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Chlorine plays a central role for the industrial production of numerous materials with global relevance. More recently, polychlorides have been evolved from an area of academic interest to a research topic with enormous industrial potential. In this minireview, the value of trichlorides for chlorine storage and chlorination reactions are outlined. Particularly, the inexpensive ionic liquid [NEt3Me][Cl3] shows a similar and sometimes even advantageous reactivity compared to chlorine gas, while offering a superior safety profile. Used as a chlorine storage, [NEt3Me][Cl3] could help to overcome the current limitations of storing and transporting chlorine in larger quantities. Thus, trichlorides could become a key technique for the flexibilization of the chlorine production enabling an exploitation of renewable, yet fluctuating, electrical energy. As the loaded storage, [NEt3Me][Cl3], is a proven chlorination reagent, it could directly be employed for downstream processes, paving the path to a more practical and safer chlorine industry.

The modern global synthetic ammonia industry owes its heritage to the Italian chemist Luigi Casale, who a century ago founded the forerunner of today's Casale S.A., of Lugano, Switzerland. Since the 1980s, Casale innovations have led in the energy-saving revamping of nitrogen plants, and in the introduction of related technologies, including novel catalysts.

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic required educational institutions to adapt face-to-face to remote teaching. This study reports the experience in the first semester of 2020 for a Chemical Engineering Capstone Design Course at the University of Campinas in Brazil. In this course, senior year students develop a group project, in which they simulate a chemical plant and evaluate its technoeconomic feasibility. In 2020, the groups were proposed to design a process to replace diesel fuel from the bus fleet in Campinas city with renewable fuel DME. Because of the pandemic, several adaptations were needed: the theoretical classes became asynchronous, group meetings were online, a commercial simulator was replaced by an open access one, and the schedule was extended by 2 weeks. Despite that, the students had a great performance, comparable to face-to-face. To assess student satisfaction, a questionnaire was used. The course met the expectations of most of the students who also recommended keeping it in the remote format or merging it with face-to-face teaching. Therefore, these changes made it possible to apply new teaching dynamics and tools that could be used in the future to improve the course quality. ©

Over the last few decades, several studies have been undertaken to determine the benefits and drawbacks of various copper nanoparticle synthesis processes. Copper nanoparticles have garnered considerable attention because of their remarkable optical and electrical properties. CuNPs' optical, electrical and chemical characteristics are substantially depending on their synthesis procedures. Copper is less expensive than precious metals such as gold and silver, and it also possesses strong photocatalytic and antimicrobial competencies.In this review, synthesis of copper nanoparticles by various methods such as physical, chemical and biological is elaborately illustrated and in the meantime it's also explained how different reaction variables like temperature, pressure, reaction time, and reactor properties affect the size, shape, and surface area of produced copper nanoparticles. Moreover, photocatalysis and antibacterial mechanism for copper nanoparticles are also illustrated with proper illustration.

This work purposes to evaluation the fluorescence parameters of cellulose dyed with date pits extract. Fluorescence measurements have been advanced on cellulose models before and later dyeing. The emission spectrum of the nondyed cellulose fibers not demonstrate any bond and, in the opposing, dyed cellulose sample existing important photoluminescence characters and the maximum value was noted at 672 nm.

In this paper, the collagen (Col)@minerals (Sr, Mg, Ce) substituted hydroxyapatite (MHA1)-halloysite nanotubes - single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) (Col@MHA1-HNT-SWCNT) nanocomposite was coated on the titanium (Ti) implant was investigated using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. The phase and microstructure analysis of the coated samples were characterized using XRD, and SEM-EDAX, respectively. The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains were tested for antimicrobial activity. The zone of inhibition shows that the Col@MHA1-HNT-SWCNT nanocomposite coating was effective at inhibiting pathogens. The analysis of blood compatibility revealed that the hemolytic ratio was less than 5%, confirming that the nanocomposite were naturally hemocompatible. Furthermore, the cell viability assay using osteoblast-like cells showed excellent cell proliferation and attachments on prepared samples. According to the findings of this research, the Col@MHA1-HNT-SWCNT nanocomposite coating supports bioactivity through fast osteo-compatibility and has greater bacterial resistance, making it necessary for the required biomedical applications.

The internal standard method is a versatile procedure that avoids misleading results caused by the instability of the chromatographic system or inexperienced workers. It is an effective way to judge the accuracy of any obtained data. As the detector responses of chlorzoxazone (CZN) resemble those of candesartan (CDZN) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), CZN was employed as an internal standard. Herein, a simple chromatographic method was established for quantification of CDZN and HCTZ. Isocratic elution was conducted using 1% premixed acetonitrile/formic acid (7:3 v/v) at a 0.8 mL/min flowrate. The separation of the three components was maintained using the universal 20 µL loop, and for further simplicity in application, the analysis was optimized at 25 °C. CDZN, HCTZ, and CZN were simultaneously monitored and quantified at 270 nm. The method developed here complies with all the validation limits according to the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), and the guidelines of the International Council ForHarmonisation (ICH). The method proved to be linear in the range of 6.4 to 25.6 µg/mL and 5.0–20 µg/mL for CDZN and HCTZ, respectively, while the quantitation detection limits were less than 1.0µg/mL for both.

Tchoukoutou are the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages in Africa. However, several constraints undermine this sector of activity. The overall objective of this study is to improve the quality and stability of “Tchoukoutou” by adding leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina. Two methods of evaluating the alcoholic degree: densimetry and refractometry were used to find the physic and chemical characteristics. From the results obtained, it appears that the red sorghum (Kadag) gives the best organoleptic quality of beers. The addition of the leaves of O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina followed by anaerobic fermentation allowed the preservation and stability of « Tchoukoutou » for at least 10 days at room temperature with a bitterness similar to hops; an alcohol content of 8.87% vol, a pH of 4.37 and a Brix degree of 14° Brix. In conclusion, the anaerobic fermentation of the must and the addition of the leaves of O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina contribute to the improvement of the conservation quality and stability of the Chukutu.

Acrylic polymer latex has versatile role in many academic and industrial applications like paint, adhesives, textile, paper industry, concrete, surface coating, synthetic rubber and many ones. Acrylic base polymer latex can be prepared by various polymerization methods like Batch emulsion, Seeded emulsion, Situ miniemulsion, Atom transfer radical, Free radical copolymerization, Pickering miniemulsion, Semi-continuous seeded emulsion, dispersion copolymerization, aqueous suspension polymerization etc. in different solvents i.e. 1,1,2-trichloroethane, water, deionized water, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, tetra hydro furan, toluene, benzene, nitric acid and so on. Acrylic latexes possessed various properties such as increased particle size which resist centrifugal nature and reduce viscosity of heavy oil, layered coating on steel improve lustre along with flexibility, tensile strength and thermal stability too. Acrylic latexes increase silicon intensity in silicon nanoparticles by controlling pH of emulsion during polymerization and also super paramagnetic behaviour of Fe2O3 nanocomposites latex controlled by pH. In this connection, many researchers have synthesized various acrylic base polymer latex or its composites, investigate its utility in different forms for different purposes to improve properties as required. In this review our main emphasis is to investigate the synthesis, characterisation and application of various acrylate polymer latexes.

Present research introduces on the natural indicator (Acid-Base). For this samples were collected from countryside flower petals. These are pink Madhabilata flower, violet Dahlia flower, yellowish red Miralibis Jalapa, light pink Nerium Oleander. With the help of pH meter colour changes were observed using Soxhlet extractor. Cold extract of the flower petals are prepared. For this study we use UV/Visible Spectrophotometer to determine the maximum wave length. The decreasing order of intercept from the above spectroscopic plots that pink Madhabilata> violet Dahlia>redish yellow Miralibis Jalapa> light pink Nerium Oleander. Natural indicators show prominent colour changes in acidic and basic solutions. So, it is easily replaceable to the synthetic indicator which is toxic in nature. These natural indicators are easily available, cheap, environment friendly and also nature friendly.

A stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for quantification of Cilnidipine in bulk and in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic analysis was accomplished at ambient temperature on Xttera RP18 (100 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column and 1 mL/min flow rate by using Eluent composed of 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6 with Acetonitrile (300:700, v/v). The UV detection at the wavelength of 240 nm was carried out using 20 µL injection volume. The Cilnidipine retention time was found to be 3.029 min. The method in the range of 40.0573 – 120.1719 µg/mL was found to be linear (R2 = 0.999) with a detection limit and quantitation limit of 1.2038 and 3.6478 μg/mL, respectively. The mean recovery % over the three tested levels of 50, 100, and 150% were found to be 98.74, 99.60, and 98.23%, respectively. The mean % assay of 99.29 for method repeatability and 98.82 for intermediate precision were found with % RSD of 0.68 and 0.31, respectively. Cilnidipine drug substance and their product exposed to acid, alkali, oxidative, thermal, photolytic, and humidity stress conditions. The acid, alkali, and photolytic induced stress studies signifying the formation of a variety of degradants and their peaks were well resolved from that of active analyte peak. Hence, it is recommended that the Cilnidipine drug substance, as well as drug product, should be store in a tightly closed container protected from light. The method as per ICH guidelines was validated for specificity, linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, precision, accuracy, robustness, solution stability, and can be effectively used for routine analysis.

The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents of extracts obtained from the leaf extract of mature Euphorbia pilulifera (E. pilulifera) were examined in this research work. Using ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Euphorbia pilulifera, phytochemical metabolites were studied. Further using chromatography, different components were separated and its antimicrobial activity was studied. Different types of bacterial organisms were used for evaluating the antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that leaf extracts are more sensitive towards organisms. Thus the presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract can be used for the treatment of different diseases.

Ayurvedic literature claims that Inula racemosa Hook. f. roots are beneficial for the liver. The study’s aim was to test the hepatoprotective effect of Inula racemosa Hook. f. roots ethanolic extract (IRE) against paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) was used for 7 days, then PCM was orally administered (3 g/kg b.wt.) on the eighth day. 24 hours after the last PCM dosing, blood was withdrawn from the retro-orbital plexus and later on the rats were sacrificed. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Albumin (ALB), Total Protein (TP), liver weight and relative liver weight were determined. Histopathology of the liver was performed. In the study, IRE was found to have comparable protective effects against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity as Silymarin. Gallic acid was isolated for the first time from Inula racemosa Hook. f. roots. IRE exhibited a hepatoprotective effect because gallic acid was present in it.

Schiff based ligands and their complexes have emerged as potential drug candidates. Owing to their excellent chelating tendency, they easily coordinate with transition metals which have vacant orbitals. Transition metal complexes have several advantages because of their better acceptability and low toxicity in biological systems. These metals also serve as micronutrients and as co-factors of various metallo-enzymes which justifies the need of their designing and synthesis. Many modifications have been suggested in the ligand moiety for the purpose of activity enhancement and some of them have been described in the present review. These modifications have enhanced better potency against a number of diseases and resulting in low toxicity and better solubility in vivo. The transition metal complexes with Schiff based complexes have exhibited an array of activities including anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial. Their analytical applications have also been reported. The present review summarizes some of the recent advances in the field of synthesis and designing of new Schiff based complexes particularly with first transition series metals and their medicinal applications.

Anethum Graveolens is a herb used extensively as an additive in chicken feed to help in enhancing the performance, immune reaction and fitness of broiler chickens. The herb consists of various volatile secondary metaboliteswhich are bioactive compounds which helps in their daily food regime. This present work is aimed atsynthesizing and characterizing Lanthanum-nanoparticles (LaNps) by using Anethum Graveolens (dill) leaf. LaNps has been synthesized by various methods and characterized by using UV-Vis spectral analysis, Fourier infra-red , X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis.

Grilled foods are important source of acrylamide which has neurotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. In the present study, 105 grilled meat and fish foods were analyzed through Gas Chromatography Tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to detect acrylamide concentrations in Bangladesh. The average acrylamide contents in grilled chicken, tandoori chicken, chicken tikka kabab, chicken fry, beef kabab, beef grill, grilled fish were 80.27µg/Kg, 99.34µg/Kg, 83.13 µg/Kg, 73.98 µg/Kg, 68.19 µg/Kg, 81.52 µg/Kg and 48.39 µg/Kg respectively. The differences in the acrylamide contents in the products of same category were because of differences in thermal treatments during the preparation. In comparison with other studies, the results suggested that, consumption of those foods is safe for the consumers. This study will focus light on the fate of acrylamide during food processing and provide valuable information to access potential health risks through consumption of those foods.

Corrosion is one of the biggest problems which affects the economy of the country, which occurs as a result of the interaction of the metal with its surroundings. One of the easiest ways to prevent corrosion is coatings of the metals with paint, plastic or wood. Several types of coatings have been adopted by corrosion scientists in the prevention of corrosion that are mainly based on electrochemical principles. Fortunately, based on cost and effectiveness, four types of coatings are variably employed by the metal and metallurgy industries. One among the cheapest and effective way to prevent corrosion is to use barrier coatings like plastic, powder and paint. Hence, nanocomposite coatings by electrochemical deposition offers an excellent, scratch and corrosion resistance on the metal surface. These coatings may be used to restoration of the components instead of interchanging them, resulting in reduced maintenance costs and disturbance. Significant improvements in the corrosion protection of steel have been reported by using metal-metal matrix, metal-metal oxide matrix, metal-polymer matrix, and ceramic-metal matrix nanocomposite. This review presents an overview of works related to nanocomposite coatings and to re-evaluate the literature for the future research in the field that still lacks validation.

As prospective electrolyte membranes are fabricated using a conducting copolymer of poly (vinylidene difluoride-co-hexaf luoropropy lene) (PVDF-HFP) by a solution casting method. The prepared membranes were filled with an electrical conductor (NaCl) and semiconductor (TiO2) nanopowder in this method. The assimilated membranes were analytically characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface morphology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystalline nature of the TiO2 nanopowder present in the prepared membrane. The FTIR confirms the structural analysis of the copolymer and the NaCl and TiO2 incorporation nature into the PVDF-HFP membrane. Electrochemical stability of the fabricated membrane of PVDF-HFP was performed using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The cyclic voltammetric analysis conducted the charge and discharge tests of the filled and unfilled membrane. The addition of nano TiO2 particles and NaCl to the copolymer membrane was found to reduce the PVDF-HFP membrane's porousness and improve the ion conductivity and electrolyte/electrode interfacial stability of the filled membrane.

The synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the chemical reduction process and the characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles is the main aim of this article. Reduction of Chloroauric acid by trisodium citrate salt was performed to get AuNPs of average diameter 20nm. Trisodium citrate is not only the reducing reagent but also the stabilizer of the synthesized AuNPs. Some important modern techniques like UV-VIS spectroscopy, diffraction light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and electron diffraction X-ray (EDX) were involved for the characterization of synthesized AuNPs. Chemical reduction and Size-controlled growth of spherical AuNPs were followed for this particular synthesis of AuNPs.

Coumarins are well known for their significant biological potential against several onsets. A series of novel 4-hydroxycoumarin substituted derivatives were synthesized and screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeureginosa bacterial strains. The zone inhibition was observed against 10 µL against different for each compound. The outcomes of the study showed that out of 10 synthesized compounds, compound 4a, 4b, 4h, and 4j showed most significant inhibitory potential against different microbial strains. The zone of inhibition for compound 4a and 4b was found as 6.36 ± 0.162, 5.60 ± 0.049, 3.61 ± 0.176, 5.64 ± 0.021 and 7.29 ± 0.339, 5.53 ± 0.459, 3.35 ± 0.226, 5.55 ± 0.042 mm while compound 4h and 4j exhibited 7.10 ± 0.544, 5.11 ± 0.183, 3.95 ± 0.226, 4.94 ± 0.494 and 6.46 ± 1.725, 4.53 ± 0.261, 3.83 ± 0.791, 5.40 ± 0.049 mm, respectively.

DPP-IV rapidly degrades glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptides. Delaying the breakdown of endogenous incretin hormones with DPP-IV inhibitors may help correct the physiologic deficit. The purpose of this work is to identify new compounds that inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme. The anticipated compounds were potent anti-diabetic candidates in this investigation. Two 2d QSAR models were created using 179 different substances from diverse sources. QSAR models were created using two methods. The first technique included docking score as an additional descriptor, while the second did not. Docking-based QSAR considered 74 compounds out of 179. Another approach used 40 molecules from 179 compounds. Each method had a precise strategy. Descriptors were computed using DRAGON for both training and test sets. Using DRAGON data, SYSTAT generated regression curves. The docking-based QSAR model produced R2=0.7098 (training set) and R2=0.9987 (test set), whereas the other technique produced R2=0.7644 (training set) and R2=0.9857 (test set).

In this article, based on experimental data, we obtained three dependence relations of dynamic viscosity versus temperature by polynomial and exponential fitting. The correlation coefficients have values close to unity which proves that the obtained relations accurately describe the non-Newtonian behavior of olive oil.

In the present work authors are reporting complete lattice dynamical properties of Europium telluride (EuTe). The present model works on three body rigid ion model & three body rigid shell model (TRIM & TRSM). The short-range overlap repulsion is operative up to the second neighboring ions. An excellent agreement has been obtained between theory and experiment for their all-phonon properties of (EuTe) like phonon dispersion curves, Debye temperature variations, two-phonon IR/Raman spectra, third-fourth order lattice constant, pressure derivative and anharmonic elastic properties.

The present investigation is an extensive study of surface and ground water quality of Madathukulam taluk, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, India, to estimate the quality of water using Modified Water Quality Index (MWQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. In this study 35 water samples from Open well, Bore well, River, Lake and Pond were analysed for the physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, total phosphate, total nitrate, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, faecal coliform, electrical conductivity, total hardness, chloride, fluoride, sodium and potassium. The resulting values were computed to investigate the quality of water using geographic information system and water quality index and compared with the standard drinking water guidelines proposed by the WHO (2017) and BIS (2012) for drinking and agricultural purpose. Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique was used for preparing the spatial distribution maps for each physiochemical parameter. The analytical result signifies that 40% of the study areas are slightly acidic. GIS based water quality index shows that 63% of the area has recorded with good quality water, while the remaining 37% are of medium quality of water. The MWQI proved to be a useful method to classify the water similar to NSF-WQI in Madathukulam Taluk.

There are numerous methods has been investigated and developed for the preparation of thin and thick films. Thick film technology is utilized for the production of electronic devices like surface mount devices, in the preparation of hybrid integrated circuit, in the formulation of heating elements, in the construction of integrated passive devices and sensors. Pure tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thick films of dimensions 2 cm×1 cm incorporated into pure tin oxide (SnO2) were prepared with standard screen printing method. All samples were fabricated on glass support. The thick films were subjected to drying and firing at 5000C at 5 hours in muffle furnace. Thick films of tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) incorporated into pure tin oxide (SnO2) were checked for Scanning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (E.D.A.X), X-ray diffraction (X.R.D), Fourier Transform infra-Red (F.T.I.R) and Ultra-Violet-Visible spectroscopy (U.V) for surface morphology, elemental analysis, crystalline phases of films, vibrational and spectrophotometric study respectively. In this research paper the spectrophotometric parameters such as absorbance and absorption coefficient with pure and compositional thick films were a part of investigation and surveillance.

2022 marks the centenary of the discovery of vitamin E by Evans and Bishop, an important milestone in vitamin research. An enormous amount of scientific data related to the importance of its activity has been published on this micronutrient. Globally, researchers from industry and academia have contributed to improve and implement highly efficient and commercially viable production processes for vitamin E. All processes share a common final step, but differ in the generation of their key building blocks. Today, Vitamin E, accounts for a worldwide production of >75.000 t/a. Vitamin E is applied predominantly as feed supplement for various animal species and in addition is used in a variety of human applications. Moreover, its impressive antioxidative behavior enables frequent use as stabilizing ingredient in many product forms and final consumer applications. This review will provide the current state of science, with clear focus on highlighting the different routes for industrial syntheses of vitamin E. Furthermore, approaches directed towards successful product form development including suitable auxiliary substances combined with appropriate formulation technologies, as well as a broad variety of applications in animal and human nutrition and health will be discussed. Insights on isolation approaches, biosynthesis, and future trends complete the status of Vitamin E research.

2022 marks the centenary of the discovery of vitamin E by Evans and Bishop, an important milestone in vitamin research. An enormous amount of scientific data related to the importance of its activity has been published on this micronutrient. Globally, researchers from industry and academia have contributed to improve and implement highly efficient and commercially viable production processes for vitamin E. All processes share a common final step, but differ in the generation of their key building blocks. Today, Vitamin E, accounts for a worldwide production of >75.000 t/a. Vitamin E is applied predominantly as feed supplement for various animal species and in addition is used in a variety of human applications. Moreover, its impressive antioxidative behavior enables frequent use as stabilizing ingredient in many product forms and final consumer applications. This review will provide the current state of science, with clear focus on highlighting the different routes for industrial syntheses of vitamin E. Furthermore, approaches directed towards successful product form development including suitable auxiliary substances combined with appropriate formulation technologies, as well as a broad variety of applications in animal and human nutrition and health will be discussed. Insights on isolation approaches, biosynthesis, and future trends complete the status of Vitamin E research.

In recent years, the bismuth compounds have gained much interest due to their potential applications in the field of Photocatalysis. In our present work, Bismuth oxychloride Photocatalyst and Aluminium fluoride doped Bismuth oxychloride photocatalyst were synthesized by simple chemical methods using Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as the precursor. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction analyses, Ultra Violet –Diffuse reflectance spectrum, Field Emission – Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analyses,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies and BET surface area analysis. The photocatalytic performances of the as-synthesized doped and undoped Bismuth oxychloride photocatalyst were tested towards the degradation of Acid green 1 dye. The parameters such as the effect of pH, catalyst concentration and initial dye concentration are optimized, and the kinetic studies are carried out for the photocatalytic dye degradation process. The experimental results showed that about 80% of the Acid green 1 dye got decolourized within 90 minutes by effective air purging under natural sunlight radiation in the presence of the AlF-BiOCl photocatalyst under optimized conditions.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic stability-indicating assaymethod in reverse-phase has been developed and validated for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative measurement of triamcinolone acetonide and benzyl alcohol content in injectable suspension. The reverse-phase method was developed by using Inertsil ODS-2 column(100 x 4.6mm),5μm. with a mobile phase ratio comprised of water and acetonitrile mixed in 70:30 v/v ratio and pumped at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min where the temperature of the column oven controlled at 40°C and sample compartment at 5°C with 10μL injection volume. Benzyl Alcohol and Triamcinolone Acetonide had retention times of 1.80 and 5.60 minutes, respectively with UV detection for benzyl alcohol at 215 nm and triamcinolone acetonide at 254 nm. The guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization were used for the validation of this novel method. During validation, the developed approach was shown to be exact, accurate, linear, robust, rugged, and stable. The detector was showing linear response in a range of 10 µg/mlto 120 µg/ml and 2.5 µg/ml to 30 µg/ml for triamcinolone Acetonide and benzoyl alcohol respectively.

Thiophene containing thiazolyl carbohydrazide on reaction with various aryl isothiocynates yields thiosemicarbazides which were transformed into 1,2,4- substituted thiazoles by Hantzsch synthesis and characterized by spectral methods. Most of the synthesized new thiosemicarbazides are found to be promisingly effective against tested bacterial strains and exhibited moderate activitytested fungal strains. Most of the 1, 2,4- substituted thiazoles are weakly active against test organisms.

The rheological behavior of orange honey was studied in the temperature range 25-45 degrees Celsius with Haake VT 550 viscometer when the HV1 viscosity sensor at high shear rates 3.3 and 1312s-1. The assortment of orange honey has a dilating behavior being influenced by concentration and humidity. Honey was studied with a humidity of 16%, 17%, 19% and 21%. The rheological behavior is influenced by both humidity and its composition.

Chromatography is a widely used analytical tool for separating a mixture of compounds into individual component. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most important methods used for the separation, identification and quantification of a compounds present in a mixture. It meets many criteria of analysis but its main drawbacks are it is relatively time consuming to run a chromatogram and consumes high amount of solvent compared to other analytical methods. There is a need to develop a method which can overcome these drawbacks of HPLC. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) is the new approach which opens novel direction in the field of liquid chromatography. It works on similar principle but shows better performance than conventional HPLC. UPLC is a technique of liquid chromatography with improved runtime and sensitivity with less than 2 μm particle size. The UPLC separation process is carried out under very high pressure (up to100 MPa). Additionally, it reduces the cost of reagent with shorter run time as compared to conventional HPLC. This article updated until 2020, provides a general review on the principle, instrumentation and application of UPLC in different fields of science.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in two sediment cores of southern South China Sea off Johor coastal area. The concentrations of the total identified resolved aliphatic hydrocarbons (TiRAHs) in the coastal station (STC104) ranged from 0.35 to 2.07 µg/g while the offshore station (STC100) varied from 0.05 to 14.7 µg/g. The concentrations of total PAHs were varied from not detected to 33.9 ng/g. The nalkanes distribution in STC104 were predominant in short chain carbons from marine productivity, petroleum mixture and minor higher plant input, while STC100 exhibited a bimodal distribution with mixed input of marine and terrestrial origin. PAHs isomer ratios cross-plot have showed mixed input of pyrogenic and petrogenic inputs while perylene was dominated in STC100 followed by fossil fuels and pyrogenic source. Presence of perylene in both cores suggesting the contribution of biogenic sources. Principal component analysis was used to cluster the relationship of the hydrocarbons at both sediment cores.

The following study explains that the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon used by Groundnut foliage and groundnut husk for the deportation of COD (Chemical Oxygen demand) from groundwater collected from in and around industrial areas of Vellore district was investigated with different activating conditions (Activating agent- KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4; Impregnation ratio-1:1,1:2,1:2; and activation temeperture-500-700°C. The activated carbon prepared based on optimized condition has well-developed pore structure and functional groups which is confirmed from SEM image and FTIR analysis respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 240 min with the isotherm data fitted well in both the model such as Langmuir model and Freundlich’s model indicating chemisorption’s adsorption for the activated carbon. Moreover, the adsorption process was exothermic accompanied by a decrease in irregularity. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic study indicated that the adsorption process of the prepared sample follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model compare to the pseudo-first -order kinetic model

The bioactive constituents derived from plants attract the attention of researchers due to their potential applications in the medicinal field. In this regard, the proximate analysis and the cytotoxicity study of the plant materials play an important role in the phytochemical research. In the present work, estimation of total ash, moisture content, fiber content, crude protein, and carbohydrate were carried out under proximate analysis and the antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin present in the plant material was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The separation of anthocyanin pigment from the plant material was done by paper chromatography (PC) technique and they are characterized by UV spectrum, chemical test and the Rf values obtained from paper chromatography. This study also investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of Pseuderanthemum reticulatum leaves by means of MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide)) assay PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell). The results of the proximate analysis showed that the plant material contains 7.6% of moisture content, 16.6 % of total ash, 5.6% of crude protein, 23.0% of crude fiber, 3.82% of crude fat and 23.64 % of carbohydrate. The free radical scavenging ability of the separated anthocyanin was found to be 72.58% at 10 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity investigation showed that the aqueous extract possess the IC50 value of 161.5μg/mL. The High percentage of radical scavenging activity and low toxicity of the plant suggest that it can be extensively used for the investigation of the bioactive constituents and its applications.

In this paper the novel green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) from cobalt chloride (CoCl2) using Mappia foetida leaf extract was investigated. The characterization of the Co3O4NPs was done by using UV – Vis spectroscopy, EDX, XRD and SEM analysis techniques. Comparative antibacterial study was done against gram positive and gram negative bacteria by well diffusion method in which results revealed that the biologically synthesized Co3O4NPs showed relatively similar antibacterial potential as chemically synthesized Co3O4NPs and higher antibacterial potential than that of positive control.

Recently, the biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract gained great attention compared to other methods. In this work, CuO nanomaterial was synthesized by using the leaf extract of Solanum trilobatum. Synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX to determine the functional group, crystalline size, shape, and elemental composition of the synthesized nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction and SEM results confirmed that the synthesized CuO NPs were crystalline in nature and the average size was found to be 38.34 nm. The spherical shape of CuO NPs was reported in the green approach, but first-time pentagons, cubes, and elongated forms of CuO NPs are found in this work. The EDX studies showed that the Solanum trilobatum mediated CuO NPs contain 53.57 % of copper and 46.43% of oxygen. Synthesized CuO NPs were tested against the five pathogenic bacteria and they showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with copper sulfate and plant extract. Especially against Escherichia Coli, Solanum trilobatum mediated CuO NPs performed well inhibitory effect.

This paper will provide an outline of the dissolved pollutants and their removal techniques from water and wastewater. Dissolved impurities are omnipresent in all kinds of water like ground water, surface water and other industrial sewage. Many methods are available for the treatment of dissolved pollutants. Rather than the conventional methods such as membrane technology, coagulation- flocculation method, electro dialysis, and ion exchange method for removing dissolved impurities from a different kind of water, the applicability of the adsorption technique is a simple, economical and the most potential one. Adsorbents may be conventional and non-conventional. Activated carbon and silica gel are included in conventional materials. Activated carbon is preferred material for removing pharmaceutical waste, heavy metals, and dyes from an aqueous medium. They can remove larger and smaller particles from water and wastewater due to their porosity. Among non-conventional methods, clay minerals and zeolites are used in both natural and modified forms as potential adsorbents. Bio-sorbents like industrial waste, agro waste, and chitosan have unique properties to be used as adsorbents to remove dissolved impurities from an aqueous medium. It also outlines mechanism of adsorption and complex relation between adsorbents and adsorbates. Considering the applicability of different adsorbents discussed here for the removal of heavy metals, pharmaceutical waste, dyes, and organic waste, it is expected that this technique can be helpful in further treatment in variety of water and wastewater.

Groundwater is prime and major source of drinking water in our world. Groundwater in Jharkhand is also used for drinking, domestic, irrigation, mining and industrial etc. purposes. In Jharkhand some population are suffering from scarcity of pure drinking water and some population have partial facility with drinking water as groundwater of many area of Jharkhand are contaminated with fluoride, arsenic, heavy metals and iron etc. dangerous chemicals. This review paper focuses on current status of groundwater and contamination of different water quality parameters based on major ion chemistry in Jharkhand. The discussed water quality parameters in this study are water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate.

A new method of analysis with reverse phase chemistry was designed and developed. Validation for method of analysis was performed for its intended use to calculate assay and content uniformity of drug substance sitagliptin, metformin and empagliflozin in the drug products. The method has a run time of 10 minutes on X-bridge C18 column having 250 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter and Particle Size of 5µm, by the use of 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid Buffer 40%: Methanol 40%: Acetonitrile 20% ratio as constituent composition in the proposed mobile phase and chromatography run at wavelength of 224 nm. The retention time of Metformin, Empagliflozin and Sitagliptin, were 3.383, 5.571 and 6.429 minutes, respectively. International Conference on Harmonization guideline was referred for validation. The method showed adequate sensitivity for precision, linearity and accuracy parameter (between the range 25-75μg/mL, 250-750μg/mL and 2.5-7.5μg/mL for sitagliptin, metformin and empagliflozin respectively). The percentage recoveries obtained for sitagliptin, metformin and empagliflozin are in the range of 98.0 – 102.0 %. As results are within the acceptance [1], hence the new developed and proposed method is suitable for quantification of one, two or three component drugs, separately or in combination.

T he study aimed to Develop Chemistry curriculum in light of the standards of life applications and the effectiveness of teaching a unit of the developing curriculum based on format model (4MAT) for the Development of Mental Motivation and chemistry awareness for secondary stage students.To achieve this, the researcher prepared a list of standards and indicators of life applications for the content of the chemistry curriculum in the secondary stage ,A list of life applications in light of the list of standards, then the developed framework for the chemistry curriculum were prepared in light of the standards of life applications for secondary school students (the three grades), including curriculum maps, and a unit was prepared. "Industrial Chemistry" from the developed framework for the content of the chemistry curriculum formulated in the light of McCarthy's 4MAT model form for second year secondary school students. The researcher prepared the experimental study tools, the mental motivation scale prepared by Giancarlo & Factions, 1998, and the chemical awareness scale with its three axes and the study group was selected. They were (27) female students from second year secondary school for girls in Bani Mazar. (73%). The results showed the ineffectiveness of teaching the industrial chemistry unit using the (4MAT) model on mental motivation among the students , and the effect of teaching the unit on the chemical awareness of the students was found.

Time Domain Reflectometric studies has been applied on the binary solutions of methylcellosolve (MCS) with acetylacetone (ACACT) in the entire concentration range at 298 K in the frequency range of 10 MHz – 32 GHz. The values of relaxation time (τ), effective Kirkwood correlation factor (geff ), corrective Kirkwood correlation factor (gf ) and excess permittivity (εE ) have been calculated. The relaxation time of MCS slowly decreases with increase in ACACT concentration suggesting that the size of the heteroassociated rotating unit decreases. The rate at which τ value decreases is more in MCS rich solutions which means that the formation of heteromolecular H – bonds dominantly occur in MCS rich solutions. Parallel orientation among the dipoles occur as suggested by the g^eff values which are greater than unity in all the solutions. The excess permittivity ε^E values calculated using mole and volume fractions qualitatively exhibit the same deviation from ideal behaviour.

Most of the branches of engineering and basic science require,to a different extent,the use of basic thermodynamic formulas relating state variables (temperature, T; pressure, P; volume, V; entropy, S) and thermodynamic potentials (internal energy, U; Helmholtz free energy, A; enthalpy, H; Gibbs free energy, G). The different interrelations among variables, their constrains, and dependencies make them particularly difficult to remember and understand. For students learning and for chemists and engineers needing to rapidly recall these thermodynamic relationships for problem solving and practical applications, a quick method to easily remember them would be most welcome. Herein, Fishing with scissors mnemonic is presented. The mnemonic is seen as Sun with rays. Thermodynamic potential terms (A, G, H, U) as alphabetic doubles are aligned in sun rays regions where as state variables (T, P, S, V) are at sun body. Following a simple set of rules in this mnemonic, a large range of thermodynamic equations can be easily recalled without direction or sign difficulties present in previously reported methods.

MoOCl4/MoO2Cl2 were reacted with 2-mercaptopyridine (IUPAC: pyridine-2-thiol)/4-phenylimidazole-2-thiol (IUPAC: 4-phenyl-1, 3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione)/6-mercaptopurine (IUPAC: 1, 7-dihydro-purine-6-thione) in acetonitrile medium using equal/twice molar concentrations at normal temperature. The reactions yielded products: MoOCl3(C5H4NS-SNH4C5).2HCl, [1]; Mo3O3Cl12(C5H4NS-SNH4C5)(CH3CN)2, [2]; Mo2OCl6(C9H7N2S)4, [3] and Mo2O2Cl8(C5H4N4S)(CH3CN), [4]. The various techniques used for characterization of compounds are: Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid/gas chromatography mass spectrometry and C, H, N, S, Mo, Cl analysis. The products are prone to oxidation/hydrolysis by air/moisture, so all procedures were executed in vacuum line using dry nitrogen atmosphere. Elemental analysis and fragments recorded in mass spectrometry are in tune with the formulae proposed.

This study focused on evaluation of antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory activities and photo protective properties of peels of Nephelium lappaceum Linn. (rambutan); Malwana special. Methanolic extract of peels was sequentially partitioned in hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous methanol. The methanol extract showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Among the fractions, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) was found in the aqueous methanol fraction. DCM and aqueous methanol fractions were rich in flavonoids. In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the aqueous methanol fraction was also significantly higher than the standard drug, acarbose. Partially purified aqueous methanol fraction of rambutan peels exhibited UV-B absorption with a moderate solar protection factor. The results revealed that the peels of Nephelium lappaceum Linn., Malwana specialcan be considered as a promising source for the development of natural antioxidant, cosmeceutical sunscreen and antidiabetic agents.

The in vitroantimicrobial properties of a series of N-methyl-3-aryl indazoles (5a-5j) were screened. In this present work, we describe our efforts towards the development of potent antimicrobial activity of synthesized indazole derivatives. The antimicrobial activities of the prepared compounds were investigated against four bacterial strains: Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, and a fungal strain Candida albicans. The biological evaluation studies of these indazole derivatives revealed that some of these tested compounds have shown moderate to goodin vitroantimicrobial activities.

In this work, GeO2 (germanium dioxide) and Sc2O3 (scandium trioxide) were developed as coatings on AZ31 alloy using polymer binder. The coatings were characterized using X-ray crystallography procedure (XRD), infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid procedure (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy procedure, surface examination by FESEM. The corrosion studies were analyzed using a three electrode system in 3.5% NaCl electrolyte. The bare AZ31 alloy showed open circuit potential (Ecorr) of -1.7 V (SCE) and the corrosion current density (icorr) of 3.4 x 10-4 mA/cm2, while the Sc2O3 coated AZ31 alloy exhibited Ecorr of -1.4 V (SCE) and the icorr of 5.4 x 10-9 mA/cm2 and while the GeO2 coated AZ31 alloy exhibited Ecorr of -1.3 V (SCE) and the icorr of 2.59 x 10-9 mA/cm2. The results reveal that the GeO2 coated AZ31 alloy demonstrated higher corrosion resistance than of bare AZ31 alloy and Sc2O3 coated AZ31 alloy.

A simple, selective, linear having accuracy and specific of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for determination of Genotoxic impurity Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride of drug Leflunomide is reported.The separation and analysis were done on YMC Triart C18 (4.6 mm x 150 mm), having particle size 3.0 μm. KH2PO4 in 2000 mL of purified water and 2 mL triethylamine with pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid is mobile phase-A while acetonitrile is mobile Phase-B with gradient program. The elution achieved with 1.50 mL/min flow rate and using UV detection at 230 nm wavelength. Selected column oven temperature is 45°C and auto sampler 5°C respectively. In this method linearity and accuracy of Hydroxylamine HCl covered with specification limit of LOQ to 150 % (i.e.3 to 23 ppm). The observed correlation coefficient is 0.99965 and recovery in between 99.07 to 114.94. In method precision (ie.repeatability) and intermediate precision (IP) observed % RSD of six spiked test preparation is below 5.0 %. The standard and sample were stable for 3 days when stored at 2 to 8°C temperature. In robustness studies system suitability parameters ie tailing factor, theoretical plates and %RSD does not show significant changes. The present RP-HPLC method is selective, robust, linear, and precise for detection of Hydroxylamine HCl.

Latterly, the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has stock pile and terminal interest over the last decade due to their idiosyncratic properties that make them felicitous in various fields of science and technology. In this study the silver nanoparticles can be manufacture by using the leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata plant using microwave radiation method. The nanoparticles that are synthesized by plants are non-toxic and eco-friendly and it is characterized by using UV-Visible, FT-IR , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TEM.The crystalline natures of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were identified by XRD and its shape was confirmed by TEM analysis. Anti-urolithiatic activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was accomplished which reduces the growth of kidney stone which was appraisal by using the In-Vitro growth of urinary calculi.