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The two species previously included in the genus Hayesiana Fletcher, 1982 were studied. The life history of the sole currently included species, Hayesiana triopus (Westwood, 1847) is illustrated in colour for the first time. Field records of Hayesiana triopus and Dahira farintaenia (Zhu & Wang, 1997) (previously Hayesiana farintaenia) are given, with the first description of the female genitalia of the latter. The diagnostic features and DNA barcoding data of Hayesiana triopus and Dahira farintaenia are also discussed.

Accomplishments of enhanced activity and durability are a major concern in the design of catalysts for acidic water oxidation. To date, most studied supported metal catalysts undergo fast degradation in strongly acidic and oxidative environments due to improper controlling of the interface stability caused by their lattice mismatches. Here, we evaluate the activity–stability trends of in situ crystallized antimony-doped tin oxide (Sb-SnO2)@RuOx (Sb-SnO2@RuOx) heterostructure nanosheets (NSs) for acidic water oxidation. The catalyst prepared by atomic layer deposition of a conformal Ru film on antimony-doped tin sulfide (Sb-SnS2) NSs followed by heat treatment highlights comparable activity but longer stability than that of the ex situ catalyst (where Ru was deposited on Sb-SnO2 followed by heating). Air calcination for in situ crystallization allows the formation of hierarchical mesoporous Sb-SnO2 NSs from as-prepared Sb-SnS2 NSs and parallel in situ transformation from Ru to RuOx, resulting in a compact heterostructure. The significance of this approach significantly resists corrosive dissolution, which is justified by the enhanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER) stability of the catalyst compared to most of the state-of-the-art ruthenium-based catalysts including Carbon@RuOx (which shows ∼10 times higher dissolution) as well as Sb-SnO2@Com. RuOx and Com. RuO2. This study demonstrates the controlled interface stability of heterostructure catalysts toward enhancing OER activity and stability., full_html

In this study, ceramic coatings were prepared on the surface of TC4 titanium (Ti) alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The morphology, element distribution and phase composition of MAO coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and other analytical methods. The effect of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) doping on the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the MAO layer was studied. The results showed that the coating was mainly composed of rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2), anatase titanium dioxide and a small amount of h-BN. Furthermore, the composite coating containing h-BN was less porous than the particle-free coating. The test results showed that h-BN doping slightly affected the hardness of the MAO coating, and it was helpful in improving the thickness, corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the coatings. When the amount of h-BN was 3 g/l, the corrosion current density of the coating was the smallest. When the addition of h-BN was 1.5 g/l, the friction coefficient of the coating was the smallest. The wear mechanism was adhesive wear, accompanied by slight abrasive wear.

Using brightness mode ultrasound combined with shear wave elastography, this study aims to detect structural and functional changes of the medial head of gastrocnemius (MG) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).149 T2DM patients (DPN group and non-DPN group) and 60 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled. We measured the absolute difference of fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), and shear wave velocity (SWV) of both MG in neutral position and maximal ankle joint's plantar flexion and calculated ΔFL, ΔPA, and ΔSWV. These three parameters, along with muscle thickness (MT), were compared among the three groups.In the DPN group, the MG's MT, ΔPA, and ΔSWV were significantly lower than in the non-DPN group (p 0.01); these parameters achieved the highest scores in the control group (p 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the combination of ΔSWV and ΔFL was the largest for predicting inpatients with or without DPN.Decreased muscle mass (MT) and muscle contractibility (ΔFL and ΔSWV) were detected in patients with T2DM, with or without DPN. ΔSWV and ΔFL of the MG showed high-diagnostic accuracy for DPN warning signs.

After molecular and morphological analyses, the taxon septentrionicolus Page & Treadaway, 2013 is shown to be a distinct species, and Graphium adonarensis (Rothschild, 1896) is placed as conspecific with Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758). Graphium huangshanensis Wu & Ma, 2016 syn. nov. is synonymised with G. septentrionicolus.

Siliceous microplankton is an effective proxy for connecting modern and past marine environments; however, radiolarians have been understudied in Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica. This study investigated the changes in the siliceous microbiota fluxes and radiolarian assemblages captured in a 1-year time-series sediment trap (February 2014 to February 2015, ~490 m water depth) in the polynya of Prydz Bay. The results exhibited the strong seasonality in the radiolarian assemblages and the fluxes of radiolarians, diatoms, silicoflagellates and sponge spicules, with low numbers in winter and high numbers in summer. Seasonal variations in the sea ice and plankton community were critical in these patterns. The total radiolarian flux (TRF) displayed three peaks with higher flux than the annual average TRF over the year, all of which occurred in summer. These TRF peaks were mainly driven by seasonal fluctuations of sea ice, primary productivity, grazing pressure caused by phytophagous zooplankton and resuspension of small radiolarians in the surface sediments induced by modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) intrusion onto the shelf. There were also two notable low-TRF stages, mainly related to full sea-ice coverage and high grazing pressure. Two dominant assemblages were recognized by means of Q-factor analysis. Dominant assemblage one was composed of three small-sized taxa, Antarctissa sp., Phormacantha hystrix and Plectacantha oikiskos, which could be used as a proxy for primary productivity in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) in Prydz Bay. Dominant assemblage two was composed of Antarctissa strelkovi and Antarctissa denticulata, with A. strelkovi dominating. The high flux and high relative abundance of A. strelkovi marked the extension of Ice Shelf Water (ISW) to the shelf area in Prydz Bay. These findings will provide new insights and reliable proxies for modern and paleoceanographic research in the Southern Ocean.

Examining iron (Fe) speciation in marine sediments is critical to understand Fe and carbon biogeochemical cycling in polar regions. In this study, we investigated the speciation of Fe in sediments from Prydz Bay and the adjacent Southern Ocean, and examined the factors controlling Fe speciation and its relationship with total organic carbon (TOC). Our results reveal that unreactive silicate Fe (FeU) is the dominant pool of total Fe (FeT), followed by poorly reactive sheet silicate Fe (FePRS), reducible crystalline Fe oxides (Feox2), easily reducible amorphous/poorly crystalline Fe oxides (Feox1), and magnetite (Femag), with carbonate-associated ferrous Fe (Fecarb) being the smallest pool. The highly reactive Fe (FeHR)/FeT ratios (0.13 ± 0.06) in our study area are among the lowest end-member globally, primarily due to weak bedrock weathering and slow glacier melting. The Feox1/FeT ratios are similar to those in continental shelf and marginal seas containing highly weathered materials, while the Feox2/FeT ratios are significantly lower. This result implicates that low temperature inhibits the aging of iceberg melting-sourced Feox1 potentially, and accordingly the regulation of weathering on the FeHR/FeT ratio is mainly reflected in Feox2/FeT ratio. There are no significant correlations between TOC and FeHR, Fecarb, Feox1 or Feox2 in the research region. Four distinct patterns of TOC/FeHR ratio can be discerned by summarizing the global data set: (a) high TOC/FeHR ratios (> 2.5) are likely the result of high marine primary productivity and low chemically weathered source materials; (b) low TOC/FeHR ratios (< 0.6) are caused by high rates of FeHR inputs and OC remineralization; (c) mid-range TOC/FeHR ratios (0.6 – 2.5) typical of most river particulates and marginal sea sediments indicate the same FeHR and OC sources and/or interactions between each other; (d) both low TOC and FeHR content is the result of low marine primary productivity and weak chemical weathering. Our findings provide new insights into the relationship between FeHR and TOC in polar sediments.

An I2-mediated [3 + 2] annulation to access fused imidazoles from methyl-azaarenes and alkyl 2-isocyanoacetates was developed. This method can be used for the structural modification of natural products, gram scale reactions and further transformations.

A biomimetic catalytic approach for the aerobic oxidation of C–sp(3)–H bonds using galactose oxidase model compound was developed. EPR showed that the CuI-radical intermediate species was critical for O2 activation.

This paper addresses the issue of detecting the use of information hiding at anti-copying 2D barcodes. Prior hidden information detection schemes have their roots in either heuristic-based or Machine Learning (ML). However, prior heuristics-based schemes lack a rigorous theoretical analysis. Prior ML-based information schemes lack robustness because a printed 2D barcode is very much environmentally dependent. Thus, an information hiding detection scheme trained in one environment often does not work well in another environment. In this paper, we propose two hidden information detection schemes for existing anti-copying 2D barcodes. The first scheme directly uses the pixel distance to detect the use of an information hiding scheme in a 2D barcode, referred to as the Pixel Distance Based Detection (PDBD) scheme. The second scheme first calculates the variance of raw signal and the covariance between the recovered and raw signals, and then based on the variance results, detects the use of information hiding scheme in a 2D barcode, referred to as the Pixel Variance Based Detection (PVBD) scheme. Moreover, we design advanced Illegitimately-Copying (IC) attacks to evaluate the security of two existing anti-copying 2D barcodes. We conduct extensive performance comparisons among the proposed schemes and prior schemes under different capturing devices, e.g., different scanners or camera phones. Our experimental results show that the PVBD scheme can correctly detect the existence of hidden information at both the 2LQR code and the LCAC 2D barcode. Moreover, the successful attacking probability of the proposed IC attacks achieves 0.6538 for the 2LQR code and 1 for the LCAC 2D barcode.

Female weevils of the family Attelabidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) possess a unique behaviour of partially cutting the branches connecting egg-bearing organs of their host plants during oviposition. However, the consequence of such behaviour remains unclear. Using Rhynchites foveipennis and its host pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), the present study tested the hypothesis that the oviposition behaviour could disarm the host plants’ defence. We compared the survival rates, growth rates, and performance of eggs and larvae under two conditions: (1) the fruit stems were naturally damaged by the females before and after oviposition, and (2) the fruit stems were artificially protected from the females. When fruit stems were protected from female damage, the survival rates of eggs and larvae were only 21.3–32.6%, respectively; and the larval weight was 3.2–4.1 mg 30 days after laying eggs. When the fruit stems were damaged, the survival rates of eggs and larvae reached 86.1–94.0%, respectively; and the larval weight reached 73.0–74.9 mg 30 days after laying eggs. The contents of tannin and flavonoids in the pears did not change significantly along with the oviposition and larval feeding, but weevil eggs were crushed and killed by the callus in the pears. Once the stunted larvae in branch-growing pears were moved into the picked-off ones, the growth and development recovered. The findings indicate that the oviposition behaviour can significantly increase the survival of the offspring. Our study suggested that the oviposition behaviour of attelabid weevils is a strategy to overcome plant defence.

The catalytic transformation of N

The taxonomic status of the Pieris napi-complex and similar species which occur in China are revised. Relevant species distributed in the adjacent regions were included to clarify the status of Chinese species and were briefly revised. All those species are described and illustrated and new synonyms are established. A molecular phylogenetic analysis is also performed on the species group including similar species, to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between taxa. Species of the Pieris napi-complex that occur in China and adjacent regions are redefined, with four similar species excluded (P. melaina, P. extensa, P. chumbiensis gyantsensis and P. melete). A distribution map and keys of the complex including similar species are provided. The taxon P. mihon Yakovlev, 2006 stat. nov. is raised from subspecies to species status; P. narina Verity, 1908 stat. rev. is confirmed as a distinct species rather than a subspecies of P. ochsenheimeri; Pieris euorientis Verity, 1908 stat. rev. is recovered as a distinct species sister to P. dulcinea. Two taxa, ssp. sauron and ssp. bryonides are moved from subspecies of P. euorientis and P. bryoniae, respectively, to P. napi, i.e. P. napi sauron Yakovlev, 2004 comb. nov and P. napi bryonides Sheljuzhko, 1910 comb. rev. A new synonym is proposed: Pieris ochsenheimeri tianshansis Tadokoro, Shinkawa & Wang, 2014, new synonym of P. mihon Yakovlev, 2006. A new mistaken identification is proposed: Pieris dulcinea kneitzi is a misidentification of Pieris erutae kneitzi Eitschberger, 1983 comb. rev. Five Chinese species belonging to the Pieris napi-complex were confirmed, namely P. narina, P. mihon, P. latouchei, P. dulcinea, and P. erutae. Among them, two species, P. mihon Yakovlev, 2006 and Pieris narina Verity, 1908, are newly recorded from China. The taxonomic status of Pieris steinigeri Eitschberger, 1983 and Pieris bryoniae sifanica Grum-Grshimailo, 1895 is also discussed.

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was grafted onto polyurethane (PU), and Epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol A were attached to the free ends of PDMS groups and used to link the grafted PDMS to thereby introduce flexible crosslinks between the PU chains. The flexible crosslinks enhanced the crosslink density and solution viscosity of PU but did not change the melting and crystallization behaviors of the soft segments of PU. In particular, the flexible PDMS crosslinks increased the maximum tensile stress by up to 300% and the maximum tensile strain up to 180%. The shape recovery capability at 10°C and the shape retention capability at −25°C were maintained above 90% with the flexible crosslinking. Grafted PDMS moderately improved the low-temperature flexibility of PU due to its flexibility at low temperature. The flexible crosslinks of grafted PDMS successfully improved the tensile strength, shape recovery, and low-temperature flexibility of the PU.

In order to enhance the sensitivity, Pt coated ZIF-67 was proposed to detect humidity levels for human physiological signal monitoring. The proposed capacitive humidity sensors have superior sensitivity of 44.9 pF/%RH for ZIF-67 with 10 nm Pt, which is about 7.8 times of ZIF-67 with 2 nm Pt and 4490 times of pure ZIF-67. The specificity of water toward 7 interferential volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was analyzed for biomarker discrimination. The proposed sensor exhibits high stability and repeatability in five cycle tests. Normal, fast, deep, and slow breath were investigated to record reading, running, yoga, and sleeping activities, respectively. In addition, the low humidity level evaporated by human sweat on the skin surface can be detected with high sensitivity. This paper provides a highly sensitive humidity sensor for daily clinical monitoring and intelligent health applications.

This paper presents an interdigital capacitor (IDC)-based high sensitivity microwave sensor for the multidimensional (complex permittivity and thickness) characterization of solid materials. The proposed sensor was implemented by etching a slot resonator with an IDC on the ground layer of 0.76 mm-thick RF-35 substrate with relative permittivity of 3.5 and loss tangent of 0.0018. The IDC fingers were configured as a spur-line structure to create an intense electric field zone that interacted significantly with the material under test (MUT), resulting in high sensitivity. A sensor prototype with optimized dimensions generated dual resonant frequencies of 2.35 GHz and 5.79 GHz and was used to measure the MUT’s complex permittivity and thickness, respectively. Experimental results revealed that the resonant frequencies of the developed sensor exhibited high sensitivities (276 MHz/ $\varepsilon _{r}$ for permittivity and 143 MHz/mm for thickness) and resolutions (0.27678 for permittivity and 0.1439 for thickness) of solid materials. Moreover, the sensing accuracies were 99.9% for real permittivity and 97.7% for imaginary permittivity. The demonstrated high performance of the developed sensor validates its applications in the multidimensional characterization of various solid materials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, the metabolic types of different tumors are diverse and lack in-depth study. Here, through analysis of big databases and clinical samples, we identified a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1)-deficient hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subtype, explored tumorigenesis mechanism of this HCC subtype, and aimed to investigate metabolic reprogramming as a target for HCC prevention. APPROACH AND RESULTS A pan-cancer study involving differentially expressed metabolic genes of 7,764 tumor samples in 16 cancer types provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated that urea cycle (UC) was liver-specific and was down-regulated in HCC. A large-scale gene expression data analysis including 2,596 HCC cases in 7 HCC cohorts from Database of HCC Expression Atlas and 17,444 HCC cases from in-house hepatectomy cohort identified a specific CPS1-deficent HCC subtype with poor clinical prognosis. In vitro and in vivo validation confirmed the crucial role of CPS1 in HCC. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay and Seahorse analysis revealed that UC disorder (UCD) led to the deceleration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas excess ammonia caused by CPS1 deficiency activated fatty acid oxidation (FAO) through phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Mechanistically, FAO provided sufficient ATP for cell proliferation and enhanced chemoresistance of HCC cells by activating forkhead box protein M1. Subcutaneous xenograft tumor models and patient-derived organoids were employed to identify that blocking FAO by etomoxir may provide therapeutic benefit to HCC patients with CPS1 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results prove a direct link between UCD and cancer stemness in HCC, define a CPS1-deficient HCC subtype through big-data mining, and provide insights for therapeutics for this type of HCC through targeting FAO.

A rapid analytical method for sequential separation and determination of the most significant α- and β-emitting radionuclidic impurities in 99Tc radiopharmaceutical raw material is presented. Successive HTiO co-precipitation steps were first conducted for effective removal of 99Tc to avoid its spectral interference on the determination of β-emitting nuclides by liquid scintillation counting. A sequential chromatographic method was applied for simultaneous separation and purification of actinide and lanthanide isotopes. A series of K99TcO4 solution spiked with known quantities of 238Pu, 239Pu, 241Pu, 237Np, 241Am, 244Cm and 147Pm were analyzed for method evaluation, demonstrating that the method would meet the analytical requirements for radionuclidic impurity evaluation of K99TcO4 raw material.

Background & aims Preoperative obstructive jaundice is usually associated with higher post-operative mortality. Although external biliary drainage (EBD) has been widely used to relieve obstructive jaundice, the role of bile reinfusion after EBD is still controversial. The aim of our study was to study the effects of biliary obstruction, biliary drainage and bile reinfusion on bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota. Methods Firstly, we created a mice bile drainage collection (BDC) model to simulate the process of biliary obstruction, drainage and bile reinfusion. Then, we analysed the faecal, serum, liver and bile samples to investigate the effects of the process on bile acid profiles and gut microbiota. Finally, we evaluated the clinical effects of bile reinfusion. Results We evaluated the bile acid profiles of faeces, serum, liver and bile of normal mice. During biliary obstruction, secondary bile acids can still be produced, and increased in the liver and serum of mice. Compared with no bile reinfusion, bile reinfusion was beneficial to the recovery of T-ωMCA in the liver and bile, and can restore the colon crypt length shortened by biliary obstruction. Only Ruminococcus_1 proliferated when the biliary obstruction lasted for 12 days. In the clinic, bile reinfusion cannot accelerate the patient's perioperative recovery or prolong long-term survival. Conclusion We have successfully created a mice bile drainage collection model. Short-term bile reinfusion can partially benefit the recovery of the secondary bile acids in the liver and bile, but hardly benefit the patient's perioperative recovery or long-term survival. (247 words).

The activated sludge of a biochemical unit (WLK_OD) and an advanced denitrification unit (WLK_AD) were collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), in which the TN concentration of effluent was less than 1.5 mg·L

A cascade

C8H5N3O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.1778(16) Å, b = 7.0270(10) Å, c = 12.518(2) Å, β = 92.930(6)°, V = 806.3(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F 2) = 0.0469, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1353, T = 298 K.

The family Nymphalidae is the largest group of butterflies with high species richeness. Rhinopalpa polynice (Cramer, [1779]), a forest species, was discovered in the mid-stream of the Yuanjiang-Red River Valley of Yunnan Province for the first time, which represents the first record of the genus Rhinopalpa in China. The species R. polynice (Cramer, [1779]) is the first record of the genus Rhinopalpa from China. The specimen was collected in the mid-stream of the Yuanjiang-Red River Valley of Yunnan Province. The female genitalia are described for the first time.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are crucial for maintaining spermatogenesis, studying germ line stem cell biology, and producing transgenic animals. Growth factors, including leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are essential for in vitro culture of SSCs as well as their self-renewal and maintenance. In this study, we investigated the effects of these growth factors on porcine spermatogonial germ cell (pSGC) colony formation. We determined round alkaline phosphatase (AP)-positive pSGC colonies in the presence and absence of growth factors after 7 days of pSGC culture. EGF was found to be essential to support the formation of AP-positive pSGC colonies. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) was also altered in cultured pSGCs compared to that in feeder cells. We verified the effect of EGF signaling on pSGC colony formation using AG1478 as an EGFR inhibitor and AG879 as an ERBB2 inhibitor. pSGC colonies were observed in low dose AG1478-treated groups with EGF, whereas a high dose of AG1478 suppressed pSGC colony formation. AP-positive colonies were also observed in all AG879-treated groups. Taken together, EGFR and EGF signaling play a critical role in the initiation of colony formation of pSGCs. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms of EGF-mediated colony formation by SGCs derived from porcine testes, and will aid the development of transplantation techniques for the production of transgenic offspring.

ContextContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) overcomes the limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between CGM metrics and laboratory HbA1c in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.MethodsAn observational study enrolled pregnant women with type 1 diabetes who wore CGM devices during pregnancy and postpartum from 11 hospitals in China from January 2015 to June 2019. CGM data were collected to calculate time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), and glycemic variability parameters. Relationships between the CGM metrics and HbA1c were explored. Linear and curvilinear regressions were conducted to investigate the best-fitting model to clarify the influence of HbA1c on the TIR-HbA1c relationship during pregnancy.ResultsA total of 272 CGM data and corresponding HbA1c from 98 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and their clinical characteristics were analyzed in this study. Mean HbA1c and TIR were 6.49 ± 1.29% and 76.16 ± 17.97% during pregnancy, respectively. HbA1c was moderately correlated with TIR3.5-7.8(R = –0.429, P = .001), mean glucose (R = 0.405, P = .001) and TAR7.8 (R = 0.435, P = .001), but was weakly correlated with TBR3.5 (R = 0.034, P = .001) during pregnancy. On average, a 1% (11 mmol/mol) decrease in HbA1c corresponded to an 8.5% increase in TIR3.5–7.8. During pregnancy, HbA1c of 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0% were equivalent to a TIR3.5–7.8 of 78%, 74%, and 69%, respectively.ConclusionWe found there was a moderate correlation between HbA1c and TIR3.5–7.8 during pregnancy. To achieve the HbA1c target of less than 6.0%, pregnant women with type 1 diabetes should strive for a TIR3.5–7.8 of greater than 78% (18 hours 43 minutes) during pregnancy.

Immunotherapies have been explored in treating solid tumors, albeit with disparate clinical effects in distinct cancer types. Systematic interrogation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is vital to the prediction of immunotherapy response and the development of innovative immunotherapeutics. To comprehensively characterize the immune microenvironment in advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC), we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing in unselected viable cells from 16 matched samples, and identified nineteen cell subsets from a total of 45,851 cells, in which exhausted CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) in BTC were shown to augment and communicate within the TME. Transcriptional profiles coupled with T cell receptor (TCR) sequences revealed that exhausted CD8+ T cells retained clonal expansion and high proliferation in the TME, and some of them highly expressed the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) response gene, XBP1, indicating the role of ER stress in remodeling TME. Functional assays demonstrated that XBP1 and common immune checkpoints (PD1, TIGIT) were significantly upregulated in CD8+ T cells cocultured within the TME of BTC cells (GBC-SD, HCCC-9810). When treating the coculture groups with the specific inhibitor of IRE1α-XBP1 (4μ8C), the downregulation of TIGIT was observed in the treatment group. Collectively, comprehensive transcriptome profiling provides deep insights into the immune atlas in advanced BTC, which might be instrumental in exploring innovative immunotherapy strategies.