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Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been suggested to be the most common metabolic disorder associated with several macrovascular and microvascular complications. Hypomagnesemia has been reported to occur at an increased frequency among patients with type-2 DM. Those who have poor glycemic control and longtime DM are more likely to decrease the blood magnesium (Mg) level. Mg deficit may also coexist with deficiencies of other dietary elements, such as vitamins, calcium (Ca++) and potassium (K+). Despite numerous reports linking hypomagnesemia to chronic diabetic complications, attention to this issue is poor among clinicians. This article reviews the literature on physiology & biochemistry of Mg++ diagnosis and incidence, features, causes, complications and management of hypomagnesemia in patients with type-2 DM. EMCJ. January 2022; 7(1): 26-31

The main focus in this work is to establish that L-group theory, which uses the language of functions instead of formal set theoretic language, is capable of capturing most of the refined ideas and concepts of classical group theory. We demonstrate this by extending the notion of subnormality to the L-setting and investigating its properties. We develop a mechanism to tackle the join problem of subnormal L-subgroups. The conjugate L-subgroup as is defined in our previous paper [4] has been used to formulate the concept of normal closure and normal closure series of an L-subgroup which, in turn, is used to define subnormal L-subgroups. Further, the concept of subnormal series has been introduced in L-setting and utilized to establish the subnor-mality of L-subgroups. Also, several results pertaining to the notion of subnormality have been established. Lastly, the level subset characterization of a subnormal L-subgroup is provided after developing a necessary mechanism. Finally, we establish that every subgroup of a nilpotent L-group is subnormal. In fact, it has been exhibited through this work that L-group theory presents a modernized approach to study classical group theory.

In this paper, a POHR mathematical model has been developed and put through its paces to learn more about the developing health and social problems in Bangladesh associated with alcohol where POHR stands four population classes: Potential drinkers, Occasional drinkers, Heavy drinkers, and Recovered and quitters of drinking. The dynamical behavior of this model is explored, and the system's basic properties are determined, as well as its basic reproduction number R0. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the system has been discussed. The model's equilibria states are obtained and their local asymptotic stability is established by analyzing the eigenvalues and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number indicates that encouraging and supporting potential drinkers to avoid adopting drinking habits and occasional drinkers to quit alcohol consumption is more effective in the long run at controlling the spread of alcoholism than focusing exclusively on alcoholics. Additionally, Bangladesh's alcohol consumption percentages, alcohol-related and natural-cause mortality rates, and other factors are considered to illustrate our numerical findings, which were generated using the MATLAB software and demonstrate the model's practical reliability. The purpose of this study is to identify criteria worthy of further investigation in order to inform and aid policymakers in allocating preventative and treatment resources most effectively.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of organisational culture on the commitment of officers in the Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS; Administration) cadre. The study examines the relationships between four organisational cultural characteristics and a three-component commitment model. The quantitative data analysis was conducted using data collected via a survey from 211 respondents. The research findings indicate that mission, one of the organisational cultural traits, has a significant impact on the affective, normative and continuing commitment of the BCS (Administration) cadre. Only normative commitment is strongly influenced by involvement, another organisational cultural characteristic. This study’s findings will contribute to the body of knowledge about organisational culture and employee commitment in public organisations. This result can be used to increase officer commitment by top management or the responsible departments. If officers remain committed to the service, this will ultimately result in an increase in productivity, performance and efficiency, as well as a decrease in absenteeism and an increase in officer morale. This will ultimately add value to the services provided to the general public in Bangladesh, as the administration cadre is critical in formulating and implementing public policies.

In this work, we present a systematic and successful development of L-group theory. A universal construction of a generated L-subgroup has been provided by using level subsets of given L-subsets. This construction allows us to define and study commutator L-subgroups, normalizer of an L-subgroup, nilpotent L-subgroups, solvable L-subgroups, normal closure of an L-subgroup. All these concepts and their inter-relationships have been presented. Here we mention that in this work we also exhibit a characterization of solvable L-subgroup with the help of a series of L-subgroups such that at each level, the factor groups of level subgroups of their consecutive members are Abelian. This allows us to introduce the notion of a supersolvable L-subgroup by using the factors of level subgroups at each level of a subinvariant series of an L-subgroup. Also, by using successive normal closures, we transfinitely define a series called the normal closure series of the L-subgroup. It has been shown that it is the fastest descending normal series containing given L-subgroup. This sets the ground for the development of subnormality in L-group theory. In the last, we study the notion of subnormal L-subgroups.

The present investigation was carried out to develop an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for strawberry plant using leaf explants. The highest percentage of callus induction was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l IBA. The highest numbers of shoots were regenerated from the callus on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 1.5mg/l IBA. In case of root induction, MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l IBA was found to be most effective. Following the development of roots, the in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully transplanted into soil. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 32(1): 67-75, 2022 (June)

Background: Anthropometric measurements vary in different races, sex and age groups. Estimation of stature is crucial task in the field of forensic medicine and anthropology in identifying the individual especially when body is decomposed, destroyed or certain body parts of unknown remain in mass disasters or from disposed of in gutters or waste dumps. Stature is one of the various parameters of identification. However few studies were conducted using finger lengths for estimation of stature. The purpose of present study to evaluate utility of index and ring finger lengths in estimation of stature. Methods: A cross sectional observational analytical study was conducted on 200 participants where 100 were adult males and 100were females. Ages between 25 to 45 years were selected by convenience sampling technique for the study in the Department of Anatomy of Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram. Sex differences were tested by using unpaired student’s t-test. Correlations between stature and finger lengths were assessed. Multiplication factors (MF) were calculated for estimating the stature. Results: The present study showed significant (p

Background: Cardiovascular disease is currently one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Many traditional risk factors such as age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension play an important role in the development of vascular disorders. Lipoprotein (a) or Lp (a), an intriguing lipoprotein particle is also considered to be an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) is a LDL-like molecule consisting of an apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) particle attached by a disulphide bridge to a unique protein, apolipoprotein(a)/ apo(a) which distinguishes it from LDL. Many epidemiological studies have reported the positive associations of Lp(a) concentration with atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and stroke. Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 51-58

Background: Noise has been recognized for hundreds of years as hazardous to health. In big cities, the children are more prone to Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) due to high frequency sounds from different sources. Early reliable diagnosis of hearing loss is essential to adopt appropriate treatment to minimize potential developmental delays attributed to loss. This corner of child health hazards is less addressed ever before in our country. Methodology: This study was designed as a cross sectional, observational study conducted in Chittagong metropolitan city of Chittagong district under the guidance of the Department of Physiology, Chattogram Medical College, Chattogram. The study was conducted among the children of 5 to 18 years of age. Sample size was 500. Study was conducted over 1 year of period from November 2009 to October 2010. Hearing status of all children were tested by pure tone audiometry at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz using sound intensity ranging from 0 – 120 dB. Result: 268 (53.6%) samples were male and 232 (46.4%) were female. The average sound level of study area were 90dB (highest) and 60 dB (lowest) at peak hour. This was evident that Mild degree of NIHL was quite high in the study area (8%) and total affected children were 9.2%. Male (7.6%) children are more affected by NIHL than female (2.39%) children. Maximum respondents are affected bilaterally (89.13%). Conclusion: Prevalence of NIHL was remarkably high in urban areas among children. All efforts of public health interventions such as education, training, audiometric testing, exposure assessment, hearing protection, noise control and community based awareness programme when feasible should be targeted to prevent the NIHL from childhood and to achieve the best hearing conservation of general population. Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 7-12

Bangladesh is experiencing a second wave of COVID-19 since March 2021, despite the nationwide vaccination drive with ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine from early February 2021. Here, we characterized 19 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples from COVID-19 suspect patients using genomic and metagenomic approaches. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and metagenomic sequencing revealed 17 samples of COVID-19 positive (vaccinated = 10, nonvaccinated = 7) and 2 samples of COVID-19 negative. We did not find any significant correlation between associated factors including vaccination status, age or sex of the patients, diversity or abundance of the coinfected organisms/pathogens, and the abundance of SARS-CoV-2. Though the first wave of the pandemic was dominated by clade 20B, Beta, V2 (South African variant) dominated the second wave (January 2021 to May 2021), while the third wave (May 2021 to September 2021) was responsible for Delta variants of the epidemic in Bangladesh including both vaccinated and unvaccinated infections. Noteworthily, the receptor binding domain (RBD) region of S protein of all the isolates harbored similar substitutions including K417N, E484K, and N501Y that signify the Beta, while D614G, D215G, D80A, A67V, L18F, and A701V substitutions were commonly found in the non-RBD region of Spike proteins. ORF7b and ORF3a genes underwent a positive selection (dN/dS ratio 1.77 and 1.24, respectively), while the overall S protein of the Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 isolates underwent negative selection pressure (dN/dS = 0.621). Furthermore, we found different bacterial coinfections like Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria meningitidis, Elizabethkingia anophelis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, expressing a number of antibiotic resistance genes such as tetA and tetM. Overall, this approach provides valuable insights on the SARS-CoV-2 genomes and microbiome composition from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated patients in Bangladesh.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nasopharyngeal microbiome has not been well characterised. We sequenced genetic material extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals who were asymptomatic (n = 14), had mild (n = 64) or severe symptoms (n = 11), as well as from SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals who had never-been infected (n = 5) or had recovered from infection (n = 7). Using robust filters, we identified 1345 taxa with approximately 0.1% or greater read abundance. Overall, the severe cohort microbiome was least diverse. Bacterial pathogens were found in all cohorts, but fungal species identifications were rare. Few taxa were common between cohorts suggesting a limited human nasopharynx core microbiome. Genes encoding resistance mechanisms to 10 antimicrobial classes (> 25% sequence coverages, 315 genes, 63 non-redundant) were identified, with β-lactam resistance genes near ubiquitous. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (asymptomatic and mild) had a greater incidence of antibiotic resistance genes and a greater microbial burden than the SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals. This should be considered when deciding how to treat COVID-19 related bacterial infections.

ObjectivesThe lack of a dengue disease animal model and the complex immune interaction in dengue infection hinders the study of host response and immunopathogenesis. The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology allowed the researchers to study the transcriptomic profiles of human in-depth. We, therefore, implicated phylodynamic and transcriptomic approaches through NGS technology to know the origin of dengue virus (DENV) and their host response in infected patients with dengue fever.MethodsTo determine the whole genome sequences of the dengue virus and their transcriptomic profiles, RNA was extracted from the serum samples of 3 healthy, and 21 dengue patients. These samples were custom performed at phylogenetic, phylodynamic, differential express gene (DEG), and gene ontology (GO) using respective bioinformatics tools.ResultsThe whole genome sequence analysis revealed that the total number of nucleotide ranges on these serum RNA samples were in between 10647 and 10707. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these strains were belonged to DENV-3 genotype I. Phylodynamic analysis showed that the 2021 epidemic isolates were clade shifted and maintained as a new clade in compared to 2019 epidemic. Transcriptome analysis mapped a total of 19267 expressed genes. Of them, there were higher expression of genes in dengue-positive samples (n = 17375) with a count of 6953 unique genes in comparison to healthy controls (n = 12314) with a count of 1892 unique genes. A total of 2686 DEGs were identified in a host factor-independent manner in dengue patients with a q-value < 0.05. DESeq2 plot counts function of the top 24 genes with the smallest q-values of differential gene expression of RNA-seq data showed that 11 genes were upregulated, whereas 13 genes were downregulated. GO analysis showed a significant upregulation (p = ConclusionThis is a first report to document the complete genomic features of dengue, and differentially expressed genes in patients with dengue virus in Bangladesh. These genes may have diagnostic and therapeutic values for dengue infection. Continual genomic surveillance is required to further investigate the shift in dominant genotypes in relation to viral pathogenesis.

In the sacrococcygeal region, anatomical variation is due to the sacralization of the coccygeal vertebra, which is the due union of/fusion of the fifth sacral with the first coccygeal vertebra of five couples of sacral foramina under-detected or asymptomatic beyond radiological assessment. That is why it is challenging to know the cause of coccydynia, caudal block failure, the difficult second stage of labor, and perineal tears. The present study aims to improve knowledge about the anatomical variation of sacralization of the coccygeal vertebra. Additionally, to find the prevalence of sacralization of coccygeal vertebra in Sylhet, Bangladesh.This study was performed on 60 parched, totally calcified, typical sacra of mature-age individuals of undetermined sexes, fulfilling the inclusion criteria from the bone bank of the osteology museum of the Department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh, from July 2017 to June 2018. Sex determination of the collected unknown sacra was conducted using discriminant function analysis. It was found that 50% (30) were male and 50% (30%) were female. The unpairedOut of 60 sacra, eight (13.33%) samples presented with sacralization. This study found that males had significantly higher straight (p=0.05) and curved (p=0.05) lengths of sacrococcygeal vertebrae. The sacrococcygeal curvature index (SCI) showed statistically significant (p=0.05) differences between the sexes.Sacralization may exert an impact on the caudal block. It could extend the second stage of the labor process with perineal tears. Therefore, knowledge about the anatomical variation of the coccygeal vertebra is essential.

Background: Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ), one of the repurposed drugs in COVID-19, has several known cardiovascular(CVS) toxicities. Methods: VigiBase data were used to analyze the reported ADEs linked to HCQ. The data were analyzed based on age, gender, and seriousness of ADEs at the System Organ Classification level and the individual Preferred Term level. Results: The majority were above 18 years(91.6%) and from Europe(41.6%). A total of 5,315 ADEs were associated with HCQ use in COVID-19. Of these, 918 ADEs were attributed to CVS and reported from 773 patients. Grossly, CVS ADEs were associated with concomitant use of HCQ and azithromycin(AZM), and only 40 ADEs were solely due to HCQ. The majority were serious (69.3%) and resolved afterward (51%). In CVS ADEs, there were 366 cardiac disorders, 38 vascular disorders, and 514 ADEs under investigation. Among the cardiac disorders, palpitation was the most typical (N=65), followed by bradycardia(N=44) and tachycardia(N=33). Among arrhythmias, QT prolongation (N=469), atrial fibrillation (N=25), and ventricular tachycardia(N=16) were common. The odds of developing serious CVS ADEs increased with age, patients aged 45-64 years(OR=1.75; p= 0.015) and >65 years(OR=1.93, p=0.003) as compared to younger ones. Conclusion: Hydroxychloroquine with known CVS toxicities and increased risk with co-administering AZM makes physicians cautious while prescribing in COVID-19 patients. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(4) 2021 p.897-910

Background: Prevalence rates of patients with diabetes are growing across countries, and Bangladesh is no exception. Associated costs are also increasing, driven by costs associated with the complications of diabetes including hypoglycaemia. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycaemia as well as improve patient comfort and adherence. However, they have been appreciably more expensive reducing their affordability and use. Biosimilars offer a way forward. Consequently, there is a need to document current prescribing and dispensing rates for long-acting insulin analogues across Bangladesh, including current prices and differences, as a result of affordability and other issues. Methods: Mixed method approach including surveying prescribing practices in hospitals coupled with dispensing practices and prices among community pharmacies and drug stores across Bangladesh. This method was adopted since public hospitals only dispense insulins such as soluble insulins free-of-charge until funds run out and all long-acting insulin analogues have to be purchased from community stores. Results: There has been growing prescribing and dispensing of long-acting insulins in Bangladesh in recent years, accounting for over 80% of all insulins dispensed in a minority of stores. This has been helped by growing prescribing and dispensing of biosimilar insulin glargine at lower costs that the originator, with this trend likely to continue with envisaged growth in the number of patients. Consequently, Bangladesh can serve as an exemplar to other low- and middle-income countries struggling to fund long-acting insulins for their patients. Conclusions: It was encouraging to see continued growth in the prescribing and dispensing of long-acting insulin analogues in Bangladesh via the increasing availability of biosimilars. This is likely to continue benefitting all key stakeholder groups.

Anxiety is a group of mental disorders characterized by the sudden feeling of intense fear, panic, shortness of breath, chest pain, restlessness, GIT problems, insomnia, fatigue, muscle tension, sweating, loss of memory, blurred vision, and impaired learning. It occurs typically in response to a stressful situation that may become pathological when it is no longer controlled or occurs in the absence of real threat. This review aimed to appraise the literature on the prevalence, classification, neuro-pathogenesis, diagnoses, and treatment of anxiety disorders (AD). The search was made using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders affecting humans, especially among developing nations. In general, the lifetime prevalence of AD is about 14%, with an annual prevalence of 31%. Unfortunately, AD, in general, is underdiagnosed and undertreated globally. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.487-503

The global pandemic from COVID-19 infection has generated significant public health concerns, both health-wise and economically. There is no specific pharmacological antiviral therapeutic option to date available for COVID-19 management. Also, there is an urgent need to discover effective medicines, prevention, and control methods because of the harsh death toll from this novel coronavirus infection. Acute respiratory tract infections, significantly lower respiratory tract infections, and pneumonia are the primary cause of millions of deaths worldwide. The role of micronutrients, including trace elements, boosted the human immune system and was well established. Several vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate; microelement including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays essential physiological roles in promoting the immune system. Furthermore, zinc is an indispensable microelement essential for a thorough enzymatic physiological process. It also helps regulate gene-transcription such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation in the human biological system. Subsequently, zinc, together with natural scavenger cells and neutrophils, are also involved in developing cells responsible for regulating nonspecific immunity. The modern food habit often promotes zinc deficiency; as such, quite a few COVID-19 patients presented to hospitals were frequently diagnosed as zinc deficient. Earlier studies documented that zinc deficiency predisposes patients to a viral infection such as herpes simplex, common cold, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of reducing antiviral immunity. This manuscript aimed to discuss the various roles played by zinc in the management of COVID-19 infection.

The present study emphasized on evaluating the extent of pollution of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh due to the discharge of heavy metals from tanneries and other industries along with the health risks associated with the consumption of the heavy metals accumulated fish. For this purpose, three spots of Dhaleshwari River which are in the vicinity of the industrial outlet were selected for evaluating the seasonal status of heavy metals in water, sediment, and organs of three common fish species. Average concentrations of metals in water and sediment were in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > As and Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd respectively. The average HM concentrations in water and sediment exceeded WHO and USEPA standards suggesting serious pollution to the aquatic environment. In fish organs, metal concentrations were in the order of Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. Accumulation was highest in gills and lowest in muscles. Fish muscles had a relatively higher concentration of heavy metals (except As) exceeding the safe limits of FAO and WHO. Seasonal variation was also observed in water for all metals (p

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an urgent global situation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COVID-19 patients to understand disease pathogenesis and the genetic factor(s) responsible for inter-individual variability and disease comorbidities. The pandemic continues to spread worldwide, despite intense efforts to develop multiple vaccines and therapeutic options against COVID-19. However, the precise role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathophysiology of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) is still unfathomable. This study utilized machine learning approaches to analyze 22 RNA-seq data from COVID-19 patients (n = 8), recovered individuals (n = 7), and healthy individuals (n = 7) to find disease-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We compared dysregulated DEGs to detect critical pathways and gene ontology (GO) connected to COVID-19 comorbidities. We found 1960 and 153 DEG signatures in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. In COVID-19 patients, the DEG–miRNA, and DEG–transcription factors (TFs) interactions network analysis revealed that E2F1, MAX, EGR1, YY1, and SRF were the highly expressed TFs, whereas hsa-miR-19b, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-340, hsa-miR-101, and hsa-miR-19a were the overexpressed miRNAs. Three chemical agents (Valproic Acid, Alfatoxin B1, and Cyclosporine) were abundant in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals. Mental retardation, mental deficit, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, micrognathism, and cleft palate were the significant diseases associated with COVID-19 by sharing DEGs. Finally, the detected DEGs mediated by TFs and miRNA expression indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection might contribute to various comorbidities. Our results provide the common DEGs between COVID-19 patients and recovered humans, which suggests some crucial insights into the complex interplay between COVID-19 progression and the recovery stage, and offer some suggestions on therapeutic target identification in COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2.

As global language policy, English language teaching (ELT) development aid is as old as the field of language policy and planning. Contemporary discourses of ELT aid management acknowledge voices of project beneficiaries such as teachers. Beneficiary testimonials may satisfy the neoliberal demand for accountability, efficiency and evidence of impact. While this consideration of beneficiary engagement posed practical challenges in the past, new technological platforms such as websites and social media have eased the process of harnessing beneficiary voices. However, there has been limited research on beneficiary participation on the virtual space—specifically, on the discursive position from which beneficiaries speak, how they represent project interventions, and what implications their representations may have. This article examines beneficiary voices on the official website and social media spaces of a UKaid-funded project called English in Action (2009–2018) in Bangladesh. We problematise beneficiary voices and their representation of the project from the perspectives of ethics, epistemology and politics. We argue that, with their “post-truth” characteristics, beneficiary testimonials contributed to the project’s “self-branding” and to the evidence of its impact, regardless of how the storied success corresponded to the degree of change that may have been achieved on the ground.

Although smart writing skill is equally important in both academic and professional spheres, many Bangladeshi tertiary level learners find writing skills too difficult to be developed. In respect of this, the students are given many writing tasks (such as composing a five-paragraph essay) to improve their competencies in a language classroom. Anyhow, writing a good essay needs several cognitive steps that a student has to go through demanding a high level of motivation and constructive teacher feedback. Considering the fact, this paper has investigated tertiary level Bangladeshi learners’ perspectives about how the essay-writing tasks keep them motivated in class. This pilot project had been conducted using a set of 20 items (quantitative survey questionnaire), which was administered among thirty participants from the Department of English of a reputed Bangladeshi public university. The small-scale research revealed that the majority of the undergraduates stay motivated during the brainstorming part of essay writing tasks. However, many of them find the patterns of essays quite confusing. However, these learners believe more writing assignments, along with effective teacher feedback, can highly encourage them to develop their writing skills.

A coumarin-appended calixarene derivative ( CouC4A ) and a hybrid material generated by covalently linking this onto a silica surface ( CouC4A@SiO 2 ) were synthesized and were characterized by various analytical, spectroscopy, and microscopy methods. Both these materials are capable of sensing Fe3+ with greater sensitivity and selectivity. The sensitivity is enhanced by 30,000 fold on going from a simple solution phase to the silica surface with the limit of Fe3+ detection being 1.75 ± 0.4 pM when CouC4A@SiO 2 is used, and the sensing is partially reversible with phosphates, while it is completely reversible with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). While the calix precursor, CouC4A , has a limitation to work in water, anchoring this onto SiO2 endowed it with the benefit of its use in water as well as in buffer and thereby extends its application toward Fe3+ sensing even in the biorelevant medium such as fetal bovine serum and human serum. The hybrid material is biocompatible and shows ∼90% cell viability in the case of MDA-MB231 and 3T3 cell lines. CouC4A@SiO 2 functions as a reversible sensor for Fe3+ with the use of ATP in vitro as well as in biological cells. Thus, the inorganic-organic hybrid material, such as, CouC4A@SiO 2 , is an indispensable material for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ in a picomolar range in solution and in nanomolar to micromolar range in biorelevant fluids and biological cells, respectively.

Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is one of the best and easiest breathing exercises. ANB exercise has beneficial effects on cardiac function in healthy and diseased people. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of ANB exercise on cardiac physiology among healthy medical students. This was a prospective interventional study that was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 research participants (RPs) aged 18-20 years, Year-I medical students of CMC, were selected. A simple random sampling method was adopted. The selection was done after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The age and body mass index (BMI) of the RPs were analogous in both the control and experimental groups. Cardiac parameters, like pulse and blood pressure (BP), were measured. The initial baseline data were recorded for both groups and after 4 weeks. The research respondents of the experimental group performed ANB exercise for 4 weeks. The mean value pulse and BP were significantly (p0.001) changed after breathing exercise, compared to the values before the breathing exercise. The results of this study suggest that cardiac function significantly improves after the breathing exercise. Therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing cardiac efficiency.

Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is one of the best and easiest breathing exercises (pranayama) of yoga that are good for health and physical fitness. ANB exercise has beneficial and therapeutic effects on respiratory function in both normal as well as diseased humans. This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the physiological effects of short-term ANB exercise on respiratory function in healthy adult individuals leading a stressful life. This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 participants aged 18-20 years, studying in the first year in CMC, were included by using a simple random sampling method. Among them, 50 participants were enrolled in the experimental group. Age- and BMI-matched 50 participants constituted the control group. Height, weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. The participants of the experimental group performed ANB exercise over 4 weeks for 10 min/day. The control participants were neither trained nor allowed to practice nostril breathing during the whole study period. Respiratory parameters like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured by using a digital spirometer (Chest graph HI-101, Japan). Readings were taken in a healthy upright sitting posture in the control and experimental group initially and after 4 weeks. Student's t-test was conducted by using SPSS for windows version-23. The mean value of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly (P < 0.001) changed after the ANB exercise when compared to the values before breathing exercise. The results of this study suggest that respiratory function is significantly improved after the ANB exercise. Therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing respiratory efficiency.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of Sesbania leaf meal in the diet of Cyprinus carpio as a replacer of de‐oiled rice bran (DORB). Bacillus subtilis was used to ferment the Sesbania leaf meal (SLM) to produce FSLM (fermented sesbania leaf meal). Fishes were fed with five isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isocaloric diets for 60 days and treatments were viz., C (30% DORB, 0% SLM), R15 (15% DORB, 15% SLM), R30 (0% DORB, 30% SLM), F15 (15% DORB, 15%FSLM) and F30 (0% DORB, 30% FSLM) by replacing DORB with SLM. A similar growth performance with control was observed in 15% FSLM group while there was a growth reduction in all the raw leaf meal fed groups. Similarly, the expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) was significantly (p

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has brought a great challenge to public health. After the first emergence of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in Bangladesh and since then the country has experienced a steady rise in infections, resulting in 13,355,191 cases and 29,024 deaths as of 27 February 2022. Bioinformatics techniques are used to predict B cell and T cell epitopes from the new SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in order to build a unique multiple epitope vaccine. The immunogenicity, antigenicity scores, and toxicity of these epitopes were evaluated and chosen based on their capacity to elicit an immune response. Result The best multi-epitope of the possible immunogenic property was created by combining epitopes. EAAAK, AAY, and GPGPG linkers were used to connect the epitopes. In several computer-based immune response analyses, this vaccine design was found to be efficient, as well as having high population coverage. Conclusion This research is entirely reliant on the development of epitope-based vaccines, and these in silico findings would represent a major step forward in the development of a vaccine that might eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladeshi patients.

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a defect in the DNA repair system, exhibiting skin cancer on sun exposure. As it is an incurable disease, therapeutic strategies of this disease are critical. This review article takes an attempt to explore the current therapeutic advancements in XP. Different approaches including sun avoidance; surgical removal of cancerous lesions; laser and photodynamic therapy; use of retinoid, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, photolyase, and antioxidant; interferon therapy and gene therapy are chosen by doctors and patients to lessen the adverse effects of this disease. Among these options, sun avoidance, use of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod, and interferon therapy are effective. However, some approaches including laser and photodynamic therapy, and the use of retinoids are effective against skin cancer having severe side effects. Furthermore, surgical removal of cancerous lesions and use of antioxidants are considered to be effective against this disease; however, efficacies of these are not experimentally determined. In addition, some approaches including oral vismodegib, immunotherapy, nicotinamide, acetohexamide, glimepiride-restricted diet are found to be effective to minimize the complications secondary to defects in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system and also enhance the NER, which are under experimental level yet. Besides these, gene therapy, including the introduction of missing genes and genome edition, may be a promising approach to combat this disease, which is also not well established now. In the near future, these approaches may be effective tools to manage XP.

Sustainable Entrepreneurship essentially enables in preservation of nature, life aid and network. Sustainable Entrepreneurship contributes to solving societal and environmental hassle through the realization of a success enterprise. In this specific paper the method is to throw some light and tries to explain with the help of sustainable entrepreneurship approximately green agencies advantage to society. The have a look at discussed the sort of business get merchandising outside and inside India and its critical toward environment and society.

Insurance refers as a contract in which the insured transfers risk of potential loss to the insurer who promises to compensate the former upon suffering loss. The promise is called the insurer and the promise is called the insured. Insurance premium is the monetary consideration paid by the insured to the insurer for the cover granted by the insurance policy. The objective of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting efficiency of insurance companies operating in India. The target population of the study was 24 public and private life insurance companies and four important financial ratios. For which 10 years audited financial statements of the companies from 2009 to 2019 was studied for analysis. The secondary data were collected by reviewing of financial statements and related published and unpublished materials to achieve the objective of this study.

We previously reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces human nasopharyngeal commensal microbiomes (bacteria, archaea and commensal respiratory viruses) with inclusion of pathobionts. This study aimed to assess the possible changes in the abundance and diversity of resident mycobiome in the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) of humans due to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Twenty-two (n = 22) nasopharyngeal swab samples (including COVID-19 = 8, Recovered = 7, and Healthy = 7) were collected for RNA-sequencing followed by taxonomic profiling of mycobiome. Our analyses indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test) the population and diversity of fungi in the NT with inclusion of a high proportion of opportunistic pathogens. We detected 863 fungal species including 533, 445, and 188 species in COVID-19, Recovered, and Healthy individuals, respectively that indicate a distinct mycobiome dysbiosis due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, 37% of the fungal species were exclusively associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, where S. cerevisiae (88.62%) and Phaffia rhodozyma (10.30%) were two top abundant species. Likewise, Recovered humans NT samples were predominated by Aspergillus penicillioides (36.64%), A. keveii (23.36%), A. oryzae (10.05%) and A. pseudoglaucus (4.42%). Conversely, Nannochloropsis oceanica (47.93%), Saccharomyces pastorianus (34.42%), and S. cerevisiae (2.80%) were the top abundant fungal species in Healthy controls nasal swabs. Importantly, 16% commensal fungal species found in the Healthy controls were not detected in either COVID-19 patients or when they were cured from COVID-19 (Recovered). We also detected several altered metabolic pathways correlated with the dysbiosis of fungal mycobiota in COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes significant dysbiosis of mycobiome and related metabolic functions possibly play a determining role in the progression of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These findings might be helpful for developing mycobiome-based diagnostics, and also devising appropriate therapeutic regimens including antifungal drugs for prevention and control of concurrent fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients.

We report the near-complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant (B.1.617.2) strain. This variant is associated with increased transmission and immune evasion.

To better comprehend the genetic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, we utilized NextSeq 550 to conduct whole-genome sequencing of certain samples in Bangladesh. The samples were taken from the nasopharyngeal swabs of 17 persons who had tested positive for COVID-19 using RT-PCR. Following the sequencing, the data was uploaded to the GISAID database and evaluated by comparing their nucleotide alterations to the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 reference genome. Based on phylogenetic and mutation studies, it was shown that 88% belong to the pangolin lineage B.1.1.25, whereas 11% corresponds to its parent lineage B.1.1. We also compared the spike protein sequences of two isolates (BCSIR-NILMRC-422 and BCSIR-NILMRC-424) to the reference genome and observed two mutations including, D614G and P681R, at positions 614 and 681, respectively. Although D614G being the most frequent, not present in every isolate. Using standard mode studies, we also looked at molecular dynamics and discovered that this SNP reduces the S1 domain's flexibility. This finding suggests that the P681R mutation is a distinguishing feature of this novel voice of concern’s virological profile, which may be linked to viral pathogenicity in Bangladeshi patients.

The aftermath of COVID-19 has affected the lives of Bangladeshi people and impacted dramatically on the educational systems. Due to the pandemic situation, the Bangladeshi tertiary education sector had to switch to an online learning and teaching model from the traditional ones. This paper aims to identify the obstacles encountered by the university teachers in online teaching during the pandemic in Bangladesh. An exploratory qualitative research methodology has been used in this paper. The study was conducted among the teachers working in several universities of Bangladesh. Open-ended questions and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among 13 male and 17 female educators to collect data regarding the problems faced by them. The findings revealed four different categories of impediments that the teachers faced during the online mode of teaching and learning. The study results can be helpful to the regulatory authorities and employers of higher education institutions who are planning to adopt online teaching as a regular activity in the future.

This study reports the coding-complete genome sequence, with variant identifications and phylogenetic analysis, of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) P.1 variant (20J/501Y.V3), obtained from an oropharyngeal swab specimen from a female Bangladeshi patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with no travel history.

Background : Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine by the target groups would play a crucial role in stemming the pandemic. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are the priority group for vaccination due to them having the highest risk of exposure to infection. This survey aimed to assess their acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh. Research design and methods A cross-sectional survey using an online questionnaire was conducted between January 3 to 25, 2021, among HCPs (n=834) in Bangladesh. The main outcome measures were vaccine acceptance by HCPs if one was available. Results Less than 50% of HCPs would receive the vaccine against COVID-19 if available and 54% were willing to take the vaccine at some stage in the future. Female participants (OR:1.64;95%CI:1.172-2.297), respondents between 18-34 years old (OR:2.42; 95% CI:1.314-4.463), HCPs in the public sector (OR:2.09; 95% CI:1.521-2.878), and those who did not receive a flu vaccine in the previous year (OR:3.1; 95% CI:1.552-6.001) were more likely to delay vaccination. Conclusions The study revealed that, if available, less than half of the HCPs would accept a COVID-19 vaccine in Bangladesh. To ensure the broader success of the vaccination drive, tailored strategies and vaccine promotion campaigns targeting HCPs and the general population are needed.

Introduction: Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is an effective breathing exercise with therapeutic benefits on cardiorespiratory functions for healthy and diseased individuals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of ANB exercise on cardiorespiratory tasks in healthy adults. Materials and Methods: This randomized experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 1st-year students, aged between 18 and 20 years, were included by a random sampling method. Fifty participants (25 males and 25 females) were enrolled in the experimental group, while age- and body mass index-matched another 50 participants (25 males and 25 females) served as the control group. Experimental group participants performed ANB exercise for 4 weeks. Cardiorespiratory parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1st s [FEV1], and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] were measured. Data were taken at the start and after 4 weeks in both groups. Results: Independent t-test showed no significant differences in the cardiorespiratory functions between the experimental and control groups among the male and female participants, except for the females’ PEFR which showed small differences. On the other hand, repeated measure ANOVA shows significant improvement in the experimental groups among males (P < 0.001–0.028) and females (P < 0.001–0.001) in all the cardiorespiratory functions measured, except for the FEV1 and PEFR among males. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that cardiorespiratory functions were improved after breathing exercise, and therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing cardiorespiratory efficiency.

In Bangladesh, private university sectors have observed several modifications with the initiation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). The communicative approach is expected to form such an ambience in the language classrooms where anxiety, fear and boredom are minimized and students are not under the influence of the affective factors in a tertiary level. This paper intends to explore the reasons that the students' background and affective factors affect highly on the speaking skills of the undergraduate level learners and it aims to find the solutions to these problems from the students’ perspectives. To collect the data, researchers used a questionnaire to specify major problems faced by the tertiary level learners in speaking English and strategies to overcome those from their viewpoints. The survey shows, in many cases, anxiety, fear and hesitation and performance pressure hinders the speaking of individuals, whereas, if the speaking situation is friendly and provide a platform to uninterrupted speaking with constructive feedback, it may facilitate learners speaking. In the end, analyzing the results, the researchers have discussed some effective solutions from their experiences to overcome these affective states among adult learners.

Reading being one of the four skills has to be mastered properly to be a successful language learner. In an ESL (English as a Second Language) context, particularly in Bangladesh, the newly admitted University students who are from Bangla medium background, often find it difficult to understand English textbooks especially when they are in the Department of English. For most of the students, reading everything in English, decoding the words, understanding the deeper meanings becomes quite difficult and leads them to anxiety. This paper aims to identify the types of difficulties the English Department Undergraduates encounter during reading and also points out the kinds of strategies they implement to prevail over the problems.

Debates over medium of instruction, as ideological skirmishes, showcase discursive identity construction, reproduction, and contestation by different social groups. Drawing on such debates in letters to the editor and internet-based newsgroup posts written by Bangladeshi English-medium (EM) and Bangla-medium (BM) educated writers, this article examines the construction of elite identity by the EM educated group. It illustrates how this group drew on changing discourses of elitism, language ideologies, and other identity resources to construct self-identity that emphasized the achievement of qualifications and attributes rather than unearned social privilege, and how the territorially bound elite identity was transformed into deterritorialized cosmopolitan identity in the process. The article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between language, identity, and society by illustrating struggles for identity and status maintenance in education that is increasingly being dominated by English and English as a medium of instruction under the influence of neoliberal globalization. It also suggests how English and national languages may relate to (post)colonialism, nationalism, national identity, and social class in a globalized world.

Gelatin-based hydrogels have received particular attention for tissue-engineering applications given their biocompatibility, ease of tuning their physical properties through chemical modifications, and incorporation of antibacterial activity. While several studies have focused on the detailed quantification of biomechanical properties of these gels, considerably less attention has been paid to understanding how adhesivity of these gels impacts single as well as collective cell migration, which directly determines the efficacy of wound healing. In this study, we address this question by quantifying fibroblast motility and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-entrapped methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels. Using 5 and 15% GelMA soft gels cross-linked with 1 min UV exposure, we first show that cells spread more and migrate faster on 15% GelMA gels. Next, we show that ∼10 nm AgNPs entrapped in 15% GelMA gels get released over a time-scale greater than 72 h and exhibit antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at concentrations nontoxic to cells. Finally, using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device for simulating wound healing, we show that closure of ∼800 μm gaps on GelMA gels is significantly faster compared with other conditions. Together, our findings illustrate the potential of AgNP-entrapped soft GelMA gels as scaffolds for achieving accelerated wound healing of deep dermal wounds by enabling fast fibroblast migration and minimization of microbial infections.

Background:Diabetes mellitus rates continue to rise, which coupled with increasing costs of associated complications has appreciably increased global expenditure in recent years. The risk of complications are enhanced by poor glycaemic control including hypoglycaemia. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycaemia and improve adherence. Their considerably higher costs though have impacted their funding and use. Biosimilars can help reduce medicine costs. However, their introduction has been affected by a number of factors. These include the originator company dropping its price as well as promoting patented higher strength 300 IU/ml insulin glargine. There can also be concerns with different devices between the manufacturers.Objective:To assess current utilisation rates for insulins, especially long-acting insulin analogues, and the rationale for patterns seen, across multiple countries to inform strategies to enhance future utilisation of long-acting insulin analogue biosimilars to benefit all key stakeholders.Our approach:Multiple approaches including assessing the utilisation, expenditure and prices of insulins, including biosimilar insulin glargine, across multiple continents and countries.Results:There was considerable variation in the use of long-acting insulin analogues as a percentage of all insulins prescribed and dispensed across countries and continents. This ranged from limited use of long-acting insulin analogues among African countries compared to routine funding and use across Europe in view of their perceived benefits. Increasing use was also seen among Asian countries including Bangladesh and India for similar reasons. However, concerns with costs and value limited their use across Africa, Brazil and Pakistan. There was though limited use of biosimilar insulin glargine 100 IU/ml compared with other recent biosimilars especially among European countries and Korea. This was principally driven by small price differences in reality between the originator and biosimilars coupled with increasing use of the patented 300 IU/ml formulation. A number of activities were identified to enhance future biosimilar use. These included only reimbursing biosimilar long-acting insulin analogues, introducing prescribing targets and increasing competition among manufacturers including stimulating local production.Conclusions:There are concerns with the availability and use of insulin glargine biosimilars despite lower costs. This can be addressed by multiple activities.

The microbiota of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) play a role in host immunity against respiratory infectious diseases. However, scant information is available on interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal microbiome. This study characterizes the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human nasopharyngeal microbiomes and their relevant metabolic functions. Twenty-two (n = 22) nasopharyngeal swab samples (including COVID-19 patients = 8, recovered humans = 7, and healthy people = 7) were collected, and underwent to RNAseq-based metagenomic investigation. Our RNAseq data mapped to 2281 bacterial species (including 1477, 919 and 676 in healthy, COVID-19 and recovered metagenomes, respectively) indicating a distinct microbiome dysbiosis. The COVID-19 and recovered samples included 67% and 77% opportunistic bacterial species, respectively compared to healthy controls. Notably, 79% commensal bacterial species found in healthy controls were not detected in COVID-19 and recovered people. Similar dysbiosis was also found in viral and archaeal fraction of the nasopharyngeal microbiomes. We also detected several altered metabolic pathways and functional genes in the progression and pathophysiology of COVID-19. The nasopharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis and their genomic features determined by our RNAseq analyses shed light on early interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal resident microbiota that might be helpful for developing microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for this novel pandemic disease.

Soil salinity, a serious threat to jute cultivation in saline areas (southern parts) of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) has developed a moderately salt tolerant White Jute variety (BJRI Deshi pat-8; BJC 2197) in 2013 which can’t grow well in saline areas having more than 8.0 dSm-1 salinity stress. Hence, 23 whitejute accessions and one control variety (BJC 2197) were tested to isolate the salt tolerant accession(s) for hybridization purpose followed by augmented design in farmers’ field having nearly 8.0-9.0 dSm-1 salinity at Patuakhali district during mid-March to mid-August 2019. The experimental plot size was 3.0 m2 (3 m × 1 m) for each genotype having 3 lines of 1.0 m length, plant-plant: 10-15 cm and line- line: 30 cm distance. Soil salinity was recorded during sowing, vegetative and plant maturity stages. In this study, the highest plant height 2.84 m was recorded in Acc. 2750 followed by Acc. 2589 (2.76 m) and Acc. 1779 (2.69 m). The highest fiber yield (9.0 g plant-1) was observed in Acc. 1779 followed by Acc. 2589 (8.40 g plant-1) and Acc. 2750 (8.0 g plant-1). The lowest plant mortality rate (2.5%) was found in Acc.2750 followed by Acc.1779 (6.24%), Acc. 1780 (7.50), Acc. 3556 (11.10%), Acc. 2589 (11.20%) and BJC 2197 (16.5%). Few seeds were germinated in Acc. 3020 and Acc. 3658 but plants were died after 20 days of sowing. Six genotypes of cluster I showed higher diversity in Euclidean cluster analysis. The Acc. 2750, Acc. 1779, Acc. 2589 of cluster I having relative salinity tolerance and good fiber yield capacity would be grown in next year for confirmation as well as hybridization with the existing salinity susceptible variety to develop high yielding white jute variety for saline areas.

The outbreak of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), later named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), was initiated at Wuhan, Hubei, China, and there was a rapid spread of novel SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19 in late 2019. The entire world is now experiencing the challenge of COVID-19 infection. However, still very few evidence-based treatment options are available for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease. The present review aims to summarize the publicly available information to give a comprehensive yet balanced scientific overview of all the fat-soluble vitamins concerning their role in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The roles of different fat-soluble vitamins and micronutrients in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection have been recently explored in several studies. There are various hypotheses to suggest their use to minimize the severity of COVID-19 infection. These vitamins are pivotal in the maintenance and modulation of innate and cell-mediated, and antibody-mediated immune responses. The data reported in recent literature demonstrate that deficiency in one or more of these vitamins compromises the patients’ immune response and makes them more vulnerable to viral infections and perhaps worse disease prognosis. Vitamins A, D, E, and K boost the body’s defense mechanism against COVID-19 infection and specifically prevent its complications such as cytokine storm and other inflammatory processes, leading to increased morbidity and mortality overemphasis. However, more detailed randomized double-blind clinical pieces of evidence are required to define the use of these supplements in preventing or reducing the severity of the COVID-19 infection.

Background Elevated inflammatory cytokines in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) affect the lungs leading to pneumonitis with a poor prognosis. Tocilizumab, a type of humanized monoclonal antibody antagonizing interleukin-6 receptors, is currently utilized to treat COVID-19. The present study reviews tocilizumab adverse drug events (ADEs) reported in the World Health Organization (WHO) pharmacovigilance database. Research design and methods All suspected ADEs associated with tocilizumab between April to August 2020 were analyzed based on COVID-19 patients’ demographic and clinical variables, and severity of involvement of organ system. Results A total of 1005 ADEs were reported among 513 recipients. The majority of the ADEs (46.26%) were reported from 18–64 years, were males and reported spontaneously. Around 80%, 20%, and 64% were serious, fatal, and administered intravenously, respectively. ‘Injury, Poisoning, and Procedural Complications’ remain as highest (35%) among categorized ADEs. Neutropenia, hypofibrinogenemia were common hematological ADEs. The above 64 years was found to have significantly lower odds than of below 45 years. In comparison, those in the European Region have substantially higher odds compared to the Region of Americas. Conclusion Neutropenia, superinfections, reactivation of latent infections, hepatitis, and cardiac abnormalities were common ADEs observed that necessitate proper monitoring and reporting.