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BackgroundAssessment of functional impairment following ischaemic stroke is essential to determine outcome and efficacy of intervention in both clinical patients and pre-clinical models. Although paradigms are well described for rodents, comparable methods for large animals, such as sheep, remain limited. This study aimed to develop methods to assess function in an ovine model of ischaemic stroke using composite neurological scoring and gait kinematics from motion capture.MethodsMerino sheep (n = 26) were anaesthetised and subjected to 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals underwent functional assessment at baseline (8-, 5-, and 1-day pre-stroke), and 3 days post-stroke. Neurological scoring was carried out to determine changes in neurological status. Ten infrared cameras measured the trajectories of 42 retro-reflective markers for calculation of gait kinematics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 3 days post-stroke to determine infarct volume. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC's) were used to assess the repeatability of neurological scoring and gait kinematics across baseline trials. The average of all baselines was used to compare changes in neurological scoring and kinematics at 3 days post-stroke. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the relationship between neurological score, gait kinematics, and infarct volume post-stroke.ResultsNeurological scoring was moderately repeatable across baseline trials (ICC > 0.50) and detected marked impairment post-stroke (p < 0.05). Baseline gait measures showed moderate to good repeatability for the majority of assessed variables (ICC > 0.50). Following stroke, kinematic measures indicative of stroke deficit were detected including an increase in stance and stride duration (p < 0.05). MRI demonstrated infarction involving the cortex and/or thalamus (median 2.7 cm3, IQR 1.4 to 11.9). PCA produced two components, although association between variables was inconclusive.ConclusionThis study developed repeatable methods to assess function in sheep using composite scoring and gait kinematics, allowing for the evaluation of deficit 3 days post-stroke. Despite utility of each method independently, there was poor association observed between gait kinematics, composite scoring, and infarct volume on PCA. This suggests that each of these measures has discreet utility for the assessment of stroke deficit, and that multimodal approaches are necessary to comprehensively characterise functional impairment.

IntroductionChronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder primarily affecting children and adolescents. It can lead to chronic pain, bony deformities and fractures. The pathophysiology of CNO is incompletely understood. Scientific evidence suggests dysregulated expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to be centrally involved. Currently, treatment is largely based on retrospective observational studies and expert opinion. Treatment usually includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or glucocorticoids, followed by a range of drugs in unresponsive cases. While randomised clinical trials are lacking, retrospective and prospective non-controlled studies suggest effectiveness of TNF inhibitors and bisphosphonates. The objective of the Bayesian consensus meeting was to quantify prior expert opinion.MethodsTwelve international CNO experts were randomly chosen to be invited to a Bayesian prior elicitation meeting.ResultsResults showed that a typical new patient treated with pamidronate would have an 84% chance of improvement in their pain score relative to baseline at 26 weeks and an 83% chance on adalimumab. Experts thought there was a 50% chance that a new typical patient would record a pain score of 28mm (pamidronate) to 30mm (adalimumab) or better at 26 weeks. There was a modest trend in prior opinion to indicate an advantage of pamidronate vs adalimumab, with a 68% prior chance that pamidronate is superior to adalimumab by some margin. However, it is clear that there is considerable uncertainty about the precise relative merits of the two treatments.ConclusionsThe rarity of CNO leads to challenges in conducting randomised controlled trials with sufficient power to provide a definitive outcome. We address this using a Bayesian design, and here describe the process and outcome of the elicitation exercise to establish expert prior opinion. This opinion will be tested in the planned prospective CNO study. The process for establishing expert consensus opinion in CNO will be helpful for developing studies in other rare paediatric diseases.

TiN x (stoichiometric factor, x =0.1–0.4) films were deposited at a substrate temperature typically of 480°C using an industrial-sized multi-target PVD coating machine. The stoichiometric factor, x , depended on the manner of substrate rotation as well as the reactive gas flow during depositing. In parallel, multiphase compositions of αTi(N), eTi 2 N and δTiN were found with hardness values varying from 1500 to 2300 Hk, and 2100 Hk for e phase Ti 2 N. The XRD spectral showed Bragg reflections associated with mixed phase compositions. The almost pure eTi 2 N phase was found in the film with x close to 0.34 and the XRD diffraction pattern of this film perfectly matched the e phase documented as referred to in the JCPDS file 17-386. SEM and TEM cross-sections exhibited a very fine grain structure for films containing dominant eTi 2 N phase. The microstructure of eTi 2 N film was extremely homogeneous throughout the complete film growth. The surface of eTi 2 N film was surprisingly smooth.

TiAlN/CrN superlattice coatings have been grown in an industrial sized multiple target PVD coater by a combined steered arc/unbalanced magnetron process. The coatings were deposited using three Ti 0.5 Al 0.5 alloy targets and one Cr target. The power to each of the Ti 0.5 Al 0.5 targets was maintained at 8 kW in all the processes, whilst the target power to the Cr target was varied between 1 kW and 12 kW to produce different superlattice period thickness. The structural characteristics were determined by X-ray diffraction using both Bragg–Brentano and glancing angle parallel beam (sin 2 ψ method) geometries. Superlattice period thickness was determined using low angle X-ray diffraction and was found to increase from 2.2 nm at 1 kW Cr power to 4.8 nm at 12 kW Cr target power. An approximately linear dependence of Cr power on superlattice period thickness was also observed. A maximum Knoop hardness of HK 0.025 3500 was observed at 8 kW Cr power when the thickness of the individual layers was equal. The residual state of stress was found to be compressive in all cases rising from 3.25 GPa at 2 kW Cr power to 6.5 GPa at 10 kW Cr power. Lattice parameters were determined using the Cohen–Wagner method and were observed to increase from 0.4183 nm for coating deposited at 2 kW Cr power to a maximum of 0.4197 nm at 10 kW Cr power.

The dry sliding wear of monolayer TiAlCrN and multilayer TiAlN/CrN coatings has been investigated against a BM2 tool steel counterface. The coatings were deposited on a BM2 tool steel substrate by combined steered-arc/unbalanced-magnetron deposition. Increasing either contact load or sliding speed led to a reduction in friction coefficient, typically from 1.1 to 0.2. Increasing load resulted in an increase in wear rate for both TiAlCrN and TiAlN/CrN (e.g. from 7 × 10-6 mm3/m at 22 N to 4 × 10-5 mm3/m at 189 N for the TiAlCrN monolayer coating, and from 7 × 10-6 mm3/m at 22 N to 2.5 × 10-5 mm3/m at 189 N for TiAlN/CrN multilayer). The wear rate for all coatings was at least an order of magnitude lower than the uncoated BM2 steel. The wear rate of the TiAlCrN coating tended to decrease with an increase in sliding speed (from 7.4 × 10-5 mm3/m at 0.2 m/s to 1.3 × 10-5 mm3 m at 1.1m/s) while the wear rate of the TiAlN/CrN was approximately constant as a function of sliding speed (approx. 1.5 × 10-5 mm3m).

SummaryNiobium is well known for its chemical stability and excellent corrosion resistance which is based on the formation of a stable oxide layer of Nb205 in aqueous media It therefore finds wide application in areas where chemical stability is important, such as in chemical engineering equipment. Disadvantages of Nb are its high material costs and the fact that it is not possible to deposit Nb by the rather economic technique of aqueous electrodeposition. However, other deposition techniques such as physical vapour deposition may be used to produce niobium coatings. Due to its high melting point, sputtering is the preferred PV D deposition technology.Improved corrosion resistance approaching that of bulk Nb was found for lμm thick Nb coatings on 304 stainless steel substrates The corrosion performance very much depends on the method of ion etching prior to deposition. Microstructure, texture and microhardness as well are strongly influenced by the type of ion etching pre-treatment and by the temperature...

TiAlN/CrN multilayer films with superlattice characteristics were deposited onto M2 high-speed steel and 304 stainless steel by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering involving three TiAl targets and one Cr target. The wavelength of the multilayer structures (ranging from 2.4 nm to 4.8 nm) and Cr content (from 10% to 30%) was controlled by varying the power supplied to the Cr target (P Cr ) from 2 kW to 12 kW. These coatings were then heated in an ambient atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1000 °C and for times up to 16 h. Breakdown of the multilayer structure was studied using such techniques as hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cross-sectional TEM (XTEM). The results show that both the multilayer structure and hardness can be maintained for as long as 16 h at 700 °C. This was found to be independent of the Cr content (multilayer wavelength) of the coatings. Oxidation behaviour involving isochronal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), XRD and SEM revealed that all coatings exhibited weight gains of as little as 5% of that of TiN under similar conditions at 1000 °C. The resistance to oxidation was found to be dependent on the Cr content, with the greatest effect occurring in the P Cr = 12 kW samples. Two very distinct regimes of oxidation were observed. Up to approximately 900 °C, the rate of oxidation was very low (approximately 0.2 gm 2 in the case of the P Cr = 4 kW samples and 0.1 gm −2 in the case of the P Cr = 12 kW samples). Above this temperature, the oxidation rates increased markedly for all samples, with that of the P Cr = 12 kW being the least severe.

Multilayer coatings have been produced using unbalanced magnetron physical vapour deposition in which discrete layers of TiN and ZrN were co-deposited. It has been shown that the multilayers exhibited two-fold periodicity having values of 13 and 2.8 nm. This periodicity, measured both by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and low-angle X-ray diffraction, has been precisely related to the process parameters used. Analysis has shown that a third, previously unreported, phase existed within the coating having a lattice parameter comparable to that of TiN and a well-defined orientation relationship with the primary phases. The existence of this phase has been explained in terms of variations in the stoichometry of the coating due to non-uniform metal to nitrogen deposition rates within the chamber. Textural studies revealed that preferred orientation existed in the coating; the degree of which was greater in the ZrN layers than the TiN layers.

The preparation of specimens for detailed TEM microanalysis of micrometre-diameter, ceramic fibre cross-sections is described. The starter material is ceramic fibre in powder form and both ultramicrotomy-based and ion beam thinning-based methods are described. Requirements for specimens of uniform and adequate thinness, for easy selection of representative fibre cross-sections within the same specimen and for a reliable and time-efficient preparation method, resulted in choice of the ultramicrotomy-based method and the associated development of a novel extrusion and sedimentation technique of embedding the fibres to provide necessary pre-alignment and packing.

Thin films of CdS and CdTe are deposited using electrochemical methods for utilisation in glass/ITO/CdS/CdTe/metal solar cells. Resulting films are characterised by XRD for determination of bulk structure, optical absorption/transmission for energy band gap measurements and XPS for monitoring the stoichiometry of the materials. These results and the photovoltaic properties of the preliminary structures fabricated with these films are discussed and presented in this communication.

This computerized linear programming study was performed to formulate low-cost, commercially processed, blended weaning foods, and even less expensive, home-prepared, blended wearing foods, with excellent energy and protein value for use in areas of Lusaka, Zambia, where the risk of malnutrition is high. Ingredient input information included proximate and essential amino acid analyses, into-the-blend costs, and factors for gastrointestinal absorption of proteins and total energy. For most computed mixtures, the minimum cost at selected levels of absorbed protein quality was optimized. Formulations were determined, with calculated cost and nutritional parameters, using only mother-favoured ingredients or, alternatively, selections from among all listed market ingredients; fat versus fat plus sugar as concentrated energy; for different seasons (home-prepared); and, for commercial blends, both with and without puridies amino acid(s) that do or do not include vitamin-antioxidant-mineral mix. The methodology should be widely applicable elsewhere.

The fracture toughness of a range of oxide ceramics, namely aluminas with various grain sizes, Y2O3-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP), MgO-partially stabilized zirconias (Mg-PSZ) and zirconia-toughened ceramics (ZTC), has been measured by the single edge notch beam (SENB) technique using machined notches of varying widths from 150 to 1800 μm. It was found that the response of each material was critically dependent on its microstructure. Experimental results show that where ‘dynamic’ toughening mechanisms occur, such as transformation toughening, SENB toughness depends strongly on the notch width. For example, the SENB toughness of Y2O3-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals and MgO-partially stabilized zirconia ceramics, which are typical of transformation toughened ceramics, increases significantly with increasing notch width when the notch width is less than 1 mm. A further increase in the notch width results in only a slight increase in the SENB toughness. Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics show similar behaviour, although the increase in SENB toughness is smaller than that for Y-TZP ceramics. The notch width dependence of SENB toughness for the transformation toughened ceramics is related to the transformation zone at the notch tip, induced by diamond blade machining. In contrast, the SENB toughness of alumina ceramics shows very little response to the variation in notch width. A discussion on the relationships between SENB toughness values measured and the operative toughening mechanisms is presented.

Three batches of silicon carbide whiskers of different, but known, dimensions have been incorporated into a cordierite matrix. It was found that the aspect ratio of the whiskers and their physical size had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the composites they constituted. Fracture toughness was governed by the relative contributions of the mechanisms of crack deflection, crack bridging and load transfer (pullout was not observed to occur in this system under the conditions used). Fracture strength was determined by the net, opposing, effects of an increase in fracture toughness and an increase in critical flaw size of the composites.

Cordierite containing silicon carbide of different morphologies has been fabricated to produce composites with superior properties to the unreinforced cordierite. It has been demonstrated that the morphology of the silicon carbide affects the densification and the mechanical properties of the composites they constitute. The densification process was controlled by the degree of mutual contact of the silicon carbide phase within the cordierite matrix and by the rigidity of the resulting networks. The operative toughening mechanisms and their relative contributions were also dependent on the morphology of the silicon carbide. Fracture strength of the composites was governed by the relative contributions of an improvement in fracture toughness and by the magnitude of the critical flaw size.

Zirconia-cordierite ceramic composites were fabricated by the hot pressing of cordierite and zirconia powders at 1400 ° C/20 MPa for 10 min. Both the fracture toughness and fracture strength have been enhanced by the addition of zirconia. Such improvements are due to stress-induced transformation toughening and to the generation of residual stresses. Micro-crack toughening has been found not to occur in the composite as a consequence of the large thermal expansion mismatch. The transformability of zirconia inclusions in the cordierite matrix is higher than in the case of an alumina matrix, although the inclusions have a rounded morphology, resulting from the presence of a liquid phase at the hot-pressing temperature.

This study evaluated the use of microwave energy in a reduced pressure environment for drying parboiled rice using a single pass. The effects of parboil soaking conditions, steaming conditions, microwave power level, drying pressure, drying time, and final moisture content were evaluated. Parboiling conditions had no direct effect on drying rate and drying efficiency. A slight reduction in milling yields was associated with longer steaming time. Drying rates were directly proportional to microwave power levels and they remained essentially constant until rice moisture content fell below 18%. Lower operating pressures in the dryer increased drying rate, increased drying efficiency, and decreased rice temperature. These results indicate that diffusion of liquid water was not rate limiting and the rate of adsorption/desorption of water on the surface of the rice was a significant factor in determining overall drying rate. Rice kernel density measurements indicated that the kernels did not shrink during microwave drying as they normally do during conventional hot air drying. Milling yields were significantly related to the same variables that affected drying rate (power, pressure, and final moisture). At water removal rates of 7.4 g of water per min per kg dry rice or less, the parboiled rice could be dried in a single pass to safe storage levels without any significant decrease in head yield. Microwave-vacuum drying provides rice processors with an altemative method for rice drying.

Part 1 Storage: Brown rice stabilization, Elaine T. Champagne storage stability of extrusion stabilized and parboiled rice bran, Don R. McCaskill and Frank T. Orthoefer effect of storage on the physicochemical properties and quality factors of rice, Joseph Chrastil. Part 2 Quality: Breeding for rice quality, Kent S. McKenzie new methods for the evaluation of rice quality and related terminology, David E. Kohlwey degree of milling, James I. Wadsworth the influence of rice protein on rice quality, Bruce R. Hamaker enrichment of rice, Diane W. Hoffpauer and Salmen L. Wright III starch gelatinization in brown and milled rice - a study using differential scanning calorimetry, Wayne E. Marshall. Part 3 Processing: New methods and equipment for processing rice, Robert S. Satake parboiling rice with microwave energy, Lakshman Velupillai new methods for on-the-farm rice drying - solar and biomass, Lalit R. Verma microwave-vacuum drying, James I. Wadsworth role of moisture content in affecting head rice yield, Terry J. Siebenmorgen. Part 4 Utilization: Processing and utilization of rice bran in the United States, Keith L. Hargrove, Jr. food applications for modified rice starches, Roy N. Sharp and Carolyn Q. Sharp rice bran oil and its health benefits, Robert J. Nicolosi, Eugene J. Rogers, et al changing market demands for rice and rice products, Richard A. Meyers.

SAMPLES of freshly harvested rough rice were each separated into fractions according to the thickness of the kernels. Average moisture content decreased with in-creasing kernel thickness and the greatest moisture con-tent variation was associated with the thinner kernels that comprised 5 to 10 percent of a sample. Rice grown with higher nitrogen (N) application rates had higher percentages of thin kernels, higher average moisture con-tents, and greater variations in moisture content than rice grown with lower N levels. During a heavy rain thick kernels absorbed more moisture than thin ones. Me-chanical separation by kernel thickness was an effective means of dividing a mass of freshly harvested rice into fractions with different moisture contents.

FIVE lots of Starbonnet rough rice harvested both by hand and by combine were dried under ambient con-ditions and separated into four fractions according to the thickness of the kernels. The distribution of kennel thicknesses was related to the moisture content of the rice at harvest. X-ray photographs were used to detect cracked and broken kernels in the rough rice. In both the hand- and the combine-harvested samples, the thickest and thinnest grain had higher percentages of cracked and broken kernels than did kernels of itermediate thickness.

One of the consequences of the rice parboiling process is an increase of the moisture content of the rice to approximately 35% (w.b.). It is essential to reduce the moisture of the parboiled rice before it can be stored or milled. The proper drying of parboiled rice thus becomes an important step. This study evaluates the combined use of microwave energy and an evacuated atmosphere to dry parboiled rice on its quality. The effect of two soaking times and two steaming times combined with two vacuum levels and three microwave power levels were tested. Drying times were adjusted to achieve target final moisture levels of 14%, 16%, and 18% (w.b.), respectively. The results showed that it was possible to dry parboiled rice using the microwave-vacuum method and the quality of the finished product was comparable to that produced by conventional methods. It was concluded that the whole kernel yield was reduced with increased microwave power, the effect being more marked at higher vacuum levels. A drop of 5% in whole kernel yield was seen at the lower vacuum level (absolute pressure ==53.3 kPa), this increased to 10% when the vacuum level was higher (absolute pressure = 6.67 kPa). The major factor in the reduction of yields appeared to be the increase of the drying rate as the microwave power and vacuum were increased. Results pertaining to color indicated that the independent variables did not affect it. The percentage of completely gelatinized kernels was found to decrease for increase of microwave power. At the 53.3 kPa level of absolute pressure, the percent gelatinized kernels dropped approximately 8% when the microwave power was increased from 600 W to 1800 W. When the pressure level was decreased to 6.67 kPa (vacuum increased), the corresponding drop in percent gelatinized kernels increased to nearly 14%. The steaming treatment tended to increase the deformity of the parboiled rice kernels.

Samples of three commercial brands of peanut butter stored in the dark at about 25°C were evaluated periodically by direct gas chromatography and by their processors' taste panels. The areas of 9 peaks of each volatiles profile were computed and correlated with flavor scores. The natural logarithm of methyl-butanal peak area/hexanal peak area correlated with flavor score of peanut butter in earlier work, correlated well with flavor score for one brand of peanut butter, but other gas chromatographic peak ratios gave better correlations for the two other brands.

This study has demonstrated the feasibility of producing a corn-based, PL 480-type food blend containing glandless cottonseed flour that is comparable in nutritional quality, maternal and child acceptability, and child gastrointestinal tolerance to the extensively used US Food-for-Peace Program food, corn-soy-milk. The blend containing glandless cottonseed flour offers the economic advantage of not requiring an animal protein component. However, at the present time glandless cottonseed flour is not economically competitive with soy flour. With more extensive cultivation of glandless cottonseed, the prospect of using this commodity in nutritious food blends will be more favourable.

Cottonseed meal containing an average of 340 ppb total aflatoxins was treated with anhydrous liquid ammonia under varying conditions of time, temperature, and ammonia concentration. Meal moisture was held constant at 10%. A unique sampling device was constructed and used to withdraw meal at time intervals as frequent as 5 min during the reaction period, without interrupting the ammoniation process. The rate of aflatoxin inactivation occurring under a given set of treatment conditions was thus monitored. The data obtained in this study indicate that the inactivation of aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, as determined by chemical assay, may be successfully achieved by use of less stringent conditions of time, temperature, pressure, and moisture content than previous studies have indicated.

Recently, a direct gas Chromatographic method for examining volatiles in vegetable oils was reported [Dupuy et al., JAOCS 50:340 (1973); and Dupuy et al., Ibid. 53:628 (1976)]. The procedure stimulated the development of instrumental techniques for determining odor and flavor characteristics of vegetable oils. This symposium paper describes modifications of the original direct gas Chromatographie procedure that substantially enhance its sensitivity and applicability. Profiles of volatiles for several experimental oils obtained by the modified system are presented, together with mass spectral data characterizing significant flavor-related peaks. Regression analysis of the instrumental data, with oil flavor scores, indicates that reliable flavor characteristics of high- and low-quality vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.

Samples of commercially processed soybean, cottonseed, and peanut oils were stored under controlled conditions then evaluated for flavor by a 20-member trained, experienced oil panel and for pentanal and hexanal contents by direct gas chromatography. The oils, which contained citric acid and/or antioxidants, were either aged from 0 to 16 days at 60 C or exposed to fluorescent light for 0 to 16 hr. The simple linear regressions of flavor score with the logarithm of pentanal or hexanal content in aged soybean oil gave correlation coefficients of −0.96 and −0.90, respectively; for cottonseed oil, −0.60 and −0.85; and for peanut oil −0.74 and −0.75. Addition of peroxide values to the linear regressions increased the correlation coefficients. Flavor scores of cottonseed and peanut oil can be predicted from pentanal and hexanal contents, but the technique is slightly more reliable for soybean oil based on the treatments used for these oils.

A simple, direct, gas Chromatographic technique is described for eluting and resolving residual solvent and flavor-related volatile components from soy products such as flour and protein isolates. No prior enrichment of volatiles is necessary. A sample, together with a small amount of water, is secured in a glass liner and placed in the heated injection port of a gas Chromatograph. The volatiles are rapidly steam distilled from the sample by the heat, moisture, and flow of carrier gas and are adsorbed on the chromatographic column in situ. Residual solvent and other volatiles adsorbed on the column are resolved by temperature-programmed gas chromatography and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The correlation between taste panel flavor score and concentration of volatile components is significant at the 1% level.

A simple, direct, gas chromatograph (GC) technique is described for eluting flavor-related volatile components from commercially produced vegetable oils. A sample of oil was placed onto glass wool contained in a GC liner, and the liner was inserted in the heated inlet of the GC. Volatiles from the oils were rapidly eluted by heat and carrier gas onto the GC column. Profiles of the volatiles were obtained by temperature-programmed gas chromatography. Flavor score was highly correlated with individual volatile components considered separately, and very highly correlated with multiple volatile components considered together, indicating that reliable flavor characteristics of vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.

The rate of formation and dissociation of alkyl N-methylol-carbamates in basic media were studied by electrochemical techniques. The effects of the presence of various N-substituents on these rate constants and equilibrium constants -were investigated. The reactions were carried out at 20. 4°C and pH 12. 45 in water and in a 66% water and 34% t-butanol (v/v) solvent. The rate constants were higher when water was used as the solvent.

Flame-retardant polyester/cotton fabrics are increasing in importance in the apparel and household fabrics market. Phosphorus-nitrogen flame-retardant systems developed for 100% cotton are not necessarily effective for polyester/cotton blends. Bromine effectively imparts flame-retardant properties of polyester resins. It has been theorized that systems containing both bromine and phosphorus should be suitable for polyester/cotton blends. A thermoanalytical study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of bromine in flame-retardant polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Fabrics having various ratios of polyester to cotton were treated with THPOHNH3, which is particularly effective on 100% cotton, and with THPC-urea-PVBr, which was designed for 50/50 polyester/cotton blends. For comparison, data are also presented on a 50/50 polyester blend fabric treated with THPOHNH3 and with THPC—urea flame retardants plus tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate in a two-step application. TG and DSC data were obtained in atmospheres of either nitrogen or air, using a DuPont 990 Thermal Analysis System2. The thermal changes are assigned to decompositions of cotton, polyester, char, and resin finish. A comparison is made of the effects caused by the different flame-retardant finishes. Ol values and FF 3-71 data are reported.

Air- and nitrogen-packed samples from the same production lot of peanut butter, stored in the dark at 25°C for 1 yr, were analyzed periodically by direct gas chromatography. The ratio of methylbutanal to hexanal was consistently higher in nitrogen-packed than in equivalent air-packed samples and decreased throughout the storage period for both types of samples. Correlation coefficients, significant at 0.1%, were 0.99 for nitrogen-packed and 0.96 for air-packed samples. A total of 35 volatile components of peanut butter were identified by combined direct gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, and another 6 were tentatively identified.

Kinetics of the dissociation of ethy1 N-hydroxymethylcarbamate, and monomethylolethylcarbamate (MMEC) at various temperatures and pH values have been studied by measuring the formaldehyde concentration in solution via an electrochemical technique. Formaldehyde and ethyl carbamate (EC) are the products of the dissociation. Formaldehyde concentration as a function of time has been used in a computer program designed to calculate the rate constant, kf, for the formation of MMEC form formaldehyde and EC and the rate constant, kr, for the dissociation of MMEC.

Fabrics of printcloth weight in plain and basket weave were crosslinked with dimethylolethyleneurea to 2, 5, and 10% add-on. Specimens were dried slack or under tension before curing. The amount of crosslinking, controlled by resin pickup, produced reasonably consistent nitrogen contents in samples when other parameters were varied. Among the properties measured were fiber density, fabric thickness and area changes, fabric tensile and wrinkle recoveries, and single- fiber tenacity and tensile recovery. Relationships of properties to nitrogen contents and among various physical proper ties were frequently influenced by tension, fabric construction, and pretreatment.

In previously reported work concerning the chain-length distributions obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in celluloses, degrees of polymerization (DP) of unusually high magnitude were reported. Later work in GPC has shown that the concept of relating extended nolecular chain length of different polymers to elution volume for obtaining molecular weight is not theoretically sound. Correlation of molecular hydrodynamic volume (indicated by the product of intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight) with elution volume has been found to place polymers of vastly different natures on a single curve, such is now designated universal calibration. Application of universal calibration to the determination of DP distributions in celluloses required a different method of converting counts to DP. This new procedure is described in detail. Weight-average DP's given by the procedure for samples of cellulose I, II, III, and IV were 5190, 4520, 4795, and 3390, respectively. These are decreases of 74–75% from the results obtained by the extended-chain procedure. The results compare favorably with the viscosity-DP's of the samples. Number-average DP's were 1580, 1040, 1140, and 490 for the four samples, respectively, these being decreases of 87–93% from the values formerly reported. The polymolecularity ratios for the samples are now unusually large, being 3.4, 4.7, 4.2, and 7.1, respectively.

The direct gas chromatographic procedure for analysis of the volatiles of peanut butter and other food products was applied to raw peanuts. A glass liner packed with ground, raw peanuts was placed in the heated inlet of a gas chromatograph and allowed to remain in place while the volatiles distilled out of the sample onto the head of a cool column. The liner was then removed and temperature programming was begun. Raw, Virginia type peanuts from the 1974 and 1975 harvests were analyzed, and some gas chromatographic data were correlated with flavor scores of the roasted peanuts. Ethanol was the predominant volatile component, and it tended to increase as flavor quality decreased. The correlation coefficients, significant at the 1% level, between the flavor scores and the ratios of ethanol-to-methanol and ethanol-to-total volatiles were −0.87 and −0.88, respectively.

MOISTURE absorption can cause individual rice kernels to fissure. Since individual kernels within a mass of freshly harvested rice have a wide span of moisture contents, there exists the potential for moisture transfer among the kernels when the rice is transported from the field and held in trucks or bins before drying. This study investigated the effects on milling yields of isolating the higher-moisture rice kernels from the bulk of the rice immediately following harvesting. Kernel thickness was highly correlated with moisture content and was used as the basis for removing the high moisture kernels. The separated rice was stored for various times before drying and milling. Milling yields were compared with those from the same rice handled in a more conventional manner. The rapid isolation of the high moisture content rice did not produce any statistically significant changes in milling yields. The head yields (percentages of unbroken kernels) for samples that were held for 24 h before drying were higher than the head yields for samples that were dried immediately after harvesting.

Cottonseeds contain protein with desirable food functional and nutritional properties. Storage globulins make up most of the protein stored in cottonseed and can be separated into five fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Each fraction is distinguishable from the other by its amino acid and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic properties. Proteins of cottonseed contribute greatly to the functional properties of emulsions, co-isolates, and texturized derivatives. For example, increasing the amount of high protein cottonseed flour in water suspensions from 2% to 10% improved the capacity (54–97 ml of oil) and viscosity (5,000–100,000+ cps) of emulsions. The 10% suspension formed emulsions with increasing oil capacity (84–100 ml) and viscosity (28,000–100,000+ cps) as the pH was adjusted from 4.5 to 9.5. Consistencies of the products ranged from that of salad dressing (low percent suspensions, or acid pH) to that of mayonnaise (high percent, or basic pH). These data were utilized to derive a multiple regression model to predict optimum use of cottonseed proteins in emulsions of varying consistencies. A coprecipitated isolate containing greater than 94% protein was prepared from a blend of cottonseed and peanut flours. Amino acid content of the co-isolate reflected that of the protein in the two flours of the composite. The co-isolate has lower gossypol level and improved color and functional properties than a cottonseed protein isolate. Storage protein isolate of cottonseed suspended in aqueous solution and heated with constant stirring forms a texturized product; the quality of the product depends on heat, pH, salt, and the quantity of nonstorage proteins. Protein and amino acid content of meat products were improved by the addition of the texturized protein of cottonseed.

Cottonseeds contain protein with desirable food functional and nutritional properties. Storage globulins make up most of the protein stored in cottonseed and can be separated into five fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Each fraction is distinguishable from the other by its amino acid and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic properties. Proteins of cottonseed contribute greatly to the functional properties of emulsions, co-isolates, and texturized derivatives. For example, increasing the amount of high protein cottonseed flour in wheat suspensions from 2% to 10% improved the capacity (54-97 ml of oil) and viscosity (5,000-100,000+ cps) of emulsions. The 10% suspension formed emulsions with increasing oil capacity (84-100 ml) and viscosity (28,000-100,000+ cps) as the pH was adjusted from 4.5 to 9.5. Consistencies of the products ranged from that of salad dressing (low percent suspensions, or acid pH) to that of mayonnaise (high percent, or basic pH). These data were utilized to derive a multiple regression model to predict optimum use of cottonseed proteins in emulsions of varying consistencies. A coprecipitated isolate containing greater than 94% protein was prepared from a blend of cottonseed and peanut flours. Amino acid content of the co-isolate reflected that of the protein in the two flours of the composite. The co-isolate has lower gossypol level and improved color and functional properties than a cottonseed protein isolate. Storage protein isolate of cottonseed suspended in aqueous solution and heated with constant stirring forms a texturized product; the quality of the product depends on heat, pH, salt, and the quantity of nonstorage proteins. Protein and amino acid content of meat products were improved by the addition of the texturized protein of cottonseed.

RICE separated by thickness yields a thin fraction that is subject to large endosperm losses in the bran and high breakage when milled as raw rice. Parboiling this fraction improves the quality of the rice: breakage, chalkiness, and losses in the bran are eliminated. How-ever, the thin fraction contains a high percentage of pecky (discolored) kernels. For the rice lots examined the average loss from pecky kernels approximated the aver-age losses found in raw milling. In general, an increase in edible rice would not be obtained by parboiling the thin fraction..