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The Mediterranean tortoise (Testudo graeca) is listed as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List. Reproductive characteristics and means to increase offspring production were studied in T. graeca terrestris in a semi-natural environment. Courtship and mating occurred during early spring for about 4 weeks, followed by a laying season of approximately 2 months, with a second, shorter mating period in the fall. During the first mating, calcified eggs were already present in the uterus; we inferred that sperm from both mating seasons were stored in the oviduct for fertilization of eggs of the second laying cycle and of the following year. Average egg production was 3.8+/-0.3 eggs/year. Most females laid all of their eggs in a single clutch, but 18% laid in a second clutch, 11-21 days later. X-ray radiography revealed calcified eggs in the uterus about 4 weeks before oviposition. All eggs in the uterus were calcified simultaneously and were laid in a single clutch; if a second clutch developed, those eggs were also calcified simultaneously. Based on endoscopic examinations, ovaries were active throughout the entire year. Plasma progesterone concentrations in females were very low and were detected only soon after oviposition ( 440 +/-141 pg/ml). Plasma estradiol concentrations in females varied from 4.1 +/-1.5 pg/ml to 70.2 +/-29.4 pg/ml, with no clear seasonal pattern. Maintaining tortoises at a low environmental temperature (9 +/-1 degrees C versus 28 +/- 1 degrees C) reduced plasma estradiol concentrations. Giving 2mg/kg tamoxifen (TAM) increased plasma estradiol to 220 +/-33 pg/ml when treatment was given in September but not in late October, winter or spring. Treatment with TAM increased the number of eggs laid during the following laying season to 7.3 +/- 1.0 eggs/year, laid in one to three clutches. In males, plasma testosterone concentrations had a seasonal pattern with the onset of a rise in July from 2 to >4ng/ml, a continued increase to a peak of 12.8+/-5.3 ng/ml during November and a decline thereafter. Artificial incubation in sand at 29 +/-1 degrees C shortened the natural incubation time of 103+/-3.1 days to 83.5 +/- 1.3 days, increased hatching rate from 28 to 53%, and increased survival rate from 51 to 71% at 40 weeks of age. In summary, this study provides options for increasing reproductive performance, hatchability and offspring survival in captive Mediterranean tortoises, and may offer new tools for conservation of animals that are on the verge of extinction.

The various aspects of the existing knowledge on the physiological role of melatonin and its mode of action in circadian rhythms and sleep are presented. Furthermore, the possibility of its clinical application in maintenance of sleep under regular and environmental changes is discussed.

Responses to stunting syndrome (SS) infective material obtained from affected broilers and administered per os were monitored for 3 wk in a fast-growing commercial broiler population, in slow-growing Leghorn chicks, and in turkey poults. At 2 and 3 wk, the size of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments, the pH of the GIT contents, and the activities of digestive enzymes in the intestinal contents and of disaccharidases on the jejunum mucosae were determined. Inoculation affected the genetic stocks differently. In broiler chicks, growth and feed utilization were markedly reduced. In contrast, inoculation of Leghorns was accompanied by improved feed intake and growth rate. Performance of poults was affected only slightly, albeit significantly. The effect of inoculation on the pH of crop and intestinal contents in Leghorn chicks was opposite to that found in broiler chicks, i.e., a significant increase in the crop and small intestinal pH in the former vs a significant decrease in inoculated broilers. Although inoculation of the broiler chicks did not affect the pH in the proventriculus, in Leghorn chicks it was reduced by 25%. In poults, inoculation did not significantly affect GIT contents pH. The GIT segments were markedly enlarged in broiler chicks, whereas in Leghorn chicks the opposite trend was observed; namely, intestinal segment weights were significantly reduced. In poults, inoculation caused a reduction in the intestinal segments and gizzard weight at 3 wk. During this same period, the liver and pancreas relative weights were dramatically increased in broiler chicks. A higher relative heart weight at 2 wk was observed in broilers and poults; this trend persisted to Week 3 in poults but not in broiler chicks. In broiler chicks, a nonsignificant reduction was observed for all enzymes assayed at 3 wk and for chymotrypsin at 2 wk. In Leghorn chicks, inoculation was accompanied by a marked and significant increase in the activity of chymotrypsin during both periods. In poults, inoculation caused a marked increase in the activities of amylase during Week 2 and 3, and trypsin at 3 wk. Maltase and saccharase activities in the jejunum of broiler chicks were slightly depressed a t 2 and 3 wk, the depression being significant at 2 wk for maltase and at 3 wk for saccharase. In the Leghorn chicks, inoculation caused a twofold increase in the activities of both enzymes. As in Leghorns, inoculation of poults with SS infective material caused a marked increase in the activities of the disaccharidases. The different responses to SS inoculation in the different genetic stocks are discussed.

1 Introduction 2 Azo Compounds with Characteristic Biological Features 3 Hydrazine Derivatives 4 Azo and Hydrazo Compounds as Medicaments 5 Concluding Remarks Keywords: azo compounds with characteristic biological features; azo and hydrazo agents; hypotenive agents; azole derivatives as antifungicidal drugs; compounds of special pharmacotherapeutic classes; hydrazine derivatives

The effect of supplementing a cornsoybean diet (C) with glucose (G) or maltose (M) on young broilers (from hatch to 3 wk of age) affected by stunting syndrome (SS) was studied. Stunting syndrome was induced by orally administering an inoculum prepared from the intestines of SS broiler chicks. Relative to the M diet, the G diet improved growth and feed utilization and increased feed intake in naive (NA) control chickens. The C diet was intermediate in this respect. In contrast to the NA chickens, diet did not affect growth or feed utilization in SS chicks. Changes in the relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract segments were evident by 1 wk of age and hypertrophy of these segments persevered to 3 wk of age. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin-specific activity during Weeks 1 and 2, and in chymotrypsin activity at 1 wk. During this time, amylase-specific activity was not affected. At 3 wk of age, the specific activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were lower in the inoculated vs control birds. Whereas no significant effect of SS was observed with activities of amylase in the intestinal contents, trypsin activity was higher in SS chicks at 1 wk, and that of chymotrypsin lower during Weeks 2 and 3. Relative to NA chicks, the maltase and saccharase activities of SS chicks were much lower during Week 1, but increased later on and were similar to NA chick values at 2 and 3 wk. Whereas the level of blood plasma proteins did not vary from 1 to 3 wk in the NA chicks, it increased gradually in SS chicks to a level that significantly exceeded that in their NA counterparts. Blood plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were slightly lower in the SS chicks (NS), and the blood plasma cholesterol level was significantly reduced during Week 2. Relative to NA chicks, SS infection caused a significant increase in plasma calcium during Weeks 2 and 3, accompanied by a significant reduction in blood plasma phosphorus at 2 wk only. No difference was observed in the blood plasma level of uric acid, which peaked in both treatments during Week 2, or in D-beta-hydroxybutyric acid level, which was quite stable during the experimental period. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a dramatic increase in amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood plasma, and by a slight but significant decrease in activity of lactic dehydrogenase. Stunting syndrome was concluded to be an affliction not only of digestion but also of metabolism. The main depression in growth caused by SS inoculation is probably due to metabolic alterations beyond those of digestion and absorption.

Rhodopsin regeneration requires attachment between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and rod outer segments; however, in experimentally induced retinal detachment, rhodopsin regeneration can be restored partially upon addition of IRBP (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein). The mi(vit)/mi(vit) (vitiligo) mutant mouse, a model of slowly progressing photoreceptor cell degeneration, has a marked elevation of IRBP at 4 weeks as well as progressive detachment of the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this mutant is capable of regenerating rhodopsin within a few hours following an intense light bleach. Rhodopsin regeneration was determined spectrophotometrically in mice after an intense one hour light bleach followed by 0,1,2,4 or 24 h of dark recovery. IRBP was localized immunohistochemically in fixed frozen tissue at the light microscopic level and in LR Gold embedded tissue at the ultrastructural level. Rhodopsin regeneration experiments indicated that rhodopsin levels following 0,1,2 and 4 h dark-recovery were significantly less in mi(vit)/mi(vit) mutants compared with controls. Immunohistochemical detection of IRBP indicated an altered distribution of the protein in the mutant mice compared with controls. There was accumulation in the region of the inner segments in mutant retinas rather than distribution only to the RPE/OS apical regions as in controls. The data suggest that regeneration of rhodopsin is reduced by 4 weeks postnatally in the mi(vit)/mi(vit) mouse. There is partial detachment of the retina at this age; and IRBP, thought to be essential for proper functioning of the visual cycle, is aberrantly distributed in this mutant.

This paper reviews the literature on the response of young domestic fowl to various food restriction patterns. Emphasis has been given to anatomical, endocrine and immunological factors and their i...

1. Immunoresponsiveness and disease resistance were measured in broiler males maintained on ad libitum feeding throughout or on alternate-day feeding. Alternate-day restrictions were started 1 and 2 d after hatch so that on any one day there were chicks fed and fasted. 2. Severity of response to E. coli challenge as measured by lesion scores, and mortality was greater for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days. For chicks fed on alternate days, lesion scores were lower for those without access to feed for the 24-h period immediately after challenge. 3. Spleen weights, the indicator of response to marble spleen disease virus challenge, were higher for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days. 4. Antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen was not affected by feeding regimen. 5. Ratios of heterophils to lymphocytes were higher for chicks given access to feed for the previous 24-h period than for those fasted during the previous 24-h or those that had been fed ad libitum. 6. Results of this experiment suggest that for alternate-day feeding programs, vaccination be administered on the day that chicks are not fed.

1. Body weight, digestive organ weights, and activities of disaccharidases (maltase and saccharase) activities were determined from day of hatch to 21 d of age in meat- and egg-type chickens. Blood plasma was analysed for enzyme activities and metabolite concentration. 2. In meat-type chickens food intake and growth rate were about 3-fold those in egg-type chickens. Food efficiency was superior in meat-type chickens throughout the experimental period. 3. Meat-type chickens hatched with disaccharidase activities exceeding those found in their egg-type counterparts 2- to 5-fold. From 7 d of age on, this trend reversed, i.e. activity was much higher in egg-type than in meat-type chickens. 4. Blood plasma amylase activity increased gradually in meat-type chickens and was higher than in egg-type chickens to 14 d of age. No breed differences were observed for alkaline phosphatase or lactate dehydrogenase activities during the experimental period. 5. Blood plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, and calcium, were lower in meat than in egg-type chickens.

Intake and digestion of leaves of Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ceratonia siliqua, with and without supplementation of various amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG), were examined. The tannin contents in these species exerted a substantial negative effect on feed intake and digestion. The effects were species specific and related to tannin content. Once-daily Supplementation with PEG efficiently neutralized the negative effects of tannins. The amount of PEG needed to produce a maximal increase in feed intake was lower than the amount required to produce a maximal increase in digestibility. The intake of digestible crude protein and metabolizable energy was raised in PEGsupplemented animals from a submaintenance level to levels considerably exceeding the maintenance requirement of goats. The response was related to the tannin content of the plant.

Day-old male, meat-type chicks raised in brooder batteries were infected by orally administering an inoculum prepared from intestines of broiler chicks infected with stunting syndrome (SS). Naive controls were kept in a parallel room. The chicks were fed a commercial starter diet supplemented with two levels of enzyme preparations to 14 d of age. The experiment was continued to the age of 6 wk in order to estimate compensatory feed intake and growth. In a parallel study, digestibility of the feed was determined from 1 to 3 wk of age with control or inoculated chicks. The enzymes amylase and proteases were produced by Bacillus subtilis and Penicillium emersonii. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on feed intake, growth, or feed utilization, or on digestibility of fat, starch, protein, or energy. Because enzyme supplementation did not consistently affect performance of chicks and no interactions were observed between enzyme supplementation and infection status, data are presented for effects of infection only. Inoculation of SS-infective material reduced performance to 4 wk. Compensatory growth and feed intake were observed from the age of 4 wk onward. At the age of 6 wk the slight retardation of the inoculated chicks was not significant. On Week 1, retention of fat, starch, protein, and energy was significantly depressed in the inoculated chicks. At the age of 2 wk, retention of starch was not depressed, and at the age of 3 wk, the only consistent depression was that observed for fat. The proventriculus weight and content were consistently higher in inoculated chicks, as were the small intestine and intestinal content. The pH of the gizzard content was higher, and that of the small intestine content was lower, in the inoculated birds than in their control counterparts. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant depression of trypsin activity in the pancreas at the age of 1 and 2 wk. At these periods, amylase and chymotrypsin were not affected. At 6 wk of age, the activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were higher in the inoculated than in the control birds. In the intestinal chime, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were lower in the inoculated birds on Week 1 and 2 (NS for amylase on Week 1). On Week 6, the activity of all enzymes assayed was higher in the inoculated birds (NS for amylase). It is suggested that the main factors depressing feed intake and growth in SS-infected birds are most probably beyond those of digestion.

The effect of dietary protein on growth, feed intake and efficiency, abdominal fat deposition, and breast meat yield was investigated in broiler males from a commercial stock (WI) and from experimental stocks selected for low (LF) or high (HF) abdominal fat. All birds were kept at constant high ambient temperature (32 C) and were provided with low- (LP) or high-protein (HP) diets from hatch until 8 wk of age (Experiment 1) or from 4 to 8 wk of age (Experiment 2). In both experiments, HP diet significantly increased 4- to 8-wk BW gain in the LF and HF stocks but reduced it in the WI stock as compared with the LP diet. Abdominal fat, as percentage of BW, was almost twofold higher in the HF birds than in the LF ones, with WI mean being intermediate. In contrast to the HF and WI birds, in which abdominal fat decreased with increased protein intake, abdominal fat was not affected by dietary protein in the LF stock. The HP diet substantially increased breast meat yield in LF birds but not in the WI birds, with HF birds exhibiting intermediate increase in breast meat weight. It was concluded that birds of varied inherent growth rate and tendencies toward protein and fat deposition respond differently to dietary protein level under heat stress.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of particle size obtained by grinding wheat and sorghum in a hammer mill (HM) or roller mill (RM) on broiler performance. Broilers were fed a mash diet or crumbles to 4 wk of age, then pellets to 7 wk of age. When fed as a mash, diets produced with RM-ground grain improved performance. The effect of grinding was additive to that of pelleting. The interactive effects observed between grinding method and the form of the feed on body weight and feed intake were explained by the higher response to pelleting when grains were ground in HM vs RM. The positive effect of grinding in RM on feed utilization was found to be additive to that of pelleting in all three experiments. The response of females to feed texture was less pronounced than that of males. In males, feeding pellets vs mash increased mortality due to ascites threefold, whereas grinding method had no effect. Females were less susceptible to ascites than males, and feed texture had no effect in this respect. The effects of grinding and pelleting on the gastrointestinal tract segments were additive. The main effects of feed texture were a significant increase in stomach weight and that of its contents following HM grinding and a decrease in these following pelleting, with no interactions between the two.

Day-old male meat-type chicks were fed a commercial starter diet supplemented with 2 levels of enzyme preparations containing amylase and proteases up to 14 d of age. Enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on feed intake or growth rate, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in gizzard content and small intestine weight. The intestine contents increased and this increase was accompanied by a significant decrease in its pH. Enzyme supplementation depressed the activity of chymotrypsin in the pancreas and the activity of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents. Some carry-over effects were observed on d 42, 4 weeks after the cessation of the enzyme supplements. These were mainly a significant depression in the activity of trypsin in the intestinal contents. In a balance study, diets supplemented with 0,250 and 1,000 micrograms/kg enzyme preparations were supplied. Exogenous enzyme supplements had no significant effect on the digestibility of all the nutrients studied except for the highest level of enzyme supplementation, which improved slightly but consistently the digestibility of amino acids. Some age effects were observed, mainly a decrease in the digestibility of fat and starch, and in the ME of the diet from weeks 1 to 2 followed by an increase during week 3. Protein digestibility and retention of nitrogen decreased with age.

The effect of stunting syndrome (SS) on young broilers induced by orally administering an inoculum prepared from intestines of SS-affected broiler chicks was studied in two experiments. Depression of growth, feed intake, and feed utilization, respectively, was negatively related to the age of inoculation, i.e., highest at posthatch inoculation (63, 57, and 61%), and intermediate at the ages of 3 (42, 45, and 50%) and 7 d (29, 34, and 53%), whereas at the age of 14 d inoculation was ineffectual and the inoculated chicks performed similarly to the naive controls. Eating behavior was determined by periodically recording the number of chicks in each treatment group exhibiting this behavior, i.e., pecking mash in the feeder or pecking the litter. Eating activity was much higher in inoculated chicks (about 20 to 24%) than in the naive controls (6 to 12%) and as with performance negatively related to the age of inoculation. In chicks inoculated at the age of 14 d, eating activity was quite similar to that of the naive control chicks. Noninoculated chickens raised in the same room as their inoculated counterparts were infected by the disease agents. In some respects the consequences of horizontal infection were similar to those observed in inoculated chicks, i.e., depressed feed intake, growth, and feed utilization and a heavier heart, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, intestine, and gastrointestinal contents. In contrast, the activities of the pancreatic digestive enzymes were more similar to those of the naive controls than to those of the inoculated groups. At the age of 14 d, activities of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in the pancreas were lower in the inoculated than in the naive control birds. At the age of 21 d, the results were reversed and activity in the inoculated birds was higher than in the naive control birds. During both periods, the activity of pancreatic lipase was higher in the naive controls than in the inoculated birds. The hyperactivity estimated via a determination of eating activity suggests that SS is an affliction not only of digestion but also of metabolism.

PGE2 was shown to play an essential role in the gonado-inhibiting effect of melatonin in Syrian hamsters by transforming the neuroendocrine signal to gonadal reactivity. Prostaglandin is a vital link in the transduction of photoperiodic information into gonadal function and the difference in its levels brought about by melatonin given at different times of the day could explain the phenomenon why gonadal involution occurs only upon administration of melatonin towards the end of the day. It appears also that the melatonin signal is decoded in the pituitary, probably involving the short loop negative feedback of LH on LH-RH hormones.

1. In an attempt to quantify the effects of "degree" of pelleting, two experiments were conducted. Diets were prepared by mixing together a mash composed mainly of maize (experiment 1) or sorghum (experiment 2) with soft pellets, or soft pellets mixed with hard pellets. 2. The pelleting degrees (PDs) were as follows: 0 mash; 0.5 mixture of soft pellets and mash 1 to 1; 1 soft pellets pelleted once; 1.5 mixture of soft and hard pellets 1 to 1; 2 hard pellets pelleted twice. 3. In experiment 2, the weight and length of the digestive organs were determined as well as digestive enzyme activities. In both experiments, the behaviour recorded was eating, standing, sitting and drinking. 4. Food intake and body weight gain were related to the degree of pelleting in a curvilinear manner. PD had a positive effect up to a peak (1 to 1.5 PD), after which its effect decreased. Food efficiency was not related to PD. In experiment 1, food efficiency of PDs 1 to 2 were superior to PDs 0 to 0.5 and in experiment 2, PDs 1.5 to 2 were superior to PD 0. 5. The relative weight of the gizzard was reduced by pelleting, whereas pelleting increased the relative weight of abdominal fat. The content of the crop was not affected by PD, whereas that of the proventriculus was lowest in the PD 2 group. Gizzard content was inversely related to PD. Pelleting reduced the length of the jejunum and ileum: which were shortened by about 15% with PDs 1 to 2, as compared to PD 0. The weight/length ratio of the jejunum and ileum tended to increase with increasing PD to a peak at PD 1.5, and to decrease thereafter. 6. Trypsin activity in the pancreas and amylase activity in the intestinal content were reduced by pelleting. 7. Chicks fed pelleted diets were less active: they 'sat' more and spent less time eating than their mash-fed counterparts.

Diets were prepared with corn, wheat, or sorghum ground in a hammer mill and sieved to obtain coarse, medium, and fine particle size fractions. Their effect on broiler performance from hatch to 7 d and from 7 to 21 d of age was studied. The effect of particle size on the size and pH of the gastrointestinal organs was also determined. The three textures obtained for each grain were uniform in geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). Grain by texture interactions were not significant. Independent of grain source, the best performance was obtained with diets prepared from the medium texture. In these diets, the GMD of the grains varied from 1.13 to 1.23 mm and the GSD from 1.19 to 1.35. The fine fraction (GMD .57 to .67 mm) resulted in the lowest performance and that resulting from the coarse fraction (GMD 2.01 to 2.10 mm) was intermediate. At 7 and 21 d of age, gizzard weight and content were positively related to particle size. At the age of 21 d, duodenum weight and content was highest in chicks fed the fine diets. The pH of the gizzard content decreased with increasing grain particle size, whereas that of the small intestinal content increased. Some grain effects were also observed on the gastrointestinal tract. Gizzard weight was greatest in the corn-fed birds. Wheat-fed chicks had the heavier intestines and contents. After overnight feed deprivation, feed consumption by 7-d-old chicks was related to the particle size during the first 2 h of refeeding, with greater intake of medium and coarse grains.

The effect of 3-day-old ‘guides’ of broiler or White Leghorn type chickens on posthatch behaviour (eating, drinking, standing and sitting), growth rate and livability was measured in broiler and Leghorn type chickens. Four trials were conducted. One trial was in cages and three were on a litter floor. Although the guides did not influence the behaviour of either breed in cages, growth of the broilers, but not of Leghorns, was depressed by the presence of broiler guides. In floor experiments, the presence of guides of both breeds increased ingestive behaviour (eating and drinking), with reduced growth of broilers reared with broiler guides, consistent with that observed in cages. Whereas in unstressed chickens vitality was not affected by the guides, cold stressing of Leghorn chickens in the hatcher most markedly increased the positive effect of the guides on ingestive behaviour, vitality and growth rate. Responses of the posthatched chickens to 3-day-old guides were dependent on housing, management, genetic breed and stressful settings.

The effect of diets prepared with corn ground in a hammer mill and sieved to obtain "coarse", "medium", and "fine" particle size fractions, on broiler performance from hatch to 7 d and from 7 to 21 d of age was studied. Five diets differing in geometric mean diameter (GMD) or geometric standard deviation (GSD) were assayed. The best performance in both age groups studied was obtained with the diet prepared from medium corn. In this diet the GMD was .769 mm, quite similar to those of two other diets (GMD .793 and .706 obtained by mixing the original corn with 18 or 36% "fine" fraction) with which lower performance was obtained. The uniformity of the particle size (described by the GSD) also had a positive effect on performance. The improved performance obtained with the diet containing the medium corn particle size could be partly attributed to lower GSD, which was 1.63 vs about 2.00 in the other diets.

An experiment was carried out to determine the importance of holding time after hatching on the performance of male broiler chickens. This was done by transferring the chicks from the hatchery to the poultry house at intervals of 24 h. The weight and composition of the yolk residue on time of transfer were also determined. At 21 and 40 days of age, feed intake and body weight were inversely related to the period of holding. The chicks did not compensate for their posthatching body weight loss. The growth retardation caused by 24- and 48-h holding was equivalent at market age to 1 or 2 days body weight gain, respectively. There were no differences among treatments for feed utilization or mortality.

1. Two-week old male chicks of a light-bodied strain were either fed ad libitum or given one (1M) or two (2M) 2-h meals per day. A fourth group was pair-fed (P1M) the amount of food which had been consumed by the 1M group on the preceding day. 2. Compared with ad libitum-fed counterparts, a marked increase in the relative weight of the storage organs (crop and gizzard) was observed in the meal-fed birds. The relative weight of the intestine was not affected by meal feeding but the ileal wall became thinner. 3. After food deprivation for 14 or 22 h, respectively, for the ad libitum and the meal-fed chicks, the weights of contents in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments did not differ between treatments except for those of the gizzard and caecum. Food restoration resulted in an increase in the contents of the GIT of meal-fed chicks. The increments in the crop and gizzard contents were related to the severity of food restriction. The contents of the intestinal segments were quite similar in all treatments. 4. The activities of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, expressed as units/g pancreas or units/kg body weight, were not significantly affected by feeding regime. In the small intestine of the meal-fed birds, marked increases in specific (units/g content) and relative (units/kg body weight) activities were observed of amylase and chymotrypsin when compared with their ad libitum-fed counterparts. The effect of meal feeding on trypsin activities was less pronounced.

1. Male broilers selected for high (HF) or low (LF) abdominal fat were fed from 8 to 53 d of age on diets containing different concentrations of protein: according to N.R.C. (1984) recommendations (IP), 14% lower (LP) or 14% higher (HP). 2. The growth of LF birds fed on the LP diet was depressed until 35 d of age, but did not differ from the other groups later on. 3. The HF birds had heavier adipose tissues (AT) (g/kg body weight) than the LF birds. Significant line by diet interactions indicated a difference in magnitude of the response of the lines to dietary protein content. 4. Fat concentration of the AT and skin was higher, and in the tibia lower in the HF than in the LF birds. The fat concentration in liver and in breast muscle was not affected by line or by diet. 5. The ratio of saturated plus monoenoic fatty acids to polyenoic fatty acids, considered as an index of fat synthesis, was higher in the abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) of HF compared with LF birds. In AAT, liver and in breast muscle, this ratio was inversely related to dietary protein content.

1. Two-week-old male chicks of a light-bodied strain were fed one (1M) or two (2M) 2-h meals per day. An additional group was pair-fed (P1M) the amount consumed by the 1M group on the previous day. 2. After 21 days, final body weight of the 1M and 2M chicks attained 65% and 80%, respectively, of that of the control group fed ad libitum. The weight gain of the P1M chicks was equal to that of the 1M chicks. 3. Food consumption of chicks adapted to meals was not even throughout the feeding period. On day 16 of the experiment, the 1M birds consumed 65% of the meal during the first 30 min. P1M chicks behaved similarly to the 1M ones. The intake of the 2M chicks during each meal was exactly half of their daily consumption, despite the uneven time period between meals. 4. The time during which food remained in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was longer under the meal feeding regimes than in the ad libitum-fed groups. 5. Although neither body composition nor metabolisable energy was affected by meal regime, food utilisation was poorer in the 1M and P1M than in the ad libitum and 2M-fed chicks.

1. Body weight and the weight of the digestive organs and activities of some digestive enzymes were determined from hatching to 23 d of age. 2. Relative daily growth rate peaked at 11 d of age (22% gain/d) and then decreased gradually. 3. The vitelline residue was decreased rapidly from 4.6 g at hatching to negligible values from 4 d of age. 4. Maximal allometric growth of the pancreas and small intestine was 4-fold and that of liver 2-fold greater than that of the body. 5. Activities (units/kg body weight) of the digestive enzymes measured in the pancreas and intestinal contents increased with age. In the pancreas maximal values were attained on day 8 for amylase and lipase and 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin. In the small intestine maxima were attained on day 4 for lipase, 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin and 17 for amylase. 6. The development of secretion of digestive enzymes in the post-hatched chick could be a limiting factor in digestion and subsequently in food intake and growth.

1. Activities of digestive enzymes in meat-type chickens under ad libitum or alternate-day feeding were determined from 14 to 83 d of age. 2. Final body weight of intermittently fed birds attained 75% of that of the ad libitum-fed controls. 3. When compared with the ad libitum-fed counterparts, a marked increase in the relative weight of the pancreas and intestinal contents were found on repletion days. On depletion days the relative weights of the pancreas and of the intestinal contents were about half those found in ad libitum-fed birds. 4. The activity of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, expressed as U/g pancreas or U/kg body weight, was not affected consistently by the feeding regime. In the small intestine a marked increase in relative activity (U/kg body weight) was observed on repletion days and a marked decrease on depletion days as compared with ad libitum-fed controls. The activities per g intestinal contents following food restoration did not differ significantly from those of ad libitum-fed controls except for trypsin, which was higher in the former. On depletion days the activities per g intestinal contents were lowest, lipase excepted.

Male C57BL/65 mice received a basal diet supplemented with 4% soya-bean oil, linseed oil or fish oil, in which the major polyunsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids, respectively. Groups of animals were injected into the right flank with EL4-lymphoma cells, others with thymoma cells. Tumour implantation caused a gradual decrease in food consumption with both types of tumour, while body weight increased, especially in the EL4-bearing animals receiving the soya-bean diet. The weight gain was due to body water accumulation and was accompanied by decreases in body fat and minor changes in carcass protein and ash contents. The dietary treatments did not produce significant differences in tumour incidence and mortality, but tumour size was decreased by diets supplying omega-3 fatty acids: in the EL4 mice tumour weight was markedly depressed by linseed oil, compared to soya-bean oil, whereas thymoma tumour weight was lowest in mice receiving fish oil and highest in the soya-bean oil group. Both types of tumour caused pronounced hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia in the hosts, and the effect was modulated by the diets in the EL4 but not in the thymoma animals: the plasma glucose level was especially low in the linseed oil group and relatively highest in the soya-bean oil treatment. The degree of hyperinsulinaemia depended on the diet only in the thymoma-bearing mice, with linseed and fish oils producing higher insulin levels than soya-bean oil. A slight hyperinsulinaemia was also observed in linseed and fish oil-fed control mice. Serum triglycerides were elevated in tumour-bearing animals, without consistent differences between dietary treatments. Although no clear pattern emerged concerning total cholesterol and LDL levels, HDL values were strongly affected by the type of oil: in the control animals linseed oil caused an increase in HDL-cholesterol compared to the other two oils. The thymoma-bearing mice responded to the linseed and fish oil diets with greatly elevated HDL-cholesterol levels. The results point to important differences in the responses of the two implanted tumours and hosts not only to the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, but also to the type of dietary omega-3 fatty acids, namely alpha-linolenic acid and long chain fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Sorghum grains were ground with a hammer mill (HM) or a roller mill (RM) into three different particle sizes: fine, medium, or coarse. The ground sorghum samples were similar in their mean particle diameter and in specific surface within the three types of grinding. Six broiler starter diets (a complete factorial of two methods of preparation and three particle sizes) were fed to chicks in three experiments. In all studies, feed intake was inversely related to the calculated surface area of the ground sorghum, independent of the method of grinding. In one experiment feed intake was recorded daily during 10 days starting at 4 days of age, in a choice situation. The chicks consumed feed in accordance to its coarseness. In a short-term experiment, chicks 7 days of age were kept in individual cages (two per cage) and fed the diets following an overnight fast. Feed consumption was determined 2 and 4 h after feeding. When compared with intake of the fine diet, feed intake of the medium ground diet was 19 and 13% greater, and intake from the coarse diet was 26 and 17% greater at 2 and 4 h respectively, after feeding the two diets. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed:gain ratio were determined in chicks kept in individual cages (two per cage) from 7 to 21 days of age. Feed intake and body weight gain were positively related to the coarseness of the feed. Feed:gain ratio did not differ among treatment groups.

Comparisons of egg composition prior to incubation and when the chick had pipped through the shell were made for dwarf (D) and normal (N) chickens from lines selected for high (H) or low (L) body weight. Weight of moisture, ash, and fat decreased and nonlipid organic matter increased during incubation. The pattern for these components was the same on a percentage of egg weight basis except that there was no change in ash. Genotype by line interactions were significant for egg weight, moisture, ash, fat, and nonlipid organic matter before incubation and for all of these characteristics except fat at pipping. The interactions were due to values being lower for D than N in Line L, and D and N were similar in Line H. When egg component weights were expressed relative to egg weight, interactions were not significant prior to incubation but were present for moisture and fat at hatch. These data show that characteristics influenced by the sex-linked dwarfing gene are modified by the background genome.

Twenty Saanen kids at average age of 7±1.5 days were fed 19 days a commercial milk replacer (MR) or a milk replacer in which 20% or 40% was substituted by heat-treated, expanded starch-soy mixture (20ES, 40ES), or 40% untreated starch-soy mixture (40US). Soy concentrate contained 65% protein and was toasted to inactivate trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors. Weight gain and food utilization of kids fed 20ES diet were the highest but did not differ significantly from kids fed MR. Substituting 40% of the milk replacer by expanded or untreated starch-soy mixtures reduced food consumption, body weight gain and food utilization 40%–50%. During weaning period, differences in body weight gain between the groups were smaller and non-significant, but performance of the 20ES group was still the best in comparison with the other groups. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, ash and protein was higher in the MR group than in the other groups. Heat treatment did not affect apparent digestibility of starch. Blood glucose levels were higher before and after feeding in the MR and 20ES groups than in the 40ES and 40US. Peaks of blood glucose were lower and delayed in groups fed starch compared with the MR group. The pH of rumen liquor dropped after meals more in the 40US and 40ES than in the MR and 20ES kids. The drop was accompanied by concurrent increase in concentration of total volatile fatty acids. During the suckling period, kids fed MR, 20ES and 40US were more active before than after meals. They stood more, none of them was sleeping, and only a few were sitting before meals. These differences were minor in the 40ES group. Differences in behaviour before and after meals were much smaller in all groups during the weaning period; 40ES and 40US groups spent more time in eating concentrate before and after the liquid meal than MR and 20ES kids.

A study has been carried out in which a comparison was made between EL4 lymphoma (assumed to be an insulin-producing secreting tumour) and thymoma (an insulin-dependent tumour). Tumour development and incidence, 3H-thymidine incorporation and insulin content in tumours, the host's food intake, blood insulin, glucose and cholesterol were determined in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic mice. Whereas no significant differences were observed between the diabetic and non-diabetic EL4 tumour-bearing mice, the diabetic, thymoma tumour-bearing mice showed reduced tumour growth and lower tumour incidence as compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. Insulin administration to diabetic tumour bearing mice, enhanced 3H-thymidine incorporation in the thymoma tumour cells only, and the insulin content of the EL4 tumours was found to be higher than that of the thymoma tumours. Rapid diabetes remission was observed in the diabetic, EL4 tumour-bearing mice as compared with the thymoma tumour-bearing mice.

Male dogs were injected i.v. with 1 methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- pyridine (MPTP) 2.5 mg/kg twice with an interval of 6 days. Twenty minutes after MPTP injection cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) 1 mg/kg i.v. was injected. Ten minutes after CHA injection the MTPT induced tremor, tachycardia and salviation ceased.

Five 7-day-old Frisian bull calves, raised in Israel received twice a day a mixture of 40 g of soybean concentrate (65% protein) and 80 g of one of the following carbohydrates: glucose (G), expanded (heat-treated) (ES) or untreated (US) corn starch. In the afternoon the calves received in addition 400 g of milk replacer. Until weaning at experimental day 25, ES calves showed better growth and food utilization than their counterparts. Daily weight gain for the entire growing period up to slaughter was higher for the starch than for the glucose-fed group (P less than 0.05 for ES vs G). Heat treatment of starch increased its in vitro availability to amylase and its in vivo digestibility. Bypass of the rumen was complete in all G calves. In the ES and US groups, partial diversion of the liquid feed into the rumen was evident. The G group showed hyperglycemia after meals, while almost no increase in blood glucose level was observed after soy-starch meals (either US or ES).

To determine the effect of light stress on retinal function and long-term photoreceptor viability in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats and the applicability of the light treatment to the opsin P23H mutant rats.RCS rats at postnatal day (P)23 were illuminated with 120 foot-candles (fc) white light for 10 hours. Photoreceptor survival and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression were measured at P60 and P83. Retinal function was evaluated by electroretinography. Opsin P23H transgenic rats were treated with light at P28 and analyzed at P70 for photoreceptor viability, ultrastructure, and bFGF expression.Light-treated RCS rats at P60 had four to five rows of nuclei versus one to two rows in untreated littermates. The average amplitude of the ERG b-wave was 28 microV in treated rats, compared with 6 microV in untreated littermates. By P83 there was still significant preservation of the ONL in treated rats. Immunoblot analysis showed a high expression of bFGF in the treated retinas even 2 months after treatment. Illumination of P23H rats at P28 with 120 fc white light for 10 hours caused substantial photoreceptor cell death, although bFGF expression was upregulated. Lowered illumination dosages continued to cause photoreceptor damage until levels were reached that neither caused damage nor enhanced survival.Although light stress promotes photoreceptor survival and function in the RCS rat, it elicits death signals in the P23H rats that may not be overcome by survival-promoting factors. Therefore, use of light stress to promote photoreceptor survival should be considered with regard to sensitivity of the mutation to light damage.

In modern agriculture and competitive markets the importance of fruit quality is significant. More than 30% of Golden Delicious apples are injured during common practice of picking, transportation and storage. These injuries cause quality reduction and loss of profit. The damage appears as fruit injuries such as light bruises, scratches, cuts and pits. In an effort to minimize the damage, a study was conducted to investigate sources of mechanical injuries decreasing fruit quality. The goal of the research was to explore at what stage and to what level of severity, mechanical injuries occur during fruit handling from the tree to the commercial sorting. A three years survey results of 3,000 apples examined each year in a regional packinghouse. Apples were sampled at different stations along the fruit handling process from the tree to the final sorting-line up to six month after picking. Several techniques, to minimize injuries have been investigated. The amount of added mechanical injuries at every step was recorded. Results indicated that a significant amount of the apples (35%) were injured during picking and in site transportation. Another additional significant portion of the apples (10%) were injured due to long-term storage.

In dopamine D4 receptor knockout mice, the ultrastructure of the retina and fully dark adapted electroretinograms are normal, but the ERGs of light adapted retinae and the cAMP response to a dopamine agonist are abnormal.

To determine whether treatment with bright light elicits a protective response that enhances photoreceptor survival in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats with inherited retinal degeneration.RCS rats were illuminated for 10 to 12 hours with 130 foot-candles (fc) of white or green light. Untreated littermates that were kept under low cyclic light levels were used as control subjects. Photoreceptor survival was determined by quantitative analysis of photoreceptor nuclei and ultrastructural assessment of cellular organization. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene expression were determined at the mRNA and protein levels.Treatments of RCS rats with a single dose of bright light on postnatal day 23 (P23) greatly enhanced photoreceptor survival. Ultrasturctural analysis revealed intact inner segments in light-treated retinas, whereas in untreated retinas only remnants of inner segments were observed. By P42, numerous viable nuclei were counted in the posterior retina of light-treated rats, whereas most of the remaining nuclei in untreated RCS rat retinas were highly pyknotic. At 2.5 days after treatment with a single dose of bright light, bFGF gene expression was significantly higher than in untreated RCS rat retinas. By P42, bFGF protein levels were still significantly higher in the treated retinas.Exogenous bFGF has been shown to promote photoreceptor survival in the RCS rat retina. Thus, the increased bFGF expression that was measured in the light-treated RCS rat retinas may be a protective response to light stress, which supports the observed rescue of photoreceptors in light-treated RCS rat retinas.

Rhodopsin regeneration requires attachment between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and rod outer segments; however, in experimentally induced retinal detachment, rhodopsin regeneration can be restored partially upon addition of IRBP (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein). The mi(vit)/mi(vit) (vitiligo) mutant mouse, a model of slowly progressing photoreceptor cell degeneration, has a marked elevation of IRBP at 4 weeks as well as progressive detachment of the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this mutant is capable of regenerating rhodopsin within a few hours following an intense light bleach. Rhodopsin regeneration was determined spectrophotometrically in mice after an intense one hour light bleach followed by 0,1,2,4 or 24 h of dark recovery. IRBP was localized immunohistochemically in fixed frozen tissue at the light microscopic level and in LR Gold embedded tissue at the ultrastructural level. Rhodopsin regeneration experiments indicated that rhodopsin levels following 0,1,2 and 4 h dark-recovery were significantly less in mi(vit)/mi(vit) mutants compared with controls. Immunohistochemical detection of IRBP indicated an altered distribution of the protein in the mutant mice compared with controls. There was accumulation in the region of the inner segments in mutant retinas rather than distribution only to the RPE/OS apical regions as in controls. The data suggest that regeneration of rhodopsin is reduced by 4 weeks postnatally in the mi(vit)/mi(vit) mouse. There is partial detachment of the retina at this age; and IRBP, thought to be essential for proper functioning of the visual cycle, is aberrantly distributed in this mutant.

Pyloric exclusion with gastrojejunostomy (PE-GJ) has been recommended in patients with severe injuries to the pancreatoduodenal complex. Recently, the management philosophy for pancreatoduodenal injuries has been that less treatment is probably the best treatment. But whether gastrojejunostomy (GJ) should be used routinely with pyloric exclusion (PE) remains controversial. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent PE at a Level I trauma center during a 36-month period. Forty-five patients had duodenal injuries and 12 of these (27%) underwent PE for management of complex duodenal injuries. Gunshot wounds were the cause of the injuries in 10 of the 12 patients (83%). Eight patients (67%) underwent PE-GJ and had a mean hospital stay of 25 days. Four patients (33%) underwent PE alone and had a mean hospital stay of 29 days. All 12 patients had spontaneous opening of the PE, regardless of the technique used. One patient (12.5%) in the PE-GJ group developed marginal ulceration and significant hemorrhage, and one patient died in the PE-GJ group. The reported incidence of marginal ulceration in the PE-GJ group, the spontaneous opening of the pylorus, and the need to limit the extent of surgical repair to focus on all other associated lesions present in these patients, suggest that GJ should not be used routinely in patients undergoing PE for the management of severe pancreatoduodenal injuries.

Chickens from three genetic stocks known to differ in growth potential consumed ad libitum either a single (control) diet or a choice of two diets that differed in protein and energy. Formulation of the choice diets was such that when mixed in specific proportions they provided single diets that decreased in protein and increased in energy over the experimental period. When comparisons of feeding regimens were made at a common age, body weights and feed efficiencies for all stocks were enhanced in chicks fed a single diet. When comparisons were made at a common body weight for controls, chickens fed the single diet were about 15% heavier than those given a dietary choice. For feed efficiency, however, the pattern remained for the faster growing stock whereas there was no difference between feeding regimens for the slower growing stock. Chicks provided a choice of diets had heavier abdominal fat pads and lighter breasts relative to body weight than those fed a single diet. With choice feeding, there were stock by diet interactions for dietary preferences through the first 9 d after hatch. Early on, the interactions resulted from the faster growing stocks exhibiting a greater preference for the diet higher in protein and lower in energy than the slower growing stock. By Day 5, however, the interaction occurred because stocks exhibited either no dietary preference or preferred the diet that was lower in protein and higher in energy. Regardless of genetic stock, at 9 d of age and thereafter there was a clear preference for the diet lower in protein and higher in energy than the diet higher in protein and lower in energy. These data for feed intake were consistent with behavioral observations that showed a preponderance of chicks eating from the feeder containing the diet lower in protein and higher in energy. Compared to a single diet, under choice feeding, energy utilization was negatively influenced more in the faster than slower growing stocks. Protein and sulfur amino acid utilization was not affected by feeding regimen in faster growing stocks, but was enhanced under choice feeding in the slower growing stock. Although lysine utilization was enhanced by choice feeding in all stocks, the effect was greater in the slower than in the faster growing ones. These data demonstrate that although broiler diets are formulated to enhance growth and overall feed efficiency, chicks that are provided a dietary choice of protein and energy do not eat to maximize growth or feed efficiency.

Penetrating duodenal injuries can present a confusing picture for the surgeon. A variety of treatment modalities exist including primary repair alone, primary repair with pyloric exclusion, duodenal resection, duodenal diverticulization, and the Whipple procedure. We reviewed 40 consecutive penetrating duodenal injuries in order to determine factors that led to complications of duodenal injuries, and to determine the most appropriate way to treat these injuries. Fourteen patients had combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries, five of whom developed pancreatitis. None of the patients without a combined pancreaticoduodenal injury developed pancreatitis (P0.05). Sixteen patients with minor duodenal injuries were treated by primary repair alone. In this group, five had combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries. Two of these five patients developed a suture line dehiscence and leak (P0.05). None of the 11 patients without a combined pancreaticoduodenal injury that were treated by primary repair alone developed a leak. Three patients with combined intermediate pancreaticoduodenal injuries were treated by primary repair with pyloric exclusion. None of these three patients developed a suture line dehiscence or leak. We conclude that combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries are more likely to develop pancreatitis, and that minor or intermediate combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries are more likely to develop a suture line dehiscence and leak. We recommend that the treatment of duodenal injuries be based on severity, location, and the presence of associated injuries. Minor injuries can be treated by primary repair alone, adding pyloric exclusion if there is a concomitant pancreatic injury.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of particle size obtained by grinding wheat and sorghum in a hammer mill (HM) or roller mill (RM) on broiler performance. Broilers were fed a mash diet or crumbles to 4 wk of age, then pellets to 7 wk of age. When fed as a mash, diets produced with RM-ground grain improved performance. The effect of grinding was additive to that of pelleting. The interactive effects observed between grinding method and the form of the feed on body weight and feed intake were explained by the higher response to pelleting when grains were ground in HM vs RM. The positive effect of grinding in RM on feed utilization was found to be additive to that of pelleting in all three experiments. The response of females to feed texture was less pronounced than that of males. In males, feeding pellets vs mash increased mortality due to ascites threefold, whereas grinding method had no effect. Females were less susceptible to ascites than males, and feed texture had no effect in this respect. The effects of grinding and pelleting on the gastrointestinal tract segments were additive. The main effects of feed texture were a significant increase in stomach weight and that of its contents following HM grinding and a decrease in these following pelleting, with no interactions between the two.