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Purpose This study aims to compare the influence of different solid lubricants on the friction stability of a non-asbestos disc brake pad. Design/methodology/approach Three brake pads were developed using three lubricants, namely, non-asbestos brake pad with sulfide mix (NASM), non-asbestos brake pad with bismuth sulfide (NABS) and non-asbestos brake pad with molybdenum disulfide (NAMO). Sulfide mix was indigenously developed by physically mixing friction modifiers, alkaline earth chemicals and various metallic sulfides homogeneously dispersed in graphite medium. The physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of brake pads were characterized as per industrial standards. The tribological performances were studied using the Chase testing machine as SAE-J661-2012. The worn surface of the pads was studied using scanning electron microscope to analyze the dominating wear mechanism. Findings NASM was excellent in fade as well as wear resistance. NABS was better from a wear point of view, but fade resistance was moderate despite its higher cost. NAMO fared average in fade and wear despite its excellent dry lubricating properties. NASM was excellent in terms of fade as well as wear resistance. Originality/value Among the selected metal sulfides, the indigenously developed sulfide mix was better than the other two sulfides, which indicates that the synergetic effect of metal sulfides was always preferable to the individual sulfides.

In modern times it is seen that the use of aluminum alloys has increased greatly in automobile, aerospace, marine, and various other fields. This is due to the fact that aluminum alloys have superior advantages when it comes to corrosion resistance, strength to weight ratio characteristics, and high machinability when it is compared with steel. In this paper a study on the mechanical, tribological properties and microstructure of aluminum alloy with variations in Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). Previous studies that have been conducted in this field have dealt with aluminum additives of different compositions with the study of only mechanical properties or microstructure. Our project deals with the study in the changes of properties and microstructure analysis of Iron(Fe) and Nickel(Ni), aluminum-based alloy added to which the tribological studies and the correlation is studied with the variations in the metal concentration, Thus the study and development of these alloys are important as it paves the way for the new generation of mechanical components with superior properties. Also, our paper deals with the fabrication of a brake disc rotor with the most suitable alloy among the three. The tensile strength, hardness, and surface characteristics of all the profiles were studied in detail and presented. The 7% of Iron powder in the profile has the highest tensile strength.

In the present study, the mechanical and wear properties of the aluminum composite reinforced with the groundnut shell ash (GSA) and hemp fiber ash (HFA) were investigated. Reinforcements were added along with the matrix material AA6063 in different percentages of weight to prepare hybrid composites by stir casting method. The hybrid composites were subjected to Micro tensile, hardness, wear, microstructure, salt spray analysis. It was found that on increasing the weight percentage of GSA, there is a reduction in the hardness value, tensile strength, and specific strength of the composite. It can be overcome by replacing GSA with HFA in the composite. With the addition of GSA + HFA content, it was found that the hardness decreased with an increase in HFA content. The wear properties show positive results when these reinforcements were added as compared with those of the pure AA6063.

The brake pad material was fabricated using asbestos-free agro-waste sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) at low cost by a compression molding technique. SCBA in varying proportions (0%, 5%, and 10% weight) was added to the composite mixture containing epoxy resin as a binder. The size of the SCBA particle was 300 µm. The fabricated brake pad was subjected to mechanical, physical, and tribological analyses. The obtained results were compared with conventional asbestos-based brake pad material. The results showed that the sample having 10% SCBA as filler content has high tensile strength, flexural strength, density, low water, and oil absorption. Also, the hardness test and impact test results revealed the suitability of SCBA in brake pad material.

This work aims to conduct an extensive research on the working of the adaptive headlamps and its ability to function efficiently to enhance stress free driving. What we have done is we have meticulously integrated the steering wheel and the headlamp with the help of certain components such as frame structure, spur gears, ten-turn potentiometer and motor. We have incorporated Fuzzy logic, using C programming to this, the code used in the micro controller is based on this software to provide a more stable and smooth turning of the headlamps while the steering wheel is being moved either sides. We’ve added a feature where there is an automatic reduction in the intensity of the headlight when there is enough light to illuminate the road is produced on the other end of the road, this way we aim to provide stress free driving to all the drivers out there. The ten-turn potentiometer will supply varying current, whose magnitude will be determined by the steering wheel angle. We have also provided a ease factor to prevent the irrational movement of the headlight by keeping them stationery for the first 30 degrees movement of the steering wheel on either sides. We claim that the advantage would be that there will be a considerable decrease in the number of road accidents caused during the night hours and provide stress free driving experience. This setup will efficiently gimmick an actually driving experience for better analysis and results.

The main purpose of this work is to prepare magnesium metal matrix composite in an attempt to improve its mechanical and wear properties. To achieve this objective, four compositions Mg (AZ91D), Mg SiC 2%, Mg SiC 3%, Mg SiC 5% were selected. Among various fabrication techniques available for the preparation of Magnesium metal matrix composite, Stir casting was chosen due to its simplicity, low cost and it can be used for mass production. The prepared composite was subjected to tensile test, Vickers hardness test, optical microscopy and wear studies. The tensile strength was found to increase 45% on the incorporation of 2 wt% SiC particle. The hardness of composite shows a gradual increase of 34% on increasing the weight percentage of SiC particle to 5 wt%. The optical micrograph of 2 wt% SiC reinforced composite shows a uniform distribution of particles within the matrix. The 5 wt% SiC reinforced magnesium alloy composite was found to have a minimum wear rate of 0.89 mm3/Nm and maximum co-efficient of friction 0.425.

Advancements in the automotive industry have led to an increasing need to reduce the consumption of fuel, commercial vehicles especially public transport. However, when it comes to commercial vehicles like buses, the reduced mileage stands as a disadvantage. This work proposes a numerical model of a bus (commercial vehicle) with design modifications such as dimples on the surface using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to increase the fuel economy. It will help develop the flow structure around the bus to understand the amount of drag. Following the preparation of a generic model of the bus using SOLIDWORKS, the drag coefficient was determined employing a wind tunnel test. The aerodynamic data and the detailed flow structure were studied and analyzed. Accordingly, a modified model was designed, comprising dimpled structures, and the tests repeated. Parameters like dimple position, number of dimples, and dimple orientation were closely observed to understand the performance improvement. It can be an effective method to reduce drag, paving the way to better aerodynamics and increasing fuel economy for such heavy commercial vehicles.

Three Wheeler Chassis are unconventional in the present industry. Incorporating the features of a regular four-wheeled chassis into a three-wheeler chassis can be challenging quite often. This analytical study attempts to design and develop a three-wheeled chassis for use in real-time conditions. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software were employed to design the chassis as per the guidelines. The model was made using CAD software like SOLIDWORKS. The model is analyzed using ANSYS and SOLIDWORKS. This three-wheeler vehicle will act as an alternative for two-wheeler vehicles. As per the tadpole design the vehicle will have two wheels in the front and one wheel in the rear. The steering is supported by rack and pinion, and the vehicle doesn’t lean while cornering like a motorcycle. The front steering and suspension setup are similar to a car. The rear end is similar to a two-wheeler. The vehicle has a single seat. The vehicle has to follow both motorcycle and car regulations as it perfectly seats between the two categories. This vehicle is a safer option than a motorcycle as airbags and crumple zones. The top speed of the vehicle is around 80kmph. The model is designed similar to a two-wheeler using its engine. Hence, it is expected to be as efficient as a two-wheeler used commonly. Also, the ground clearance is low to keep a low center of gravity and reduce the chances of toppling over or rollover. The vehicle is a rear-wheel-drive vehicle with a rear-engine. The material used for manufacturing is Mild Steel (AISI 4130), making it lightweight and strong. This vehicle will find its application mainly in the case of differently-abled people for easier hand throttling and braking.

Plastic is one of the widely used materials in day to day activity in our life and involves a contribution to society. Plastic is a non-gradable material, remains in the soil and polluting the environment. Plastic pyrolysis is a novel technique to convert waste plastic into fuel. This work aims to analyze and simulate a mini reactor for the plastic pyrolysis process. The mini reactor is designed by 3D CAD and analyzed by ANSYS software. This mini reactor is designed to pyrolyze low-Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE) to withstand 650 °C. This work demonstrated the potential of finite element analysis of pyrolysis setup to determine thermal stress and strains. Maximum and minimum thermal stress and strain values developed inside the mini reactor for converting plastic waste into fuel were 127 MPa, 158 MPa, 0.001329, and 0.001649, respectively.

Minimizing the resource consumption and reducing the manufacturing system's environmental impact has been increased in today's manufacturing trend. The proposed study deals with the sustainability of the machining process of Monel (K-400) in the End milling process. Spindle speed feed and depth of cut are process parameters of the milling process and are set as four levels. Surface roughness, MRR, Tool wear, tool life, and energy consumption were considered as sustainability factors. The result revealed that factors such as Lower surface roughness (1.26 µm), Minimum tool wear (0.2 mm), Maximum tool life (8,79,200 min), Maximum material removal rate (32 mm3/s) increased the sustainability of the end milling process of Monel material.

AA6061 matrix composites are becoming indispensable in automotive, aircraft, marine, and structural applications because of their lightweight, good mechanical, corrosion, and wear resistance properties compared to traditional materials. The present study evaluates the effect of silicon carbide and silicon carbide/alumina particle with 5 wt% SiCp, 7 wt%SiCp, and 7 wt%SiCp/3 wt% Al2O3 on the mechanical, microstructural, and wears performance of prepared composites. The additions of reinforcement increases the mechanical and wear resistance of composites compared to cast aluminum alloy. The AA6061 alloy with 7 wt%SiCp/3 wt% Al2O3 composite has obtained a maximum tensile strength, hardness and wear resistance of 134.3 N/mm2, 35VHN and 17.27 × 10-5mm3/Nm, respectively. The optical micrograph shows the dispersion of reinforcement particles is uniform throughout the aluminum alloy matrix.

In the fabrication of automotive vehicle brake linings, the usages of asbestos create an adverse reaction on humankind and the surroundings. Hence it led to the evolution of organic-based brake lining without using asbestos material. The various types of asbestos-free brake lining materials are developed to create new lining compositions providing effective performance. In our work, the effect of carbon fiber reinforced in brake linings are studied, and their friction performances are examined. The composition of carbon fiber contents are varied by 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by volume in the total weight of the mixture of brake composites and corresponding brake pads are fabricated. The various physical, mechanical and tribological analyses are performed. The experimental work results revealed that the sample with 10% of carbon content has high tensile strength, flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and friction co-efficient. Also, the wear test showed a low value for the sample containing 10% of carbon content. The microstructural analysis revealed that the sample having 10% of carbon content has closure packing, which causes the strong bond formation of a matrix with carbon fiber filament.

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for CI engines. Emission like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons are less for biodiesel when compared to diesel. In this present work, an attempt was made to test the diesel engine with biodiesel and evaluate the results. The biodiesel was prepared using castor seed oil. Various properties of pure biodiesel and its diesel blends (20, 40, 60 and 80 by volume) are determined. The results are then compared with diesel and the calorific value (CV) of diesel was found to be higher than biodiesel. In contrast, viscosity and density are very near diesel values. The biodiesel with different blends was tested on a single cylinder naturally aspirated CI engine. The results indicate that at 75% load, 20% blend of diesel shown excellent brake thermal efficiency (BTE), which is 26.49% whereas the diesel at the same load gives 26.86% of BTE.

A wide range of favorable properties like high strength to weight ratio, low cost and durability is leading to a wide range of applications for Polymer Composite such as aviation, automobile, defense and marine. The focus of this paper is to improve the strength of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic with the help of Prosopis Juliflora (A plant known as Seemai Karuvelam in Tamil) reduced into powder form. The work done in the project is an attempt to fabricate a hybrid composite using bi-directional Glass Fiber sheet with the Prosopis Juliflora powder of different weight percentage 0% 3%, 6% and 9% impregnated along with the matrix in between the sheets by hand layup technique. The fabricated composites are cut according to ASTM standards in order to determine the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength and Impact strength. The hybrid composite with 6% Prosopis Juliflora is found to have superior mechanical properties as compared to glass fiber reinforced composite. The hybrid composite with 6% Prosopis Juliflora is then subjected to hardness and chemical test and compared with Glass fiber reinforced composite.

In today's world, where fuel prices in all modes of transport are skyrocketing, car manufacturers must find better and innovative ways to make their cars more energy efficient. A reduction in fuel consumption of a vehicle directly corresponds to the non- renewable fossil fuels' lesser consumption and a decrease in vehicular pollution. All road vehicles under driving conditions are made to pass through a wall of air around them and displace this air envelope as efficiently as they can depend upon the vehicle's shape and frontal area. As it flows around the car, this air envelope is responsible for drag force, which is the main opposition to the vehicle's forward motion. This drag force is proportional to the square of the velocity of the car and as a result, increases significantly after certain speeds. In most passenger vehicles due to constraints created by cabin space, regulations, etc., the cars end up being somewhat obliquely and boxy shaped, leading to turbulence, particularly towards the rear end of the car. This formation of turbulence results in flow separation at a point near the vehicle's rear windshield, which causes the boundary layer to not adhere to the body surface, expand and create a high-pressure region which induces drag along this portion of the vehicle. When placed at the specific distance upstream of the flow separation point, the vortex generators play a pivotal role in reducing drag and lift. And coupled with a rear wing can give suitable downforce values and drag reduction by redirecting the flow of air at the right angle of approach to the wing and preventing flow separation. The drag reduction is obtained by changing the angle of attack of the airstream with the wing by changing the orientation of vortex generators.

The usage of magnesium alloy has grown in the field of automotive, aviation, and marine sectors due to its significant characteristics of lightweight, high specific strength, impact, and wears resistance. The present investigation is to evaluate the wear characteristics of magnesium AZ91E alloy nanocomposite with SiCnp by pin-on-disc wear tester using dry sliding conditions. The dry sliding wear investigations were carried out on a 200 m constant sliding distance with a load of 10 N, 20 N, 30 N, and 40 N at various sliding speed (0.25 m/sec to 0.75 m/sec). The wear rate of nanocomposites significantly decreased with the normal load at a high sliding speed of 0.75 m/sec as compared to AZ91E alloy. The result showed that the coefficient of friction has gradually increased with increase in the load 10 N to 40 N at different sliding speed. It has varied from 0.307 to 0.472.

Additive manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing system that have a transformative approach to production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. It builds 3D objects by adding layer by layer of material. In recent years Additive manufacturing has attracted worldwide as an emerging process of making complex three dimensional objects in various application such as healthcare, biomedical, aerospace, textile, food and construction industries. The main aim of this paper is to review the various 3D printing industries for competitive environment with focus on adoption strategies.

Vibration affect tool life and machine tool spindle during machining of hardened material. Chatter in machined surfaces that affect the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of product. This paper present way to deal with determines vibration examination on machining of monel (K-400) material during end milling process. Monel alloy 400 is a nickel-copper alloy which combines excellent corrosion resistance and added advantages of greater strength and hardness. Typical applications for monel alloy k-400 products are fasteners, springs, pumps and Values. In this investigation spindle speed, feed and depth of cut selected as an input parameters and Feed acceleration is consider as response parameter. Tool wear rate is also investigated during end milling operation of monel alloy. The vibration test was carried by vibrometer and amplitudes were recorded with different spindle speeds of CNC vertical milling machine. The test were conducted various combinations of spindle speeds. The experimental result shows that spindle speed is the major factor that affect the tool vibrations. Analysis of Variance of feed acceleration was shown to predict vibrations during machining of monel (k-400) by end milling process.

The inspection of bolt is difficult in conventional quality check procedure. Computer vision inspection is a suitable method to find interchangeability. The aim of the present study is to develop a device to detect defects in the bolt with the help of computer vision technology. Many traditional techniques are used to find the defects in mechanical components using computer vision in Industries. This paper focuses the development of vision system for measurement and inspection of bolt using camera attached with algorithms. This work is mainly built on the self-learning convolutional neural network to implement computer vision technology to detect the defects. The algorithm is built on the C language and tested repeatedly. After that algorithm is impended on the raspberry pi board, and a neutral stick is attached to the raspberry pi model to operate the algorithm. The camera is attached with the raspberry pi model to capture the image, analyze and identify the defects of bolt.

Super heater is an inevitable component of any boiler system and failure of super heater leads to breakdown of whole plant. The integration of efficient quality welding technologies for dissimilar metals will be a key component in the successful weld quality for power plant components. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the dissimilar material AISI304 and SA213T22 tungsten inert gas welding is performed under different welding conditions current (100, 115, 130 Amps), gas flow rate (6, 8, 10 ltr/min), speed (2, 2.5, 3 mm/sec) and micro structure analysis performed to find influence of fusion heat. The Taguchi analysis is implemented to obtain single response optimization and grey relational analysis used to attain multi response for best yield strength, the ultimate strength, Vickers hardness and the elongation of the metals.

Brake fade is a phenomenon in which brake system becomes vague in nature. Brake fade is often misinterpreted by people as break fail, but actually it is a partial brake fail which lasts for a very short time. During the process of braking the law of conservation of energy is followed, the car which is moving forward due to the kinetic energy it posses is stopped or decelerated by the heat energy generated at the frictional interface of the pad lining and brake disc. The thermal load is stacked up continuously and very less time is given for the cooling of the brake rotor, this may lead to generation of micro high temperature areas throughout the brake rotor, further these areas can disturb the whole environment of the brake rotor as these small hot spots induce thermal judder and stress which leads to disc thickness variation and abrupt wear of the rotor. The rotor is expected to withstand high temperature loads and forces. The both mechanical loading and the thermal loading can contribute towards the fade. The factors like outer and inner diameter, material, vane design and thickness can affect the heat dissipation. Heat can also be dissipated by further making slots or drills in the rotor. In this study work about the rotors which are not slotted or drilled and would only have two variable values number of vanes, material and the type of vane. Commercially a lot of designs are used like straight vane, diagonal vane, pillar and curved.

The present examination manages the machining of Monel K-400 to enhance the processing procedure parameters to limit the surface roughness and machining time and to amplify the material removal rate. L16 symmetrical exhibit utilizing Taguchi’s procedure with 4 levels and 3 factors are considered in end milling process. In this work, spindle speed, feed and depth of cut are taken as information process parameters of end milling process. Surface roughness, machining time and material removal rate are taken as response parameters. CBN-coated end milling cutter is utilized in this work. Grey relational analysis is used to solve the end milling process with multiple performance characteristics. Analysis of variance was additionally applied to identify the most significant factor of machining process on Monel K-400. Experimental results shown that machining performance in the milling can be improved effectively through this Taguchi-based grey relational analysis approach.

The usage of AZ91E series magnesium alloy material increases in the field of automobile, aerospace and structural applications because of its enhanced mechanical properties, light weight and good machinability characteristics. The present investigation is to optimize the drilling process parameters of magnesium alloy (AZ91E) hybrid nano composite consisting of chopped basalt fiber (9wt%) and SiCp (7.5wt%) fabricated by vacuum stirring technique. AZ91E hybrid nano composite is drilled by M-Tab vertical machining centre equipped with CNC under dry state (without coolant). The dry state drilling operation was performed by HSS tool with varied input parameters like drill diameter (6mm, 8mm, 10mm and 12mm), spindle speed (200rpm, 300rpm 400rpm 500rpm), feed rate (5mm/min, 10mm/min, 15 mm/min, 20 mm/min) with constant depth of cut (15mm). The effect of machining time, metal removal rate and surface roughness is evaluated and optimum level of drilling parameters is determined through Taguchi technique. The stress concentration and temperature distribution path of AZ91E hybrid nano composite is detected during the drilling process by analysis of system software.

Self- assembled ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by a simple, rapid and cost- effective emulsion combustion method. The synthesized ZnO nanostructures have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. TEM micrographs of the sample consisted of looped chains that were g) of 3.34, 3.38 and 3.43 eV based on the absorption edge 371, 367 and 361 nm respectively. Magnetization study reveals that the ZnO sample exhibits diamagnetic behavior.

The present study deals with the wear characteristics of magnesium based metal matrix composites reinforced with alumina nano particles (50nm) under stir casting process. The wear test is conducted during dry sliding condition using pin on disc tester machine configuration with hardened steel counter-face, the load applied is 10N and 20N with different sliding speed (200,400,600 & 800 rpm) under the time intervals of 0-180 sec at room temperature. The wear decreases with addition of alumina nano particle under normal load at high sliding speed and also improves the co-efficient of friction from 0.095 to 0.55.

RF magnetron sputtering technique was employed to fabricate gallium zinc oxide ((Ga)ZnO) semiconductor thin film transistor (TFT) at 100°C. X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the structure and morphology of (Ga)ZnO layer. Self-heating effect was very much reduced when compared with output characteristics of a TFT fabricated using undoped zinc oxide. The low deposition and processing temperatures make (Ga)ZnO-TFTs very promising for the flexible electronics.

In the present study, alumina reinforced copper metal matrix composites were prepared by stir casting method. Three different specimens were prepared by changing the weight ratio of alumina to copper. The samples were prepared by adding 10%, 20% and 30% alumina to copper matrix. The three specimens were subjected to mechanical, thermal and corrosion testing, in order to find out the properties of the material. Various mechanical tests like hardness, impact and corrosion were performed including thermal conductivity to understand the behaviour of the specimens under combined loads. Specimen number 2 which was 80%-20% copper to alumina was found to be the best combination for such type of applications.

The new generation brake pad offers innumerable benefits like adequate friction, moderate wear and contributes to environmental pollution as well. There is a need to study the safety and environmental aspects of the brake pads sold in India. The present study included testing of three brake pads from well-established producers including — Original Equipment manufacturer (OE), After Market (Export) (AM(E)) and After Market (AM). In the study of analyzing the safety aspect, the brake pads were tested as per SAEJ661a standard. It was observed that AM(E) and AM had developed a low coefficient of friction of 0.36 and 0.27. Further in the study concerning the wear aspects, the highest wear was observed from sample AM (68.3 g), followed by AM(E) (56.9g) and OE (54.3g). Chemical compositions were also investigated for studying the toxicological aspects. Trace of asbestos, a banned fiber was detected in one of the aftermarket pad (AM). In addition, the presence of copper was also found in an OE brake pad which usually is deposited on roadways and then gets transported to lakes and rivers by storm water runoff, thereby contaminating the water bodies. The paper also includes some suggestions to prevent the heavy metal contamination. The study recommends that strict legislations needs to be enforced to monitor the usage of heavy metals and banned contaminants in the formulation of brake pads. Additionally, the study proposes to make some basic product testing standards for brake pads to pass certain fitness level/with fade indices under varying conditions before it gets delivered in the market in order to ensure safety levels in Indian Market and to protect waterways by ensuring brake pads are free of toxicants.

This work examines the development of a C++ program to analyze one dimensional thermal conduction for asymmetrical domain using Finite Element Method in C++ environment. Finite Element Library has been used to incorporate various pre-defined Finite Element classes. The various classes have been further grouped into several modules which serve as the fundamental units of any program that encapsulated Finite Element Method. The work strives to illuminate the abstraction behind the computation of the desired unknown solution to a complex real-world problem by capturing the physics of heat conduction and highlights the mathematics required to arrive at an understandable transient solution, which adheres to the conditions of stability, and thus can be relied upon to be implemented in various automotive engineering applications. It also identifies the underlying mechanism through which simple one-dimensional and multi-dimensional partial differential equation problem are generally solved. The elliptic, classic form of partial differential equation has been developed in the form of C++ code. The development begins with elliptic partial differential equations in multi-dimension dimension for steady state heat conduction and then is expanded to included time discretization, which is requirement of a time-dependent problem. Then output of the code is compared to the solution is validated iteratively so as to find the critical time step size for stability, which also validates whether the code actually works for different numerical techniques such as Forward Difference, Backward Difference and the Crank-Nicholson Method, all three distinguished by certain value of a common parameter. The C++ code is both flexible as well as expandable and can be thought of as a mathematical model to solve time-dependent heat conduction problem.

The present study is to fabricate AZ91E alloy matrix composite by varying the Bagasse ash particle (50μm) content (0, 5, 7.5, and 10wt%) via vacuum stir casting technique. The samples were characterized for its mechanical and microstructure properties. The mechanical properties of BAP reinforced composites were evaluated as per the ASTM standard and compared to unreinforced AZ91E alloy. The effect of reinforcement and distribution of BAP has been examined through a scanning electron microscope. The results of AZ91E magnesium alloy with 10wt% of BAP have found to have maximum tensile strength. The impact strength and hardness shows a marginal increase with increasing bagasse ash particle.

There is an active research in the field of Vehicle following so as to reduce the traffic and increase the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. When the traffic is compared with the previous decade’s traffic the rate has been increased exponentially. This increases the time travel for the passengers and it tends to decrease the fuel efficiency of the vehicle and also wastage of the fuel, hence platooning is used to improve the conditions mentioned above. One way to eliminate the error and the delay is by using a controller. The use of controllers has been common these days for better optimization of the vehicle and its performance. The controller can be used in various parts such as brakes, steering, engine, etc., and one such controller is used in Platooning. The cruise control is used between two vehicles but platooning is used for n number of vehicles. This work is based on the design and simulation of a controller for vehicle platooning. It used the safe distance rule along with the constant time headway policy to eliminate the errors. The performance of Platooning is smoother, which includes faster and better transient time which results in faster traffic flow and better fuel efficiency. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of Vehicle platooning. The conditions for vehicle platooning are the vehicle moves longitudinally and the test is performed on the herd of vehicle moving in straight line as well as no vehicle lefts or joins the rally.

The primary objective of this work is to design and develop a hybrid chassis for a two-wheeler motorcycle. Perimeter and Trellis are the most commonly used chassis types in motorcycles. Designing a new hybrid chassis of a two-wheeler for better high-speed stability and agility. Trellis frame is meant for good stiffness and rigidity, which is required for track scenarios, trellis frame consists of metal tubes arranged in triangulated reinforcements, these triangulated trusses eliminate additional resonance frequencies. While a Perimeter frame has a bit of flex and are compact in nature which is used for road-going scenarios. However, chassis stiffness is the most fascinating area of chassis design, as it reduces the overall vibrations induced in a frame which helps in having multiple ways to mount the engine depending on the resonance factors. Engineers want the frame and ancillaries to offer excellent longitudinal stiffness, so the bike stays straight and stable while pulling 1.5g during braking, and they also want enough stiffness so the bike reacts to rider steering inputs. By combining both the parameters and characteristics of perimeter and trellis frame, vibrations can be reduced and both stability and agility are achieved.

With the world shifting to EVs from conventional fossil fuel run automobiles, there should exist a mediator to effectively make this switch effortless and smooth, atleast to overcome range anxiety and the resistance to use new technology. Therefore, we propose a self- charging HEV and not a complete PHEV. Since the Indian automobile market comprises of mostly two-wheelers that make up 50% of the total sales, it is a good platform to introduce a hybrid powertrain. Key factors are that it should be cheap, easy to run and maintain, highly fuel efficient and should give good performance than its traditional ICE only counterparts. The main idea for this paper is from old diesel-electric locomotives that used a rudimentary hybrid layout to put power to the wheels via an electric motor. Our concept uses the same principle but optimised for a two-wheeler. The bike is powered by a single cylinder petrol or a single cylinder diesel engine that acts as a generator to power a battery which in turn powers a motor to drive the rear wheel. The older locomotives used traction motors to pull heavy loads, whereas our motorcycle can be set to a speed of high torque and low fuel consumption to increase its range which ultimately matters to the Indian consumer. The battery itself can be smaller to reduce the weight that is attributed to EVs. This kind of self-charging EV is especially useful in emerging EV markets like India who is planning a shift to EVs in the near future.

Tricalcium phosphate is the most commonly used biomaterial because of its good biocompatibility. However, its poor mechanical strength under complex stress and powder-like appearance hinder its application. The use of a composite biomaterial which maintains a fine balance between excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility can be a solution to this problem. In the present study, we aimed to fabricate porous composite scaffolds via phase-inversion technique without using any additional toxic chemicals which can interfere with their biocompatibility. The composite materials fabricated of poly (vinylidene fluoride) and tricalcium phosphates were prepared, using polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a dispersant. The resulting scaffolds were characterized by using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and universal tensile strength (UTM) analysis. The composites showed well blend of materials and internal porous structures. The XRD results indicated a mixture of α and β-phases due to successful incorporation of tricalcium phosphate in polymer blends, thereby, exhibiting a crystalline structure. The fabricated composites showed an efficient thermal stability at around 400 °C. The tensile strength of scaffolds increased from 140±1.6 to 148±2.2 g/mm 2 , which makes the composite scaffold potential candidate for hard tissue applications.

Global warming effects on earth are caused by several factors. To understand the overall effects of global warming on earth, we have to understand the contributions and effects of each component of the planet. The exhaust gases from vehicles, power plants, and other sources are building up in the atmosphere, acting like an unimagined thick blanket over our planet. It has been clearly identified that additional effective technologies are needed to control CO2 in the atmosphere. In the current study, absorption of CO2 is achieved in a petrol engine using modified ZSM5. The reduction of CO2 by absorption on Cu-ZSM5 and Li-ZSM5 is compared.

Thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on a glass substrate using zinc oxide material as a channel layer. The layers were grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method at a temperature of 100°C. The output characteristics of a TFT device showed that there is a reduction in drain current at increased drain-source voltage and gate-source voltage. This evidenced the existence of self-heating effect which may be due to increased donor type point defects. The electrical characteristics of a device show an improved intrinsic channel mobility of 4 cm2/Vs, threshold voltage of 12 V, sub-threshold swing of 1 V/decade, and very much decreased off current of the order 10−12 A.

This paper describes the obtention of LaCoO 3 nanopowders by the co-precipitate method with ammonium hydroxide from solvent such as water, ethyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. The crystalline structure and average particle size are dependent of type-solvent. The XRD patterns indicated that the LaCoO 3 nanopowders prepared with water and ethyl alcohol exhibit a pure perovskite-type LaCoO 3 in the rhombohedra structure. The average diameter of the particles prepared with ethyl alcohol and water are 27 ± 4.49 nm and 64.4 ± 12.92 nm respectively. High resolution transmission electron microcopy revealed an oriented attachment mechanism for the growth of aggregated LaCoO 3 nanocrystals. Room temperature magnetization results of the heat treated LaCoO 3 nanopowders exhibited a paramagnetic behavior. The average particle size and formation temperature of LaCoO 3 obtained in this study is comparatively lower than those reported in the literature.

Europium-doped Gadolinia (Eu-Gd2O3) phosphor nanoparticles have been synthesized by a reverse microemulsion system using cyclohexane as the oil phase, a non-ionic surfactant Igepal CO 520 and the mixed aqueous solutions of gadolinium III nitrate hexahydrate and Europium III nitrate hexahydrate as the water phase. The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results showed that the powders were cubic phase of Gd 2O3 after being calcined in the air at 1,000�C. DTA and FTIR also evidenced the formation of Gd2O3 at 1,000�C. SEM revealed that the particle size decrease with increase in Eu content. EDS confirmed the presence of Gd and Eu phase in the nanopowders calcined at 1,000�C. The photoluminescence studies indicated that a strong emission peak at 610nm is a characteristic red emission of Eu3+, and the emission intensity increases with increase in Eu content. � 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

In the present study, MgFe2O4 nanofibers with smaller diameter have been successfully fabricated via electrospinning utilizing sol–gel precursor. The single phase of spinel ferrite was obtained at 700 °C. Different PVP concentrations were used and the results show that PVP concentration had played important role in the formation, uniformity, homogeneity and particularly in the reduction of nanofibers diameter. The average diameter of the nanofibers prepared with PVP concentration (6.3, 7.6, and 8.9 wt%) and calcined at 700 °C were 70 ± 7.6, 86 ± 11 and 113 ± 13 nm respectively.

Three different wet chemistry routes namely reverse micelle, citrate gel and co-precipitation methods were used to synthesize magnesium ferrite nanopowders. The synthesized spinel was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometry (SQUID). The gel combustion method yield comparatively pure crystalline phase of MgFe2O4 and relatively higher saturation magnetization of 22.7 emu/g. The material synthesized using co-precipitation method yield other phases in addition to the targeted phase. The average diameter of nanoparticles obtained from reverse microemulsion route was about 19.6 ± 2 nm, and for those obtained from gel combustion and co-precipitation route are highly agglomerated. The reverse micelle process produces fine nanosized particles compared with other methods reported in the literature. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer reveals that the ferrite nanopowders obtained from the reverse micelle, gel combustion and co-precipitation route exhibit superparamagnetism. The selection of MgFe2O4 synthesis method largely depends on the targeted applications and desired properties. The results reported in this study are useful for establishing a simple method for the preparation of MgFe2O4 nanopowders.

Nanoparticles of surfactant modified MgFe 2 O 4 have been synthesized by reverse micelle processing using tertiary system of heptane/Igepal CO 520/H 2 O. The effect of water to surfactant ratio on the particle size and magnetic property has been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with cubic spinel structure. The average particle size increases with increase in water to surfactant ratio. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirms that the surface of MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles was coated with surfactants. The saturation magnetization ranged from 14.4 to 40.05 emu/g was measured by Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometry (SQUID).

Indium oxide nanoparticles of ∼12 nm were synthesized by a simple chemical route using indium(III) nitrate. Nanoparticles are formed after calcining the dried precursor in air at 400 °C for 10 h. TEM analysis showed that the morphology and size of the In 2 O 3 samples were affected by ultrasonication. FTIR and Raman studies reveal that the nanoparticles are single-phase cubic structure of In 2 O 3 . NEXAFS study was used to quantify the Indium and oxygen valence state. Magnetic behavior of indium oxide nanoparticles was found to be diamagnetic. UV spectra show a weak band at ∼308 nm corresponds to optical band gap energy of 4.03 eV.

Nanopowders of MgFe 2 O 4 have been synthesized by the novel and facile reverse microemulsion route. The effects of changing the continuous phase on the particle size and the magnetic property have been studied. The average particle size, morphology and saturation magnetization are shown to be dependent on the continuous phase. The average diameters of the particle prepared with heptane are 20.9 ± 4.3 nm. On the contrary, the product with toluene and cyclohexane is highly aggregated. The values of saturation magnetization for our samples prepared with heptane, toluene and cyclohexane are 14.5, 30 and 37 emu/g.

In order to experimentally check the Ni doped In2O3 as a potential spintronic material and to search for high temperature ferromagnetic material, a series of (In1-xNix) 2O3 (x=0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method. Lattice parameter measurement shows distinct shrinkage of the lattice constant indicating the actual incorporation of Ni ions into the In2O3 lattice. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data show that all the samples exhibit single-phase polycrystalline behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show that the particle size of the calcined powder is in the range of 10-14nm and 8-9nm, respectively. SEM energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) mapping shows the presence of Ni ions in the Ni doped In2O3 sample. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographs show lattice fringes of 0.290 and 0.322nm corresponding to the crystallographic plane (222) and (310) of cubic In2O3. Magnetization study indicated that the Ni doped In2O3 samples exhibit diamagnetic behavior. Copyright � Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.