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RATIONALE: GABA(A) receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABA(A)) appear to be critically involved in the reinforcing and subjective effects of alcohol. Their role in alcohol relapse remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: Pharmacological approaches were used to probe the role of α5GABA(A) receptors in alcohol seeking induced by re-exposure to an sweetened alcohol-paired cue, as well as in alcohol+sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. METHODS: For reinstatement studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol under a fixed-ratio schedule in which responding was maintained by alcohol+sucrose deliveries and an alcohol-paired stimulus. Sweetened alcohol seeking was extinguished by eliminating solution deliveries and the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus. During reinstatement tests, animals received pretreatments of an α5GABA(A) inverse agonist (L-655,708) or an agonist (QH-ii-066) prior to sessions in which presentation of the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus was restored, but no solution was delivered. For self-administration studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol+sucrose or sucrose under a fixed-ratio schedule. Once stable, animals received pretreatments of QH-ii-066, L-655,708, the inverse agonist RY-023 or naltrexone. RESULTS: L-655,708 attenuated reinstatement of sweetened alcohol seeking by alcohol+sucrose-paired cues; whereas sweetened alcohol-seeking behavior was augmented by QH-ii-066, albeit at different doses in different rats. Both L-655,708 and RY-023 selectively reduced alcohol+sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. In contrast, naltrexone reduced both alcohol+sucrose and sucrose self-administration; whereas QH-ii-066 enhanced sucrose self-administration only. CONCLUSIONS: α5GABA(A) receptors play a key role in the modulation of sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement, as well as in alcohol+sucrose but not sucrose self-administration. Inverse agonist activity at α5GABA(A) receptors may offer a novel strategy for both reduction of problematic drinking and the prevention of relapse.

This case report discusses dumping syndrome in the postbariatric mother. Diagnostically a challenge, the symptoms of postprandial hypoglycaemia mimic common early gestation complaints and may go undiagnosed, thus requiring a high index of suspicion. As weight-loss surgery gains traction, it is pertinent to note at booking and followups. The pregnancy is at-risk and multidisciplinary team management is central. The mainstay of management remains diet modification. There have been case reports of successful medical treatment of dumping syndrome in pregnancy with good maternal and fetal outcomes. However, more data is needed regarding the usage of these medical treatments in pregnancy.

The B1-immunoreactive proteins (B1-IPs) are major secretory products of rat submandibular gland acinar-cell progenitors, and are also produced by neonatal and adult rat sublingual and parotid glands. In order to characterize the B1-IPs, we have previously isolated cDNA clones encoding rat parotid secretory protein (PSP; the predominant parotid B1-IP) and the related clone ZZ3, which is developmentally regulated in the neonatal submandibular gland. The remainder of the B1-IPs were uncharacterized. This report demonstrates that all of the B1-IPs are derived from the PSP and ZZ3 transcripts. Molecular cloning and Western-blot analyses using PSP- and ZZ3-specific antisera show that, of the B1-IPs, only PSP and neonatal submandibular gland protein A (SMGA) are products of the Psp gene. This finding corrects our previous assertion that SMGA is derived from ZZ3. Neonatal submandibular gland proteins B1 and B2, as well as apparent Mr 26000-28000 and Mr 18000-20000 forms in submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands, are derived from the gene encoding ZZ3 by differential N-glycosylation and by proteolytic cleavage. The apparent Mr 18000-20000 proteolytic products are significant in secretion product collected in vitro, but rare in gland homogenate and submandibular/sublingual saliva. The gene encoding ZZ3 has been named Smgb. Psp and Smgb are regulated similarly in the developing submandibular gland, but differently in the sublingual and parotid glands. The expression pattern of Psp is conserved between rat and mouse. However, no evidence for proteins derived from an Smgb-like gene was observed in neonatal mouse submandibular or sublingual glands.