum and metasternal plate as for female. Tergal setae: I, 7���8; II, 10���12; III��� IV, 11���12; V���VI, 12���14; VII, 11���12; VIII, 8. Sternal setae: II, only 3 in each aster, 11���14 marginal between asters, 5���9 anterior; III, 14���18; IV, 23���26; V, 23���27; VI, 22���25; VII, 10���12; VIII, 6���10. Dimensions: TW, 0.43���0.45; HL, 0.31���0.32; PW, 0.28���0.30; MW, 0.38; AWIV, 0.47���0.49; GL, 0.40���0.41; TL, 1.23���1.32. Type material. Holotype male (INHS), ex T. punctatus, PANAMA: Serriana del Maje, 16 Feb. 2006, JMD 649, K. Johnson. Paratypes: (INHS) 1 female, same data as holotype; 2 females, 1 male, PANAMA: Lago Bayano, 12 Feb. 2006, GMS 1768, K. Johnson; 1 female, same except GMS 1770; (USNM) 1 female, 1 male, PANAMA: Lago Bayano, 12 Feb. 2006, GMS 1768. Remarks. This species is separated from the following two species of the group by the combination of dimensions and number of metanotal marginal setae of both sexes, length of male genitalia, and number of setae on male abdominal tergites and dorsal anal fringe of the female. Etymology. This species is named for John Klicka, Marjorie Barrick Museum, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, in recognition of his assistance in collecting the lice used in this study and for his work on avian systematics., Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Dalgleish, Robert C., 2008, Five new species of Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from antshrikes and antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 1819 on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182969

Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805) Forficuloecus palmai Guimar��es, Published as part of Price, Roger D., Johnson, Kevin P. & Palma, Ricardo L., 2008, A review of the genus Forficuloecus Conci (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 49-62 in Zootaxa 1859 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183637