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紀要論文

紀要論文

紀要論文

紀要論文

Canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) is an essential ecophysiological variable for photosynthetic functioning. Remote sensing of CCC is vital for a wide range of ecological and agricultural applications. The objectives of this study were to explore simple and robust algorithms for spectral assessment of CCC. Hyperspectral datasets for six vegetation types (rice, wheat, corn, soybean, sugar beet and natural grass) acquired in four locations (Japan, France, Italy and USA) were analysed. To explore the best predictive model, spectral index approaches using the entire wavebands and multivariable regression approaches were employed. The comprehensive analysis elucidated the accuracy, linearity, sensitivity and applicability of various spectral models. Multivariable regression models using many wavebands proved inferior in applicability to different datasets. A simple model using the ratio spectral index (RSI; R815, R704) with the reflectance at 815 and 704 nm showed the highest accuracy and applicability. Simulation analysis using a physically based reflectance model suggested the biophysical soundness of the results. The model would work as a robust algorithm for canopy-chlorophyll-metre and/or remote sensing of CCC in ecosystem and regional scales. The predictive-ability maps using hyperspectral data allow not only evaluation of the relative significance of wavebands in various sensors but also selection of the optimal wavelengths and effective bandwidths.

The physical properties of novel sulfur-containing biopolymers, poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-mercaptopropionate)]s [P(3HB-co-3MP)s], have been investigated in detail by(1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis, DSC, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Based on a solvent/non-solvent (chloroform/heptane) fractionation method, an original P(3HB-co-3MP) sample with 3MP unit content of 16.3 mol-% was fractionated into eight fractions with 3MP unit content ranging from 10.3 to 37.2 mol-% and number-average molecular weight from 0.4 x 10(5) to 2.9 x 10(5). The thermal and crystallization behavior were found to be greatly affected by the comonomer-unit composition and its distribution. Furthermore, the 3MP comonomer unit was found to be included in the crystalline phase in some fractions.

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The effect of graphite oxide (GO) as the enforcing filler on the properties of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated in this study. Through the introduction of GO, the Young's modulus of PCL was increased from 340 to 1000 MPa, and the tensile strength of PCL was increased from 15 to 26 MPa. Furthermore, the interlayer distance of GO (0.6 nm) was found to expand to 1.1 nm in the PCL/GO composite, which indicated the intercalation of the PCL chain into the GO layers. Because of this intercalation structure of the PCL/GO composite, GO showed a higher reinforcing effect than graphite on the mechanical properties of PCL. The intercalation should have enabled much effective load transfer in the PCL/GO composites. Moreover, GO showed a nucleating effect toward the crystallization of PCL, as the nonisothermal crystallization peak temperature shifted from 25°C for pure PCL to about 34°C for the PCL/GO composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Earth

In this study, fog simulations were conducted using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) in and around the Yodo River Basin, Japan. The purpose is to investigate the MM5 performance of fog simulation for long-term periods. The simulations were performed for January, February, March, and July, 2005 with a coarse 3-km and a nested fine 1-km grid domains. Results of the simulations were compared with data from ten meteorological observatories, fog sampling site in Mt. Rokko, and visibility measurement sites along the Second Meishin Expressway. At the meteorological observatories, the MM5 predictions agreed well with the observed temperature and specific humidity. In the Mt. Rokko region, MM5 generally reproduced the occurrence of relatively thick fog events but tended to overestimate liquid water content (LWC) of fog (by factors of 2.2-3.3 in terms of monthly mean LWC). In the Second Meishin Expressway region, while MM5 identified the specific sites at which fog either frequently or seldom occurs, the model underestimated the monthly fog frequencies by factors of more than 1.5. Overall, MM5 reproduced the general trend of fog events, and the model performance may be improved by using more adequate land surface data and suitable physics options for our study.

A series of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL)/graphite oxide (GO) composites were synthesized through the ring-opening polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone with GO as an initiator. The crystallization behavior of the PCL–GO composites and the effects of the PCL–GO composites as nucleation agents on the crystallization behavior of PCL were also studied. The introduction of GO as PCL–GO composites shortened the crystallization half-time for both the isothermal crystallization and nonisothermal crystallization of PCL, and this clearly indicated that GO in the PCL–GO composites had a great nucleating effect on the crystallization of pure PCL. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

The effects of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) on the crystallization of poly(butylenes adipate) (PBA) were studied in this work. Depending on the rate of cooling from the melting state, pure PBA shows a polymorphic crystallization behavior. That is, when the cooling rate is slow, PBA forms dominantly the α-form crystal and the peak crystallization temperature is above 33 °C. In contrast, when the cooling is rapid, it forms dominantly the β-form crystal and the peak crystallization temperature is below 33 °C. The crystallization behavior of PBA is almost not affected by the introduction of pure α-CD. However, the inclusion complex between PBA and α-CD (PBAIC) can effectively enhance the crystallization of PBA. By introduction of PBAIC, the crystallization rate of PBA is greatly accelerated and full α-form crystal of PBA is preferentially formed at temperature higher than 28 °C.

The nucleation effect of the alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD)-polyester inclusion complex (IC) on the crystallization of semicrystalline aliphatic polyesters has been studied in the previous work, in which it was revealed that the effectiveness of alpha-CD ICs as a nucleating agent of aliphatic polyesters is mainly governed by the kinds of polyesters and the host-guest stoichiometry of alpha-CD-polyester ICs [Dong et al., Macromolecules 2005, 38, 7736; 2006, 39, 2427]. In this work, the effects of host-guest stoichiometry of alpha-CD-polymer ICs and molecular weight of guest polyesters on the crystallization behavior of polyesters were further studied by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. As the guest polymers, two kinds of linear aliphatic polyesters, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with high and low molecular weight, were used. The ICs with various host-guest stoichiometry between alpha-CD and polyesters were successfully prepared, and they used as the nucleating agents for crystallization of PCL and PBS. It was found that the host - guest stoichiometry of ICs affects their nucleation ability on the crystallization of polyesters, and these ICs with about 30-70% uncovered parts showed most effective. Furthermore, the molecular weight of guest polymers also favorably affected their IC's nucleation ability on crystallization of polyesters. This research will be give us the route of making an effective green nucleating agent for bio-based polymer.

Films of an α-cyclodextrin/poly(e-caprolactone) inclusion complex have been successfully prepared and show high transparency and heat resistance in comparison to the pure polymer film. The physical properties, such as transparency, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, of the α-CD-PCL-IC films are found to depend on the α-cyclodextrin-to-polymer stoichiometry.

近年、IP化及びブロードバンド化の進展によって、インターネット接続回線による映像配信や役務利用放送といったサービスが登場し、通信と放送の「融合」が進展した。この、通信と放送の「融合」によって、法律上区別されてきた通信と放送の概念は実体に適合しないものとなっており、その区別を前提とした伝統的な放送規制の根拠論には、多くの問題点が指摘されるようになっている。本論文では、このような通信と放送の「融合」の現状について、総務省のデータや放送法改正の動向等を踏まえて整理するとともに、「融合」に伴って注目されているコンテンツ上の責任問題の重要性や「表現の自由」との関係について検証を行い、今後の通信及び放送事業者の在り方について言及した。, 論文

The composites of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and graphite oxide (GO) were successfully synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone with GO as the initiator. The composites with different GO content were synthesized and an exfoliated structure was found for all the composites from the wide angle X-ray diffraction study. An astounding nucleating effect of GO on PCL crystallization was observed due to the good dispersion of GO in the composite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

The effect of molecular weight (MW) on the polymorphous crystallization and melting behavior of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) were systemically studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was found that the polymorphism of PLLA is not influenced much by MW, and the α‘- and α-form crystals are produced at low and high crystallization temperature (Tc), respectively, regardless of the MW. However, MW significantly affects the crystallization kinetics, and the crystallization rate reduces greatly with MW increasing. Moreover, the Tc- and MW-dependent melting behavior of PLLA was clarified with combining the DSC and FTIR results. It was found that the α‘- to α-crystalline phase transition occurs prior to the dominant melting in both the low- and high-MW PLLA crystallized at low Tc. Unlike the high-MW PLLA, in low-MW PLLA crystallized at low Tc, the α‘-form crystals only...

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Earth