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We consider non-derivatives of the holophrastic type (holofrasemes), which are reduced to a generalized word-formation model «S1 + zhe/zh + S2». The relevance of the study is due to the noticeable productivity of this model in the informal segment of the Runet — a dynamically developing system that clearly reflects many active processes in the Russian national language and is capable of influencing the speech practice of native speakers in other communicative environments. Various approaches to understanding the method of creating the considered non-derivatives are indicated, as well as to the interpretation of the term “holophrasis”. Particular attention is paid to the lexemes yazhemat and onizhedeti, that have become entrenched in the Internet discourse, which can be regarded as the conceptual and structural basis of the model under consideration. The novelty of the research is seen in the detailed typologization of holophrasemes — the model representatives on a number of structural and functional-semantic grounds. The types of such units are presented by objects and grounds of nomination, by the degree of connectivity of the components. Varieties of the generalized model are given, distinguished by the morphological (and in some cases, syntactic) expression of the producing units; groups of structural and semantic anomalies accompanying the creation of holophrastic derivatives are considered. The questions about the inclusion of holophrasemes in derivational processes as producing words, as well as about the morphemization of components like yazhe, tyzhe are touched upon.

For LGBQ employees, the disclosure and management of sexual identity in the workplace are likely to cause additional identity work. In this paper, we explore how such identity work is undertaken collectively by gays and lesbians on internet forums. Drawing on the literature on discursive identity work and social media affordances, we conduct a netnographic study of two internet forums, and analyse the ways in which these forums enable gay and lesbian employees’ identity work and guide their identity management processes. Overall, our study advances knowledge on sexual identity disclosure and management in three main ways. First, by shifting the focus from the identity disclosure accounts of individual gay and lesbian employees to online peer discussions around the topic, it sheds light on the broader context of identity management beyond the workplace. Second, our findings elucidate particular types of collaborative identity work – consulting, legitimating and questioning identity work – enabled by the affordance of interactivity of internet forums that inform and guide gays and lesbians’ identity management practices in organisations. Third, we identify and elaborate on specific discursive identity threats – the ‘falsehood’, ‘incoherence’, ‘exaggeration’ and ‘outdatedness’ of identity – which gay and lesbian employees are likely to encounter when reflecting on and performing specific identity management strategies, such as concealing or revealing their sexual orientation at work.

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency and clinical correlates of users of an Internet drug forum who changed their alcohol use during the March–May 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in France. Methods: An anonymous Internet-based cross-sectional survey during the COVID-19 lockdown was used via messages on a French Internet drug forum. Participants reported any increase in their alcohol consumption during the lockdown. Alcohol craving and depressive/anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Obsessive and Compulsive Drinking scale (OCDS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Results: Of 1310 respondents, 974 (79% of 1270) participants reported alcohol use before lockdown. During the lockdown, 405 participants (41.6%; IC95 (38.5–44.7)) reported an increase. Odds of an increase in alcohol consumption was higher for those with HADS scores higher than 7 (aOR: 2.19; p = 0.00002), OCDS scores greater than 7 (aOR: 3.50; p < 0.001), and daily psychostimulant use (aOR: 1.85; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Users of an Internet drug forum who reported high levels of depressive symptoms, high levels of alcohol craving, and the use of psychostimulants were more likely to increase alcohol consumption during a COVID-19 lockdown.

What is the effect of a life‐threatening pandemic at the societal level? An expanded Theory of Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development predicts that, during a period of increasing survival threat and decreasing prosperity, humans will shift toward the psychology and behavior typical of the small‐scale, collectivistic, and rural subsistence ecologies in which we evolved. In particular, subjective mortality salience, engagement in subsistence activities, and collectivism will all increase, while the aspiration to be wealthy will decrease. Because coronavirus has forced unprecedented proportions of human activity online, we tested hypotheses derived from the theory by analyzing big data samples for 70 days before and 70 days after the coronavirus pandemic stimulated President Trump to declare a national emergency. Google searches were used for an exploratory study; the exploratory study was followed by three independent replications on Twitter, internet forums, and blogs. Across all four internet platforms, terms related to subjective mortality salience, engagement in subsistence activities, and collectivism showed massive increases. These findings, coupled with prior research testing this theory, indicate that humans may have an evolutionarily conditioned response to the level of death and availability of material resources in society. More specifically, humans may shift their behavior and psychology toward that found in subsistence ecologies under conditions of high mortality and low prosperity or, conversely, toward behavior and psychology found in modern commercial ecologies under conditions of low mortality and high prosperity.

In today’s society, digital media play an increasing role in gathering and exchanging information. A growing part of communication takes place in the Internet and many people are increasingly influenced by information provided via digital and social media. Development of critical media literacy is needed, if the general public is expected to effectively deal with this flood of information and to become able to distinguish between correct and false information sources. Thus, critical media education becomes an important aim of education in general, and of chemistry education in particular when considering questions directly related to chemistry and its associated consumer products or technologies. The article describes a curriculum development case study investigating the integration of media education with chemistry learning along the case of learning with and about Internet forums on the topic of water chemistry. A unit integrating theoretical and practical chemistry learning based on student communication is described, which is built around a digital forum operated by Moodle. The unit design and findings from the implementation are presented.

För människor uppstår det ofta problem vid behandling och organisering av stora mängder information. Detta ledde i slutet på 90-talet till att automatiserad textkategorisering började utvecklas. Sedan dess har tillväxten av sociala medier och sociala nätverk på internet ökat explosionsartat. Det senaste årtiondet har en betydande mängd forskning gjorts inom automatiserad textkategorisering. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad som kan påverka hur general-purpose-verktyg för attitydanalys bedömer kommentarer från ett internet- forum. 240 kommentarer samlades in från sex olika forumtrådar på internetforumet Reddit. Attitydanalys utfördes på dessa kommentarer med hjälp av fyra general-purpose-verktyg, och verktygens bedömningar jämfördes sedan med en människas bedömning av samma kommentarer. Genom studien framkom ett antal faktorer som kan ha påverkat hur verktygen bedömde kommentarerna. En faktor var längden på en kommentar: verktygen TextBlob och MeaningCloud hade högre överensstämmelse med människan för korta kommentarer, medan Free Sentiment Analyzer och MonkeyLearn hade högre överensstämmelse för långa kommentarer. Vad en kommentar kategoriserats som var också en faktor: verktygen hade högre överensstämmelse med människan gällande kommentarer som inte tillhörde kategorier jämfört med kommentarer som tillhörde minst en kategori. When processing and organizing large amounts of information, people tend to encounter problems. This led to the development of automated text categorization in the late 1990s. Since then, the growth of social media and social networks on the Internet has increased exponentially. Over the last decade a substantial amount of research has been conducted on the subject of automated text categorization. The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors may affect how general-purpose tools for sentiment analysis assess attitudes expressed on Internet forums. 240 comments were collected from six different forum threads on the Internet forum Reddit. Sentiment analysis was performed on these comments using four general-purpose tools, and the tools' assessments were then compared with a human’s assessments of the same comments. A number of factors were identified that may have affected how the tools assessed the comments. One factor was the comment length: TextBlob and MeaningClouds assessments were more congruent with the human’s assessments regarding short comments, while Free Sentiment Analyzer and MonkeyLearns assessments were more congruent regarding long comments. Another factor was the categories associated with a comment: all tools had higher congruence with the human’s assessments regarding comments that were not assigned to a category compared to comments that fit the criteria for at least one category.

Studien undersöker föräldrars syn på problematiskt spelande hos barn och ungdomar och därigenom vilka aspekter föräldrar anser problematiska samt vilka strategier de anser centrala i hanteringen av fenomenet. Ovanstående syfte besvaras med hjälp av teorin om disciplinering samt teorin om problembarnet och det goda föräldraskapet. Dokumentstudien, som utgörs av en innehållsanalys av diskussionsforum på nätet, utmynnade i teman kring förväntningar på föräldrarollen och föräldrars relation till barnet, barnets ansvar över vardagslivet samt barnets utveckling. Studien påvisar en förändring i föräldrars definition av problematiskt spelande mellan två olika tidsnedslag. Skillnaden innebär att barn inom det senare tidsnedslaget har kommit att ses mer som aktörer kring spelande, vilket även gjorde att föräldrars reglering blev mer liberal. Vidare skedde även en förändring i synen på spelande som aktivitet eftersom detta normaliserades i det senare tidsnedslaget samtidigt som spelproblematik sågs mer som en sjukdom. Slutligen kunde föräldrars syn på spelproblematik härledas till föreställningar om gott föräldraskap och normala barn, vilka bestämdes utifrån interaktioner mellan föräldrar på diskussionsforumen. Dessa fynd belyser vikten av att föräldrars syn och hantering av spelproblematik blir fortsatt beforskade för att bättre kunna hantera en komplex problematik hos barn och unga i framtiden.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur incels talar om våld, vilken betydelse våld har för incel-kulturen och incels identitetsskapande. Incels är ett relativt nytt fenomen, som ägnats mer uppmärksamhet i samband med ett antal våldsamma incel-attacker under 2010-talet. Attackerna har riktat sig mot civilsamhället, och har enligt Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) ofta föregåtts av att gärningsmannen spenderat tid på incel-forum (2020, s. 1). Denna iakttagelse om korrelationen mellan incelforum och incel-attacker föranledde utförandet av den här studien. Studiens material utgörs av 511 inlägg från våldsrelaterade diskussionstrådar på hemsidorna incels.net och incels.is, vilka undersöktes med en kvalitativ analys av meningsinnehåll. Resultatet visade att inlägg av våldsbejakande karaktär var mycket vanligt förekommande. Resultatet visade även att teman som kvinnohat, offerskap och icke-våldsbejakande ofta återkom. Det teoretiska ramverket för studien har varit en triangulering av Agnews teori om General strain, Connells maskulinitetsteori och Goffmans teori om stigma. Utifrån dessa teorier kan våldsbejakande diskurs förstås som en hantering av strain, ett iscensättande av maskulinitet och en reaktion på stigma. Resultatet i den här studien bekräftar till stor del tidigare forskning på incels, men det går att konstatera att ytterligare forskning krävs för att förstå varför incels är våldsbejakande, och vilken betydelse internetforum har för incel-kulturen och incel-attacker., The aim of this study was to examine in what way incels discuss violence, as well as how significant violence is for the incel-culture and their identity. Incels are a relatively new phenomenon, which has been more closely examined following recent attacks perpetrated by incels. The attacks have been aimed at civilians, and according to the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), these attacks have often been preceded by the perpetrator spending time on incel forums (2020). This observation regarding the correlation between incel forums and incel attacks inspired the approach of this study, which aims to shed light on how incels talk about violence, and what role violence plays within the online incel community. The empirical material for this study consisted of 511 posts made on violence related threads from the websites incels.net and incels.is. The study applied qualitative analysis of data to examine the research questions, and the result showed that pro-violence was a common theme within the material. The result also showed that misogyny, feelings of injustice and anti-violence were recurring themes. Agnew’s General strain theory, Connell’s theory of masculinity and Goffman’s theory of stigma was used as a theoretical framework to analyse the material. Using these theories, the study explains the identified themes as coping strategies for strain, attempted staging of masculinity and a reaction to stigma. The results in this study confirm previous research made on the subject, but more research is needed to fully understand the ways incels talk about violence and the significance of violence within the incel community.

В статье представлены результаты исследования, направленного на определение проблем реальной жизни студентов, решения которых они ищут в виртуальном мире. В качестве метода использовался анализ содержания обсуждений на студенческих форумах, который показал, что студентов волнуют темы, связанные с экономической стороной обучения, здоровьем, межличностными отношениями и др. Выявлены сходство и различие в подходе к затронутым темам российских и польских студентов., The article presents the results of a study in which it was attempted to identify the real problems of students, solutions to which they are looking for in the virtual world. An analysis of the content of discussions at student forums was used as a method, which showed that students are concerned with topics related to the economic side of education, health, interpersonal relationships, etc. The similarities and differences in the approach to the topics covered by Russian and Polish students were revealed., ВЕСТНИК МОСКОВСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. СЕРИЯ: ПЕДАГОГИКА И ПСИХОЛОГИЯ, Выпуск 1 (55) 2021

В статье представлены результаты исследования, в котором была сделана попытка определить проблемы реальной жизни студентов, решения которых они ищут в виртуальном мире. В качестве метода использовался анализ содержания обсуждений на студенческих форумах, который показал: студентов волнуют темы, связанные с экономической стороной обучения, здоровьем, межличностными отношениями и т.д. Выявлены сходство и различие в подходе к затронутым темам российских и польских студентов., The article presents the results of a study in which it was attempted to identify the real problems of students, solutions to which they are looking for in the virtual world. An analysis of the content of discussions at student forums was used as a method, which showed that students are concerned with topics related to the economic side of education, health, interpersonal relationships, etc. The similarities and differences in the approach to the topics covered by Russian and Polish students were revealed.

Статья посвящена изучению доверия посетителей интернет-форумов к высшему образованию. Автором описывается специфика интернет-форумов как средства коммуникации и как источника информации для социологического исследования. В статье представлены результаты исследования, проведенного методом контент-анализа сообщений посетителей интернет-форумов о высшем образовании. В результате этого исследования автором сделан основной вывод о том, что уровень доверия к высшему образованию, который выявляется у посетителей интернет-форумов, напрямую зависит от специфики этого средства коммуникации. Ведь посетители форумов часто пользуются анонимностью, чтобы выплеснуть агрессию или сделать нелицеприятные заявления. Отсюда сообщения участников интернет-форумов чаще всего имеют негативную окраску., The article is devoted to the study of the trust of Internet forum users in higher education. The author describes the specifics of Internet forums as a means of communication and as a source of information for sociological research. The article presents the results of a study conducted by the content analysis method of messages from users of Internet forums about higher education. As a result of this research, the author made the main conclusion that the level of trust in higher education, which is revealed among visitors to Internet forums, directly depends on the specifics of this means of communication. After all, forum users often use anonymity to vent aggression or make unpleasant statements. Hence, messages from Internet forums are often negative., ВЕСТНИК СУРГУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, Выпуск 5 (68) 2021, Pages 217-227

Jōshiki‘common sense’ is a common keyword on the internet advice forum Hatsugen Komachi, butit is not immediately apparent why it appears so frequently. One reason may be that it plays a centralpart in the legitimization of actions. Although often seen as an important aspect of political discourse,legitimization is also a common part of everyday life whenever individuals commit acts not approvedby others, or assert views not supported by others. By providing users with anonymity and the abilityto connect with a wide number and range of people, Hatsugen Komachi can be a prime location topursue legitimization. Jōshiki appears to play a part in this as making appeals to it—and its negative,hijōshiki—allows posters to position themselves as rational individuals, one of Reyes’s （2011） fivelegitimization strategies. Detailed analysis of core posts using（ hi）jōshiki to describe either the posteror other individuals suggests that when successful, such strategies go largely unnoticed, but canbecome subject to criticism when consensus is not gained, reflecting Ishii’s（ 2001） insight that thingsassumed to be common sense are under-analyzed, and those not, stand out., 「常識」は、電子掲示板の発言小町で頻繁に出現するキーワードの一つだが、本論では、その理由の一つとして、「非常識」への訴えが行動の正当化に働くことにあると主張する。他者によって認められない行動や発話をするときに正当化を行う必要があるが、発言小町の投稿の談話分析を通し、多数不特定の利用者がいる匿名の電子掲示板が正当化を行うのに最適であることを示す。その際に、「常識」またはその反対語の「非常識」への訴えがことに有効である。なぜならば、「（非）常識」への訴えを通し、投稿者が理性のある持ち主として自らの位置付けが行えるため、理性への喚起による正当化ストラテジー（Reyes, 2011）に属すると考えられるからである。実際に、「（非）常識」で投稿者本人または他者を描写する投稿の詳細な分析を経て、「（非）常識」への訴えが成功するとき、ストラテジーであること自体が気付かれずに済むことが多いが、合意が得られず、正当化として不成立するとき、「（非）常識」への訴え自体に対する批判も見られることが明らかになる。「常識」なものが当然とされるのに対し、そうではないものが顕著に感じられる傾向（石井，2001）の結果として解釈できる。

Due to the high stigma surrounding the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), people living with HIV (PLWH) often reach out peers over the Internet for emotional and social support. The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of PLWH who use HIV internet forums. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey investigating demographic characteristics of PLWH, level of satisfaction of the HIV Internet forums, time living with HIV, forum users' anxiety levels, self-reported adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART), and reasons for missing pills (n = 222). Logistic regression models were constructed to compare the use of general HIV forums with social networking sites, general HIV forums with group emails, and social networking sites with group emails. Two hundred and twenty-two patients responded to the survey. Social networking sites were used by recently diagnosed PLWH who were on antiretroviral treatment (ART) > 1 year. Young patients (≤ 40 years) and those diagnosed 40 years), those diagnosed > 5 years, and from low- and middle-income countries, were more likely to use emailing lists. There was no significant difference between PLWH's adherence to treatment and anxiety levels and the usage of different Internet forums. PLWH's Internet resource choice varied depending on the availability of Internet and illness duration. Different segments of the population could be reached via social networking sites versus group emails to provide HIV information., Highlights • People who use social networking sites are more likely to be recently diagnosed. • Users with limited access to Internet are more likely to use support group emails. • Different internet technologies are used by users with different characteristics.

AIM Traumatic experiences in childhood are pervasive and associated with a range of deleterious mental health outcomes. Despite this, trauma-exposed young people often do not seek help from mental health services. While barriers to care for general mental health concerns are well established, less is known about those specifically facing young people who have experienced trauma. The present paper sought to examine the barriers in seeking mental health care faced by trauma-exposed young people through a qualitative analysis of online forums where individuals discuss and seek informal support for trauma. METHODS This study used a qualitative, netnographic design, following the six-step LiLEDDa framework, developed for the analysis of online forums. Posts about trauma written in 2016 from five Internet forums targeting young people were included and analysed via thematic analysis. RESULTS Barriers to mental health care for trauma-exposed young people were categorized into two interrelated themes: (a) structural and (b) relational barriers. Structural barriers related to practical challenges faced when accessing and engaging with mental health services. Relational barriers focused on interpersonal relationships with mental health service providers and how these influenced experiences of, and consequent engagement with, services. CONCLUSIONS Trauma-exposed young people appear to experience multiple barriers to mental health care, whereby interactions between structural and relational barriers determine ongoing engagement. Service-wide reform including trauma-informed mental health training for practitioners is urgently needed to improve access to care and engagement for this vulnerable group.

Students today are increasingly engaged in the use of digital information and communication technologies. The Internet continues to grow and more and more young people are using it worldwide. Educational practices, however, have been slow to adapt to the corresponding developments. For example, Internet forums are generally ignored in most educational practices, including chemistry education, although they are often used to find new information by everyday people. The question therefore arises: Why are such media not used to provoke and promote science or chemistry teaching and learning, while simultaneously developing critical scientific media literacy? To understand how the younger generation learns via Internet forums, this article looks at a survey of Internet forum usage behavior by lower and upper secondary school students (age range 12&ndash, 17) in relation to chemistry-specific content. The findings are then contrasted with an analysis of user behavior. The final analysis revealed that students are open and critical when using Internet forums, even though such learning is mostly unconnected to formal education. These results can inform science and chemistry teaching by focusing teaching and learning more on Internet forums in order to employ them as an educational medium in science class.

The internet is increasingly being used as a source of health advice and information by individuals with long term conditions (LTCs). Specifically, online forums allow people to interact with others with similar conditions. However, it is not clear how online health information is assessed by those with LTCs. This study aims to address this gap by exploring how individuals with contested and uncontested LTCs utilise internet forums. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants with ME/CFS and 21 participants with type 1 and 2 diabetes and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants were recruited via online and offline routes, namely forums, email lists, newsletters, and face-to-face support groups. The findings indicate that the use of online forums was a complex and nuanced process and was influenced by a number of individual and illness-specific factors. Participants trusted those with similar experiences and perspectives as themselves, while also valuing conventional biomedical information and advice. By accessing support online, forum users were able to draw on a personalised form of support based on the lived experiences of their peers. However, the role of digital literacy in developing and maintaining online relationships must be acknowledged., Highlights • The use of online forums by individuals with LTCs is a complex and nuanced process. • Participants trust those with similar experiences and perspectives as themselves. • Users can access a personalised form of support based on the experiences of peers. • Role of digital literacy in developing online relationships must be acknowledged.

Introduction The new psychoactive substance (NPS) scene attracts people with various needs and motives. NPS, so-called designer drugs, for many seem to be the answer to what contemporary reality brings. The aim of the article is to present a typology of users and to present their views on the NPS. Methods The study used a mixed method using qualitative and quantitative approach. A survey with 1385 users of NPS was conducted online and the analysis of the two largest Polish internet forums: “hyperreal.info” and “dopalamy.com” was done. Within the qualitative analysis carried out according to the principles of grounded theory over 1000 posts were analysed relating to ten most popular NPS from three different groups: stimulants (mostly synthetic cathinones), psychedelics and synthetic cannabinoids. Results The study showed that the motives, context of use, style of language as well as expected effects of NPS are differentiating factors among users. Basing on these factors, in the process of qualitative analysis of Internet forums six different types of users were distinguished: 1) experts and scientists, 2) experimenters, 3) kamikaze, 4) newcomers, 5) supermen and 6) empathic party goers. Within each of the groups of NPS (stimulants, psychedelics, synthetic cannabinoids) the users of different types are dominant.

The aim of the present paper is to discuss metaphorical constructions, based on fi gurative uses of words, in informal Polish in the fi eld of computers and the Inter-net. The study is based on the author’s own corpus, compiled on the basis of short informal texts (entries, posts) written on 32 selected Internet forums. Altogether, the corpus consists of 1,541,449 words. The paper, as the title suggests, focuses on one metaphorical formula, i.e. COMPUTERSAREBUILDINGS. The metaphors which can be subsumed under this heading belong to the most frequent in the corpus (along-side a different type, i.e. COMPUTERSAREHUMANS). They are discussed within the cognitive framework, as introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Some attention will also be devoted to the possible infl uence of English upon Polish metaphorical constructions used in the area of computers and the Internet.

В современном мире все большее влияние на жизнь общества оказывают интернет-ресурсы. Существует множество форумов, посвященных медицинской тематике, на которых пациенты могут активно взаимодействовать, обсуждать заболевания, медицинские препараты, качество оказываемых врачами медицинских услуг, делиться опытом. В рамках данной статьи были рассмотрены психиатрические интернетфорумы, проанализированы лексические особенности коммуникации «пациент-пациент» в рамках указанных форумов., The article deals with Internet resources in psychiatric practice. In the modern world, Internet resources are increasingly influencing society. There are many forums on medical topics, in which patients can actively interact, discuss diseases, medications, quality of medical services provided by doctors, and share experience. This article focuses on psychiatric Internet forums, analyzes lexical features of patient-patient communication within the framework of the above forums.

We run an experiment with users of internet message boards. We find that forum users cooperate more with partners of their own forum than with partners from a different forum but they are equally altruistic when they made a gift to a partner of their forum or from another one. We also find that individuals are more active in the forums, the more altruistic they are; however, we find no relation between activity in the forum and cooperation. These results suggest that the public good provided in internet forums is mainly provided by a group of unconditional altruistic group of users, and that the feeling of community supports the cooperation in that provision.

The majority of people uses Internet every day to acquire needed information. A wide range of information regarding mental health can be found on the Internet and there are various ways of communication, one of them are Internet forums. Internet forums have become the source of information for any health or psycho- social problem. Participation and communication in the forums are anonymous, which greatly contributes to honest and immediate communication, especially on sensitive topics such as mental illness. The aim of this study was to examine the motives for using depression Internet forums in Croatia. The study sample consists of 297 user-generated posts on the largest Croatian depression Internet sub-forum over a period of one year, analysed using qualitative methodology-grounded theory. The results showed that the majority of depression Internet forums user in Croatia use Internet forums to receive emotional support from others with the same illness. Other important reasons were to exchange information about medications, symptoms and prognosis of the illness. Users of depression Internet forums in Croatia, mostly use those forums to receive emotional support from others with the same ill-ness. For some of the users, Internet forums are the first place where they seek help to cope with symptoms of depression. Because of this reason, Internet forums could be used to detect untreated individuals who could then be provided earlier with psychiatric treatment.

Objetivo: Analizar de forma cualitativa las representaciones acerca del consumo recreativo de marihuana disponibles en idioma español en usuarios de foros de internet. Metodología: Se utilizó un enfoque de análisis cualitativo de contenido para explorar comentarios sobre experiencias de consumo recreativo en foros de discusión virtuales. Se incluyeron foros en idioma español con un número mínimo de 30 participantes entre los 18 y 40 años, escritos en la última década. El material extractado se procesó y analizó con estrictos parámetros para garantizar confiabilidad y validez interna. Resultados: Las representaciones más frecuentes alrededor del consumo recreativo de marihuana se encontraron dentro de dos categorías principales. La percepción general de riesgo que involucra los temas de salud-enfermedad, la relación con otras sustancias, y el control o descontrol en relación con el consumo. Y la categoría de motivaciones que se divide en motivaciones individuales y sociales. Discusión: A la luz de los resultados de esta investigación, se aprecia la necesidad de que los profesionales de la salud y de apoyo psicosocial comprenda la complejidad de las representaciones sociales que sustentan el consumo de marihuana y de esta forma encuentren nuevas maneras de aproximarse a los consumidores. Así mismo, permitir, la necesidad de creación de nuevas herramientas en el campo virtual que permitan ampliar la comprensión de las personas consumidoras y lograr hacer menos distante la interrelación clínico-paciente mejorando la calidad y asertividad de los procesos psicoeducativos y de tratamiento integral. Objective: The aim of the current study was was to use qualitative content analysis to examine the representations about recreational marijuana use, available in Spanish language on an Internet-mediated discussion fórum. Methodology: This study was conducted using a qualitative content analysis methodology to to examine messages posted on an online-moderated discussion forum about experiences of recreational marijuana use. We included forums in Spanish language with a minimum number of 30 participants beteween the ages of 18 and 40 years, written in the last decade. The extracted material was processed and analyzed with strict parameters to guarantee reliability and internal validity. Results: The most frequent representations about the recreational use of marijuana were found within two main categories. The general perception of risk that involves health-disease issues, the relationship with other substances, and control or lack of control in relation to marijuana use. And the category of motivations which was divided into individual and social motivations. Discussion: In light of the results of this research, we appreciate the need for health professionals and psychosocial support agents, to understand the complexity of the social representations which maintain the use of marijuana, and thus find new ways of approaching the consumers. As well as it may enable, the creation of new tools in the virtual field to expand the understanding of consumers and achieve less distant clinical-patient interrelation improving the quality and assertiveness of psychoeducational processes and comprehensive treatment. 2019-12-15 01:01:01: Script de automatizacion de embargos. info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2019-12-14

The aim of the paper is to explore metaphorical expressions used in informal Polish in the area of computers and the Internet. The study is based on a corpus, compiled and analyzed by the present author; the corpus consists of short informal texts (entries) taken from Polish Internet message boards devoted to computers and the Internet. Altogether, the corpus comprises around 1,500,000 words. The metaphors found in the corpus will be discussed within the cognitive framework. Special attention will be devoted to one of the most frequent conceptual metaphors found in the corpus, namely COMPUTERS ARE HUMANS, or, to be more precise, BADLY WORKING COMPUTER IS A SICK PERSON. Some place will also be devoted to the infl uence of English on metaphorical expressions (in the domain of computers and the Internet) in Polish.

ObjectiveTo explore the barriers and facilitators to inhaled asthma treatment in adolescents with asthma.DesignQualitative analysis of posts about inhaler treatment in adolescents from an online forum for people with asthma. Analysis informed by the Perceptions and Practicalities Approach.ParticipantsFifty-four forum participants (39 adolescents ≥16 years, 5 parents of adolescents, 10 adults with asthma) identified using search terms ‘teenager inhaler’ and ‘adolescent inhaler’.SettingPosts from adolescents, parents and adults with asthma taking part in the Asthma UK online forum between 2006 and 2016, UK.ResultsPractical barriers reducing the ability to adhere included forgetfulness and poor routines, inadequate inhaler technique, organisational difficulties (such as repeat prescriptions), and families not understanding or accepting their child had asthma. Prompting and monitoring inhaler treatment by parents were described as helpful, with adolescents benefiting from self-monitoring, for example, by using charts logging adherence. Perceptions reducing the motivation to adhere included asthma representation as episodic rather than chronic condition with intermittent need of inhaler treatment. Adolescents and adults with asthma (but not parents) described concerns related to attributed side effects (eg, weight gain) and social stigma, resulting in ‘embarrassment of taking inhalers’. Facilitators to adherence included actively seeking general practitioners’/consultants’ adjustments if problems arose and learning to deal with the side effects and stigma. Parents were instrumental in creating a sense of responsibility for adherence.ConclusionsThis online forum reveals a rich and novel insight into adherence to asthma inhalers by adolescents. Interventions that prompt and monitor preventer inhaler use would be welcomed and hold potential. In clinical consultations, exploring parents’ beliefs about asthma diagnosis and their role in dealing with barriers to treatment might be beneficial. The social stigma of asthma and its role in adherence were prominent and continue to be underestimated, warranting further research and action to improve public awareness of asthma.

Objetivo: El estudio (parte de una investigación más amplia) tiene como objetivo conocer los aspectos constructivos del lenguaje escrito para presentar la violencia de género y su articulación a marcos referenciales, con especial atención a la detección de espacios donde la emergencia del marco específico de género se hace posible. Métodos: A partir de las participaciones en un foro virtual de discusión se realizó un análisis del discurso recurriendo a la herramienta analítica de detección de repertorios interpretativos, con el apoyo del programa Atlas.ti v.6. Resultados: Tras el análisis de las participaciones en el foro identificamos tres repertorios interpretativos fundamentales. En los dos primeros, «La violencia, un síntoma social» y «Todos víctimas», se difumina en gran medida el marco referencial de género, que sin embargo encuentra su principal vía de expresión y confrontación en el tercero, «El péndulo del género». Éste se construye fundamentalmente a partir la crítica de muchos participantes a los efectos de lo que se llama la «discriminación positiva». Conclusiones: Detectamos la dificultad del marco de género, en el contexto de la promulgación y el desarrollo de la Ley Orgánica, para distinguirse del marco de referencia punitivo, que limita la violencia contra las mujeres a un problema interpersonal entre la víctima y el agresor, y ofrece esencialmente la solución de la denuncia y su resultado penal.Objective: This study (which forms part of a broader inquiry) aimed to determine the constructive aspects of the written language to introduce gender-based violence and its articulation in referential frameworks. Special attention was paid to detecting spaces where a gender framework could emerge. Methods: A discourse analysis of contributions to a specific virtual forum was performed using the analytical tool of detecting interpretative repertoires, with the support of the Atlas.ti v.6 program. Results: We identified three main interpretative repertoires. In the first two, "Violence, a social symptom" and "All victims", the gender framework was largely blurred. However, the third repertoire, "The pendulum of gender", was the main route of expression and of confrontation for this framework and was constructed mainly from the criticisms made by many participants of the effects of what is called "positive discrimination". Conclusions: We identified the difficulty of distinguishing the gender framework, in the context of the adoption and development of the law, from the punitive framework. This lack of distinction limits violence against women to an interpersonal problem between the victim and the aggressor, and essentially offers official complaints and their legal outcomes as the solution.

The theme of the diploma thesis is the analysis of the "mother language" on the Czech Internet forums (especially on emimino.cz, baby-cafe.cz, mimibazar.cz). In the theoretical part the author introduces the varieties of the national language. She defines the characteristics, structure and social differentiation of the analysed sociolect. Then she presents the fundamental aspects of human communication and also devotes to the particularities of communication on the Internet. In the practical part she carries out a language analysis of the collected material. She focuses primarily on the lexical means, mainly diminutives, compounds and abbreviations. The aim of the thesis is to present the specific type of expressing and at the same time to contribute to the research of the non-standard Czech language with this study.

Women’s online magazines have been constantly proliferating and increasingly supplanting print publications. Contributing to their success, these sites offer similar content free of change and significantly greater opportunities for interaction – often in the form of discussion forums. However, these interactive spaces are currently disappearing, being replaced by an ever-escalating emphasis upon social network sites (SNSs). This article critically examines this changing model of reader interaction in women’s online magazines, drawing on a study of 68 interviews with industry insiders, forum user-generated content, and a variety of trade material. The analysis demonstrates how the decision to close the forums and embrace SNSs responds to multiple determinants, including a corporate doctrine of control over users’ discourse and outsourcing new modalities of free consumer labour, constituting a new ideal worker-commodity online: “the shareaholic”. This exercise of power has varying levels of success, and potentialities remain for users to exercise some transformative subversion, for example through what the article theorises as “labour of disruption”. Nonetheless, the emergent SNS-based magazine model of reader interaction poses a serious challenge to ongoing celebrations both in the industry and in some scholarly work about an increasingly democratic and user-led digital media ecosystem.

The present study examined the premenstrual dysphoria (PMD) concerns and acts of social support, expressed by individuals in Internet forums related to Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). For 182 posts which had initiated a discussion thread, a content analysis was conducted with respect to six broad categories of concerns related to the experience of PMD: a) interpersonal consequences b) intrapersonal consequences c) functional consequences d) physical symptoms e) diagnostic concerns and f) intervention concerns. Of the posts examined for PMD concerns, women authored 92.9%, men 1.6% and for 5.5% of the posts the sex of the poster could not be determined. The 525 reply posts from the same discussion threads were subsequently content analysed for the presence of four types of social support behaviours: a) emotional support, b) information support c) network support and d) tangible support. The content analysis revealed that 156 (86.3%) of the initial discussion posts contained at least one reference to a PMD related concern. The experience of intrapersonal symptoms and seeking a treatment for PMD were mentioned most frequently. Concern about finding an official diagnostic label for one’s cluster of symptoms was mentioned least frequently. Within the reply messages, the content analysis revealed that, of the 357 (68%) reply posts with one instance of social support, more than half of those messages offered emotional support and information support. Network support was least frequently observed and tangible support was not observed in the reply messages. Results suggested that individuals who post on Internet forums related to PMDD have a variety of concerns related to the experience of having severe premenstrual symptoms that are perceived to be PMDD. Additionally, these online communities are a place where social support is offered primarily in the form of emotional and information support. Implications for interventions, psycho-education and suicidal hotline information offered via the Internet are discussed.

Penggunaan internet di Indonesia berdasarkan pengamatan saya mulai marak pada era akhir tahun 90-an dengan munculnya jasa warung internet (warnet). Berbagai kemudahan ditawarkan dari internet, dari mesin pencarian, surat elektronik (email), berita, jejaring sosial sampai forum. Forum dalam internet menjadi media penyampaian berita, diskusi sampai penyajian informasi dalam lingkup bidang khusus yang didominasi oleh interaksi yang intensif di antara anggotanya. Artikel ini mendiskusikan peranan forum cyber di internet sebagai ruang publik dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi visual dan antropologi media massa. Artikel ini juga memfokuskan diri pada fenomena komunitas-komunitas cyber dan interaksi mereka di dalam dunia virtual seperti KASKUS, Adsense-Id dan Semprot.com. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan di dalam artikel ini adalah analisis forum internet dengan menggunakan analisis partisipasi, analisis isi, dan analisis tema.

Social networks enable people with intellectual disabilities (ID) to participate actively in society and to promote their self-determination. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential limitations of people with ID to deal with untrustworthy information sources on the Internet. In an experiment, we assessed how adult students with ID evaluated recommendations in Internet forums authored by either self-reported experts or by users under pseudonyms who supported their claim either with documentary sources or their personal experience. We compared the performances of students with ID to that of students of similar ages but higher educational levels (chronological age-matched control group) and to younger students with similar verbal mental age (verbal mental age-matched control group). Participants were asked to evaluate to what extent a fictitious user should follow particular recommendations given in a forum and to justify their evaluations by writing a message to the fictitious user. Students with ID, as opposed to the two control groups, recommended the forum advice to a higher extent regardless of authorship and evidence used, and they included in their messages to the fictitious user a higher number of opinions and information sources not present in the forum without linking them to the actual discussion. The pattern of results suggested that students with ID have a limited ability to evaluate recommendations in forums and that they do not necessarily present a delay in the development of these abilities, but rather an atypical development. Finally, we discussed the potential implications for teaching digital literacy to students with ID. This research was funded by a grant from the Spanish Secretaría General de Universidades (EDU2014-59422).

This paper deals with the question in how far pragmatic and discourse conditions affect the communicative construction of collective knowledge. Research in Discourse Semantics predominantly deals with corpora consisting of mass media texts. In doing so, knowledge that becomes manifest in these texts can be identified and substantially described. However, to what extend this knowledge is also used as a pragmatic-interactive resource in other communicative contexts and in social media communication cannot be explored. This paper aims at reducing this research desideratum by analyzing a different type of data (realisations in internet forums), using the example of internet forums dealing with the topic of OSTDEUTSCH (East German). Following discourse pragmatic procedures exemplary data will be discussed in order to reveal which pragmatic conditions are essential and for what interactive reasons discourse knowledge is used as a communicative resource by the participants in the forum. There will be a focus on the essential condition of interactionality and on interferences between realizations of discourse in mass media and in internet forums.

This paper is about the use of Electronic Mailing List and Internet Forums as tools for managers within educational organizations. In the same time, some of concepts, ideas and models can be used in other business organizations, especially in service providing organizations. Understanding management requires both learning and practicing, directly experiencing. People involved in electronic networks are experiencing the alternative to real communication. We considered Electronic Mailing List and Internet Forums both as marketing tool and a human resources management tool. The benefits of using discussion lists are: people informed, involved and improved.

A través del análisis de contenido de dos foros de autoapoyo organizados, de modo espontáneo, por personas afectadas por trastorno disfórico premenstrual; se quiere llamar la atención a la profesión del Trabajo Social sobre la necesidad de promover iniciativas profesionales, en el ámbito virtual, en general; y con grupos de autoapoyo on line, en particular. Este trastorno, poco conocido, provoca graves consecuencias a las afectadas, que se deben enfrentar con frecuentes situaciones de incomprensión. Esa gravedad, en ocasiones, provoca no poder mantener un trabajo o romper relaciones de pareja o amistad. El autoapoyo supone un alivio para las afectadas que en la red se expresan con personas en su misma situación. Ha sido tarea del Trabajo Social el apoyo a grupos de personas que precisan organizarse para lograr un empoderamiento óptimo. Este reto, aplicado al mundo virtual, todavía está por acometer, por lo cual emerge una interesante oportunidad para el Trabajo Social del presente siglo., Through the content analyze of two Internet self-support forums, spontaneously organized by women suffering Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, it is wanted The Social Work to attract its attention about the need of taking up professional initiatives generally to online Social Work practice and particularly to online self-support groups. This disorder is barely known. It causes serious consequences for the patients who have to tackle with frequent lack of understanding. This seriousness, often causes, affected are forced to drop out their jobs, or relationships like couples or friendships. Self-support becomes a relief to them who can express themselves on the Internet with people suffering the same situation. It has been a task for Social Work, supporting groups needing a convenient organization for obtaining an optimal empowerment. This challenge about Online Social Work practice is not common; consequently it is an interesting challenge for the Social Work of the beginning of the century.

The Internet is increasingly being used as a source of health advice and information by individuals with long term conditions (LTCs). Online forums allow people to interact with others with similar conditions, providing access to a form of social support that is based around the shared experiences of living with and managing an LTC. However, it is not clear how this support is integrated into people’s lives and their use of health services. To date, research in this area has predominately focused on single conditions, and while it has been suggested that Internet forums may be particularly beneficial for those with ‘contested’ LTCs, this has not been adequately explored. This study aims to address this gap by exploring how individuals with contested and uncontested LTCs utilise Internet forums.This study used qualitative methods, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants with ME/CFS and 21 participants with type 1 and 2 diabetes. These conditions were considered to provide an appropriate context in which to explore the use of the Internet and Internet forums for contested and uncontested LTCs. Participants were recruited via a number of online and offline routes, including discussion boards, email lists, newsletters, and face-to-face support groups. Interviews transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.The results focused on three overlapping themes that were identified during the analysis; namely (1) the process of developing and maintaining trust on forums, (2) accessing support and empowerment online, and (3) forum users’ presentations of self online. The use of online discussion groups was a complex and nuanced process, and was influenced by a number of individual and illness specific factors. Developing relationships with trusted forum members enabled individuals to give and receive support online, and provided a tool of empowerment. While access to peer support and the lived experiences of others were valued by interviewees, forums also allowed participants to access both experiential and scientific knowledge online, providing both lay and expert perspectives around LTCs. In addition, interviewees were seen to carefully manage how they presented themselves on forums, selecting the information that they shared about themselves in order to develop and maintain a particular online persona.By drawing on the advice, information, and support shared online, participants were empowered to position themselves as active participants in their own healthcare and to further engage with healthcare professionals. The findings indicate that forums can play a valuable role in aiding and motivating individuals in the daily management of LTCs, and highlight how this support is used to complement formal health services.

Background: On the Internet, people share personal experiences as well as facts and objective information. This also holds true for the exchange of health-related information in a variety of Internet forums. In online discussions about health topics, both fact-oriented and strongly personal contributions occur on a regular basis. Objective: In this field experiment, we examined in what way the particular type of contribution (ie, factual information vs personal experiences) has an impact on the subsequent communication in health-related Internet forums. Methods: For this purpose, we posted parallelized queries to 28 comparable Internet forums; queries were identical with regard to the information contained but included either fact-oriented descriptions or personal experiences related to measles vaccination. In the factual information condition, we posted queries to the forums that contained the neutral summary of a scientific article. In the personal experiences condition, we posted queries to the forums that contained the same information as in the first condition, but were framed as personal experiences Results: We found no evidence that personal experiences evoked more responses (mean 3.79, SD 3.91) from other members of the Internet forums than fact-oriented contributions (mean 2.14, SD 2.93, t 26 =0.126, P =.219). But personal experiences elicited emotional replies (mean 3.17, SD 1.29) from other users to a greater extent than fact-oriented contributions (mean 2.13, SD 1.29, t 81 =3.659, P

Fòrums UOC pretén donar una aproximació més natural de la interacció de les persones. Per una banda es modernitza el sistema de fòrums agrupant els missatges relacionats en converses per tal de facilitar el seguiment dels fils de comunicació i organitzar la informació. Foros UOC pretende dar una aproximación más natural de la interacción de las personas. Por un lado se moderniza el sistema de foros agrupando los mensajes relacionados en conversaciones para facilitar el seguimiento de los hilos de comunicación y organizar la información. Fòrums UOC was created: to enhance the interaction between students. Fòrums UOC has been updated with a thread association system, which gathers subject related messages in conversation groups. The objective of this system is to ease the understanding of the messages and to organize the information.

Fòrums UOC pretén donar una aproximació més natural de la interacció de les persones. Per una banda es modernitza el sistema de fòrums agrupant els missatges relacionats en converses per tal de facilitar el seguiment dels fils de comunicació i organitzar la informació. Foros UOC pretende dar una aproximación más natural de la interacción de las personas. Por un lado se moderniza el sistema de foros agrupando los mensajes relacionados en conversaciones para facilitar el seguimiento de los hilos de comunicación y organizar la información. Fòrums UOC was created: to enhance the interaction between students. Fòrums UOC has been updated with a thread association system, which gathers subject related messages in conversation groups. The objective of this system is to ease the understanding of the messages and to organize the information.

Objetivo: El estudio (parte de una investigación más amplia) tiene como objetivo conocer los aspectos constructivos del lenguaje escrito para presentar la violencia de género y su articulación a marcos referenciales, con especial atención a la detección de espacios donde la emergencia del marco específico de género se hace posible. Métodos: A partir de las participaciones en un foro virtual de discusión se realizó un análisis del discurso recurriendo a la herramienta analítica de detección de repertorios interpretativos, con el apoyo del programa Atlas.ti v.6. Resultados: Tras el análisis de las participaciones en el foro identificamos tres repertorios interpretativos fundamentales. En los dos primeros, «La violencia, un síntoma social» y «Todos víctimas», se difumina en gran medida el marco referencial de género, que sin embargo encuentra su principal vía de expresión y confrontación en el tercero, «El péndulo del género». Éste se construye fundamentalmente a partir la crítica de muchos participantes a los efectos de lo que se llama la «discriminación positiva». Conclusiones: Detectamos la dificultad del marco de género, en el contexto de la promulgación y el desarrollo de la Ley Orgánica, para distinguirse del marco de referencia punitivo, que limita la violencia contra las mujeres a un problema interpersonal entre la víctima y el agresor, y ofrece esencialmente la solución de la denuncia y su resultado penal. Objective: This study (which forms part of a broader inquiry) aimed to determine the constructive aspects of the written language to introduce gender-based violence and its articulation in referential frameworks. Special attention was paid to detecting spaces where a gender framework could emerge. Methods: A discourse analysis of contributions to a specific virtual forum was performed using the analytical tool of detecting interpretative repertoires, with the support of the Atlas.ti v.6 program. Results: We identified three main interpretative repertoires. In the first two, "Violence, a social symptom" and "All victims", the gender framework was largely blurred. However, the third repertoire, "The pendulum of gender", was the main route of expression and of confrontation for this framework and was constructed mainly from the criticisms made by many participants of the effects of what is called "positive discrimination". Conclusions: We identified the difficulty of distinguishing the gender framework, in the context of the adoption and development of the law, from the punitive framework. This lack of distinction limits violence against women to an interpersonal problem between the victim and the aggressor, and essentially offers official complaints and their legal outcomes as the solution.

The development of virtual sponsored communities has created great possibilities for people and companies to interact on shared platforms. To create interaction in the community, it is essential to create the perception of trustworthiness of the community. The purpose of this study is to examine which concepts of trust-building constitute the perception of trustworthiness of virtual sponsored communities. A theoretical framework based on previous studies on trust-building in virtual communities is used to provide the basis for our empirical studies. The paper examines the virtual sponsored community of an online video game, World of Warcraft, with both quantitative surveys and qualitative netnographical observations to determine the important concepts which affect the perception of trustworthiness of the community from the perspectives of the sponsor and the gamers. Our findings show that the concepts of quality content, privacy policy, interaction, knowledge growth, satisfaction, embeddedness, shared value and perceived responsiveness constitute the perception of trustworthiness of the virtual sponsored community. The findings also show implications for causal relationships between the concepts affecting the perception of trustworthiness for future studies.

Internet forums represent a useful but understudied resource to understand psychosocial aspects of living with SLE. This study was aimed to describe the demand/supply of social support through the internet in relation with the description of personal illness experiences. All the posts (118) from an Italian forum for SLE patients were collected and analyzed combining qualitative content analysis with statistical textual analysis. Results showed different purposes for posts: starting new relationships, seeking information, receiving emotional support, giving a contribution. Lexical analysis identified three ways of describing patients experiences. Discussion focuses on the relationship between the requested/offered support and SLE experiences.

Denna explorativa studie analyserar gemensamma och differentiella mönster för kommunikation och beteende hos användare i Hjälpforum. Målet med studien är att kartlägga aktiva användartyper med syfte att ge SVT kunskap om Hjälpforumets användare. Om forumadministratörer har mer kunskap om användarna i Hjälpforum kan de anpassa sin kommunikation utifrån användarnas individuella behov och öka deras förmåga att bidra med mer kvalitativ återkoppling. Detta kan i sin tur bidra till en positivare inställning och ökat förtroende hos användare i Hjälpforum. I denna studie kunde fem användartyper kartläggas i Hjälpforum med stöd av egen empiri och tidigare forskning. Nybörjare utgör främsta användartypen i Hjälpforum och SVT bör därför tillgodose deras behov för att eventuellt minska antalet nya användarinlägg. Dessutom kunde denna studie med hjälp av lämpliga databearbetningsverktyg kartlägga, en för tillfället, okänd användartyp i Hjälpforum utifrån ovanliga mönster i beteende och kommunikation vilket kan vara intressant för vidare analys. Studien presenterar förslag på hur resultatet kan användas för att skapa riktlinjer för framtida kommunikation och utveckling av Hjälpforum och SVT:s webbplats. This exploratory study analyzes the common and differential patterns of communication and behavior of users in Help Forum. The goal of the study is to map the active user types with the aim of providing SVT knowledge of the Help Forum users. If the forum administrators have more knowledge of the users in the forum, they can adapt their communication based on the individual needs and enhance their ability to contribute more qualitative feedback. This may in turn contribute to a more positive attitude and greater confidence among users in Help Forum. In this study, five types of users could be identified in the Forum with the support of its own empirical data and previous research. Beginners are primary user type in the forum and SVT should cater to their needs in order to possibly reduce the number of new user posts. Furthermore, this study using appropriate data processing tool map, one for the moment, unknown user type in the forum by unusual patterns of behavior and communication which may be of interest for further analysis. The study presents suggestions on how the results can be used to create guidelines for future communication and development of Help Forum and SVT's website.

The main purpose of this study has been to explore and determine how the journalistic work was used by internet users to start and keep a discussion on the internet going. We started in the aftermath of a local arson in a town of Sweden, where a discussion on the internet forum Flashback and the local newspapers commentary fields was raised. We have used these discussions to study what part the journalistic work play in these events. To do that we used a critical discourse analysis and a rhetoric analysis to investigate how these discussions use news articles to make their point. We divided the comments into four different categories, which are comments about understandings of the event, comments that talked about the matters of fact, criticism pointed at the newspaper and comments that identify the offenders. The result of the analysis shows that both forums use journalistic work as facts in their discussions. Both also use earlier articles that were written before the arson, to make their point in the discussion.

This article describes the experience of people who have hepatitis C, particularly their daily life and their experiences regarding the disease expressed in forums on the internet. It means a personal identity, and also a belonging’s feeling to a group, the “hépatant” people. The issue of patient’s identity was reflected upon, considering a context in which sickness groups start to be formed through associations and forums on the internet, making inter-pares support an essential feature of the patient’s identity. O presente artigo debruça-se sobre a experiência de pessoas com hepatite C, particularmente a vivência da doença e as suas narrativas em foruns de discussão na Internet. A doença e o seu tratamento influenciam o quotidiano das pessoas infectadas pelo vírus da hepatite C assim como a sua identidade, tanto pessoal como de grupo, enquanto “hépatants”. Questiona-se a identidade do doente no contexto de grupos de auto-ajuda a partir de associações de doentes e respectivos fóruns na internet. A experiência da narrativa da doença nestes grupos de doentes torna-se uma característica da biografia do doente.

En los últimos años, Internet ha posibilitado la aparición y consolidación de nuevas formas de comunicación interpersonal. Entre ellas destaca la establecida entre los participantes en los foros de discusión sobre problemas relacionados con la salud. Una de las líneas de investigación más fructíferas se dirige al análisis del contenido de los mensajes intercambiados entre los participantes. El presente estudio analiza la frecuencia de los tópicos intercambiados en las contribuciones de los usuarios de foros de discusión para problemas de salud en función del sexo y de la categoría diagnóstica. Se recopilaron 756 mensajes de cuatro foros relacionados con problemas de salud (diabetes, fibromialgia, esclerosis y asma). Los mensajes se analizaron mediante un código que incluyó 15 categorías de análisis agrupadas en cuatro dimensiones: intercambio de apoyo social, enfermedad y tratamiento, aspectos interpersonales y emociones. Los resultados indican que las referencias a apoyo informativo y práctico eran más frecuentes en el foro de diabetes. Las expresiones de emociones positivas (optimismo y gratitud) se encontraban más en el foro de fibromialgia. Las diferencias en la frecuencia de los temas de los mensajes en función del sexo aparecen sólo en algunos tópicos y, únicamente, en los foros de algunas enfermedades. In recent years, Internet has made possible the emergence and consolidation of a new form of interpersonal communication such as the discussion among members of health related bulletin boards or discussion forums. One of the more fruitful research work is aimed to analyze the content of the exchanged messages among participants. The present work analyzes the frequency of the topics in the messages that are exchanged among users of Internet discussion forums for health problems by sex and illness. A total of 756 postings of participants in four Spanish-speaking Internet bulletin boards were analyzed (diabetes, fibromyalgia, sclerosis and asthma). Each posting was analyzed for the presence or absence of 15 coding categories subsumed under four broad categories (social support, illness and treatment issues, interpersonal issues and expression of emotions). Postings regarding giving informational support and instrumental support were more frequent at diabetes discussion board. Expressions of positive emotions (optimism and gratitude) were predominately found on fibromyalgia boards. Differences by sex were only found in some categories and in some forums.

El uso de foros de discusión en internet constituye una actividad cotidiana para un porcentaje importante de personas que sufre algún problema de salud. Los usuarios de foros intercambian experiencias con otros participantes desconocidos con los que llegan a compartir vivencias y sentimientos con un elevado grado de intimidad. Las peculiaridades de la comunicación mediada por ordenador hacen de los foros de Internet una alternativa de comunicación atractiva para muchos afectados por algún problema de salud, o para sus familiares. Además de la disponibilidad las 24 horas o la eliminación de barreras geográficas, la investigación existente sugiere una serie de características únicas de estos foros como son: la posibilidad de expresarse mejor que en ambientes cara a cara, el acceso a una cantidad de información sobre salud más heterogénea y variada, la posibilidad de desvelar información personal e íntima sobre la propia salud con menor riesgo que en los grupos cara a cara o el valor terapéutico de la revelación personal en formato escrito sobre los problemas de salud. Aunque ya existen evidencias de los efectos beneficiosos del uso de foros en el bienestar de sus usuarios, todavía se necesitan estudios más detallados y controlados. The use of online discussion forums has become popular among people with health problems. Online forums’ users exchange and share personal experiences and feelings with strangers. The computer-mediated communication has special features which attract a wide variety of individuals suffering from health conditions and/or their caregivers. In addition to the 24 hour availability and the absence of barriers imposed by geographic location, research suggests special characteristics of online discussion groups such as: a better way for people to express themselves than in face to face encounters, access to a wide variety of health information, a possibility to reveal personal and private information anonymously or the therapeutic effects of writing about health problems. Although there is some scientific evidence which suggests the positive effects of Internet discussion groups participation on users’ well-being, more controlled studies are needed.

Internete nesunkiai randami vestuvių apeigų scenarijai, jų interpretacijos, komentarai. Šiame darbe siekiama pažvelgti į šį informacijos šaltinį ir išsiaiškinti, kaip lietuviškas vestuvių tradicijas ir naujoves įvardija bei taiko forumų dalyvės(-ai). Internetinių forumų tekstai atskleidžia, kaip kuriamos reikšmės ir kaip jomis mainomasi, t. y. kaip konstruojamos kultūros sistemos, kaip išlaikomas ir modifikuojamas tapatumas. Vis dažniau forumo dalyviai tradicijas vertina pagal jų reikšmes, perima tas, kurios mano esančios reikšmingos jų gyvenime, realiai atitinka jų nuostatas. „Tradicinėmis“ vestuvėmis žmonės paprastai vadina apeigas, perimtas iš tėvų, nors, kaip rodo internetinių forumų tekstai, vis dažniau „tradicija“ laikoma vestuvių puota su apeigomis. Todėl ir naujas praktikas jaunimas įvardija kaip „tradicines“ apeigas. Į šią kategoriją papuola dar XX a. antrojoje pusėje taikytos praktikos: važiavimas ir nuotakos nešimas per tiltus, židinio uždegimas, jaunųjų išbandymai, taip pat naujesnės praktikos: nuotakos puokštės ar keliaraiščio metimas, torto pjaustymas ir tėvo funkcija atvedant nuotaką prie altoriaus. Naujove vadinamas balandžių, fejerverkų ar balionų paleidimas, kaip ir barstymas žiedlapiais. Nors forumo dalyviai supranta, jog didesnė dalis naujovių yra amerikietiškos ar kitų šalių papročiai, tačiau jiems tai neturi didesnės reikšmės. Palyginti nedaug forumo dalyvių pabrėžė lietuviškos apeigų kilmės svarbą. Toks sinkretinis apeigų pasirinkimas rodo naujai konstruojamą tapatumą. People create various discourses, in the internet’s virtual space and share their experiences, thus forming a new perception that is adjusted in reality. In the internet people provide wedding scenarios, their interpretations, as well as comments on how the participants of the forums practice Lithuanian wedding traditions and innovations, i.e. how the rituals are understood and implemented today. The article attempts to analyze the attitudes expressed in the internet, creating a new understanding reflecting real events. The article pays more attention to the attitudes of ordinary people and not of the researchers of traditions or of their conservative adherents. People usually call traditions wedding rituals adopted from parents, "as they did in old days". However, the new practices of the youth are also considered to be traditions. They include the practices which were considered as new at the end of the 20th century: carrying the bride over a bridge, lighting the fireplace, tests for the newlyweds. Also it includes new actions such as the bride throwing her bouquet or garter, the slicing of the cake, and only the father accompanying his daughter to the altar. The release of pigeons, fireworks, balloons, scattering of blossoms are other new practices. People know but are not concerned that the majority of the new customs are from America or other countries. Only a few women emphasized the importance of the Lithuanian origin of the rituals. Even though people receive information from various sources and hear different attitudes, they evaluate the information received in the internet according to their own perception and take such symbolic actions which are acceptable in the situation depending on family relations.

This comparative study examines aspects of online behaviour exhibited by participants in online discussion groups in the United Kingdom and Japan. The primary data consists of message board threads gathered from U.K. and Japanese Internet forum sites with the analysis focusing on hyperlinks contained in the forum messages as well as dates and times of posting extracted from the message heads. A 'reading' of hyperlinks is undertaken through consulting N-gram frequencies obtained from each data set, juxtaposed and compared with the help of a coefficient of difference and the chi-square test. Contrasts in Internet surfing patterns, information-gathering preferences, and references to video, audio, pictorial and sexual content are examined; post times are used to compare daily and weekly patterns of posting activity between the two countries. This study also provides an overview of the uses that N-grams have in natural language processing and argues for their analytical potential in sociolinguistic and CMC-related research.