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This study examined whether individual differences in personality (development) from adolescence to emerging adulthood were associated with burnout and happiness in emerging adulthood. At Time 1 (2009; Mage = 15.7 years), Time 2 (2012), and Time 3 (2015), Belgian participants ( N = 329; 43.1% boys) reported on the personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness/benevolence, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness/imagination. Burnout (exhaustion, disengagement) and happiness (life satisfaction, overall affect) were measured through self-reports at Time 4 (2018). For each personality dimension, except benevolence, higher levels were associated with fewer burnout symptoms. Initial levels of all personality dimensions were related to more happiness. Shallower decreases in extraversion, emotional stability, and stronger increases in imagination were related to fewer burnout symptoms and more happiness. Results indicate the importance of studying personality development as a determinant of later well-being, above and beyond effects of initial levels. Findings offer new insights into the field of personality, occupational, and positive psychology.

Recent theory conceptualizes emotion regulation as occurring across three stages: (a) identifying the need to regulate, (b) selecting a strategy, and (c) implementing that strategy to modify emotions. Yet, measurement of emotion regulation has not kept pace with these theoretical advances. In particular, widely used global self-report questionnaires are often assumed to index people's typical strategy selection tendencies. However, it is unclear how well global self-reports capture individual differences in strategy selection and/or whether they may also index other emotion regulation stages. To address this issue, we examined how global self-report measures correspond with the three stages of emotion regulation as modeled using daily life data. We analyzed data from nine daily diary and experience sampling studies (total N = 1,097), in which participants provided daily and global self-reports of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination. We found only weak-to-moderate correlations between global self-reports and average daily self-reports of each regulation strategy (indexing strategy selection). Global self-reports also correlated with individual differences in the degree to which (a) preceding affect experience predicted regulation strategies (representing the identification stage), and (b) regulation strategies predicted subsequent changes in affective experience (representing the implementation stage). Our findings suggest that global self-report measures of reappraisal, suppression, and rumination may not strongly and uniquely correlate with individual differences in daily selection of these strategies. Moreover, global self-report measures may also index individual differences in the perceived need to regulate, and the affective consequences of regulation in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved). ispartof: Emotion vol:23 issue:2 pages:357-374 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Background Alexithymia is a key transdiagnostic risk factor for emotion-based psychopathologies. Conceptual models specify that this is because alexithymia impairs emotion regulation. However, the extent of these putative emotion regulation impairments remains underexplored. Our aim in this study was to begin to address this gap by examining whether people with high, average, or low levels of alexithymia differ in the types of emotion regulation strategies they typically use. Method General community adults from the United States (N = 501) completed a battery of alexithymia and emotion regulation measures. Participants were grouped into high, average, and low alexithymia quantiles. Results After controlling for demographics and current levels of distress, the high, average, and low alexithymia groups differed in their use of cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation strategies. Compared to the other groups, the high alexithymia group reported lesser use of generally adaptive regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, approaching problems, and seeking social support) and greater use of generally maladaptive regulation strategies (expressive suppression, behavioral withdrawal, ignoring). Limitations Our data were cross-sectional and from self-report questionnaires. Future work in other cultural groups would be beneficial. Conclusions Our results support the view that alexithymia is associated with impaired emotion regulation. In particular, people with high alexithymia seem to exhibit a less adaptive profile of emotion regulation strategies. Direct targeting of these emotion regulation patterns in psychotherapy may therefore be a useful pathway for the treatment of emotional disorder symptoms in people with high alexithymia. Available online 23 December 2022

Effective vocabulary learning is essential for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as it enables them to communicate effectively and improve overall language proficiency. However, different learners may have different preferences, needs, and learning styles, which may affect the effectiveness of different vocabulary learning strategies. This paper aims to explore the different strategies of learning vocabulary among EFL learners, and to examine their effectiveness. It reviews the relevant literature on this topic, presents the findings of a research study, and discusses the implications of the results for EFL learners and teachers. The study involved 200 EFL learners from two public universities in Morocco using a convenience sampling method. The study employed correlational tests to highlight the relationship between individual differences in learning styles and the choice of vocabulary learning strategies among English language learners. The findings indicate that there is a noteworthy affirmative association between the approach of acquiring new vocabulary through listening and the technique of utilizing technological applications during vocabulary acquisition. This suggests that individuals who take pleasure in gaining new vocabulary through the auditory medium may likewise have a propensity to employ technology applications during the learning process. However, other learning styles didn’t show a significant correlation with the learning strategies used to learn new vocabulary. These findings have important implications for EFL teachers, who can use this knowledge to design effective and personalized vocabulary learning activities. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for future research and practical application.

Haptic sensing by sliding fingers over a fabric is a common behavior in consumers when wearing garments. Prior studies have found important characteristics that shape the evaluation criteria and influence the preference of consumers regarding fabrics. This study analyzed the tactile perception of selected woven fabrics, with an emphasis on the participants’ individual differences. Individual differences generally are discarded in sensory experiments by averaging them. Small differences among consumers can be important for understanding the factors driving consumer preferences. For this study, 28 participants assessed fabrics with very distinct surface, compression, and heat transferring properties by sliding their index fingers along the surface of the fabric. The participants also engaged in a descriptive sensory analysis. The physical properties of the fabric were measured using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F) system. Moreover, parameters at the finger–fabric interface, such as the contact force, finger speed, and skin vibration, were measured during the assessment. This study used analysis of variance to eliminate nonsignificant attributes. Consonance analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) on the unfolded sensory and interface data matrices. Finally, the physical and interface data were regressed onto sensory data. The results showed that the contact force and finger speed were nonsignificant, while skin vibration was a possible replacement for surface physical properties measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F) system with an equal or slightly improved explainability.

While we instantaneously recognize a face as attractive, it is much harder to explain what exactly defines personal attraction. This suggests that attraction depends on implicit processing of complex, culturally and individually defined features. Generative adversarial neural networks (GANs), which learn to mimic complex data distributions, can potentially model subjective preferences unconstrained by pre-defined model parameterization. Here, we present generative brain-computer interfaces (GBCI), coupling GANs with brain-computer interfaces. GBCI first presents a selection of images and captures personalized attractiveness reactions toward the images via electroencephalography. These reactions are then used to control a GAN model, finding a representation that matches the features constituting an attractive image for an individual. We conducted an experiment (N=30) to validate GBCI using a face-generating GAN and producing images that are hypothesized to be individually attractive. In double-blind evaluation of the GBCI-produced images against matched controls, we found GBCI yielded highly accurate results. Thus, the use of EEG responses to control a GAN presents a valid tool for interactive information-generation. Furthermore, the GBCI-derived images visually replicated known effects from social neuroscience, suggesting that the individually responsive, generative nature of GBCI provides a powerful, new tool in mapping individual differences and visualizing cognitive-affective processing.

Background and Objectives:Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is highly heterogeneous, with marked individual differences in clinical presentation and neurobiology. To explore this, we employed neuroanatomical normative modelling to index regional patterns of variability in cortical thickness. We aimed to characterise individual differences and outliers in cortical thickness in patients with AD, people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls. Furthermore, we assessed the relationships between cortical thickness heterogeneity and cognitive function, amyloid-beta, phosphor-tau, ApoE genotype. Finally, we examined whether cortical thickness heterogeneity was predictive of conversion from MCI to AD.Methods:Cortical thickness measurements across 148 brain regions were obtained from T1-weighted MRI scans from 62 sites of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. AD was determined by clinical and neuropsychological examination with no comorbidities present. MCI participants had reported memory complaints, and controls were cognitively normal. A neuroanatomical normative model indexed cortical thickness distributions using a separate healthy reference dataset (n= 33,072), employing hierarchical Bayesian regression to predict cortical thickness per region using age and sex, whilst adjusting for site noise. Z-scores per region were calculated, resulting in a z-score ‘brain map’ per participant. Regions with z-scores Results:Patients with AD (n=206) had a median of 12 outlier regions (out of a possible 148), with the highest proportion of outliers (47%) in the parahippocampal gyrus. For 62 regions, over 90% of these patients had cortical thicknesses within the normal range. Patients with AD had more outlier regions than people with MCI (n=662) or controls (n=159) [F(2, 1022) = 95.39), P = 2.0×10-16]. They were also more dissimilar to each other than people with MCI or controls [F(2, 1024) = 209.42, P = 2.2×10-16]. A greater number of outlier regions was associated with worse cognitive function, CSF protein concentrations and an increased risk of converting from MCI to AD within three years (HR = 1.028, 95% CI[1.016,1.039], P =1.8×10-16).Discussion:Individualised normative maps of cortical thickness highlight the heterogeneous impact of AD on the brain. Regional outlier estimates have the potential to be a marker of disease and could be used to track an individual’s disease progression or treatment response in clinical trials.

Paradis’ (2022) keynote article is a timely documentation of the ongoing shift in focus within childhood bilingualism research from investigating the factors that modulate majority or second language (ML/L2) attainment (Chondrogianni & Marinis, 2011) to understanding the sources of variation that lead to minority heritage language (HL) maintenance. This shift of focus into individual differences (IDs) in bilingual performance across both languages reflects converging research carried out in the past twenty years reporting that, when learning barriers are not at stake, bilingual children can reach ML outcomes. It also aligns with research findings suggesting that ML educational or linguistic outcomes are directly related to the successful attainment of HL educational and linguistic milestones, which, in turn, reinforce the need for the HL to be supported.

Karşılıklılık, bireylerin diğerlerinin olumlu ve olumsuz davranışlarına aynı şekilde karşılık vermesini salık veren normdur. Bu kavram gerek sosyal psikolojide gerekse diğer sosyal bilimlerde sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bireysel Karşılıklılık Normu Ölçeği Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve bu çevirinin güvenirlik ve geçerliğine dair bulgular elde edilmiştir. Bu ölçek Pozitif Karşılıklılık Normu (PKN), Negatif Karşılıklılık Normu (NKN) ve Karşılıklılığa İnanç (Kİ) olmak üzere her biri 9 madde içeren 3 alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. 328 üniversite öğrencisinden anket yoluyla veri toplanmış, ölçeğin yapı geçerliği açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular toplamda 3 maddenin hem açımlayıcı hem doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde beklenen şekilde işlemediğini, diğer maddelerin beklenen faktör yüklerine sahip olduğunu ve modelin uyum değerlerinin yeterli olduğunu göstermiştir (PKN ve NKN için χ²(116)=219, p, Reciprocity is a norm which suggests that people should reciprocate the negative and positive behaviors of others. This concept is widely used in both social psychology and other social sciences. In this study, The Personal Norm of Reciprocity Scale is translated into the Turkish language and its reliability and validity values are acquired. This scale consists of 3 sub-factors of 9 items, named Positive Reciprocity Norm (PRN), Negative Reciprocity Norm (NRN), and Belief in Reciprocity (BR). A survey is conducted on 328 college students and the structural validity of the scale is examined via an explanatory and a confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated that 3 of the items failed to function as expected both in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The rest of the items had expected factor loadings and the fit values of the models are satisfactory (χ²(116)=219, p

Objectives Mind-wandering is a form of internal distraction that may occur both deliberately and spontaneously. This study aimed to provide a psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the Mind-Wandering Deliberate and Spontaneous (MW-D/MW-S) scales, as well as to extend prior research investigating their associations with dispositional mindfulness (Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire) and with the ability for attentional control of external distraction (Attentional Control Scale). Method In two large samples (n1 = 795; n2 = 1084), we examined latent structure, item- and dimension-level descriptive statistics, and internal consistency reliability scores of the Spanish MW-D/MW-S scales. Partial correlations were used to evaluate their associations with dispositional mindfulness and attentional control. Multiple linear regression and relative weight analyses were used to investigate whether or not, and to what extent, the facets of mindfulness could be uniquely predicted by internal and external distraction. Results The Spanish MW-D/MW-S scales demonstrated a two-factor structure, high internal consistency reliability scores, and good nomological validity. Dispositional mindfulness was independently explained by internal and external distraction. MW-S was the largest (negative) predictor of the scores of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, being this association particularly strong for the facet Acting with awareness. Conversely, MW-D was mildly associated with increased mindfulness. In addition, attentional control was found moderately negatively associated with MW-S and mildly positively associated with MW-D. Conclusions Our results indicate that the Spanish version of the MW-D/MW-S scales are a useful tool to assess individual differences in deliberate and spontaneous mind-wandering, shed light on the relationship between mindfulness and both internal and external distraction, and accentuate the critical role of intentionality in the study of the mind-wandering phenomena., La Caixa Foundation 100010434 LCF/BQ/DE18/11670002, Euro-pean Union-Next Generation EU funds, Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Min-isterio de Economia y Competitividad 100010434 Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad LCF/BQ/DE18/11670002, Junta de Andalucia FPU17/06169, Universidad de Granada / CBUA PID2019-104239 GB-I00/SRA PID2020-114790 GB-I00 PY20_00693

BACKGROUND: FMRI resting state networks (RSNs) are used to characterize brain disorders. They also show extensive heterogeneity across patients. Identifying systematic differences between RSNs in patients, i.e. discovering neurofunctional subtypes, may further increase our understanding of disease heterogeneity. Currently, no methodology is available to estimate neurofunctional subtypes and their associated RSNs simultaneously. NEW METHOD: We present an unsupervised learning method for fMRI data, called Clusterwise Independent Component Analysis (C-ICA). This enables the clustering of patients into neurofunctional subtypes based on differences in shared ICA-derived RSNs. The parameters are estimated simultaneously, which leads to an improved estimation of subtypes and their associated RSNs. RESULTS: In five simulation studies, the C-ICA model is successfully validated using both artificially and realistically simulated data (N = 30-40). The successful performance of the C-ICA model is also illustrated on an empirical data set consisting of Alzheimer's disease patients and elderly control subjects (N = 250). C-ICA is able to uncover a meaningful clustering that partially matches (balanced accuracy = .72) the diagnostic labels and identifies differences in RSNs between the Alzheimer and control cluster. COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS: Both in the simulation study and the empirical application, C-ICA yields better results compared to competing clustering methods (i.e., a two step clustering procedure based on single subject ICA's and a Group ICA plus dual regression variant thereof) that do not simultaneously estimate a clustering and associated RSNs. Indeed, the overall mean adjusted Rand Index, a measure for cluster recovery, equals 0.65 for C-ICA and ranges from 0.27 to 0.46 for competing methods. CONCLUSIONS: The successful performance of C-ICA indicates that it is a promising method to extract neurofunctional subtypes from multi-subject resting state-fMRI data. This method can be applied on fMRI scans of patient groups to study (neurofunctional) subtypes, which may eventually further increase understanding of disease heterogeneity. ispartof: JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS vol:382 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published

In the present study, we explored the best regression models that explain the developmental path of dispositional empathy among Iranian participants using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). BMA, a data-driven analysis method, was employed to identify the most likely candidate regression models given the collected data. We reported the best regression model for each dependent variable and different components of applied questionnaires by evaluating and comparing multiple model fit indicators—Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, adjusted R2, Bayes Factor model, and leave-one-out cross-validation root-mean-square error—among candidate regression models identified by BMA. We discussed the theoretical implications of the findings regarding factors associated with empathy development and the methodological implications of using data-driven analysis in the field.

Background: Clinicians increasingly serve youths from societal/cultural backgrounds different from their own. This raises questions about how to interpret what such youths report. Rescorla et al. (2019, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 1107) found that much more variance in 72,493 parents’ ratings of their offspring’s mental health problems was accounted for by individual differences than by societal or cultural differences. Although parents’ reports are essential for clinical assessment of their offspring, they reflect parents’ perceptions of the offspring. Consequently, clinical assessment also requires self-reports from the offspring themselves. To test effects of individual differences, society, and culture on youths’ self-ratings of their problems and strengths, we analyzed Youth Self-Report (YSR) scores for 39,849 11–17 year olds in 38 societies. Methods: Indigenous researchers obtained YSR self-ratings from population samples of youths in 38 societies representing 10 culture cluster identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study. Hierarchical linear modeling of scores on 17 problem scales and one strengths scale estimated the percent of variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. ANOVAs tested age and gender effects. Results: Averaged across the 17 problem scales, individual differences accounted for 92.5% of variance, societal differences 6.0%, and cultural differences 1.5%. For strengths, individual differences accounted for 83.4% of variance, societal differences 10.1%, and cultural differences 6.5%. Age and gender had very small effects. Conclusions: Like parents’ ratings, youths’ self-ratings of problems were affected much more by individual differences than societal/cultural differences. Most variance in self-rated strengths also reflected individual differences, but societal/cultural effects were larger than for problems, suggesting greater influence of social desirability. The clinical significance of individual differences in youths’ self-reports should thus not be minimized by societal/cultural differences, which—while important—can be taken into account with appropriate norms, as can gender and age differences.

In an era of increased political polarization, it is important to measure how receptive US American citizens are to diverse political views. Being more open to diverse political viewpoints—openness to political pluralism—may involve holding emotional and intellectual tolerance, non-rigidity, and proactive motivation to seek out different political perspectives. In three preregistered studies of US residents, we present a new self-report measure of openness to political pluralism (OPP) consisting of 25 items. In Study 1 (MTurk n = 400), we verified a preregistered bifactor model with four facets, conducted initial validity analyses, and created a short five-item version (OPPS). Both OPP and OPPS have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In Studies 2 and 3, MTurk participants (n = 258) and Qualtrics panel participants (n = 296) completed OPP and measures of related constructs to validate our scale. OPP was modestly correlated with actively open-minded thinking (AOT) and highly correlated with open-minded cognition-political (OMC-P). Greater OPP was associated with an inverted U-shape relation to left-right political orientation. It was also correlated with more politically diverse social networks and varied information seeking. We discuss how our measure of openness to political pluralism can be used in future research.

Understanding predictors of parents' willingness to vaccinate their children appears fundamental to promote vaccine acceptability, especially in a pandemic scenario. The present study aimed to investigate the role of conspiracy beliefs and absolutist thinking in parental attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, and the predictive role of parents' individual differences on decisions against children's vaccination. An online survey was administered to 415 parents of children aged 5-11, at the very beginning of the vaccination targeting this population in Italy. Results showed that absolutism predicted the tendency to believe in conspiracies, associated with a negative attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine administration to children. Moreover, mothers were less willing to vaccinate children and parents of children aged 5-7 were more hesitant, or even against vaccination, than parents of older children. Finally, the worry about consequences of COVID-19 infection on children's health facilitated vaccine adherence. These findings contribute to deepening mechanisms regarding the vaccine acceptability.

Few spheres in life are as universally relevant for (almost) all individuals past puberty as sexuality. One important aspect of sexuality concerns individuals’ sex drive—their dispositional sexual motivation. A vigorous scientific (and popular) debate revolves around the question of whether or not there is a gender difference in sex drive. Several theories predict a higher sex drive in men compared to women, with some theories attributing this difference to biased responding rather than true differences. Currently, there is little consensus on how to conceptualize sex drive, nor does a quantitative summary of the literature exist. In this paper, we present a theory-driven conceptualization of sex drive as the density distribution of state sex drive, where state sex drive is defined as momentary sexual motivation that manifests in sexual cognition, affect, and behavior. We conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of gender differences in sex drive based on 211 studies, 856 effect sizes, and 621,463 persons. The meta-analysis revealed a stronger sex drive in men compared to women, with a medium-to-large effect size (g = 0.69, CI95 [0.58, 0.81]). Men more often think and fantasize about sex, more often experience sexual affect like desire, and more often engage in masturbation than women. Adjustment for biased responding reduced the gender difference (g = 0.54). Moderation analyses suggest that the effect is robust and largely invariant to contextual factors. There was no evidence of publication bias. The discussion focuses on validity considerations, limitations, and implications for psychological theory and people’s everyday lives.

Farklılaştırılmış öğretim, eğitimde adaleti sağlayan bir yaklaşımdır. Bu nedenle öğretmenlerin, öğretimi farklılaştırması profesyonel bir sorumluluktur. Bu çalışmada, farklılaştırılmış öğretim yaklaşımına yönelik yeterliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sorusunun doğası ve bağlamına uygun olarak, yeterliklerin belirlenmesi için ilgili alan literatürünün incelenmesi yöntemi seçilmiştir. Araştırmada nitel yaklaşımlardan doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın veri kaynağını, farklılaştırılmış öğretim yaklaşımıyla ilgili hakemli yayınlar ve temel kaynak kitaplar oluşturmaktadır. Veri kaynaklarının analiz edilmesiyle tespit edilen yeterlikler, bulgularıyla birlikte belli temalar altında toplanmıştır. Ardından uzmanlardan görüş alınarak yeterliklere son hâli verilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda bilgi, beceri ve inanış olmak üzere üç yeterlik alanı altında 39 öğretmen yeterliği tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen yeterliklerin kullanılması doğrultusunda araştırma ve uygulamaya dönük önerilerde bulunulmuştur., Differentiated instruction is an approach ensuring the fairness in education. Therefore, it is a professional responsibility of teachers to differentiate the instruction. In this study, it is aimed to specify the competencies for the differentiated instruction approach. In compliance with the nature and context of the research question, the method of examination of the relevant field literature was chosen to specify the competencies. In this research, document analysis method, one of the qualitative approaches, was used. The data source of the study consist of peer reviewed publications and basic reference books related to the differentiated instruction approach. Competencies specified through the analysis of the data sources are grouped under the certain themes along with their findings. Subsequently, competencies were finalized by taking the expert opinions. As a result of the research, 39 teacher competencies were identified under the three competency area; knowledge, skill and belief. In line with the use of the identified competencies, suggestions for research and practice were made.

Aesthetic and moral evaluations engage appetitive and defensive emotions. While the role played by pleasure in positive aesthetic and moral judgements has been extensively researched, little is known about how defensive emotions influence negative aesthetic and moral judgements. Specifically, it is unknown which defensive emotions such judgements tap into, and whether both kinds of judgement share a common emotional root. Here, we investigated how participants' individual sensitivity to disgust, fear, anger and sadness predicted subjective judgements of aesthetic and moral stimuli. Bayesian modelling revealed that participants who were more sensitive to anger and fear found conventional and moral transgressions more wrong. In contrast, participants who were more sensitive to disgust disliked asymmetrical geometric patterns and untidy rooms more. These findings suggest that aesthetic and moral evaluations engage multiple defensive emotions, not just disgust, and that they may rely on different defensive emotions as part of their computational mechanism.

1. Animal migration is one of the most spectacular and visible behavioural phenomena in nature with profound implications for a range of ecological and evolutionary processes. Successful migration hinges on the ability to exploit temporary resources (e.g. food) and evade threats (e.g. predators) as they arise, and thus the timing of migration is often regarded as a dominant predictor of individual migratory success. 2. However, with the exception of intensively studied taxa (mainly birds), relatively few studies have investigated inter-individual annual and seasonal variation in migratory timing and performance, or tested predictions on how migration across high and low predation-risk habitats may exert selection on migratory timing. In particular, studies that assess the survival consequences of variation in migratory timing remain rare, which is most likely due to the logistical challenges associated with monitoring survival success and population-level characteristics simultaneously. 3. Here, we address the above-mentioned questions using roach Rutilus rutilus, a fish that migrates from lakes characterised by high predation risk into low-risk streams during winter. Specifically, we used individual-based tracking of roach in two European lake systems over multiple migration periods (9 and 7 years respectively), to obtain highly detailed (year-round scheduling, repeat journeys and the fate of individuals) data on the variability/synchrony of migratory timing in spring and autumn respectively. 4. We report seasonal differences in the variability of migratory timing, with lower variance and higher migration synchrony in spring lake arrival timing as compared to autumn lake departure timing. Furthermore, the timing of autumn migration is more variable across years than the timing of spring migration. Second, we find that later arrival to the lake habitat is positively associated with apparent survival from 1 year to the next, whereas we found no effect of lake departure timing on survival probability. 5. These findings represent rare evidence showing how intraspecific variation in timing in migratory fish differs across years and seasons, and how variation in timing can translate into survival consequences for prey in systems characterised by high predation risk.

This special issue honours James Ost's (1973-2019) contributions to our understanding of false and distorted remembering. In our editorial, we introduce some of James' distinctive research themes including the experiences of people who retract "recovered" memories, social (e.g., co-witness and interviewer influence) and personality influences on false remembering, the nature of false remembering itself (e.g., different types of false memories; false memories vs. false beliefs), public understanding of (false) memory, and a historical link to the work of Frederic Bartlett. We illustrate these themes through a number of key publications. The unifying thread behind James' work is his core interest in false/distorted remembering in real-life (typically high-stake) situations, in line with his engagement with the British False Memory Society and his role as an expert witness in court trials. The articles included in this special issue elaborate on the research themes to which James devoted his career and his curiosity.

Morpho-phonological patterns and semantic density influence the processing of spoken complex words and contribute to the dissociation between regularly and irregularly inflected forms. However, it is unclear whether all listeners rely on morpho-phonological and semantic cues to the same degree. The present paper examines whether a listener’s cognitive profile, indicated by processing efficiency, affects the processing strategy employed when listening to morphologically complex words. Two auditory judgement experiments demonstrate that slower responders rely more strongly on semantic processing than faster responders, but all listeners show morpho-phonological effects regardless of processing speed and form effects. This demonstrates that morpho-phonological processing is automatic for all listeners, but processing efficiency determines whether additional semantic cues are engaged. The results highlight the importance of integrating cognitive variability into current models of complex word processing.

Burnout (BT) is a vital determinant of work effectiveness and a well-studied psychological construct. The dominant theoretical perspectives have defined BT via the proposed dimensional structures and have provided the corresponding instruments for measuring them. The present endeavor adopts the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), as its purpose is to examine the psychometric properties of a short version for the Greek teachers and to find differences across their individual characteristics. The Greek short version of OLBI comprises two dimensions: Disengagement (four items) and Exhaustion (five items), with reliability measures utilizing Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega: Exhaustion (α = 0.810/ω = 0.823) and Disengagement (α = 0.742/ω = 0.756). Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit of the measurement model: χ2 = 320.291, df = 26, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.970; TLI = 0.958; RMSEA = 0.068; 90% CI of RMSEA = [0.062; 0.075]; SRMR = 0.067; NFI = 0.967; GFI = 0.986]. The proposed model is extracted after two studies (N1 = 134, N2 = 2437). The novel aspect of this endeavor is the measurement invariance explored across selected demographic variables. The findings supporting the measurement invariance make an essential contribution to the field, and the implications for educational research are provided along with a concise presentation of theoretical issues.

This study examines short-term improvement of music performances and oculomotor behaviour during four successive executions of a brief musical piece composed by Bartók, “Slovak Boys’ Dance”. Pianists (n=22) were allowed to practice for two minutes between each trial. Eye-tracking data were collected as well as MIDI information from pianists’ performances. Cognitive skills were assessed by a spatial memory test and a reading span test. Principal component analysis (PCA) enabled us to distinguish two axes, one associated with anticipation and the other with dependence/independence on written code. The effect of musical structure, determined by the emergence of different sections in the score, was observed in all the dependent variables selected from the PCA; we also observed the effect of practice on the number of fixations, the number of glances at the keyboard (GAK) and the awareness span. Pianist expertise was associated with fewer fixations and GAK, better anticipation capacities and more effective strategies for visual monitoring of motor movements. The significant correlations observed between the reading span test and GAK duration highlight the challenge of working memory involvement during music reading.

The intended learning outcomes of Physical Education (PE) in the Netherlands demand PE teachers to enhance their students’ motor skills and motivational beliefs. Current developments in PE emphasize the importance of understanding how motor learning methods can be adequately adapted to the needs of individual students and whether, and how, digital applications can be implemented to support motor learning and motivational beliefs. Based on previous –predominantly laboratory– studies, it seems that differentiation with explicit and implicit learning methods and application of self-controlled video feedback could be promising learning methods to apply in PE. However, applications of these motor learning methods should be tested in experimental studies that are representative for PE. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to study the relative benefits of explicit and implicit learning methods on students’ motor learning, self-efficacy, and perceived competence in two experimental studies (Chapter 2 & 3) in PE. We examined whether, and how, the potential benefits were constrained by individual student characteristics, such as verbal working memory capacity (Chapter 2 & 3), visuospatial working memory capacity (Chapter 2), and propensity for conscious motor control (Chapter 3). In the first study, grade 7 and 8 primary school students with special educational needs practiced balancing a slackline. The second study included first year students of a mainstream secondary school who practiced a layup. In both studies, the students practiced either with explicit or with implicit guidance of a PE teacher. At a group level, practice with either explicit or implicit learning methods was similarly successful in improving motor skill and self-efficacy or perceived competence. The influence of the individual constraints in explaining the effectiveness of explicit and implicit learning was significant but smaller than anticipated, since we only found significant effects of verbal working memory capacity, and only in the study that was situated in special education schools. The aim of the second part of this thesis (Chapter 4 & 5) was to verify whether, and how, application of self-controlled feedback in PE benefits motor learning and motivational beliefs compared to adoption of video feedback without this self-control and compared to a traditional teacher-controlled setting without video feedback. In an experimental learning study, grade one secondary school students practiced shot-putting during regular PE lessons. In the two video feedback groups (self- and externally controlled), we incorporated a broader application of self-regulation compared to earlier laboratory studies (as described in Chapter 4). Although students improved their motor performance and self-efficacy, differences between groups arose only in motivational measures and not in motor learning outcomes. Students in the self-controlled video feedback group reported a higher perceived learning effect than students who practiced with externally controlled video feedback. Furthermore, self-efficacy improved significantly in the self-controlled video feedback and traditional teacher-controlled group, while no significant changes in the externally controlled video feedback group were found. Based on the findings of the studies presented in this thesis, I would recommend PE teachers to be aware that cognitive characteristics of the students may affect the effectiveness of explicit and implicit learning methods. They can adopt more explicit learning methods in children with a relatively high verbal working memory capacity and try to evoke a more implicit learning process in children with a relatively low verbal working memory capacity. In addition, self-controlled video feedback as applied in Chapter 5 seems promising for PE. More study is needed to obtain (further) delineation of individual- and task constraints that influence explicit and implicit learning and learning with self-controlled video feedback. Furthermore, a challenging task for future research is to examine how self-controlled video feedback influences self-regulatory processes during practice.

The intended learning outcomes of Physical Education (PE) in the Netherlands demand PE teachers to enhance their students’ motor skills and motivational beliefs. Current developments in PE emphasize the importance of understanding how motor learning methods can be adequately adapted to the needs of individual students and whether, and how, digital applications can be implemented to support motor learning and motivational beliefs. Based on previous –predominantly laboratory– studies, it seems that differentiation with explicit and implicit learning methods and application of self-controlled video feedback could be promising learning methods to apply in PE. However, applications of these motor learning methods should be tested in experimental studies that are representative for PE. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to study the relative benefits of explicit and implicit learning methods on students’ motor learning, self-efficacy, and perceived competence in two experimental studies (Chapter 2 & 3) in PE. We examined whether, and how, the potential benefits were constrained by individual student characteristics, such as verbal working memory capacity (Chapter 2 & 3), visuospatial working memory capacity (Chapter 2), and propensity for conscious motor control (Chapter 3). In the first study, grade 7 and 8 primary school students with special educational needs practiced balancing a slackline. The second study included first year students of a mainstream secondary school who practiced a layup. In both studies, the students practiced either with explicit or with implicit guidance of a PE teacher. At a group level, practice with either explicit or implicit learning methods was similarly successful in improving motor skill and self-efficacy or perceived competence. The influence of the individual constraints in explaining the effectiveness of explicit and implicit learning was significant but smaller than anticipated, since we only found significant effects of verbal working memory capacity, and only in the study that was situated in special education schools. The aim of the second part of this thesis (Chapter 4 & 5) was to verify whether, and how, application of self-controlled feedback in PE benefits motor learning and motivational beliefs compared to adoption of video feedback without this self-control and compared to a traditional teacher-controlled setting without video feedback. In an experimental learning study, grade one secondary school students practiced shot-putting during regular PE lessons. In the two video feedback groups (self- and externally controlled), we incorporated a broader application of self-regulation compared to earlier laboratory studies (as described in Chapter 4). Although students improved their motor performance and self-efficacy, differences between groups arose only in motivational measures and not in motor learning outcomes. Students in the self-controlled video feedback group reported a higher perceived learning effect than students who practiced with externally controlled video feedback. Furthermore, self-efficacy improved significantly in the self-controlled video feedback and traditional teacher-controlled group, while no significant changes in the externally controlled video feedback group were found. Based on the findings of the studies presented in this thesis, I would recommend PE teachers to be aware that cognitive characteristics of the students may affect the effectiveness of explicit and implicit learning methods. They can adopt more explicit learning methods in children with a relatively high verbal working memory capacity and try to evoke a more implicit learning process in children with a relatively low verbal working memory capacity. In addition, self-controlled video feedback as applied in Chapter 5 seems promising for PE. More study is needed to obtain (further) delineation of individual- and task constraints that influence explicit and implicit learning and learning with self-controlled video feedback. Furthermore, a challenging task for future research is to examine how self-controlled video feedback influences self-regulatory processes during practice.

Using a nonce-word inflection task, we examine the morphosyntactic productivity of adult native speakers of Spanish who are either beginning to learn to read and write (semi-literates) or have acquired literacy in late adulthood (late-literates), as well as age-matched controls (high-literates). High-literates consistently provided the appropriate form more often than late-literates, who in turn were better than semi-literate participants. Crucially, group interacted with person, number, and conjugation, such that the between-group differences were larger for the less frequent cells in the paradigm, indicating that literacy-related differences are not merely a consequence of the high-literacy group being more engaged or test-wise. This suggests that the availability of written representations may facilitate the acquisition of certain aspects of grammar. We also observed vast individual differences in productivity with inflectional endings. These results add to the growing body of research which challenges the assumption that all native speakers converge on the same grammar early in development.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je identifikacija individualnih i psiholoških obilježja punoljetnih sportaša natjecatelja poput roda, dobi, veličine mjesta u kojem su sportaši proveli većinu svojih života, vrste sporta (individualni/timski), dužine bavljenja sportom, samoefikasnosti, znanja o području djelovanja sportskih psihologa, zadovoljstva prethodnom suradnjom sa sportskim psiholozima te spremnosti na suradnju sa sportskim psiholozima koja su povezana sa stavovima sportaša prema sportskim psiholozima. Osim toga, cilj je bio i utvrđivanje doprinosa ispitivanih varijabli u objašnjavanju individualnih razlika u stavovima sportaša prema sportskim psiholozima. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 270 sportaša natjecatelja oba spola, a u svrhu mjerenja stavova konstruirana je skala stavova sportaša prema sportskim psiholozima. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu povezanost stavova sportaša prema sportskim psiholozima s rodom, dobi, vrstom sporta, samoefikasnosti, zadovoljstvom prethodnom suradnjom sa sportskim psiholozima te spremnosti na suradnju sa sportskim psiholozima. Značajan su samostalni doprinos u objašnjavanju individualnih razlika u stavovima sportaša prema sportskim psiholozima imali rod, dob te samoefikasnost. U konačnici, rezultati su pokazali da je oko 78% sudionika ovog istraživanja spremno na individualni rad sa sportskim psihologom. The aim of this research was to identify individual and psychological characteristics of adult competitive athletes, such as gender, age, size of the town where athletes spent most of their lives, type of sport (individual/team), length of time spent in sports, self-efficacy, knowledge of the field of sports psychology, satisfaction with previous cooperation with sports psychologists, and willingness to cooperate with sports psychologists, which are associated with athletes' attitudes towards sports psychologists. Additionally, the goal was to determine the contribution of these variables in explaining individual differences in athletes' attitudes towards sports psychologists. The study included 270 male and female competitive athletes, and a scale of athletes' attitudes towards sports psychologists was constructed for the purpose of measuring attitudes. The results showed a significant correlation between athletes' attitudes towards sports psychologists and gender, age, type of sport, self-efficacy, satisfaction with previous cooperation with sports psychologists, and willingness to cooperate with sports psychologists. Gender, age, and self-efficacy made a significant independent contribution in explaining individual differences in athletes' attitudes towards sports psychologists. Ultimately, the results showed that around 78% of the participants in this study were willing to engage in individual work with a sports psychologist.

Considerable research in moral psychology has provided evidence for disagreement in the resolution of moral dilemmas pitting the greater good against adherence to moral norms. One potential explanation for this disagreement lies in stable individual differences between people, which has been supported by past research suggesting that differences in moral-dilemma judgments are stable over time and related to individual differences in cognition, emotion, antisocial traits, and beliefs and attitudes. While past research is informative, traditional measurement of moral-dilemma judgment confounds the influence of several factors, rendering the meaning of disagreement in moral-dilemma judgments ambiguous. To address these limitations, the purpose of this dissertation was to provide more nuanced insights into disagreement in moral-dilemma judgments by using the CNI model of moral decision-making to separately quantify sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, and general preference for inaction versus action in responses to moral dilemmas. Across three lines of research, the current work examined (1) the temporal stability of individual differences in the three factors (Article 1) and (2) relations between individual differences in the three factors and basic personality traits (Article 1), political ideology (Article 2), and facet-level psychopathy (Article 3). Findings from Article 1 provided evidence for high stability in sensitivity to consequences and sensitivity to moral norms, which was comparable to that of the Big Five personality traits, but lower stability in general preference for inaction versus action. Findings across Articles 1-3 revealed an unexpectedly strong contribution of basic personality traits to disagreement through relations with all three factors (Article 1), an unexpectedly weak contribution of political ideology to disagreement through sensitivity to consequences (Article 2), and an expectedly strong contribution of interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits to disagreement through sensitivity to moral norms (Article 3). Together, these findings have important implications for theories of moral judgment and provide a novel theoretical framework for understanding disagreement in moral-dilemma judgments, which may be used to develop tailored interventions to reduce real-world disagreement.

The ability to flexibly switch between tasks is key for goal-directed behavior and continues to improve across childhood. Children's task switching difficulties are thought to reflect less efficient engagement of sustained and transient control processes, resulting in lower performance on blocks that intermix tasks (sustained demand) and trials that require a task switch (transient demand). Sustained and transient control processes are associated with frontoparietal regions, which develop throughout childhood and may contribute to task switching development. We examined age differences in the modulation of frontoparietal regions by sustained and transient control demands in children (8-11 years) and adults. Children showed greater performance costs than adults, especially under sustained demand, along with less upregulation of sustained and transient control activation in frontoparietal regions. Compared to adults, children showed increased connectivity between the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) from single to mixed blocks. For children whose sustained activation was less adult-like, increased IFJ-lPFC connectivity was associated with better performance. Children with more adult-like sustained activation showed the inverse effect. These results suggest that individual differences in task switching in later childhood at least partly depend on the recruitment of frontoparietal regions in an adult-like manner.

Humans differ in their tendency to experience disgust and avoid contact with potential sources of pathogens. Pathogen disgust sensitivity has been used to explain a wide range of social phenomena, such as prejudice, conformity, and trust. Yet, its exact role in the motivational system that regulates avoidance of pathogens, the so-called behavioral immune system, remains unclear. Here, we test how individual differences in pathogen disgust sensitivity relates to the information processing structure underlying pathogen avoidance. Participants (n = 998) rated the perceived health of individuals with or without facial blemishes and indicated how comfortable they would feel about having physical contact with them. Participants with high disgust sensitivity viewed facial blemishes as more indicative of poor health. Moreover, for participants with high disgust sensitivity, perceived health was a stronger determinant of comfort with physical contact. These findings suggest that increased pathogen disgust sensitivity captures tendencies to more readily interpret stimuli as a pathogen threat and be more strongly guided by estimated infection risk when deciding who should be approached or avoided. This supports the notion that pathogen disgust sensitivity is a summary of investment in pathogen avoidance, rather than just an increased sensitivity to pathogen cues.

The ability to recognize someone’s voice spans a broad spectrum with phonagnosia on the low end and super-recognition at the high end. Yet there is no standardized test to measure an individual’s ability of learning and recognizing newly learned voices with samples of speech-like phonetic variability. We have developed the Jena Voice Learning and Memory Test (JVLMT), a 22-min test based on item response theory and applicable across languages. The JVLMT consists of three phases in which participants (1) become familiarized with eight speakers, (2) revise the learned voices, and (3) perform a 3AFC recognition task, using pseudo-sentences devoid of semantic content. Acoustic (dis)similarity analyses were used to create items with various levels of difficulty. Test scores are based on 22 items which had been selected and validated based on two online studies with 232 and 454 participants, respectively. Mean accuracy in the JVLMT is 0.51 (SD = .18) with an empirical (marginal) reliability of 0.66. Correlational analyses showed high and moderate convergent validity with the Bangor Voice Matching Test (BVMT) and Glasgow Voice Memory Test (GVMT), respectively, and high discriminant validity with a digit span test. Four participants with potential super recognition abilities and seven participants with potential phonagnosia were identified who performed at least 2 SDs above or below the mean, respectively. The JVLMT is a promising research and diagnostic screening tool to detect both impairments in voice recognition and super-recognition abilities.

The debate between the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES) and the modern synthesis (MS) partly relies on different interpretations of niche construction. We dissect the umbrella term of niche construction into three separate mechanisms: niche construction (taken in a narrow sense), in which individuals make changes to the environment; niche choice, in which individuals select an environment; and niche conformance, in which individuals change their phenotypes. Each of these individual-level mechanisms affects an individual’s phenotype-environment match, its fitness, and its individualized niche, defined in terms of the environmental conditions under which an individual can survive and reproduce. Our conceptual framework distinguishes several ways in which individuals alter the selective regimes that they and other organisms experience. It also places clear emphasis on individual differences and construes niche construction and other processes as evolved mechanisms. We therefore argue that our framework helps to resolve the tensions between EES and MS.

The echolocation calls emitted by stationary bats are characterised by their resting frequency (RF). The ecological role of RF has been widely discussed across the literature concerning the Rhinolophidae family, where it has been found that the RF may vary depending on many factors, although its role in shaping the variability of different populations remains unclear, and the data for many species – includingRhinolophus hipposideros– is scarce. In this study, we aimed to determine how sex, age and biometric parameters (body mass, forearm length and the body condition index) affected the RF in aR. hipposiderospopulation and to investigate the individual variability in this parameter. Bats were captured in front of two Carpathian caves in Southern Poland during the mating season. The echolocation calls of the hand-held bats were recorded, and later their peak frequency was measured with computer software. The analyses showed higher RF values for females than for males, but (in contrast to previous reports) no differences between the age classes were identified. RF did not correlate with any biometric parameters in the studied population, which rules out the possibility of quality characteristic signalling through this parameter. However, we observed significant individual differences in RF within the sex-age groups, which might reflect some communication potential. The discrepancies among the research results available for this topic indicate the need for further studies aimed at investigating the variability of RF and its role across species distribution ranges and their phenology.

The phenomenon of young individuals struggling with their religious beliefs can lead to wide-ranging consequences. Existing studies are dominantly Western in context, which may not be applicable in other settings. Therefore, as contextualized and rationalized through an Islamic perspective, the present study aims to build a framework to explore religious struggle. Through a qualitative research design, multiple methods were employed: responses from six Muslim interviewees were reconstructed into a single monologue using the composite narrative method, and then narrative analysis was done, followed by method theory and domain theory analyses being conducted. Constructs were identified and discussed, theories as lenses to view the phenomenon were employed, and further evaluations of the phenomenon and relevant constructs were done. A discussion was integrated with each analysis. Through synthesizing the findings, I propose a framework called the religious struggle framework (RSF). With the RSF’s flexible, adaptable, and modifiable nature, the framework can be used beyond the present study’s population. It can be utilized in both quantitative and qualitative research designs. Limitations and recommendations for further research were also presented.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations around the world rapidly transitioned to enforced remote work. We examined the relationship between personality and within-person changes in five job outcomes (self-reported performance, engagement, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intentions) during this transition. We conducted a four-wave longitudinal study, from May to August 2020, of employees working from home due to COVID-19, N = 974. On average, self-reported performance decreased over the course of the study, whereas the other outcomes remained stable. There was also significant between-person variability in job outcomes. Extroversion and conscientiousness, two traits traditionally associated with desirable outcomes, were associated with deteriorating outcomes over time. Extroverted employees and conscientious employees became less productive, less engaged, and less satisfied with their jobs; and extroverted employees reported increasing burnout. These results add to our understanding of how personality predicts within-person changes in performance, well-being, and turnover intentions during the pandemic.

Prosociality (measured with economic games) is correlated with individual differences in psychological constructs (measured with self-report scales). We review how methods from natural language processing, a subfield of computer science focused on processing natural text, can be applied to understand the semantic content of scales measuring psychological constructs correlated with prosociality. Methods for clustering language and assessing similarity between text documents can be used to assess the novelty (or redundancy) of new scales, to understand the overlap among different psychological constructs, and to compare different measures of the same construct. These examples illustrate how natural language processing methods can augment traditional survey- and game-based approaches to studying individual differences in prosociality.

La capacité à reconnaître les visages de nos collègues, de nos amis et de nos proches est essentielle à notre réussite en tant qu'êtres sociaux. Notre cerveau accomplit cet exploit facilement et rapidement, dans une série d’opérations se déroulant en quelques dizaines de millisecondes à travers un vaste réseau cérébral du système visuel ventral. L’habileté à reconnaître les visages, par contre, varie considérablement d’une personne à l’autre. Certains individus, appelés «super-recognisers», sont capables de reconnaître des visages vus une seule fois dans la rue des années plus tôt. D’autres, appelés «prosopagnosiques», sont incapables de reconnaître le visage de leurs collègues ou leurs proches, même avec une vision parfaite. Une question simple reste encore largement sans réponse : quels mécanismes expliquent que certains individus sont meilleurs à reconnaître des visages? Cette thèse rapporte cinq articles étudiant les mécanismes perceptifs (articles 1, 2, 3) et cérébraux (articles 4, 5) derrière ces variations à travers différentes populations d’individus. L’article 1 décrit le contenu des représentations visuelles faciales chez une population avec un diagnostic de schizophrénie et d’anxiété sociale à l’aide d’une technique psychophysique Bubbles. Nous révélons pour la première fois les mécanismes en reconnaissance des expressions de cette population: un déficit de reconnaissance est accompagné par i) une sous-utilisation de la région des yeux des visages expressifs et ii) une sous-utilisation des détails fins. L’article 2 valide ensuite une nouvelle technique permettant de révéler simultanément le contenu visuel dans trois dimensions psychophysiques centrales pour le système visuel — la position, les fréquences spatiales, et l’orientation. L’article 3 a mesuré, à l'aide de cette nouvelle technique, le contenu représentationnel de 120 individus pendant la discrimination faciale du sexe et des expressions ( >500,000 observations). Nous avons observé de fortes corrélations entre l’habileté à discriminer le sexe et les expressions des visages, ainsi qu'entre l’habileté à discriminer le sexe et l’identité. Crucialement, plus un individu est habile en reconnaissance faciale, plus il utilise un contenu représentationnel similaire entre les tâches. L’article 4 a examiné les computations cérébrales de super-recognisers en utilisant l’électroencéphalographie haute-densité (EEG) et l’apprentissage automatique. Ces outils ont permis de décoder, pour la première fois, l’habileté en reconnaissance faciale à partir du cerveau avec jusqu’à 80% d’exactitude –– et ce à partir d’une seule seconde d’activité cérébrale. Nous avons ensuite utilisé la Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) pour comparer les représentations cérébrales de nos participants à celles de modèles d’apprentissage profond visuels et langagiers. Les super-recognisers, comparé aux individus avec une habileté typique, ont des représentations cérébrales plus similaires aux computations visuelles et sémantiques de ces modèles optimaux. L’article 5 rapporte une investigation des computations cérébrales chez le cas le plus spécifique et documenté de prosopagnosie acquise, la patiente PS. Les mêmes outils computationnels et d’imagerie que ceux de l’article 4 ont permis i) de décoder les déficits d’identification faciale de PS à partir de son activité cérébrale EEG, et ii) de montrer pour la première fois que la prosopagnosie est associée à un déficit des computations visuelles de haut niveau et des computations cérébrales sémantiques., The ability to recognise the faces of our colleagues, friends, and family members is critical to our success as social beings. Our brains accomplish this feat with astonishing ease and speed, in a series of operations taking place in tens of milliseconds across a vast brain network of the visual system. The ability to recognise faces, however, varies considerably from one person to another. Some individuals, called "super-recognisers", are able to recognise faces seen only once years earlier. Others, called "prosopagnosics", are unable to recognise the faces of their colleagues or relatives, even with perfect vision and typical intelligence. A simple question remains largely unanswered: what mechanisms explain why some individuals are better at recognizing faces? This thesis reports five articles studying the perceptual (article 1, 2, 3) and neural (article 4, 5) mechanisms behind these variations across different populations of individuals. Article 1 describes the content of visual representations of faces in a population with a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia and social anxiety disorder using an established psychophysical technique, Bubbles. We reveal for the first time the perceptual mechanisms of expression recognition in this population: a recognition deficit is accompanied by i) an underutilization of the eye region of expressive faces and ii) an underutilization of fine details. Article 2 then validates a new psychophysical technique that simultaneously reveals the visual content in three dimensions central to the visual system — position, spatial frequencies, and orientation. We do not know, however, whether skilled individuals perform well across a variety of facial recognition tasks and, if so, how they accomplish this feat. Article 3 measured, using the technique validated in article 2, the perceptual representations of 120 individuals during facial discrimination of gender and expressions (total of >500,000 trials). We observed strong correlations between the ability to discriminate gender and facial expressions, as well as between the ability to discriminate gender and identify faces. More importantly, we found a positive correlation between individual ability and the similarity of perceptual representations used across these tasks. Article 4 examined differences in brain dynamics between super-recognizers and typical individuals using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and machine learning. These tools allowed us to decode, for the first time, facial recognition ability from the brain with up to 80% accuracy — using a mere second of brain activity. We then used Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) to compare our participants' brain representations to those of deep learning models of object and language classification. This showed that super-recognisers, compared to individuals with typical perceptual abilites, had brain representations more similar to the visual and semantic computations of these optimal models. Article 5 reports an investigation of brain computations in the most specific and documented case of acquired prosopagnosia, patient PS. The same computational tools used in article 4 enabled us to decode PS's facial identification deficits from her brain dynamics. Crucially, associations between brain deep learning models showed for the first time that prosopagnosia is associated with deficits in high-level visual and semantic brain computations.

Social media's "dark side"—including dis/misinformation and harassment—is increasingly problematic. What strategies do people use to cope with such issues in their daily life? Based on Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC), this study investigated how individuals cope with such issues on Twitter. An online survey, including the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, was used to analyze 800 US adult Twitter users' coping strategies. The study found Folkman and colleagues' 8-strategy grouping applicable to this context. The top coping strategies were Distancing (e.g., "Went on as if nothing had happened"), Self-Controlling (e.g., "I tried to keep my feelings to myself"), and Planful Problem-Solving (e.g., "I made a plan of action and followed it"). Primary and secondary appraisals were associated with most strategies (7 out of 8). Significant demographic differences were found, especially with Twitter usage frequency and gender. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The survival and well-being of humans require solving the patch-switching problem: we must decide when to stop collecting rewards in a current patch and travel somewhere else where gains may be higher. Previous studies suggested that frontal regions are underpinned by several processes in the context of foraging decisions such as tracking task difficulty, and/or the value of exploring the environment. To dissociate between these processes, participants completed an fMRI patch-switching learning task inspired by behavioral ecology. By analyzing >11,000 trials collected across 21 participants, we found that the activation in the cingulate cortex was closely related to several patch-switching-related variables including the decision to leave the current patch, the encounter of a new patch, the harvest value, and the relative forage value. Learning-induced changes in the patch-switching threshold were tracked by activity within frontoparietal regions including the superior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus. Our findings suggest that frontoparietal regions shape patch-switching learning apart from encoding classical non-learning foraging processes. These findings provide a novel neurobiological understanding of how learning emerges neurocomputationally shaping patch-switching behavior with implications in real-life choices such as job selection and pave the way for future studies to probe the causal role of these neurobiological mechanisms.

IntroductionAttempts to improve cognitive abilities via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have led to ambiguous results, likely due to the method’s susceptibility to methodological and inter-individual factors. Conventional tDCS, i.e., using an active electrode over brain areas associated with the targeted cognitive function and a supposedly passive reference, neglects stimulation effects on entire neural networks.MethodsWe investigated the advantage of frontoparietal network stimulation (right prefrontal anode, left posterior parietal cathode) against conventional and sham tDCS in modulating working memory (WM) capacity dependent transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition (DIIN) training. Since previous results did not clarify whether electrode montage drives this individual transfer, we here compared conventional to frontoparietal and sham tDCS and reanalyzed data of 124 young, healthy participants in a more robust way using linear mixed effect modeling.ResultsThe interaction of electrode montage and WM capacity resulted in systematic differences in transfer effects. While higher performance gains were observed with increasing WM capacity in the frontoparietal stimulation group, low WM capacity individuals benefited more in the sham condition. The conventional stimulation group showed subtle performance gains independent of WM capacity.DiscussionOur results confirm our previous findings of WM capacity dependent transfer effects on WM by a single-session DIIN training combined with tDCS and additionally highlight the pivotal role of the specific electrode montage. WM capacity dependent differences in frontoparietal network recruitment, especially regarding the parietal involvement, are assumed to underlie this observation.

Effective vocabulary learning is essential for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as it enables them to communicate effectively and improve overall language proficiency. However, different learners may have different preferences, needs, and learning styles, which may affect the effectiveness of different vocabulary learning strategies. This paper aims to explore the different strategies of learning vocabulary among EFL learners, and to examine their effectiveness. It reviews the relevant literature on this topic, presents the findings of a research study, and discusses the implications of the results for EFL learners and teachers. The study involved 200 EFL learners from two public universities in Morocco using a convenience sampling method. The study employed correlational tests to highlight the relationship between individual differences in learning styles and the choice of vocabulary learning strategies among English language learners. The findings indicate that there is a noteworthy affirmative association between the approach of acquiring new vocabulary through listening and the technique of utilizing technological applications during vocabulary acquisition. This suggests that individuals who take pleasure in gaining new vocabulary through the auditory medium may likewise have a propensity to employ technology applications during the learning process. However, other learning styles didn’t show a significant correlation with the learning strategies used to learn new vocabulary. These findings have important implications for EFL teachers, who can use this knowledge to design effective and personalized vocabulary learning activities. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for future research and practical application.

Tema ovog rada je ispitivanje povezanosti stavova i višejezičnosti u učenju češkog jezika i kulture. Rad je podijeljen u dva dijela. U teorijskom dijelu raspravlja se o individualnim razlikama u učenju stranog jezika, te se opisuju neki od bitnih afektivnih faktora u učenju jezika. Budući da je u središtu našeg rada ispitivanje stavova i višejezičnosti, usredotočit ćemo se na određenje i vrste stavova, a isto tako prikazati ulogu višejezičnosti u učenju drugih jezika. Drugi dio rada je istraživački i u njemu će se analizirati rezultati istraživanja provedenog među hrvatskim učenicima koji pohađaju nastavu Češkog jezika i kulture pri Češkoj besedi u Zagrebu. Pomoću anketnog upitnika ispitivala se motivacija za početak učenja češkog jezika, stavovi prema učenju češkog jezika, te u kojoj mjeri je češki jezik prisutan u svakodnevnom životu učenika, kao i općenito interes za češki jezik i kulturu. Tématem této práce je zkoumání souvislostí mezi postoji k jazyku a vícejazyčností při výuce českého jazyka a kultury. Práce je rozdělena do dvou částí. V teoretické části jsou diskutovány individuální rozdíly v učení se cizímu jazyku, a také jsou popsány některé důležité afektivní faktory. Vzhledem k tomu, že těžištěm naší práce je zkoumání postojů a vícejazyčností, zaměříme se na určení typů postojů k jazyku a také ukážeme roli mnohojazyčnosti při učení se dalším jazykům. Druhá část práce je výzkumná a bude analyzovat výsledky výzkumu provedeného mezi chorvatskými studenty výuky českého jazyka a kultury na České besedě Záhřeb. Pomocí dotazníku byla zjišťována motivace začít se učit český jazyk, postoje k výuce českého jazyka, míra zastoupení českého jazyka v jejich životě a zájem o český jazyk a kulturu. The topic of this thesis is an examination of the connection between attitudes and multilingualism in learning the Czech language and culture. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part, individual differences in foreign language learning are discussed, and some of the important affective factors in language learning are described. Since the focus of our work is the examination of attitudes and multilingualism, we will focus on determining the types of attitudes, and also show the role of multilingualism in learning other languages. The second part of the thesis is research and will analyze the results of the research conducted among Croatian students who attend Czech language and culture classes at the Czech beseda in Zagreb. The questionnaire was used to examine the motivation for starting to learn the Czech language, attitudes towards learning the Czech language, and to what extent the Czech language is present in the daily life of students, as well as general interest in the Czech language and culture.

The study assesses the personal innovativeness and self-efficacy of patients, two external variables that are crucial in investigating patients’ beliefs about the use of electronic health records (PHRs) in Saudi Hospitals. In a bid to expand the acceptance and subsequent use of technology literature, a conceptual framework was developed based on the use of related theories such as Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Unified Theory of Acceptance. Methods: The conceptual framework was developed in three phases. The first phase involved assessing various variables and theories; the most relevant were picked to explain the antecedents’ influence of patients’ beliefs about the use of electronic health records (PHRs) in Saudi Hospitals. The second phased involved assessment of academic literature related to the topic. The final phase involved the development of the conceptual framework grounded on the literature reviews to expound on the antecedents influence of patients’ beliefs about the use of electronic health records (PHRs).Results: Since the framework depended on existing health information systems (HIS) theories, a conceptual framework was developed for examining antecedents’ influence on the use of electronic health records (PHRs). The developed conceptual framework improves our knowledge of health information systems and electronic health records.

Individual differences in autobiographical memory have become an area of growing research interest. Recently, the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART; Berntsen et al., Citation2019) was introduced. The ART measures individual differences in autobiographical memory along seven components: Vividness, narrative coherence, reliving, rehearsal, scene, visual imagery, and life story relevance. The ART is a useful and easily administered tool, but is so far not available in any of the Nordic languages. The aim of the present study was to provide a Danish translation of the ART and to provide correlations between the Danish ART and characteristics of randomly sampled memories (i.e. memories cued by words) in order to support the validity of the translation. First, the ART was translated into Danish. Then, 122 Danish adults filled out the Danish ART and rated the recollective qualities of three word cued autobiographical memories. The internal consistency was in line with findings on the original English version of the scale as were correlations between the Danish ART, Brief ART and the seven components of the ART. The Danish ART correlated positively with characteristics of the word cued memories corresponding to the seven components of the ART. Additional analyses demonstrated that the magnitude of these correlations were similar to those between ratings of individual memory items, supporting the validity of the ART as a trait-like measure of the recollective experience of autobiographical memory. The ART could be of interest to many areas of psychology and potential applications of the ART are discussed.

In this project, we provide the information and materials pertaining to the original first version of the Amsterdam Sexual Pleasure Index (a.k.a. ASPI Vol 0.1). The development of the original version of the ASPI was spearheaded by the late Ellen Laan and Rik van Lunsen at the Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center in 2013.

Using data collected from the Advancing Reliable Measurement in Alzheimer’s Disease and cognitive Aging (ARMADA; U2CAG057441) study, we will look at intraindividual variability (IIV) for two executive functioning (EF) tasks, the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task (DCCS) and the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test (Flanker) from the NIH Toolbox® for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function Cognition Battery (NIHTB). Although performance between DCCS and Flanker are related (see Table 1), DCCS is more akin to a measure of cognitive flexibility or task switching whereas Flanker measures executive attention and inhibitory control. IIV has been studied across a wide variety of tasks and has been associated with aging and cognitive status on both traditional neuropsychological tests and laboratory tasks measuring reaction time. To date, however, we are unaware of any studies that have used the NIHTB EF tasks to test individual differences in reaction time across groups with different levels of cognitive function and clinical phenotypes (e.g., aMCI) related to aging and neurodegenerative conditions.

Background: Primary psychopathy (i.e., unemotional and callous predisposition) is associated with career, educational, and general life success, whereas secondary psychopathy (i.e., impulsivity and risk-taking) relates to criminality, hedonistic lifestyles, and detrimental behaviours. Although psychopathy sub-types have differential relationships to career and life success, how these traits are perceived by others relating to intelligence has not previously been researched. It is also unclear what role an individual’s own psychopathy score plays in perceptions of intelligence. Methods: In an online experiment (n = 458), we investigated perceptions of intelligence (via a combined proxy of whether the rater thought the character in the vignettes had a high IQ and had attended university), using 12 vignettes of high and low primary and secondary psychopathic individuals. Results: High-secondary-psychopathy vignettes were perceived as least intelligent (in agreement with the literature which states people high in secondary psychopathy traits are usually involved in petty crimes, risk taking, and substance abuse, and therefore perceived as socially undesirable). Low-secondary-psychopathy vignettes were perceived significantly more intelligent than high-primary-psychopathy vignettes (in-line with the literature suggesting the placidity and kindness which comes with being low in psychopathic traits is an amenable quality in our society). There was evidence for assortative intelligence perceptions: those high-primary psychopathy self-scorers perceived primary psychopathy vignettes as intelligent (which could be evidence of a ‘likes attract’ phenomenon, whereby those high in primary psychopathy admire others who are similarly high in primary psychopathy). Conclusions: The results suggest individuals demonstrating risk-taking behaviours are perceived as least intelligent, supporting previous research associating secondary psychopathy with poor academic or career success.

Working memory and attention are interrelated constructs that are sometimes even considered indistinguishable. Since attention is not a uniform construct, it is possible that different types of attention affect working memory capacity differently. To clarify this issue, we investigated the relationship between working memory capacity and various components of attention. The sample consisted of 136 healthy adult participants aged 18 to 37 years (M = 20.58, SD = 2.74). Participants performed tasks typically used to assess working memory (operation span, change detection, simple digit span, and adaptive digit span tasks), selective attention (visual search task), and attention control (Stroop and antisaccade tasks). We tested several models with working memory and attention, either as a unitary factor or being divided into selective attention and attention control factors. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model with three latent variables—working memory capacity, attention control, and selective attention—fit the data best. Results showed that working memory and attention are distinct but correlated constructs: working memory capacity was only related to attention control, whereas attention control was related to both constructs. We propose that differences in working memory capacity are determined only by the ability to maintain attention on the task, while differences in the ability to filter out non-salient distractors are not related to working memory capacity.

Learning a new language is an important goal that many individuals find difficult to achieve, particularly during adulthood. Several factors have related this variability to different extrinsic (learning condition, difficulty of the materials) and intrinsic (cognitive abilities) factors, but the interaction between them is barely known. In two experiments, participants learned English grammar rules in intentional (Experiment 1) or explicit (Experiment 2), and incidental learning-contexts. Overall, results of this study indicated that intentional-explicit conditions benefitted rule-learning, as compared to incidental conditions. This benefit was mainly present when participants were learning an easy-rule; explicit and incidental learning did not differ in the case of participants learning a difficult rule (Experiment 2). Moreover, individual differences in executive functioning predicted successful learning in interaction with difficulty. When learning an easy-rule, proactive control facilitated intentional learning. In contrast, when participants were learning a complex-rule, incidental learning was enhanced by lower involvement of proactive control., Universidad de Granada

Previous studies have yielded mixed results regarding the development of generativity during adulthood. Longitudinal data were utilized to investigate the average development of generativity between the ages of 42 and 61 as well as individual differences in terms of its development. The study used data from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS) (initial N = 369). The data consisted of 291 individuals whose generativity scores, measured using the Generativity Scale, were available at age 42, 50, or 61. Rasch analysis was utilized to form a generativity measure. The development of generativity between the measurements was investigated in women and men using Bland–Altman plots and the latent change score model. The results showed that, on average, generativity decreased from age 42 to 61 in women and men; however, there were individual differences in the extent and direction of the change with age. The level of generativity at age 42 predicted the change occurring between ages 42 and 50 and ages 50 and 61. Furthermore, the change between ages 42 and 50 predicted the change occurring between ages 50 and 61. The more positive the baseline value or the earlier occurring change, the more negative the subsequent change. To conclude, despite the mean-level generativity decreases during middle and late adulthood, there was variance across individuals of the same age, who were followed for nearly two decades. The study emphasizes the importance of investigating individual differences in the development of generativity in adulthood.