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Indigofera vallicola (Fabaceae), a new species is described and illustrated. This plant is only found from two localities in the central Yunnan Province, southwest China. It is characterized by having the prostrate habit, usually 13–17-foliolate leaves and the relatively small (3–5 mm long) flowers. Morphological comparisons with its closest relatives, I. rigioclada, I. franchetii, I. chaetodonta, and I. henryi are also presented.

A new species, Indigofera jaisalmerica CS Purohit and RN Kulloli. sp nov. from Indian desert (Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, India) is described and illustrated. The new species is closely related with Indigofera cordifolia Roth, but differs in having a leaf more than 2 cm long with scattered hairs on both surfaces, trichomes antler shape on leaf surface, inflorescence axillary spicate with 14–17 flowers, calyx slightly longer than flower, fruit strictly one-seeded and enclosed by calyx lobes. Detailed taxonomic description along with colored photo plate, distribution map, SEM study of leaf and seeds, and associates are provided here for its easy identification.

The Indonesian batik, which is usually produced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) often consumes a lot of water and causing environmental pollution. Therefore, a study to map the water use for batik production is required. This study examines the Blue Water Footprint (BWF) and Grey Water Footprint (GWF) of block-printed batik making-process coloured by Indigo (Indigofera sp.), Mahogany (Swietenia sp.) and Tingi (Ceriops sp.) dyes produced by a batik SME in Jarum village of Klaten Regency, Indonesia. The average BWF of block-printed batik making-process coloured by natural dyes was lower than the GWF and Indigo consumes more water in dyeing, followed by Tingi and Mahogany. The dyeing process consumes less water for BWF (2.96 L/pc), while the biggest portion of BWF was contributed from the wax removal process (152.81 L/pc). Implementation of cleaner production by managing the grey water, such as the implementation of communal Wastewater Treatment Plant, adopting water conservation strategies and educating the craftsmen are necessary to achieve batik and water resource sustainability.

This study aims to find out the effect of combination of fermented Indegofera leaf and corn on the growth of Arabic chicken. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of P.1: Commercial Feed; P.2: 80% Indegofera sp leaves + 20% Corn; P.3: 70% Indegofera leaves + 30% Corn; P.4: 60% Indegofera leaves + 40% Corn. Measurement of Arab chickens weight was carried out once a week for one month. The weight data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the combination of fermented feed consisting Indegofera sp leaves and corn had a significant effect (P

Indigofera santapaui Sanjappa is a little known endemic legume described from the northern Western Ghats. It is rediscovered and collected from other localities quite away from the type locality. This is found to be the only known species of Indigofera with yellow flowers. A brief description, image, distribution, and ecological notes have been provided to facilitate correct identification and to know its extent of distribution.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) is used to investigate samples which were extracted from ancient Egyptian textiles (4th–5th c. AD) of the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Madder is identified in several samples. According to semi-quantitative results, which are obtained from HPLC peak areas measured at 254 nm, madder that is rich in purpurin and poor in alizarin is identified in samples which were treated (i) only with madder and (ii) with madder and either indigo/woad (Indigofera species and other/Isatis tinctoria L.) or weld (Reseda luteola L.). The madder dye used in these samples could have been originated from Rubia peregrina L. However, the possible use of Rubia tinctorum L. (or other plants of the Rubiaceae family) by the Egyptian dyers cannot be ruled out, particularly if methods were developed by the ancient dyers to affect and control the relative composition of madder dye. The HPLC peak area ratio of alizarin versus purpurin is very high (&gt, 2.2) for samples which were treated with madder (probably originated from R. tinctorum) and a tannin source. Finally, in some samples, only indigoid dyes (indigo/woad) are identified.

This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of hydrolyzed Indigofera zolingeriana by celullase enzyme as the feed ingredient of gourami fish. This study used a completely randomized design which contained three steps, whereas each step contained four treatments and four replications. The first step performed by evaluating the Indigofera leaf meal (ILM) added with cellulase enzyme of 0 g/kg (control), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, and 1.2 g/kg. The second step was the digestibility test of ILM on gourami seeds. The third step was feed evaluation added with ILM as much as 0% (control), 15%, 30%, and 45% against the growth performance on gourami seeds. The gourami seeds used in the second and third steps with a weight of 13.65 ± 0.39 g/seed and 5.95 ± 0.15 g/seed, respectively. The addition of 0.8 g/kg and 1.2 g/kg cellulase enzyme could significantly decrease the crude fiber of ILM with 43.33%, besides having the best value of total, ingredient, protein, lipid, and energy digestibility. The growth performance of gourami seeds given 15% ILM added feed had the best value and insignificantly different from the control feed without ILM addition based on the specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), and feed efficiency (FE). Keywords: Cellulase, feed, hydrolyze, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemanfaatan daun Indigofera zolingeriana yang dihidrolisis enzim selulase sebagai bahan baku pada pakan benih ikan gurami. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas tiga tahap, dimana masing-masing tahap terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Pada tahap pertama dilakukan evaluasi tepung daun Indigofera (TDI) yang ditambahkan enzim selulase sebesar 0 g/kg (kontrol), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, dan 1.2 g/kg. Pada tahap kedua dilakukan uji kecernaan bahan TDI pada benih ikan gurami. Pada tahap ketiga dilakukan evaluasi pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 0% (kontrol), 15%, 30% dan 45% terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan pada benih ikan gurami. Benih ikan gurami yang digunakan pada penilitian tahap kedua dengan bobot 13.65 ± 0.39 g/ekor dan 5.95 ± 0.15 g/ekor. Penambahan enzim selulase pada dosis 0.8 g/kg dan 1.2 g/kg secara signifikan mampu menurunkan serat kasar TDI sebesar 43.33 % dan memberikan nilai terbaik terhadap nilai kecernaan total, kecernaan bahan, kecernaan protein, kecernaan lemak dan kecernaan energi. Kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan gurami yang diberikan pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 15% memilki nilai terbaik dan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pakan kontrol tanpa TDI dari aspek laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS), retensi protein (RP) dan efisiensi pakan (EP). Kata kunci: Hidrolisis, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy, pakan, selulase.

Background Proanthocyanidins (PAs) have always been considered as important medicinal value component. In order to gain insights into the PA biosynthesis regulatory network in I. stachyodes roots, we analyzed the transcriptome of the I. stachyodes in Leaf, Stem, RootI (one-year-old root), and RootII (two-year-old root). Results In this study, a total of 110,779 non-redundant unigenes were obtained, of which 63,863 could be functionally annotated. Simultaneously, 75 structural genes that regulate PA biosynthesis were identified, of these 6 structural genes (IsF3′H1, IsANR2, IsLAR2, IsUGT72L1-3, IsMATE2, IsMATE3) may play an important role in the synthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots. Furthermore, co-expression network analysis revealed that 34 IsMYBs, 18 IsbHLHs, 15 IsWRKYs, 9 IsMADSs, and 3 IsWIPs hub TFs are potential regulators for PA accumulation. Among them, IsMYB24 and IsMYB79 may be closely involved in the PA biosynthesis in I. stachyodes roots. Conclusions The biosynthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots is mainly produced by the subsequent pathway of cyanidin. Our work provides new insights into the molecular pathways underlying PA accumulation and enhances our global understanding of transcriptome dynamics throughout different tissues.

This study aimed to determine the increase of dry matter production and Nutrient changes of Indigofera zollingeriana cultivated in Sapric peat soils with harvest age of 2, 3 and 4 months after pruning. Indigofera foliage was obtained from the existing plot of approximately 3 years old that grown in the experimental field of the UARDS Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences of UIN Suska Riau. The research design of randomized block design (RBD) was apllied consisting of 3 age treatments with 4 group. Each treatment, consisted of indigofera biomass harvested at 2 months old (2M), 3 months old (3M) and 4 months old (4M). The results showed that postponing harvest from 2 months to 4 months significantly (p

Three new flavonoids, 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2S,3R-3,7-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavan (1), (3R)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5,3'-methoxychalcone (2), (3S)-7,2',3'-trihydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxylisoflavan (3), and one new natural occurring product, (3S)-6,2',3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxylisoflavan (4), together with eleven known ones (5-15), were isolated from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by UV, IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by ECD spectra and chemical method. All the isolated flavonoids were screened for their antioxidant abilities to scavenge DPPH and ABTS

This study determined the extraction rates of indirubin in Indigo Naturalis by ethanol reflux extraction method and water extraction method. The pharmacodynamic study against cough induced by ammonia water in the mouse model and the cough induced by citric acid in the guinea pig model were performed to optimize the extraction process of the sovereign medicinal Indigo Naturalis and the whole prescription of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup. The extraction rate of indirubin by the ethanol reflux method was 51.89%, and indirubin was not detected in the product of water extraction. Two samples of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup prepared with different methods can prolong the incubation period of cough and suppress the frequency of coughs in pharmacodynamic experiments. In terms of prolonging the incubation period of cough, the two samples prepared with different methods had no significant difference. In terms of reducing the frequency of coughs, the high-dose Five kinds of ethanol extracts such as indigo naturalis and three kinds of water extracts such as gypsum had better effect against the citric acid-induced cough of guinea pigs than other samples(Plt;0.05). The extraction rate of indirubin in Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup sample prepared with ethanol was higher than that with water. The two samples of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup prepared with the two methods showed good antitussive effects. The sample prepared with 5 ingredients(including Indigo Naturalis) extracted with ethanol and 3 ingredients(including Gypsum Fibrosum) extracted with water had better alleviation effect on the citric acid-induced cough of guinea pig than the whole water extract sample. In conclusion, the optimum extraction scheme is ethanol extraction for 5 ingredients including Indigo Naturalis in combination with water extraction for 3 ingredients including Gypsum Fibrosum, and the Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup produced in this manner has better antitussive efficacy.

In order to investigate the potential for domestication of native pasture legumes, a seed collecting mission was undertaken between Kalbarri and Esperance in the south of Western Australia followed by establishment of a field nursery at Northam, Western Australia. Indigofera australis subsp. hesperia Peter G.Wilson & Rowe was collected from eight sites, Indigofera brevidens Benth. from one site, and Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa (Lindl.) J.M.Black from six sites. The field nursery was an irrigated, replicated trial designed to produce seed for future field testing and to provide preliminary information on plant agronomic characteristics. Over 12 months, I. australis produced herbage dry matter (DM) of 2.1–4.4 t/ha compared with 3.4 t/ha for a composite line of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H. Stirton vars. albomarginata and crassiuscula) and 1.0 t/ha DM for G. acanthocarpa. Most lines had digestibility and crude protein (15–25%) values that would support moderate growth of sheep or cattle. The best line of G. acanthocarpa produced >400 kg/ha of seeds, whereas I. australis had poor production most likely due to poor adaptation to the nursery site. The severity of cutting of I. australis plants had no significant effect on visual assessments of herbage growth. Most plants of I. australis died within 3 years, whereas most plants of G. acanthocarpa, I. brevidens and tedera survived for 3 years. Both I. australis and G. acanthocarpa have potential for use in broadacre agriculture as grazing plants, most likely in niches specifically suited to each, and demonstrate that native plants can contribute to pasture production currently dominated by exotic species.

Indigo Naturalis, also known as Qing Dai (QD) is a compound obtained from Indigofera tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria, and Polygonum tinctoria and is known to ameliorate refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) by an unknown mechanism. QD maintains both homeostasis and the integrity of colon epithelia in mice that have experimentally induced colitis. The primary component of QD, indigo, comprises 42.4% of the compound. Indigo efficiently suppresses rectal bleeding and reduces the erosion of the colon epithelium, whereas it does not reduce weight loss or increase survival in a certain condition. Indigo is a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is involved in the anti-colitis activity of QD. Here we investigate the effects of indigo on wound (erosion) closure in colon epithelial cells. Oral administration of indigo induced expression of Cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1a1) in the colon but not in the liver, suggesting that indigo stimulates AhR from the luminal side of the colon. The erosion-closure activity tested in the scratch assays using Caco-2 cells was accelerated by addition of QD and indigo to the culture medium. QD and indigo also induced nuclear localization of AhR and expression of CYP1A1 in the Caco-2 cells. Acceleration of scratch wound closure was abolished by addition of the AhR-antagonist CH223191. Cell proliferation and actin polymerization were also shown to contribute to erosion closure. The results suggest that indigo exerts its erosion-healing effects by increasing proliferation and migration of colon epithelial cells via activation of AhR in intestinal epithelia.

Ushbu ishda “Indigofera tinctoria” o’simligi tarkibidan indigo ajratib olinib, olingan indigoning fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlari va sifat va miqdor tarkibi UB-, IQ- spektroskopiya va YuSSX usullarida tahlil qilingan.

Background As one of the oldest traditional dyes, people worldwide have used natural indigo for centuries. Local people have unique knowledge about indigo identification, which is crucial for indigo quality control and determining the dyeing effects. However, such traditional knowledge is rarely documented and explained. Therefore, the aims of this study were to document and assess the traditional knowledge used by local people when identifying natural indigo paste as well as quantitatively explore the characteristics and material basis of such traditional knowledge. Method Three field surveys were conducted between 2019 and 2020. A total of 283 traditional indigo-paste artisans were interviewed in Guizhou, Yunnan, and Fujian Provinces. The frequency of citation, mention index, and fidelity level of each indigo-paste quality criterion were calculated to determine the most commonly used, recognized, and important quality criteria. To explore the characteristics and material basis of the traditional knowledge, we analyzed 21 indigo-paste samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), pH, and particle size analyses. Results Local people possess unique knowledge to identify natural indigo. Based on this knowledge accumulated over thousands of years, four criteria (color, taste, touch, and dyeing ability) were chosen by local people, and using these criteria, nature indigo was divided into five quality grades. The best quality indigo paste was judged according to the following folk criteria: dark blue in color with a purple-red luster; smooth and difficult to wipe off; having a sweet, bitter or spicy taste; and easy cloth dyeing. Additionally, the higher the contents of indigo and indirubin—especially indirubin—the better is the quality of the indigo paste. Within the pH range of 9–12, high-quality indigo-paste was more acidic. There was no significant relationship between particle size and quality. Conclusion The ancient methods used by local people for identifying natural indigo are comprehensive and unique. By documenting the various folk quality criteria and conducting quantitative analyses, this study revealed the importance of indirubin and pH for assessing the quality of indigo paste. These findings differ from existing quality standards for synthetic indigo. Amid rapid modernization, traditional knowledge remains invaluable as a world heritage of humanity that warrants preservation.

Ruminant productivity is influenced by the quality and quantity of forage. Forage plant that is prospectively developed is Indigofera which has advantages such as high nutrient content, low crude fiber, being able to live in dry areas, and low anti-nutrient. However, as an innovation, adoption, cultivation, and utilization in a sustainable manner depend on several factors. This study was aimed to investigate the potential adoption of Indigofera forage in West Manggarai Regency with a focus on the factors that influence adoption. Data were collected through observations, individual interviews, Focus Group Discussions and study of documents. The number of respondent’s farmers was 59 from seven villages in five sub-districts. The results showed that in terms of the respondent’s characteristic factors, 96.61% were in the productive age, 94.7% had a formal education background, a sufficient number of a household member and a good perception of the Indigofera. From the socioeconomic condition factor, there are introductions of innovations through different patterns involving different actors with different results which can be used as an introduction model. From the characteristic factor, Indigofera forage has higher nutritional content compared to other popular forages, easy to live in the dry land, the process of breeding and cultivation is not difficult for the profession of farmers and has proven the results of development in other regions in Indonesia. Based on the facts and analysis, it was concluded that the Indigofera plant has the potential to be widely adopted and used by farmers in the West Manggarai Regency.

The current study was intended to examine the difference in the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of nine Indigofera species. With this aim, the species were assessed for total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, deoxyribose degradation, β-carotene bleaching, nitric oxide scavenging, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids ranged from 1.33 to 22.5 mg TAE/g plant material and 0.47 to 5.02 mg QE/g plant material respectively in the various species, while the antioxidant activity as tested with different antioxidant test models varied with the species studied as well as with the solvents used for the extraction. Interestingly, all the tested extracts demonstrated considerable free radical scavenging activity, moreover, I. hirsuta, I. glandulosa, I. linnaei, I. hochstetteri, I. linifolia, and I. trita were found to be the most effective among the species studied. The results indicated the significant differences in phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity among the species. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis exhibited a significant correlation of phenolics and flavonoids with the antioxidant activity.

BACKGROUND Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. OBJECTIVES To quantify the putative toxins l-indospicine (IND) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation. METHODS Air-dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA. RESULTS IND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4-3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was

Importance of phenology has increased in view of global climate change. Reproductive phenology is responsible for success in seed production and thereby perpetuation of a species. Phenological studies were not given much importance,especially in the region of Holalkere and Hosadurga of chitraduga district of Karnataka state. Hence, attempt was made to study the phenological aspects of the genus Indigofera L. of sub family papilionoideae in the study area. The phenophases viz., leafing, flowering and fruiting and leaf fall are observed for 10 recorded species of the genus Indigofera. The regular Phenological period of the majority of genus was studied,variation in the phenophases of some small herbs and undershrubs was noticed with respect to its ecology. This investigation gives phenological database of the economically important genus Indigofera of the study area. This database can be also utilized, besides this importance, in future, in planning and management of conservational measures in the region.

This community service aim to motivate kelompok Tani Gunungpati 03 Kampung Alam Malon and kelompok Tani Gunungpati 02 Nglarang, Gunungpati to start planting Indigofera. Production can be used to fulfill a part of batik natural dye for cheaper. Special target is availability qualified Indigofera with criteria dark green leaves (green bluish) and oval shape with brownish black seed. The target is from 1000 seeds can be generate 1000 qualified plant ready to harvest in 3 months, and next re-harvest in 2 months. Some activities already done such as socialization community service attended by 36 of farmer team and they held active discussion about the use and additional income from planting indigo. Training in make natural dye paste from indigo is given to 15 of farmer team by experienced trainer. The result of this activity were the farmer group be able to cultivate indigofera, built 2 water shelter to drainage indigo plant. The result of seedlings is not satisfied yet because the growth of sprouts were not simultaneously and not applying hormone gibrelin technology so that for next step need revision in raise seeding. The farmer group ca easily harvest their indigofera to make paste for batik dye color

Background: Vatsanabha is a potent cardiac poison comes under the category of Mahavisha with its main active principles aconitine, picraconine and pseudaconine. In the literatures there are descriptions about toxicants and in some traditional Malayalam textbooks antidotes has been explained under the concept “Prathyoushadha”. Neeli Moola has been mentioned as a Prathyoushadha for Vatsanabha poisoning in a renowned textbook „Visha Vaidya Jyotsnika‟. Hence to evaluate the antidotal activity in Vatsanabha poisoning, Neeli Moola Kalka has been used and the haematological parameters were analyzed to screen the results. Methods: Wistar strain albino rats were used in this study which were divided into 3 groups, normal control, toxic control and the test drug group. The duration of the study was 28 days .The data generated was mentioned as Mean±SEM. Difference among the groups was assessed by employing one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet‟s mul tiple „t‟ test. Results: Reversible action has been observed after the administration of Neeli Moola Kalka in the hematological parameters which has shown toxicity changes due to administration of Vatsanabha. Conclusion: Neeli Moola Kalka is having mild to moderate antidote effect in Vatsanbha induced toxicity.

The Indigofera are frequently shrubs, and some are small trees or herbaceous perennials or annuals. These have pinnate leaves. Racemes of flowers grow in the leaf axils, in hues of red, but there are a few white- and yellow-flowered species. The fruit is a legume pod of varying size and shape. Botanical description schedule as; Kingdom: Plantae, (unranked): Angiosperms, (unranked): Eudicots, (unranked): Rosids, Order: Fabales, Family: Fabaceae, Subfamily: Faboideae, Tribe: Indigofereae, Genus: Indigofera. 1620 plant name records match your search criteria Indigofera. The names found have these generic epithets: as accepted in the plant list online data base. That plants were; Indigofera argentea / I. articulate, Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl. Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Indigofera glabra Linn. Indigofera glandulosa Willd. Indigofera linifolia Retz. Indigofera pulchella Roxb. Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Indigofera trifoliata Linn. Indigofera trita Linn. Books mentioned 04 species were not latest updated Plant List Online data base which were; Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Indigofera cordifolia. Indigofera frutescens. Indigofera hirsuta. According to the Results and Discussion this research revealed that, 20 species of Indigofera genera by the evidence of books and 04 species synonyms like updated latest in online data base. However, 16 species available in the Thoothukudi District 16 species available commonly and 04 species were rarely showed in Thoothukudi District by randomly field to all soil types of areas.

The research about the mixture of moringa leaf flour and rice bran on the growth of orgainic chicken on Joper chicken. var as a source of learning biology aims to determine the effect of feed from the mixture of moringa leaf flour (Moringa oleifera L) and rice bran on the growth of organic chickens (Gallus-gallus domesticus L. Joper chicken. var), then to find out certain variations of the mixture of moringa leaf flour (Moringa oleifera L) and rice bran which gives the best influence and to make posters that are used as a source of high school biology learning. The method used is a completely randomized design (CRD), experiments conducted with 3 treatments and 1 control. Control (0% moringa leaf flour), P1 (2.5% moringa leaf flour), P2 (5% moringa leaf flour) and P3 (7.5% moringa leaf flour). The parameters observed were weight, length, and diameter of the joper body.The results of the study were tested using a non-parametric statistical test or commonly called the kruskal wallis test. Kruskal wallis test results on chicken weight obtained X2value 4.09

The aim of this research was 1) to determine the effect of giving a combination of tofu pulp and indigofera leaves to the growth of super native chicken, 2) to determine the concentration of a combination of tofu pulp and indigofera leaves which is good for the growth of super native chicken, 3) to determine the utilization of learning outcomes as a learning resource in the form of a poster. This type of research is experimental research with a completely randomized design (CRD). This study used a total sample of 24 stater phase chicken (aged 20 days after hatching). This study used 4 treatments, namely the combination of tofu dregs feed and indigofera leaves with a concentration of 17% indigofera leaves mixed 83% tofu dregs, 35% concentration of indigofera leaves mixed 65% tofu dregs, and 70% concentration of indigofera leaves mixed 30% tofu dregs, and a control treatment with centrate feed. Each treatment was given 6x repetitions. The parameters observed in this study were weight, and diameter of super native chicken. Data were analyzed using a one-way Non-parametric Test called the Kruskal Wallis Test. Based on the results of the study, there was a significant influence on the feeding of tofu pulp and indigofera leaves to the growth of super native chicken. The results of the study are based on the analysis of the Kruskal Wallis test x2hit> x2daf. Further tests showed the best concentration of tofu pulp and indigofera leaves for super native chicken growth was a concentration of 17% indigofera leaves + 83% tofu pulp. Based on the analysis of the validation of learning resources, this study deserves to be used as a source of learning biology in the form of posters for the growth and development of class XII.Kata kunci: super java chicken, Indigofera, alternative feed, poster learning resources

Indigofera arrecta A.Rich. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 700 m. Distribution: I. Voucher: Mount Kenya, Alt. 2000 m, 22 Oct. 1981, Cheseny 57 (EA). References: Fries & Fries (1927b), Bussmann (1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera swaziensis Bolus — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Northwest Mount Kenya, Alt. 2120– 2140 m, 6 Aug. 1978, Zogg et al. 269/4 (EA). References: Fries & Fries (1927b), Gillett et al. (1971a), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819","Gillett, J. B., Polhill, R. M. & Verdcourt, B. (1971 a) Leguminosae (Part 3), subfamily Papilionoideae (Part 1). In: Milne-Readhead, E. & Polhill, R. M. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London, 502 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera longibarbata Engl. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ; up to 2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Burguret Track, Alt. 2 195 m, 29 Aug. 1972, Clarke et al. 99M (EA). Reference: Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera atriceps subsp. kaessneri (Baker f.) J.B.Gillett — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 400 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: North Mount Kenya, Alt. 2 400 m, 6 Apr. 1979, Lavranos 17407 (EA). Reference: Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera spicata Forssk. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 900 m. Distribution: I. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Fries & Fries (1927b)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819"]}

Indigofera atriceps Hook.f. subsp. atriceps— Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ; up to 3 300 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Chogoria Track, Alt. 3 123 m, 25 Jan. 2015, SAJIT 002847 (HIB). References: Fries & Fries (1927b), Bussmann (1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera nairobiensis Baker f. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; 1 500–2 700 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: North Mount Kenya, Alt. 2 410 m, 26 Nov. 1983, Gillett 25353 (EA). References: Bussmann (1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Indigofera brevicalyx Baker f. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 500 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Fries & Fries (1927b)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819"]}

Indigofera atriceps subsp. setosissima (Harms) J.B.Gillett — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF; up to 2 600 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: N/A. References: Gillett et al. (1971a), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Gillett, J. B., Polhill, R. M. & Verdcourt, B. (1971 a) Leguminosae (Part 3), subfamily Papilionoideae (Part 1). In: Milne-Readhead, E. & Polhill, R. M. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London, 502 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

In recent years, there are increasing that the number of patients with psoriasis day by day, and it has become a common disease endangering public health. However, there is no specific cure for psoriasis or control of recurrence. Therefore, it's necessity to seek alternative and efficient therapy, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). As a TCM and effective medicine for the treatment of psoriasis, Indigo Naturalis (Baphicacanthus Cusia (Nees) Bremek.) has the effect of clearing heat, detoxifying blood, eliminating spots, reducing fire and calming panic, and it is used in many classical prescriptions for the treatment of psoriasis.To review the latest progress and strategies of Indigo Naturalis in the treatment of psoriasis. This manuscript mainly clarifies the traditional medicinal applications, the mechanism of action and application strategies of Indigo Naturalis, and its preparations in the treatment of psoriasis.Detailed information on Indigo Naturalis was collected from various online databases (PubMed, GeenMedical, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and National Intellectual Property Administration).This manuscript reviews a great deal of information about how Indigo Naturalis can treat psoriasis through immune cells, signal pathways and disease-related mediators. The mechanism of cymbididae is expounded from the aspects of regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, regulating inflammatory infiltration of cellular immune system and improving microvascular dilation and hyperplasia in skin lesions.The action mechanisms of Indigo Naturalis on psoriasis reflect the characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways of Traditional Chinese medicine. However, some pharmacological and clinical research methods are improper, so that the results are difficult to explain at present. Therefore, further in-depth research is needed to provide knowledge in a wider range of areas to confirm the great therapeutic potential of Indigo Naturalis.

Cotton flea beetle, Podagrica puncticollis is the most destructive insect pest of cotton in north-western part of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to identify and determine the host range of cotton flea beetle in Metema area. The field survey was undertaken from June 27, 2015 to January 9, 2016 in ten kebele administrations of the district. At least three fields were prospected after every 15 days, in each kebele for host plants as well as to determine population density and percent leaf damage by adult cotton flea beetle, at different growth stages of cotton plant. The composition of plant species with damaged symptom or infested by flea beetle was analysed using quantitative means and identified by comparing specimens with description of identification manuals. A total of 11 host plant species of cotton flea beetle were identified in the cotton growing areas of Metema throughout a season. Indigofera longibarbata (Fabaceae), Hibiscus articulatus, H. cannabinus, H. vitifolius, Abutilon figarianum, Sida alba and S. urens (Malvaceae), Bidens pilosa and B. setigera (Asteraceae), Corchorus olitorius and C. trilocularis (Tiliaceae) found to be common host plants of cotton flea beetle. Thus, among the host plants, H. vitifolius, H. cannabinus, H. articulatus, C. olitorius and C. trilocularis were the most suitable hosts for adult cotton flea beetle in respect of the number of adults per plant and percent foliage damage they sustained. These findings could aid in developing longterm management strategies for this important insect pest existing in a hot dry tropical environment of north-western Ethiopia.

The hepatoprotective efficiency of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa whole plant against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity was examined. Rat hepatocyte monolayer culture and wistar albino rats were exercised as in vitro and in vivo screening models of protective agent for liver. In in vitro analyses, the whole plant ethanolic extract of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa were inspected. Silymarin was chosen as a standard treatement drug. In vitro, free radical scavenging property was also evaluated. In animal studies, hepatotoxicity was produced in Wistar albino rats by dispensing CCl4. The degree of hepatotoxicity was examined by determining the ranges of serum enzyme. The antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde of the hepatocytes were also evaluated. In in vitro studies, ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica whole plant was identified to be the most active than other assessed extracts. Besides, whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica was noticed to be rich in phenolic and flavonoids. It exhibited expressive free radical scavenging property versus diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide ion radicals. In the animals studies, whole plant ethanolic extract of I. tirunelvelica at a ranges of doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) revealed considerable amount of protection against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as evident by the protection of CCl4 induced changes biochemical parameters. The results of the present study suggested that the significant hepatoprotective property of whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and intimates its use as a potential medicinal drug for liver diseases.

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of diet contained water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Indigofera (Indigofera sp.), and water spinach (Ipomoea spp.) on the performance and cholesterol of turkey meat. A total of twelve male turkeys 40 weeks old with average body weight of 4798±551.78 g were reared for six weeks. This research used a Completely Randomized Design. The dietary diet treatments were consisted of 38% rice bran, 35% commercial diet, and 27% forages which consisted of E. crassipes (R1), Indigofera sp. (R2), and Ipomea spp. (R3). The variables measured were performance (feed consumption, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, percentage of abdominal fat, carcass percentage and breast meat cholesterol levels. The results showed that E.crassipes, Indigofera sp., and Ipomea spp. in turkeys’diet did not affect on feed consumption, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage, and percentage of abdominal fat. Cholesterol levels of turkey breast meat in the Indigofera dietary treatment was produced the lowest relative cholesterol levels followed by Ipomoea sp and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipe) dietary treatments. The average cholesterol level of turkey breast meat ranges from 23- 47 mg 100 g-1. It was concluded that E.crassipes, Indigofera sp., and Ipomea spp. can be used as an alternative ingredient for adult turkey diet.

The emerging demand of natural indigo dye due to the environmental and sociological concerns imparted by the synthetic dye helps in leveraging the conventional natural indigo dye production process in many developing countries, including India. Despite having remarkable global market potential, the high price of natural indigo dye impedes its extensive commercialization. Therefore, in the present study, the economics of natural indigo dye is evaluated through life cycle cost (LCC) analysis by considering the traditional indigo dye production process in India using the plant biomass Indigofera tinctoria L. The life cycle model includes cultivation of Indigofera biomass, as well as the production and processing of indigo dye and the cost involved in each step. Along with the detailed cost analysis, the present study also includes socio-economic analysis and possibilities of cost reduction based on the outcome of sensitivity analysis. From the LCC analysis, the life cycle cost of Indigofera biomass cultivation is $420.74 ha−1 year−1, whereas the indigo dye production cost is $113 ton−1 of Indigofera biomass. For an annual dye production of 1000 tons, the present study estimated the economic stabilization of rural farmers and labours by an annual employment generation of 196,250 man-days year−1 and 12,50,000 man-days year−1, respectively. By sensitivity analysis, the raw material price was identified as the major contributor in the total indigo dye production cost. As a cost reduction measure, the combination of biomass yield (70 tons) and reduction in the biomass production cost (50%) was found to be suitable. Utilization of by-product generated from the dye industry into value-added products could contribute towards a cost reduction of 22% in the Indigofera biomass cultivation and a cost saving of $37.4 ton−1 of biomass in the indigo dye production cost.

Indigofera yuanjiangensis X.F. Gao & Xue Li Zhao (Fabaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Information about its distribution, habitat, and phenology is also provided. The species is morphologically similar to I. megaphylla, I. esquirolii and I. sticta, but they differ in the leaf length, leaflet number, leaflet size, raceme length, flower color and standard size.

Oxidative Stress is the primary cause of most of the diseases currently in the world. The human body is prone to many illnesses out of which oxidative stress plays a significant role in the causation of those. The Stress in the body releases free radicals and these free radicals react with the cell organelle and cause denaturation and break down. The generated free radicals should be fought to eliminate and prevent toxic effects. Many drugs are known to fight free radicals. Most of them had been scientifically evaluated and published for their activity too. The investigations say that antioxidant activity of the herbs does not similarly reflect . There were differences in activity and significant deviations in the results that are shown in comparison to and . Thus, there is an urgent necessity to investigate the antioxidant activity of herbs to make sure that the activity resembles and to find any variations when compared to activity. This research protocol was framed out to screen for the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of the Indigofera leaves by estimating the serum parameters and correlating the results with the human body. Out of the values overall, the were the ones that are significant participants in fighting the free radicals and in boosting the immune system. The ethanol extract successfully prevented the breakdown of the cellular structure of the liver cells, thereby protecting it and replenishing the enzyme levels by destroying the free radicals that are generated due to DMH.

A new species, Indigofera centralis Peter G. Wilson & Rowe, is described from Central Australia, west of the Finke Gorge National Park in the Northern Territory; it resembles some other inland species (I. fractiflexa, I. gilesii, I. warburtonensis and I. helmsii) but differs most conspicuously by the relatively larger flowers.

The traditional systems of medicine have used the herbs successfully to treat many diseases. The folklore medicine also advocates the use of herbs for diseases. So having this in mind this review article focuses on collecting the documentation of all the research work that is performed on Indigofera and is the segregation of the pharmacology, chemistry and traditional claims of the activities that are attributed to the plant.

Two additional species in the Indigofera haplophylla are described. Indigofera brennanii Peter G. Wilson, is a recently discovered taxon that occurs on Groote Eylandt and in Limmen National Park on the adjacent mainland. Indigofera fimbriolata Peter G. Wilson is a geographically isolated species that occurs in Bulleringa National Park, Queensland; it was formerly included in I. rupicola. Although both taxa are found in national parks, their conservation status has not been assessed.

The goal of this experiment was to examine the value of ruminal fermentability that is total VFA and total NH3 of forages for goat. The benefits of this research were can help check the ruminal fermentability of forages for goat and help the efficient formulation of feed as seen from VFA and NH3 production carried out in vitro. The research was done in randomized block design (RBD) with 7 types of forages as treatment and 3 rumen groups as replications. Treatment coverage: R1 = Indigofera leaves; R2 = Insulin leaves; R3 = Guava leaves; R4 = Melinjo leaves; R5 = Rambutan Leaves; R6 = Cassava Leaves; R7: Waru leaves. The result showed that production of NH3 in indigofera leaves, insulin leaves, guava leaves, melinjo leaves, cassava leaves, and waru leaves are optimal for rumen microbial protein synthesis. VFA production in indigofera leaves, insulin leaves, guava leaves, melinjo leaves, rambutan leaves, and cassava leaves can fulfill for rumen microbial growth.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan Indigofera zollingeriana dalam Stock Solution pada level penambahan yang berbeda terhadap motilitas dan abnormalitas spermatozoa kambing Peranakan Etawa (PE). Semen yang digunakan adalah semen afkir tidak lolos uji kualitas semen segar oleh Balai Inseminasi Buatan (BIB) Sidomulyo Ungaran yang memiliki motilitas 0,05) antar perlakuan terhadap motilitas dan abnormalitas. Rataan motilitas tertinggi dan rataan abnormalitas terkecil pada perlakuan I1 yaitu sebesar 39,8% untuk motilitas dan 22,52% untuk abnormalitas. Uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi bolak balik (? > 0,05) antara motilitas dan abnormalitas. Nilai korelasi sebesar – 0,224 yang berarti hubungan antara motilitas dan abnormalitas adalah berlawanan arah. Artinya, apabila nilai motilitas tinggi maka nilai abnormalitas adalah rendah (kecil). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah penambahan Indigofera hingga level 3% dalam stock solution dapat mempertahankan motilitas dan abnormalitas spermatozoa.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan bahan pakan fermentasi yang terutama tersusun atas tepung limbah ikan leubim dan tepung indigofera sebagai substitusi sebagian ransum komersil ayam petelur terhadap penampilan produksi telur puyuh. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Lapangan Peternakan (LLP), Program Studi Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala selama 10 minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan 80 ekor puyuh ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) betina dara umur 4 minggu. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok. Setiap kelompok merupakan unit percobaan yang masing-masing terdiri atas 5 ekor puyuh betina dara. Ransum perlakuan adalah ransum komersil ayam petelur yang disubstitusi dengan bahan pakan campuran fermentasi: 20% tepung limbah ikan leubim + 11% tepung daun indigofera + 45,4% menir + 20% dedak jagung + 3,6% tepung kulit kerang sebanyak 0, 10, 20, dan 30%. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ransum komersil ayam petelur dapat disubstitusi sampai 30% dengan bahan pakan campuran fermentasi yang tersusun atas tepung limbah ikan leubim 20% + tepung daun indigofera 11% + menir 45,4% + dedak jagung 20% + tepung kulit kerang 3,6% tanpa menurunkan secara nyata produksi, berat dan massa telur, konsumsi dan konversi ransum, serta berat badan akhir dan pertambahan berat badan puyuh. (Egg productions of quails fed the commercial rations partially substituted by fermentation feed ingredients based on the mixture of Leubim fish waste meal and Indigofera sp .) ABSTRACT . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the partial substitution of commercial ration with fermented feed ingredients based on leubim fish ( Canthidermis maculata) waste meal and Indigofera sp. meal on the appearance of quail egg production. The research was conducted at the Field Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University for 10 weeks. The study used 80 female quails ( Coturnix-coturnix japonica ) at 4 weeks of age. The study was designed into randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 blocks. Each block was an experimental unit, each consisting of 5 quails. The treatment was commercial ration of laying hens partially substituted by fermented feed ingredients composed of 20% leubim fish waste meal + 11% Indigofera sp . meal + 45.4% broken rice + 20% corn bran + 3.6% clam shell meal as many as 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The results of study showed that commercial ration of laying hens could be substituted up to 30% with a mixture of fermented feed ingredients composed of 20% leubim fish waste meal +11% Indigofera sp . meal + 45.4% broken rice + 20% corn bran + 3.6% clam shell meal without significantly reduced egg production, egg weight, and egg mass, feed consumption and FCR, and final body weight and average body weight gain of quails.

Objective: The aim of this study is to screen chemical composition and to evaluate the acute general toxicity of leaves aqueous extracts from Sesbania pachycarpa DC. (Fabaceae), used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat malaria, helminthiasis, and aqueous extracts of the leaves from Indigofera berhautiana Gillet (Fabaceae) used to treat hepatitis and typhoid fever. Methods: Aqueous decoction of leaves from Sesbania pachycarpa DC. or Indigofera berhautiana Gillett which are the form of use recommended by traditional health practitioners, were used for tests. Aqueous extracts used to evaluate the acute toxicity, were studied on mice of strain NMRI. For the toxicity study, the doses of the aqueous extracts were respectively 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of body weight. Phytochemical screening was done to identify the phytochemicals contained in extracts. Results: Aqueous extracts of two species: Sesbania pachycarpa DC., Indigofera berhautiana Gillet were not toxic at the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight. Phytochemical screening, showed coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols compounds, steroids and/or triterpenes and saponosides in the aqueous extracts of the two species. Alkaloids were identified in Sesbania pachycarpa aqueous extract.