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In agro-ecosystems, Trichoderma species are beneficial microorganisms that improve soil health and crop development. They form mutualistic endophytic relationships with a wide range of plant species, promoting host growth, protecting against pathogen attack, and improving micro-and macronutrient uptake and use efficiency. As a result, they should be promoted because they have the potential to improve agricultural sustainability while reducing the use of harmful chemicals in agriculture. This review provides an overview of the current and potential applications of Trichoderma species for sustainable agriculture, their beneficial roles and how they can be used to boost plant growth and crop yield.

With the increased use of herbicides, there is a need for proper management practices and protective measures in the use of herbicides by the farmers in the flood plains of Dundaye district. A study was carried out on the flood plains of Dundaye along Rivers Sokoto and Rima. Ninety (90) respondents were selected randomly for the study with the aim to obtain information on the demographic characteristics, types of herbicides used, common weeds and crops cultivated, basic rules of herbicide application and impact of herbicides on environment and health. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that farmers were able to identify variety of grasses and broadleaved weeds common in the area. Common herbicides used by the farmers were Atrazine, Primextra and Dual. Majority (68.88%) of the farmers sourced their herbicide from the market. Though farmers had experience in farming and herbicide application, yet there is the need for proper guidance on the application and management of pesticides. The major problem raised by the farmers was the cost involved in the purchase of herbicides. From this study, it was concluded that farmers utilised herbicide but more education and enlightenment on management of herbicides and the use of preventive measures is required in the area.

In recent years, much attention has been directed toward using nanoparticles (NPs) as one of the most effective strategies to improve plant growth, especially under salt stress conditions. Further research has been conducted to develop NPs using various chemical ways; accordingly, knowledge about the beneficial effect of bioSeNPs in rapeseed is obscure. Selenium (Se) is a vital micronutrient with a series of physiological and antioxidative properties. Seed priming is emerging as a low-cost, efficient, and environment-friendly seed treatment in nanotechnology. The current study was carried out to examine the promising effects of nanopriming via bioSeNPs on the expression level of aquaporin genes, seed microstructure, seed germination, growth traits, physiochemical attributes, and minerals uptake of two rapeseed cultivars under salinity stress conditions. Our investigation monitored the positive effects of bioSeNPs on the expression level of aquaporin genes (BnPIP1-1 and BnPIP2-1) and water uptake during the seed imbibition (4 and 8 h of priming), which indicated higher imbibition potential and germination promotion with bioSeNPs application (most effective at 150 μmol/L). The total performance index was significantly enhanced with nano-treatments in rapeseed seedlings. Collectively, nano-application improved seed microstructure, seed germination, and photosynthetic efficiency directly correlated with higher seedlings biomass, especially with a higher concentration of bioSeNPs. The enhancement in α-amylase and free amino acid contents in nanoprimed seeds resulted in rapid seed germination. Moreover, bioSeNPs increased the osmotic adjustment and enhanced the efficiency of the plant's defense system by improving the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, thus enhancing ROS scavenging under salt stress. The obtained results may indicate the strengthening of seed vigor, improving seedling growth and physiochemical attributes via bioSeNPs. Our findings displayed that bioSeNPs modulated the Na

The study assessed the Global Risk Factors (GRFs) affecting performance of Nigerian construction firms, with a view to identifying the most severe and appropriate risk response techniques. In order to achieve this aim, the severity of GRF across different categories of firms, and the risk response techniques most suitable for each GRF were examined. A total of 105 questionnaires were administered out of which a total of 49 were fully completed and returned. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data collected using Likert scales, while Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the similarities/differences in the views of different categories of construction firms. The findings show that most construction firms consider payment delays (mean = 2.65), poor project scope (mean = 2.40) and inadequate design information (mean = 2.39) as the most severe GRF affecting the performance of Nigeria construction firms. It was also discovered that, despite the high likelihood and impact of GRF such as; payment delays, design changes, and inflation/bank Interest rates amongst others, most firms still opted to “accept” them. On the other hand, poor project scopes, strikes, failure to meet clients need and all factors related to unethical practices were “avoided”, while all legal related risk factors were “mitigated”. It is hoped that these findings will help construction firms in developing countries such as Nigeria to be more aware of the effect of GRF in order to be able to assess them effectively before embarking on construction projects.Keywords: Global Risk Factors, Probabiity-Impact Metrix, Negative Risk, Risk Management, Semi-Quantitative Technique

A new high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the thick and well-exposed Lower Cretaceous rocks of Saudi Arabia has been provided. The studied successions consist mainly of carbonates with minor interbedded siliciclastics, forming the Silayy, Yamamah and Buwaib formations in the study area (north of Ar Riyad city). Based on the integrated sedimentary facies analysis, a relative sea-level curve for the Berriasian–Valanginian interval has been established, including stacking pattern of the different facies cycles. Two transgressive–regressive facies cycles have been identified and documented in the studied sections. The first cycle started during the middle Berriasian (∼143 Ma), comprising the Silayy and Yamamah formations. It terminated at the Yamamah–Buwaib formational contact during the early Valanginian (∼138 Ma), characterized by a friable brownish ferruginous sandstone bed at the base of the Buwaib Formation. The second transgressive–regressive cycle encompasses the entire lower Valanginian Buwaib Formation. A major unconformity surface formed during the early late Valanginian (∼136 Ma), marking the end of the second cycle and characterized by a distinctive hardground condensation. The correlation and dating of the recognized cycles, identified in central Saudi Arabia, shows a contemporaneity to equivalent surfaces globally and thus strongly supports an isochronous formation of Berriasian–Valanginian facies cycles by eustatic sea-level changes.

The start of Nile-type trans-Saharan drainage systems in NE Africa during the Cenozoic is disputed. Stratigraphical and sedimentological data in Egypt are partly in conflict with the uplift history of potential source areas of water and sediment in East Africa. Here, we investigate outcrops of the Wadi Awatib Conglomerate in Sudan that provide the first evidence of northerly flowing Neogene rivers in the region. Dimension and relief of basal erosion surfaces, overall geometry of deposits and palaeocurrent indicators demonstrate that the deposits represent the fill of northward-oriented incised valleys. The conglomerates were deposited in deep gravel-bed rivers, by hyperconcentrated flows, tractions carpets and gravel bars, primarily during heavily sediment-laden floods of probably monsoonal origin. Stratigraphical and geomorphological relationships show that the deposits are between Eocene and Pliocene in age. Considering the structural history of the region and periods in the Cenozoic with palaeoclimatic conditions suitable for the production and transport of gravels, we hypothesize that the dramatic base-level fall during the Late Miocene Messinian salinity crisis in combination with a favorable palaeoclimate caused the incision of valleys and their subsequent filling with conglomerates. Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea and headward erosion of streams that were connected to the Egyptian Nile might have been the primary cause of valley incision and deposition of conglomerates, despite a location far inland from the coastline. We suggest that the deposits document a relatively young Neogene (Messinian to early Pliocene) trans-Saharan river system unrelated to uplift of the Ethiopian Plateau.

This research article is a field-oriented facies analysis of Quaternary fluvial sediments of the ephemeral braided stream Khor Eit, located on the Sudanese Red Sea coast north of Port Sudan town. Although these sediments represent the main groundwater aquifers of the Red Sea coast of the Sudan, they have attracted less geoscientific attention. The present study is intended to fill part of this gap. Eleven fluvial facies were identified: three gravel facies, six sand facies and two mud facies. Based on the downstream geomorphic variation and systematic changes in the facies distribution, the study divides the Khor Eit into a proximal, middle and distal part. The high-energy flow regime in the proximal part is reflected in a characteristic fluvial facies association of channelized, sheet-like and erosive channelized gravel bodies and horizontally stratified gravels of the gravel bars. In the middle part, where the general slope becomes gentler, the facies display distinct fining-upwards dominated by scour-fill facies associations and elongated sheet-like interlayered sand dominated bodies. The fluvial sedimentation in the distal part is characterized by sheet-flood, and low-water accretionary deposits of thin interlayered sand and mud, and the mud drape facies associations. The analysis of the sedimentary architectural elements of the Khor Eit identified six major architectural elements: Gravel bars and bedforms (GB), Channels (CH), Sediment gravity flows (SG), Sandy bedforms (SB), Laminated sand sheets (LS) and Overbank fines (FF). Factors controlling sedimentation processes in the study area (rainfall, morphological aspects and vegetation cover) have been discussed. Identification and detailed documentation of the different fluvial facies types, facies associations the and the study of their lateral and vertical changes downstream allow the construction of a fluvial facies model for khor Eit.

The use of the adjacency matrix of a graph as a generator matrix for some classes of binary codes had been reported and studied. This paper concerns the utilization of the stable variety of Cayley regular graphs of odd order for efficient interconnection networks as studied, in the area of Codes Generation and Analysis. The Use of some succession scheme in the construction of a stable variety of the Cayley regular graph had been considered. We shall enumerate the adjacency matrices of the regular Cayley graphs so constructed which are of odd order (2m+1), for m≥3 as in [1]. Next, we would show that the Matrices are cyclic and can be used in the generation of cyclic codes of odd lengths.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of inoculants-treated soybean residues (ITSR) on nutrient intake and digestibility of Uda sheep. A twelve weeks (12) feeding trial was conducted using thirty-five (35) Uda rams which were allotted to diets as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 having 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% inclusion levels of ITSR respectively, in a completely randomized design. The findings of the study revealed that the values obtained for nutrient intake and digestibility were significantly (P

A.A. Ibrahim1, 2, ahmedd20666@gmail.com, E.V. Solomin1, nii-uralmet@mail.ru 1 South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 2 Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq Ибрагим Ахмед Амер, аспирант кафедры «Электрические станции, сети и системы электроснабжения», Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск; Центральный технический университет, г. Багдад, Ирак; ahmedd20666@gmail.com. Соломин Евгений Викторович, д-р техн. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры «Электрические станции, сети и системы электроснабжения», Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск; nii-uralmet@mail.ru. Renewable Energy Sources (like wind energy) minimize the demand for other types of power. Wind energy generation has become a major power in some countries, covering the essential share in the Energy Balance in Holland, Spain, Brazil, Germany, China and others. The construction of new Wind Power causes new challenges for the transmission distribution infrastructure. However, environmentally friendly Renewable Energy has recently become an important part of generation in industrial applications, worth for distributed lines expansion. A significant part of electric machines used in Wind Industry are doubly fed induction motors (DFIM) used as electric generators. They earned the leading market position over the recent decade and continue their run. The machines of this type offer operation stability along with affordable costs. The outstanding technical benefits include the ability for variable speed operation and independent control of reactive and active power. To protect the rotor side converter (RSC) from transient overcurrent during voltage dips, the crowbar circuit protection is usually used. The paper analyzes and investigates the dynamic behavior of the doubly-fed induction motor, back-to-back converter, and the rotor side converter during symmetrical voltage dips using the crowbar protection system with MATLAB/Simulink simulation. In addition, it studies the crowbar circuit affects the diodes, switches, and resistances at the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability enhancement. Возобновляемые источники энергии (такие, например, как энергия ветра) сводят к минимуму потребности в других видах энергоресурсов. Производство энергии ветра достигло значительного уровня во многих странах, например, в Китае, Голландии и Германии. Такой подход требует новых вызовов для распределенных электросетей. Возобновляемая энергия является одной из самых важных для человечества и обычно используется в промышленности благодаря покрытию пиков энергопотребления, не оказывая какого-либо воздействия на окружающую среду. Сегодня асинхронные машины двойного питания (DFIM) являются самыми распространенными на рынке производства электроэнергии за счет ветра. Данные изделия имеют экономически выгодные характеристики для работы в больших диапазонах переменной скорости вращения с независимым регулированием реактивной и активной мощности. Глухое замыкание на землю обычно используется для защиты преобразователя (RSC) со стороны ротора от переход- ных процессов во время падения напряжения. Целью представленной работы является анализ и исследование динамического состояния асинхронного двигателя двойного питания (DFIM), преобразователя встречно-параллельного включения и преобразователя со стороны ротора при симметричных провалах напряжения посредством системы защиты глухим заземлением с помощью программного комплекса MATLAB/Simulink. Кроме того, изучено влияние цепи глухого заземления (диода, переключателя и сопротивления) на повышение проходимости низкого напряжения (LVRT).

In this paper, we aim at utilizing the Cayley tables demonstrated by the Authors[1] in the construction of a Generator/Parity check Matrix in standard form for a Code say C Our goal is achieved first by converting the Cayley tables in [1] using Mod2 arithmetic into a Matrix with entries from the binary field. Echelon Row operations are then performed (carried out) on the matrix in line with existing algorithms and propositions to obtain a matrix say G whose rows spans C and a matrix say H whose rows spans C⊥, the dual code of C, where G and H are given as, G = (Ik | X ) and H= ( -XT | In-k ). The report by Williem (2011) that the adjacency Matrix of a graph can be interpreted as the generator matrix of a Code [3] is in this context extended to the Cayley table which generates matrices from the permutations of points of the AUNU numbers of prime cardinality.

The author had in [1] and based on the report as in [2], established interplay between the adjacency matrices due to Eulerian graphs constructed by the application of AUNU numbers and the generation and analysis of a general linear code. That was achieved by constructing a [5 3 2] -linear code C of size M=8. This paper reviews such a construction of a linear code as in [1] extending the approach to a larger (linear cyclic) code which is a supper code say C1 of the [5 3 2]-linear code C of size M=8, ie C⊆ C1. To achieve this, the generator matrix G as in [1] that generated C is further developed to give a matrix say G1 which now spans a larger linear code C1 of length n=5, dimension K=4 and size M=32. This is attainable by exhausting the cyclic shifts in the rows of the matrix G to give G1. It is then shown through some existing remarks and proven theorems that the linear code generated by G1 is cyclic and has generator polynomial g(x)=1+x.

A study was conducted to investigate the disease incidence and the nutritional storability of cassava roots under different storage condition, Fifty pieces each of two varieties of cassava tubers TMS 30572 and TMS 4(2) 1425 were preserved using four storage methods namely ; Trench (re-burying the cassava roots in trenches and keeping them moist by watering them daily, applying a thick coating of mud, piling the tubers in heaps and a traditionally practiced method, by randomly spreading the tubers orderly . The samples were analysed for carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin C. The weight loss as well as number of diseased tubers were determined, the significant difference was conducted at ( p≤0.05 ). The mean results for the two varieties (TMS 30572 and TMS 4(2) 1425) showing the trend in the nutritional compositions and weight loss were also determined. The level of infestation of disease on the cassava tubers preserved by piling in heaps and mud application for both varieties are very low compared to the trench and the control method. The weight loss for both varieties, irrespective of the storage type is even along the storage period.Keywords: Cassava, Disease, Preserved, storability, Storage.

A compact size and high selective bandpass filter is presented in this paper. The filter is designed to serve at 3.5 GHz with two transmission zeros at 3.35 GHz and 3.85 GHz. The filter is designed as two gap capacitor coupled to two coupled composite right–left handed transmission lines. The coupled lines were designed to demonstrate a zeroth order phase at 3.5 GHz. Also, the transmission zeros were achieved as a consequence of the electrical/magnetic couplings between the two coupled transmission lines. The employed cell, filter design equations are emphasized. The filter S-parameters were extracted based on the circuit model, full wave simulation, and experimental measurements. A good agreement between modeled, simulated, and measured results is achieved. The measured center frequency of the bandpass filter is 3.55 GHz and 100 MHz bandwidth which is suitable for WiMAX applications. Also, the filter has low measured insertion loss which does not exceed 1 dB within passband. Finally, the filter has advantages of compactness (size is 20 3 18 mm2) which is only 50% compared to conventional non-selective one-stage coupled line filter.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of agricultural Extension Methods used in conflict resolutions among pastoralists. A multi – stage proportional random sampling techniques was used for selection of 160 respondents used for the study. The result revealed that 59.38% of respondents claimed they have used truce in their conflict resolution. About 10.63% of the respondents had used tolerance in their conflict resolutions. About 42.5% of the respondents claimed that, farm and home visit extension method use truce to resolveconflict effectively.A significance test was carried out, which reveals that it is significant to use extension methods of farm and home visits, as t – value, 0.01 coefficient of Gp = 0.16 at 1% level of significant. The test also indicates that extension contact used during meetings had its t – value as 1.42, coefficient 676.65 and P – value 0.04 and significant at 1% level. Meaning that agro – pastoralists increased levels of group meeting lead to increase in conflict resolution probably because of group participation through meetings tends to increase ideas in favour of conflict resolutions. The characterization of agricultural extension methods used for conflict resolutions were embodied in social – economic realities of the agro – pastoralists. Even when the extension workers had demonstrated higher level of effectiveness (56.8%) in conflict resolution through their usual contacts with agro – pastoralists, conflict still exists between the agro – pastoralists.Based on the findings, it was recommended that;government should increase the number of well-trained extension workers with capacity for agro – pastoralists conflict resolutions and use of farm and home visits for effective conflict resolutionsby extension workers.

Highly bioturbated beds in small sedimentary outcrops have been reported, for the first time, from two localities near the Gedaref town. The trace-bearing beds are medium-to fine-grained sandstones associated with mudstones, assuming a coarsening upward sequence. The trace fossils were identified as Thalassinoides isp. and Skolithos ichnofacies association namely: Skolithos, Monocraterion, Diplocraterion and Conichnus isp. Based on the aforementioned litho and biofacies associations, the studied sediments might have been deposited in a more distal facies of a fluvial system, most probably in a deltaic environment.

Some further theoretic properties of the scheme called non-deranged permutation Group, especially in relation to Ascent were identified and studied in this paper. This was done by first computations on this scheme using prime numbers. A recursion formula for generating the Ascent number, union of Ascent set, Ascent bottom sum and Ascent top sum was developed and used, these numbers were used to identify theoretic consequences.

The Khor Arbaat basin is the main source of potable water supply for the more than 750,000 inhabitants of Port Sudan, eastern Sudan. The variation in hydraulic conductivity and storage capacity is due to the heterogeneity of the sediments, which range from clay and silt to gravely sand and boulders. The water table rises during the summer and winter rainy seasons; it reaches its lowest level in the dry season. The storage capacity of the Khor Arbaat aquifer is estimated to be 21.75 × 106 m3. The annual recharge through the infiltration of flood water is about 1.93 × 106 m3. The groundwater recharge, calculated as underground inflow at the ‘upper gate’, is 1.33 × 105 m3/year. The total annual groundwater recharge is 2.06 × 106 m3. The annual discharge through underground outflow at the ‘lower gate’ (through which groundwater flows onto the coastal plain) is 3.29 × 105 m3/year. Groundwater discharge due to pumping from Khor Arbaat basin is 4.38 × 106 m3/year on average. The total annual groundwater discharge is about 4.7 × 106 m3. A deficit of 2.6 × 106 m3/year is calculated. Although the total annual discharge is twice the estimated annual recharge, additional groundwater flow from the fractured basement probably balances the annual groundwater budget since no decline is observed in the piezometric levels.