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In this research, we investigate the effect of laser texturing on the photo-electrical properties of the polycrystalline silicon solar cell. Laser surface texturing technique was used to achieve the texturing results, which based on the interaction between pulsed CO2 laser (10.6μm) and polycrystalline silicon used for solar cells. Four of photovoltaic solar cells have been textured in two dimensions in different ranges (1 cm x 1cm and 2 cm x 2 cm) with different line spacing. Solar cells with laser-modified surface were characterized by SEM as well as photo-electrically before and after texturing process. The obtained results showed that laser surface texturing with small grooves spacing, results in increasing of the melted silicon surface area which enhance the silicon electrical properties. Furthermore, it increases the optical path length inside the solar cell which enhances light trapping.

Background: The subsequent development of vascular access techniques and devices now permits patients to be maintained on dialysis for decades. Aim of study: To evaluate the most possible causes behind repeated arteriovenous (AV) access failure in ESRD patients and finding the relationship between those causes and the timing of access failure, and putting the possible solutions in the form of interventions and guidelines for those patients. Patients and methods: This retrospective non-randomized study was conducted in department of vascular surgery, Al-Azhar University Hospitals – Cairo (Al-Hussein and Sayed Glal Hospitals). This study was conducted on 100 ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis and with repeated AV access failure; at least two failed accesses for each patient. The total number of failed accesses was 245 where 230 accesses were autogenous AV fistulae and 15 were synthetic bridge grafts in upper limb. Results: Among the cases of access thrombosis 25.5% were associated with access stenosis, 10.5% with hypotension, and 2.5% with external compression. Among the cases of failure of maturation 16% were due to small vein diameter (less than 2.5 mm), 9% associated with hypotension, and 7% with hypotension together with central venous stenosis.

With the development of telecommunications and its applications, the design of compact antennas with high performance has become a great necessity. Among the important requirements is a high gain. In this article, a microstrip patch antenna using near zero-index metamaterial (NZIM) is proposed. This prototype is designed with the designing parameters of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The substrate material is FR-4. Simulation results show that this antenna operates at 5.8 GHz for a wireless local area network (WLAN). The proposed single antenna element achieves side-lobe suppression better than -13 dB. The 4×4 proposed antenna array is designed using 16 single elements and a T-shaped power divider to split power for each element. By covering a single-layer NZIM coating with a 4×4 array over a microstrip antenna, a gain enhancement of 14 dB is achieved in comparison with the single element. Over the operating band, the antenna prototype demonstrates steady radiation patterns. These characteristics are in good agreement with the simulations, rendering the antenna a good candidate for 5G applications. These antennas are designed, optimized, and simulated using CSTMWS2020.

Background: Unexplained infertility is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. Thus, there must be an absence of an identifiable cause of infertility despite thorough testing and medical investigation demonstrating tubal patency, normal semen parameters, regular ovulation, normal ovarian reserve, and a normal endometrial cavity. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of abnormal tubo-ovarian relationship in women with unexplained infertility by using laparoscopy. Methodology: This was a prospective study which was conducted on 30 couples with unexplained infertility. Evaluation of the tubo ovarian relation with laparoscopy for patient with unexplained infertility who desire spontaneous pregnancy. The main object of the corrective procedure is to get free mobile fallopian tube along with satisfactory tubo-ovaian relation. Results: There were 53.3% of cases had disturbed tubo-ovarian relation, many corrective measures done by laparoscopy, such as adhesiolysis for 30% of cases, excision of cysts for 6.7% of cases, MSH for 16.6% of cases and cauterization of endometriotic patches for 16.6% of cases. In the present study a pregnancy rate of 53,3% (9/16) was seen in cases that showed disturbed tubo ovarian relation and required operative intervention higher than other cases with no detected pathology (4/14) 47.7%. We were able to achieve a higher conception rate among cases owing to operative procedure. Conclusions: The ovum pick up by the fimbrial end of the tube is an essential determining factor for female infertility. The present study confirmed that laparoscopy provided a precise diagnosis of tubo ovarian factor and may switch the initial treatment of unexplained infertility.

Aims and Background: Gingival phenotype has a crucial impact on the peri-implant marginal bone stability. The aim of this clinical trial is to assess and compare the efficacy of the sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in improving the peri-implant soft tissue phenotype and enhancing esthetic outcomes. Materials and Methods: The present study was a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of ten patients who had bilateral missing teeth in the maxillary esthetic zone with a thin gingival phenotype were included in this study. For each study participant, one randomly selected site was treated with SCTG, while the other was treated with PRF membrane during dental implant placement. Treatment outcomes included the assessment of the facial gingival thickness using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at the baseline (T0) and 6 months postoperatively (T1), and the Pink esthetic score (PES) at T1 and 3 months later after prosthesis placement (T2). Results and Discussion: Both treatment options resulted in a significant increase in gingival tissue thickness at T1 compared with T0, and in PES at T2 compared with T1 (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: PRF is an effective alternative to SCTG in augmenting peri-implant soft tissue phenotype and improving esthetic outcomes. This would help overcome the complications associated with harvesting the SCTG and increasing patients’ satisfaction. Clinical Trial Registration ID: ISRCTN11961919.

Background: The inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the inguinal canal through an abdominal wall defect, and the risk of inguinal hernia increases with age. Currently, inguinal hernia repair with a mesh is the mostly common method through surgical procedure. Objective: To compare the outcome of laparoscopic versus open repair for inguinal hernias. Patients and Methods: This prospective comparative study conducted at General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University at the period between January 2021 till July 2021, between open technique (preperitoneal approach, conventional Lichtenstein repair) versus laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) mesh repair of inguinal hernia. 24 patients were randomized into 2 groups by the closed envelop method, 12 patients underwent open repair operation and 12 patients underwent laparoscopic repair operation. The clinical diagnosis of inguinal hernia was based on symptoms and signs elicited during clinical assessment. Results: we found that mean duration of operation in laparoscopic group was longer than open group with significant difference, as regard length of hospital stay there was significant differences between two groups. Return to daily activity (Days) was early among laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair group with mean 1.67±0.49 and range from 1 to 2 days versus 4.58±1.5 with range from 3 to 7 days in open repair for inguinal hernia group, the difference was highly statistically significant. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgical techniques for inguinal hernia repair (TAPP and TEP) can be carried out with a very low rate of predominantly harmless complications and with an acceptable duration of operation.

Aim Disparities in medicine may be caused by many variables including sex, ethnic background, specialty choice and practice location. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in particular face challenges that could impact their learning and career progression. In this study we aim to investigate challenges faced by Female IMGs that could impact their learning and career progression. Materials and Methods An electronic survey composed of 36 questions was distributed via different social media platforms to groups including IMGs. Analysis of responses was done via Google forms. Results We received a total of 148 responses. The majority of the survey participants (59.5%) perceived their gender and IMG status to be a barrier to their career progression. 94 (63.5%) of the participants reported they did not receive adequate support from their organisations. 65.5% felt they did not receive adequate support from seniors and 43.2% felt they did not receive adequate peer support to facilitate their integration into the U.K. medical system. More than 80% of the participants required more support with access to research/higher degrees and opportunities for leadership roles whilst more than 50% required support with accessing study budgets and less than full time training to progress in their careers. Conclusion Disparities caused by gender and ethnic background leave female IMGs vulnerable to additional challenges that could hinder their career progression. Additional support measures addressing these issues should be installed in order to facilitate a smooth career pathway for this subgroup of medical professionals.

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Background: Gallstones are formed in the biliary tract, which includes the right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct causing an obstruction to the bile juice passage, leading to pain in the upper right abdomen, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, and digestive problems. Thereby, the study aimed to determine the incidence of gallstones formation in adult post bariatric surgery patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh. A total of 113 participants were randomly enrolled; 45.9% of the patients were male while 54.1% were female. The study was carried out from 2017 to 2018 by observing the patient’s files. Results: The most commonly performed bariatric surgery in this study was the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, which was performed in 95 (83.8%) patients. The majority of the patients (93.7%) received ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) prophylaxis after the surgery to prevent the formation of gallstones. The postoperative incidence of gallstones formation was 5.4%, corresponding to six patients, out of which two were female (33.3%) and four were male (66.7%). The average duration of the postoperative development of symptomatic cholelithiasis was at least 1.17 years. Finally, no significant association was found between the development of gallstones and age, gender, UDCA prophylaxis, comorbid diabetes, and type of surgery. Conclusion: In this study, up to 5.4% of the patients followed-up for developed gallstones as evident by the radiological findings and symptoms; the majority of them underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (83.8%).

This entry outlines the UN jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee (HRC) on public peaceful assemblies. It compares the protection of the right (freedom of assembly) in the UN system with the protection provided on a supranational/regional level and the domestic (constitutional) level, relying on the landmark cases on each of the discussed themes. The entry aims at exploring the underlying values, scope, and limitations of the right to freedom of assembly in the UN system and the comparative jurisprudence. The underlying values of the right to freedom of assembly explain the rationale for the legal protection of the right. Moreover, the entry examines the scope of the right of freedom of assembly, in order to draw the boundaries of the right and define its content. The analysis of the limitations focuses on the advance notice requirement and permit system, limitations on the time, place or manner of the assembly, and restrictions associated with heckler’s veto or having a hostile crowd. The discussion on limitation assesses whether there are historical, societal, and demographic factors that can restrict the exercise of the right to freedom of assembly, or if different regions/States are equally subjected to the same normative principles. Finally, the entry sketches the challenges and normative reflections, regarding the right to freedom of assembly, in light of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.

The present research article discussed; a detailed energy analysis for single effect vapour absorption refrigeration system using two working pairs Lithium bromide-water (LiBr–H2O) and Lithium chloride-water (LiCl–H2O) under different operating climate conditions. The performance parameters of the both the systems like coefficient of performance (COP), solution concentration, heat load at different components and optimum operating generator temperature have been investigated for both the systems. The capacity of the systems is fixed as 300 kW. The present work has been simulated for the evaporator temperatures of 5, 10 and 15 °C while the condenser temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C. Result shows, the maximum COP of LiBr–H2O system comes out to be in the range of 0.741–0.902, whereas in case of LiCl–H2O system it is to be in the range of 0.809–0.926. The minimum load at the generator for LiBr–H2O system is 382.573 kW, while for LiCl–H2O as 370.787 kW. Comparison shows that the LiCl–H2O system has better COP and minimum generator load as compared to LiBr–H2O system, especially at lower evaporator temperatures. The optimum operating generator temperature has been observed 54.56 °C for LiBr–H2O system and 56.25 °C for LiCl–H2O system.

Objective: Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or delay cell damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced by the body, in response to the environment and other pressures. Molecular docking is used to predict and analyze the interactions between protein receptors and ligands. In this study, efforts have been made to identify natural products with antioxidant activity using Autodock PyRx 0.8.. Methods: Autodock PyRx 0.8 was used to prepare for docking and was also used to calculate the binding energy. Virtual analysis of the docking site was analyzed by PyRx, PyMol & Discovery studio 2020 clients. The structure of the superoxide dismutase (1CB4) was obtained from the protein data bank and the structure of the ligand was collected from the PubChem database. Results: All selected ligands (ligands 1, 3, 4, 5, 6) compared to the standard drug ascorbic acid satisfied Lipinski's rule of five and exhibited the highest binding affinity except ligand 2. The higher binding affinity and drug conductivity of all compounds suggest that it could be further explored as SOD promoters. Conclusion: We found that selected natural products could be potential antioxidants.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is characterized by a high risk of cervical lymph node metastasis with a high incidence of occult metastasis. A strong debate is still present regarding the best treatment for early oral cavity cancer with N0 neck. The aim of the present study was to compare between the results of elective neck dissection (END) and watchful waiting (observation or therapeutic neck dissection) in patients with early-stage (T1/T2) oral squamous cell carcinoma with N0 neck. Medline database ( https://www.pubmed.com ), Google Scholar and Scopus. A systematic review and meta-analysis for the evaluation of regional recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate after elective neck dissection (END) or watchful waiting in early oral cancers were conducted. This study included published English medical articles (which met our predetermined inclusion criteria) in the last 30 years, concerning early oral SCC with N0 neck. 24 articles were included (4 randomized studies and 20 observational “retrospective” studies) with a total number of 2190 of patients who underwent END and 1619 who underwent watchful waiting. Regarding the 5-year survival rate, (10) studies were included with a total number of 1211 patients who underwent END and 948 who underwent watchful waiting. Regarding the regional recurrence rate, (END) was associated with significantly lower risk of recurrence when compared with observation. Regarding the 5-year survival rate, END was associated with a better survival rate than the observational group. Elective neck dissection is better than watchful waiting in early (T1/T2) stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with N0 neck, regarding regional recurrence and 5-year survival rate.

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In 2020, Professor Adel Benchabane, the Publication Director of Alwaha Scientific Publishing Services (ASPS), communicated to me to establish a journal on ENERGY AND THERMOFLUIDS ENGINEERING (ETE). The journal will focus on three main areas: renewable energy, conventional energy, and thermofluids engineering. Where authors will publish free of charge (without any article processing charge) as well as readers will get free access to all articles. We have invited Distinguished Professor T M Indra Mahlia from the University of Technology Sydney to lead our editorial team as Editor-in-Chief. We would like to thank him for his consent and guidelines. We are grateful to our Associate Editor Dr. Alpaslan Turgut from Dokuz Eylul University. It was very difficult to complete this volume without his cooperation. Thanks, are also due to our editorial team comprises most of the continents of the world. We have a total of five papers in this volume where three articles are based on experimental works (Ahsan et al., 2021; Erin et al., 2021; Hossain et al., 2021), one review paper (Rashid & Hossain, 2021), and one numerical analysis (Wasif et al., 2021). The authors/co-authors are from Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Pakistan, and the USA. The statistics show an international appearance of the ETE journal. Due to the worldwide Covid pandemic, research activities were limited in many areas of the world. As a result, like many other journals, we have faced difficulties to receive enough submissions. To overcome the scarcity of submissions, we have taken an initiative to organize an online conference named the first International Conference on Energy, Thermofluids and Materials Engineering (ICETME, 2021). It was a successful initiative and we have received about 200 submissions where there were more than 40 submissions within the scope of ETE journal. As a continuation, the next conference has been planned to be held in the third/fourth quarter of 2023. It is expected to be organized in a hybrid mode (physical and online). The physical venue of the upcoming conference has been selected as Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet, Bangladesh. We wish to see you there. Finally, on behalf of the editorial team of ETE, I would like to thank all the authors, readers, reviewers, editors, copyeditors, manager, admin, director, and production team for their contribution to the development of the journal. The following experts have served as referees for the manuscripts submitted in Energy and Thermofluids Engineering (between 2020 and 2021) and/or copyeditors of the accepted manuscript

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This research aims at building a multivariate statistical model for assessing users' perceptions of acceptance of ride-sharing services in Dhaka City. A structured questionnaire is developed based on the users' reported attitudes and perceived risks. A total of 350 normally distributed responses are collected from ride-sharing service users and stakeholders of Dhaka City. Respondents are interviewed to express their experience and opinions on ride-sharing services through the stated preference questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to validate the research hypotheses. Statistical parameters and several trials are used to choose the best SEM. The responses are also analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method, validating the chosen SEM. Inside SEM, the quality of ride-sharing services is measured by two latent and eighteen observed variables. The latent variable 'safety & security' is more influential than 'service performance' on the overall quality of service index. Under 'safety & security' the other two variables, i.e., 'account information' and 'personal information' are found to be the most significant that impact the decision to share rides with others. In addition, 'risk of conflict' and 'possibility of accident' are identified using the perception model as the lowest contributing variables. Factor analysis reveals the suitability and reliability of the proposed SEM. Identifying the influential parameters in this will help the service providers understand and improve the quality of ride-sharing service for users., This research is updated with new methodology

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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-chi-10.1177_17423953221101606 for Cytokine network analysis in a community-based pediatric sample of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome by Leonard A. Jason, Caroline L. Gaglio, Jacob Furst, Mohammed Islam, Matthew Sorenson, Karl E. Conroy and Ben Z. Katz in Chronic Illness

Single-atom catalysts serve as a skilful control of precious metals on heterogenous catalysts where all active sites are accessible for catalytic reactions. Here we report the adoption of PdCu single-atom alloys supported on alumina for the selective hydrogenation of furfural. This is a special class of an atom efficient, single-site catalyst where trace concentrations of Pd atoms (0.0067 wt%) displace surface Cu sites on the host nanoparticle. Confirmed by EXAFS, the Pd atoms are entirely coordinated to Cu, with Pd-Cu bond lengths identical to that of a Cu-Cu bond. Selectively surface oxidised catalysts also confirm surface Pd atoms by EXAFS. These catalysts improve the conversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol compared to monometallic catalysts, as they have the advantages of Cu (high selectivity but poor activity) and Pd catalysts (superior activity but unselective) without the drawbacks, making them the optimal catalysts for green/atom efficient catalysis.

As evidenced by universal understanding and national laws, the marriage of 18-year-old girls is a global phenomenon affecting millions. Early marriage is a violation of human rights that deprives girls of the opportunity to receive a full education, to pay for welfare, to hold modern, mature, and ultimately to choose a life partner. Early marriage is driven by poverty and affects the well-being of young girls: increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical growth, intestinal disease, stillbirths, and childbirth fistula. Early marriage has limited the development of a healthy child. The fetus is more likely to be born prematurely, such as newborns, newborns, or infants. If we want to end a marriage at an early age, we need to use social media strategies and programs, spread the word, attract local religious leaders, including guardians, and equip young women with education and employment.

This paper aims to investigate the accuracy and computational efficiency of three CFD-based numerical codes to accurately simulate extremely large regular and irregular waves of different steepness in deep and shallow water conditions. The work assesses the performance of three numerical techniques with different formulations of the fluid dynamic equations. Firstly, an open-sourced smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code; secondly, a finite difference method (FDM) based 3D numerical model with the assumption of inviscid and incompressible fluid flow; and thirdly, a commercial CFD code that uses a finite volume method (FVM) to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. A suite of metrics and methodologies, considering three key performance parameters: accuracy, computational requirements and available features for providing a consistent framework for the quantitative assessment of different techniques, has been presented. Numerically simulated free surface elevations, wave periods, and spectrum (for irregular waves only) are compared with experimental data previously acquired at an Offshore Engineering Basin (OEB) facility. Extensive convergence studies were carried out for each numerical tool for a selected large wave before predictions were model for all waves. All three models reproduced waves with an accuracy comparable to physical wave makers in the wave basin experiments for the deep-water regular and irregular waves; however, the SPH model performed better than the other two models for the shallow water waves. The challenge remains for wave basins to reduce unwanted basin effects and numerical facilities to accurately model waves with proper account for boundary effects and numerical diffusions. In addition, only flat-bottom domains were considered in the investigation, leaving the wave modelling for uneven bottom for future studies., OCEANS 2021: San Diego – Porto (Hybrid), Sept. 20-23, 2021, San Diego, California

Brick bricks are an unsafe and dangerous workplace. The type of work exposes employees to hazardous environments and working conditions. The workers here work in an unhygienic and unsafe condition, that affects their dietary consumption and nutritional status. This study is a comprehensive nationally representative study which aimed to assess the food habit and health problems of brick field workers in Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. It was a cross-sectional descriptive type of study which was conducted at Cox’s Bazar brick field with participation of 126 randomly selected brick field workers who were working in the selected brick field for more than a year. For this study, their food habit and health profile data were collected and data was analyzed using SPSS software. Brickfield workers work under high physical and biomechanical pressure for a long time (8-9 hours). Among all the 126 workers, protein consumption was found very poor and most of the workers usually skipped their breakfast. Majority of them were suffering from back pain and many of them had muscle pain, weakness and common cold. Overall Key aspects derived from the study. Example, Overall, 2 in 10 workers consumed protein rich food regularly and two-fifth of them were suffering from back pain due to heavy workload. The workers should be provided food and health service for their better nutrition and health condition so that some decent work can be ensured.&nbsp

Objective. To examine pharmacy student readiness, reception, and performance in a communications course amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. First-year pharmacy students (2020 cohort) enrolled in a professional communications course completed a pre- and post-course questionnaire indicating their readiness and changes in reception toward online learning during the pandemic. Student learning performance (midterm and final examination grades) at the end of the course was compared with that of a class which took the same course face-to-face on campus the previous year (2019 cohort). Results. Student preference for face-to-face instruction decreased (difference in means = -1.59; p .05) compared to that of the 2019 cohort. Conclusion. The study demonstrates that students were partly prepared for online learning with the remainder of their maturation to it occurring while the quarter progressed. Remote online learning did not seem to impact student learning (grades) in this communications course during the COVID-19 crisis. Looking past the pandemic, educators and leadership at pharmacy schools and colleges may reassuringly continue to sustain online instruction, where deemed necessary, in their didactic curricula.

The primary purpose of the work is to explore the practicality of using Artificial Intelligence (AI); specifically, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), to predict ship performance characteristics based on time-averaged and time-dependent data. Three application cases are studied. The first modelling case is a time-averaged ship propulsor performance dataset, the second and third modelling cases are a time-averaged and time series prediction of forces on a dynamic positioning ship operating in a broken ice-field. An ML-based model was developed to predict various propulsor coefficients of a podded propulsor, given the advance coefficient, cavitation condition, hub geometric variations, pod configurations and the azimuthing angle. The second modelling case involved developing an ML algorithm to predict time-averaged ice forces on DP-controlled ships at the given ranges of ice concentration, floe size, ice thickness, strength, density, drift speeds and direction. The third modelling case involved predicting the time-dependent forces on a DP-controlled ship at specific operating conditions and ice-field parameters. The AI-ML-based predictive models showed reasonable accuracy compared to the corresponding measurements and performed better than conventional regression-based models., 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, June 20-25, 2021, Rhodes, Greece

A community based cross-sectional study was carried out by a self-structured questionnaire on 168 participants aged between 18 and 60 years at two arsenic prone area of Bangladesh to determine the association between extent of depression and socio-demographic as well as illness characteristics in arsenicosis population. The mean age ± SD was 42 ± 10.15 years. Female respondents were almost twice (63.1%) than the males (36.9%) in this study. Most of the respondents (94.0%) were shallow tube well water user. Among them most (80.0%) of the respondents were detected as arsenic contaminated water consumer over more than six months. Study estimated that almost half (44.3%) of the participants had suffered from mild to moderate depression in the moderate arsenicosis group. Less than quarter (20.8%) participants suffered severe depression in severe arsenicosis group. Quarter (26.7%) had mild arsenicosis with no depression. This difference was not significant. Gender had significant influence on proportion of level of depression. Females significantly suffered more from depressive symptoms than males. More than two third of the female respondents suffered from some kind of depressive symptoms; where less than one third of the males were suffered from depressive symptoms. Age has no significant relation with depression. Respondents who were 48 years and above age group had highest percentages of severe depressive symptoms (35.8%). This age group also suffered from highest percentage of mild to moderate depression (37.1%). Though most of the respondent (85.1) had no diabetes and hypertension. Respondents with physical illness suffered more from some sorts of depression than those without illness, but the result is not statistically significant. We understood that depression has health challenges in adult arsenicosis patients. Therefore, physicians should take account depression in their treatment management when deal with arsenicosis patients.

When South Africa made the transition to democracy in 1994, led by the charismatic Nelson Mandela, it proclaimed that it would make human rights a centrepiece of its foreign policy. The international community also expected South Africa to play a leading role in promoting human rights around the world, not least due to the country's own history of gross human rights violations during apartheid. However, in the last 20 years, South Africa's track record in protecting human rights has come under scrutiny. Scholars have accused South Africa of turning a blind eye to gross human rights violations, contradicting its stated commitment to human rights. South Africa's responses to gross human rights violations in Libya, Sudan and Zimbabwe have been particularly criticised. This dissertation analyses the scholarly explanations of South Africa's contradictory behaviour in order to identify the strongest explanations on a bilateral level and a multilateral level in the context of South Africa's membership of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). Delving into the literature on South Africa's foreign policy behaviour, I argue that South Africa has indeed failed to live up its promise of standing up for human rights. The emphasis on human rights in the country's foreign policy has also diminished over time. Most importantly, I argue that the major explanations of South Africa's contradictory behaviour are solidarity with African, developing and anti-apartheid allies; deterioration of domestic human rights regime which inevitably affects human rights promotion abroad; and South Africa's desire to be a leading conflict mediator that precludes it from criticising gross human rights violators, although there remain questions over South Africa's neutrality as a mediator.

The study examines the NGO discourses on extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in terms of their conceptual representations, causes, consequences, and prevention strategies in Bangladesh. For this purpose, the texts and contents of the annual reports (2005-2016) of two national NGOs: Ain-o-Salish Kendra (ASK) and Odhikar were analyzed and interpreted. Content analysis, thematic analysis, and narrative analysis methods were adopted for data analysis. The findings demonstrate that the NGOs have characterized extrajudicial killings in several terms, such as murder, state-sponsored terrorism. Moreover, they symbolize 'Enforced disappearance' as a form of international and national crime; and a threat to human rights. Additionally, the NGOs outlined political motivations and corruption of law enforcement agencies as the significant causes of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearance. Notably, the study assumes that the negative impact of extrajudicial killing and enforced disappearance constitute a threat to the judicial system. Likewise, enforced disappearance constructs psychological impacts on the victim's family. Finally, the study suggests three strategies for preventing extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. Government should establish an independent commission for investigating extrajudicial cases, ratifying international convention on enforced disappearance and taking necessary actions for creating awareness among the mass people in Bangladesh.&nbsp

Cost estimates are prepared to different ends throughout the project lifecycle. Up front, the goal is to provide input for investment decisions. The cost estimate is used to determine the size of the required investment to create or modify assets and the elements of the building during the maintenance phase. The Paper examines The implementation of BIM 360 as a common data platform for construction workflows in cost estimation by connecting all the stakeholders and provide the ability to collaborate all stakeholders in a single platform which is containing information model proceeds throughout the life cycle of the construction work and ideally it contains all the information , issues, associated with elements in the model composition ,measuring and dividing the building into elements associated with its information were required to address the problems associated with the measurement of building construction works and future maintenance works using New Rules Of measurements 3, at maintenance stage depending on elemental method of a building project and estimate the costs accurately.

Introduction: In this study, two cases that demonstrate the importance of bedside echocardiography and hands-off telemedicine technology for diagnosis and intervention in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are discussed. Case Presentation: We report two cases of cardiac emergency associated with COVID-19. Case 1 is a 50-year-old female patient with chronic hypertension and chronic renal failure. Case 2 is a 64-year-old female with atrial fibrillation and recent stroke. Both were admitted to an isolation intensive care unit that was designated specifically to patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: During admission, both patients had sudden deterioration characterized by oxygen desaturation and hypotension necessitating inotropic support. As a result, for both patients, bedside echocardiography was performed by the attending inten-sivist. Echocardiographic findings showed cardiac tamponade and acute pulmonary embolism, respectively, which were confirmed by a cardiologist through telemedicine technology. Proper emergency management was initiated, and both patients recovered well. Limited bedside transthoracic echocardiography had a front-line impact on the treatment and outcome of the two patients with COVID-19. By implementing telemedicine technology, the lives of two patients were saved, demonstrating the significance of telemedicine in isolation intensive care units in the developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2021, Author(s).

Background:.Hydrocephalus in infancy is usually treated with a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt, however, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a successful procedure of treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus. Aim of the Work: to analyze the outcome of ETV as a treatment for hydrocephalus in infants aged less than 1 year. Patients and Methods: : An analytical prospective study conducted on 40 obstructive hydrocephalus in infants younger than one year of age treated via ETV approach in Al Azhar university hospitals in the period September 2017 to September 2020. Follow up of patients done clinically and radiologically over 6 months. Results: The study included 40 patients, 24 (60%) males and 16 (40%) females, with mean age of the included cases was 7.73 months (range, 2-12 months). Success was achieved in 22 cases (55%), while failure was encountered in the remaining ones (45%). Conclusion: Our study confirmed that ETV is a simple, minimally invasive procedure in general gives a good clinical and radiological outcome, ETV should be the first line in the bstructive hydrocephalus treatment in pediatric patients blow one year of age.

The liquid-phase selective hydrogenation ofbio-based platform molecules like furfural was studied with non-toxic Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts.The initial materials were synthesised via wet impregnation using various copper precursors (nitrate, acetate, and sulfate) at two different loadings. High Cu loading (5 wt%) led to the formation of well-defined nanoparticles, while lower loading (1 wt%) generated highly dispersed atomic and dimeric Cu species on the non-porous nano-Al2O3support. Copper sulfatederived catalysts severely reduced the selectivity of furfuryl alcohol from 94.6% to 0.8% and promoted acetalisation reactions instead. On the contrary, sulfur-free copper acetate derived catalysts were found optimal for catalysing this reaction. The research then focused on enhancing colloidally synthesised Cu catalysts by incorporating trace-amounts of Pd atoms via galvanic replacement. These materials were referred as single atom alloy catalysts (SAA), as EXAFS confirmed they were atomically dispersed Pd atoms on Cu nanoparticles. These SAA catalysts improved the furfural conversion to furfuryl alcohol compared to the monometallic catalysts, as they presented the advantages of Cu (high selectivity) and Pd (superior activity) monometallic catalysts, without the drawbacks (copper’s low activity and palladium’s poor selectivity). As a result, SAA proved to be optimal green/atom efficient catalysts. Finally, the synthesised materials were tested for the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. Crotonaldehyde was chosen as it lacked the directing group present in furfural (furan ring), so the catalysts can be examined when the C ═ O hydrogenation is not specifically preferred. The SAA catalysts improved the normalised catalytic activity by nineteen-fold when compared to the Pd100 benchmark catalyst, while maintaining the reactive pathway of the Cu nanoparticle host. In essence, the presence of Pd “fast-forwarded” the extent of the reaction. For the wet impregnation monometallic Cu materials, the acetate precursor catalysts (1 and 5 wt%) showed superior activity, while the 5 wt% sulfur-based was the worst.

Presentation 20360

Two amino-functionalized cellulose-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymers (AM-CPGMA), based on waste cotton fibers, were preparedby the aminization of selected cellulose-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (CPGMA) produced at best polymerization conditions using diethylenetri-amine (DETA) and triethylenetetraamine (TETA). The different aminization parameters, namely the aminating agent/epoxy molar ratio, reaction time, liquor ratio, pHand temperature were investigated, and optimum reaction conditions were established. The two prepared amino-functionalized cellulose-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymers (AM-CPGMA) were characterized by the FT-IR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), surface area measurement using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) theories and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thus obtained results were compared with the native cellulose and its graft copolymer.

A well organized, well structured and developed financial sector ensures efficient allocation of financial resources and perks up the competitiveness of the private sector, thereby promoting investment and growth in the real sector. The thrust of the development is to improve the regulatory and governance environment and to enhance the ability of bank owners, management and regulators, and the markets themselves to provide for better governance and regulation to achieve the objectives. In this perspective, improvement of the situation of non performing loan is important. A high volume of non performing loan can never be a boon for the economy. Credit to economy is the main source for financial support of business. On the other side, banks have limited investment tools for their deposits. This study present results from an econometric analysis, favorably Random Effect Model, using pooled panel data collected from the central bank of Bangladesh categorizing four sectors of banking based on the pattern of ownership. Based on the analysis of the bank specific microeconomic factors, which are selected on the availability from reliable sources, used as the regressors, it is observed that the liquidity and the management soundness is more significantly affect the Non performing loan NPL in Bangladesh. Therefore, the recommendation is placed towards formulation policy instruments in favor of solvency rather liquidity. In addition to that, the improvement of managerial efficiency must be sought as well. Ratna Biswas | Mohammed Nazrul Islam | Chanu Gopal Ghosh "What are the Stimulating Factors Affecting NPL in Banking Sector of Bangladesh? Evidence from Econometric Exercises" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29861.pdf

Background: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) approach was gaining popularity over shunt placement in obstructive hydrocephalus. Postoperative ETV assessment and patients follow up remains a matter of controversy and challenge to ensure efficiency and patency of ventriculostomy. Aim of the work: To assess whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow is restored after ETV and similarity to flow in normal aqueduct with patients clinical and ventricular size changes assessment. Patients and Methods: From April 2016 to April 2019, 30 patients with hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis (AS) were treated with ETV. They were followed up for ventriculostomy patency within the 1st, 6th and 9th month after surgery and compared to 22 persons as a control group of normal aqueductal flow with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI). Results: Twenty-three (23) patients restored pulsatile bidirectional pattern of CSF flow across the ventriculostomy similar to that of aqueductal flow. While one patient had no flow during the 1st follow up and 6 patients showed initial pulsatile flow then developed flow disturbance during the 2nd follow up period. Absolute stroke volume values showed significant statistical difference between ETV and control groups (p value < 0.001). The value of 85 μl showed sensitivity and specificity of 84.3% and 81.7%, respectively as a cutoff value of ETV efficiency. Conclusion: ETV is an efficient technique to restores the physiological pulsatile Cerebrospinal fluid flow. Absolute stroke volume was a good predictor of ETV efficiency.