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An overview of the recent operations and the main results of cesium injection in the Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) negative ion source are described in this contribution. In experiments without cesium injection, all SPIDER plants were tested to verify the basic expectations on the operational parameters (e.g., electron cooling effectiveness of magnetic filter field) and to determine its operational region. For beam properties, it was shown that the current density varies across the beam in the vertical direction. In preliminary cesium experiments, the expected increase of negative ion current and simultaneous decrease of co-extracted electrons were found, along with the influence of the control parameters (polarization of the plasma electrodes, magnetic filter field) on the SPIDER beam uniformity in the horizontal and vertical directions. It was shown that non-Gaussian tails can be identified in the angular distribution on the plane perpendicular to the beam propagation direction. Stray particles, nonhomogeneous beam and large divergence might result in unexpected heat and particle loads over ITER neutral beam injector (NBI) accelerator grids; it is the goal of SPIDER to assess and possibly to identify suitable methods for controlling these beam features. A major shutdown, planned for late 2021, to solve the issues identified during the operation and to carry out scheduled modifications, is outlined. Such improvements are expected to allow SPIDER to pursue the ITER requirements in terms of negative ion current, electron-to-ion ratio, and beam duration.

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities.In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and char-acterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accel-erator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full perfor-mances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters).Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accel-erator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning.Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confirm 1 MV output by combining invertor systems, DC gener-ators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, said events have been addressed and solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed.Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion. The lessons learned during the implementation on NBTF and future perspectives are here discussed.

Here I describe my experiences as a seeker of life in truth within a society optimized for liars and establishments promoting anthropocentric principles. In conclusion, I find that, while it is possible to survive in such society, it is not possible for me to live in such society. Therefore, I decide to prepare for strong relative isolation.

The inaugural deuterium acceleration campaign in the SPIDER negative ion source facility in Padua has recently taken place. The first neutrons generated by deuterium-deuterium beam-target fusion reactions (2.45 MeV) have been recorded, occurring from the collision of accelerated deuterium with deuterium absorbed by the calorimeter of SPIDER. A neutron detector based on a novel EJ276 plastic scintillator has been employed to successfully measure the neutron flux, which shows strong agreement with the extracted current of the acceleration grid. We have performed neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination with the EJ276 device at SPIDER combined with direct spectroscopic comparisons of the D-D neutrons with data from the Frascati neutron generator (241AmB quasi-monoenergetic 2.5 MeV). Despite the low statistics produced in this first campaign, both pulse shape discrimination and spectral analysis of the fusion neutrons was viable. The success of these first measurements has led to the installation of an array of 6 new scintillators to be used for further physical studies in future campaigns.

Diskusija o prostoru i vremenu u kontekstu Op��e Teorije Relativnosti i Kompletne Relativnosti.

Giant negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors deliver huge negative ion currents, thanks to their multi-beamlet configuration. As the single-beamlet optics defines the transmission losses along the beamline, the extraction of a similar current for all beamlets is extremely desirable, in order to facilitate the beam source operation (i.e., around perveance match). This Review investigates the correlation between the vertical profile of beam intensity and the vertical profiles of plasma properties at the extraction region of the source, focusing on the influence of increasing cesium injection. Only by the combined use of all available source diagnostics, described in this Review, can beam features on the scale of the non-uniformities be investigated with a sufficient space resolution. At RF power of 50 kW/driver, with intermediate bias currents and a filter field of 2.4 mT, it is found that the central part of the four vertical beam segments exhibits comparable plasma density and beamlet currents; at the edges of the central segments, both the beam and electron density appear to decrease (probably maintaining fixed electron-to-ion ratio); at the bottom of the source, an increase of cesium injection can compensate for the vertical drifts that cause a much higher presence of electrons and a lower amount of negative ions.

Beam extraction at the large ELISE test facility is currently possible only pulsed, with short extraction phases, so-called extraction blips, of up to 10 s each ≈150 s. Over the past years, a good insight into the physics of this operational mode has been gained for both hydrogen and deuterium operation. The uniformity of the co-extracted electrons was identified as a key issue and it was possible to achieve 1000 s plasma pulses in hydrogen with repetitive extraction blips and an extracted current density of over 90 % of the ITER target value by improving the co-extracted electron symmetry. In deuterium roughly 67 % of the ITER target for the extracted current density has been achieved for long pulses. During such pulses an overall increase of the co-extracted electron current is typically observed between one blip and the next one, even though the electron current is observed to actually decrease during each blip. These opposing effects are explained by different caesium dynamics during the source plasma phase when compared to the beam phase and they were one motivation behind the currently ongoing upgrade of ELISE to a CW extraction system. This update consists of two main hardware changes: i) installation of a new CW high voltage power supply and ii) installation of a CW beam calorimeter. Being able to achieve beam pulses of up to 1 hour will allow knowledge to be gained on the physics of caesium redistribution and conditioning over the long timescales needed for ITER operation.

A beam uniformity higher than 90% is a crucial requirement for the ITER neutral beam injection (NBI) system, together with very low beam core divergence ( The ELISE test facility, equipped with an ITER-like multi-aperture 3-grid system, produces large ITER-like beams, with half the size in vertical direction. Due to the distance of the beam diagnostics from the grids, the overlapping of the beamlets is large, and information on divergence and uniformity can be retrieved in terms of beamlet groups or beam segments. In general, good symmetry in accelerated current density between beam segments is achieved. The vertical beam uniformity is determined by caesium distribution and by plasma parameters at the plasma grid, which are inhomogeneous due to the interplay of filter field and bias potential. In this work, the role of filter field and bias potential on the vertical beam uniformity (in intensity and divergence) between the two beam segments is identified: the filter field mainly affects the extracted current density and its distribution within and between the segments; the bias potential can be used to tune the beam divergence, differently between the beam segments.

For the D-T operational phase of the international fusion experiment ITER, starting in 2035, pulses are planned with Q > 10 and a duration of 400 s and pulses with Q = 5 for up to 3600 s. The two neutral beam injection (NBI) systems will deliver 33.3 MW of heating power to the plasma and will also be an important source for non-inductive current drive. An essential part of the NBI systems is a large RF driven source for negative hydrogen or deuterium ions. In order to fulfil the requirements imposed to the NBI system, the ion source has to deliver an intense, stable and homogeneous large negative ion beam over pulse lengths of 400 s or 3600 s. Till now, long pulses in deuterium at the extracted negative ion current density required for ITER could not be demonstrated. The achievable performance is limited by a high current and a pronounced vertical asymmetry of the co-extracted electrons, both strongly increasing with time, whereas the stability of the negative deuterium ions is not an issue. For reduced performance, i.e. reduced negative ion current, lower and more stable co-extracted electron currents are observed, making possible pulses up to 3600 s (using pulsed extraction). One main aim of ongoing investigations at the two test facilities BATMAN Upgrade (Bavarian test machine for negative ions) and ELISE (extraction from a large ion source experiment) is the development of scenarios stabilizing and symmetrizing the co-extracted electron current in deuterium. These investigations are discussed and the current status of hardware upgrades ongoing at BATMAN Upgrade and ELISE towards the ITER scenario of one-hour steady state extraction is presented.

Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) for ITER shall deliver in total 33 MW heating power to the plasma with two injectors at a beam energy of 1 MV. Taking neutralization efficiency and all losses along the beam path into account a negative ion current density of 329 A/m2 (H− for 1000s) and 286 A/m2 (D− for 3600 s) has to be extracted from each ion source (size 1 × 2 m2) with a beam uniformity >90%. For the optimization of the radio frequency driven (RF) negative ion source and its extraction system the ELISE test facility has been set up at IPP as a size scaling experiment with a source area of 0.9 × 1 m2 and an extraction area of 0.1 m2. Since its experimental start in 2013 continuous progress was achieved improving the system technically for long pulse operation at high RF power (total 300 kW for 4 drivers) as well as approaching ITER´s physics requirements for the ion beam. For hydrogen ˜90% of the required ion current density can be extracted for long pulses (1000s); the accelerated current density even exceeded the ITER target. For deuterium operation the main challenge is the amount, temporal in-stability and spatial asymmetry of co-extracted electron current which limit the applicable RF power and the source performance. Shaping the magnetic field topology and controlling the electric fields inside the source together with an improved caesium conditioning procedure have been identified as possible tools to improve the source performance.

Negative ion sources for neutral beam injection (NBI) in fusion experiments are based on the surface production of H- or D- on cesiated low work function surfaces. In the recent years, it was demonstrated at the large RF driven ion source of the ELISE (Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment) test facility that the requirements for the ITER NBI systems can be fulfilled by hydrogen. This is a big step toward the first operational period of ITER, planned for up to 2035. However, for the following operational period, neutral beam systems working in deuterium are needed. Operation of negative hydrogen ion sources in deuterium is significantly more demanding than in hydrogen: the amount of coextracted electrons is much higher and their increase during pulses is much more pronounced, limiting the achievable performance. This paper presents the results of investigations aimed to improve the insight into the physics related to this isotope effect. Due to the higher atomic mass of deuterium, cesium is removed much more effectively from reservoirs at the walls, resulting in a depletion of these reservoirs and a strongly increased cesium density in the plasma. Additionally, a correlation between the fluxes of charged particles toward the inner ion source surfaces and the coextracted electrons is identified.

Within the framework of the ion source development for the ITER and DEMO Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) systems, IPP Garching has recently upgraded the radiofrequency-driven negative ion source testbed BATMAN. One of the requirements for the ITER NBI system is to produce a beam power density homogeneity above 90% over its large beam size extracted from an ion source of 1 × 2 m2. The beam uniformity is going to be investigated, on a smaller scale, in BATMAN Upgrade with the new ITER-like beam optics. The testbed is equipped with several beam diagnostic tools to measure beam power, uniformity and divergence. A new tungsten wire calorimeter (TWC) has recently been developed to characterize the beam quantitatively and with an improved spatial and temporal resolution. The TWC consists of an array of thin tungsten wires with a diameter of 0.3 mm, placed in the beam path. The wires are heated by the beam up to 3000 °C and emit visible light, which is observed by an optical camera. While the existing TWC provides a qualitative impression of beam power characteristics and is placed at a distance of almost 2 m from the beam extraction system, the new TWC is positioned only 19 cm downstream from the extraction system and allows observation of the single beamlets for the first time in this testbed. In order to determine the correlation between the pixel intensity measured by the camera and the power density impinging on the wires, one wire is equipped with an ohmic heating system which allows heating up the wire with a known power, thus enabling calibration of the diagnostic tool. In this paper the design, including FEM simulations of the wire thermal behavior, manufacturing and installation of the new TWC inside the BATMAN Upgrade testbed are described and the first, very promising, observations of beamlet intensities are presented.

The ELISE test facility is based on a modular concept design which has been replicated in the ITER Negative Beam Ion (NBI) source with twice the size in the vertical direction. The target of ELISE is to achieve simultaneously the ITER NBI parameters in terms of negative ion extracted current (in H and D), pulse duration and ratio of co-extracted electron to ion below 1 at a source filling pressure of 0.3 Pa. While the source plasma can be operated for 1 h, only 9.5 s of beam extraction every ≈ 150 s can be applied, with a maximum total voltage of 60 kV due to limitations of the HV power supply; only divergences larger than 1 deg have been measured so far. The beam in ELISE is investigated by various diagnostics: the currents in the grid system are electrically measured and provide the total extracted negative ion current as well as information on the beam losses separately measured in the top and bottom grid segments of the extraction and grounded grids; the Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) gives information on the beam intensity and divergence (vertical and horizontal profiles); Infra-red (IR) analysis of the diagnostic calorimeter provides a 2D map of the beam power density and, consequently, the accelerated current density distribution as well as the total accelerated current. The spatial resolution of the beam diagnostics at ELISE (BES; diagnostic calorimeter) allows to resolve and describe in intensity and divergence the two beam segments associated to the two top and bottom grid segments. Following the evolution of the beam segments during the Cs conditioning process (i.e. Cs evaporation in the source to move from volume production of negative ions to surface production) allows to optimize the Cs conditioning by using the beam as an indirect measurement of the negative ion production. At high source performance and stable conditioning, the vertical beam uniformity in terms of accelerated current can be easily achieved: the difference between top and bottom beam segments is almost always well within the 10%.

The negative ion source test facility ELISE represents an important step in the European R&D roadmap for the neutral beam injection (NBI) systems of ITER. Its aim is to consolidate the design and to gain early experimental experience with a large and modular Radio Frequency (RF) negative ion source and an ITER like extraction system of the same width but half the height of the ITER source (0.9 × 1 m2). H− and D− beams can be extracted and accelerated up to 60 kV for 10 s every ∼150 s out of the continuously operating plasma source. For short plasma pulses (10 s), the extracted negative ion current densities in hydrogen have almost reached the ITER requirement (329 A/m2 H‾, 286 A/m2 D‾). Also the required long pulse source operation up to 1000 s (H-)/3600 s (D-) could be demonstrated on ELISE with repetitive beam blips, but with reduced current densities. The main limitations are the amount and temporal stability of co-extracted electrons, especially in deuterium operation. This co-extracted electron current has to remain below the extracted ion current to avoid thermal overloading of the extraction grid. Magnetic field configurations, electric potentials of source surfaces close to the extraction system and caesium management are under investigation as tools for source performance optimization. Furthermore RF issues such as heating of source components, RF breakdowns and RF matching have been solved for high power source operation.

The ion sources used in the ITER NBI beam lines will deliver over one hour a current density of 200 A/m2 negative deuterium ions, accelerated to 1 MeV or over 1000 s a current density of 230 A/m2 negative hydrogen ions, accelerated to 870 keV. The ELISE ion source (0.9×1.0 m2 with an extraction area of 0.1 m2) has half the size of the ion source foreseen for ITER. Aim of the ELISE test facility is to demonstrate that such large RF driven negative ion sources can achieve the following parameters at a filling pressure of 0.3 Pa: extracted current densities of 286 A/m2 in deuterium and 329 A/m2 in hydrogen, a ratio of co-extracted electrons to extracted ions below one and a beam homogeneity better than 90 %. The pulse length should be one hour in deuterium and 1000 s in hydrogen.Reliable and reproducible long pulse operation (up to one hour) with high RF power (up to 75 kW/driver) is possible after technical issues have been resolved stepwise. Experiments are now focused on the physics of approaching the requirements for the ITER NBI ion source. The most crucial factor limiting the source performance during long pulses with high RF power is a steady increase and a strong top-bottom asymmetry in the co-extracted electron current.Measures for partially counteracting this increase and asymmetry are external permanent magnets strengthening the standard magnetic filter field, internal potential rods and a new caesium conditioning technique, the so-called caesium overconditioning. Combining these measures enabled performing reproducible high-performance 1200 s pulses in hydrogen. During such pulses, about 90 % of the ITER requirement for the extracted negative ion current density were achieved while exceeding the requirement for the accelerated current density.

Along the route to the development of a neutral beam injector for ITER, the Padua based Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) and megavolt ITER injector and concept advancement facilities will make use of neutron diagnostics to quantify the homogeneity of the neutral beam profile by measuring the map of the neutron emission from the beam dump with the close-contact neutron emission surface mapping (CNESM) system. Neutrons are here produced from beam-target reactions between the deuterium beam and the deuterons previously adsorbed in the calorimeter. In order to aid the interpretation of the diagnostic data, a dedicated experiment on neutron emission from beam-target reactions with beam parameters approaching those expected at SPIDER has been performed at the Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment (ELISE) neutral beam test facility. The time trace of neutron emission has been measured using a calibrated liquid scintillator detector at increasing power densities on the target. Compared to calculations based on the local mixing model, a systematic discrepancy was observed exceeding the statistical accuracy of the measurements and increasing as a linear function of the power density. The data are used to derive an empirical temperature dependent correction for applications to neutron measurements at SPIDER.

A dedicated experiment on beam-target neutron emission has been performed at the ELISE neutral beam test facility to investigate the accuracy of Local Mixing Model based calculations of neutron emission of relevance for the design of neutron diagnostics at the SPIDER neutral beam prototype. Compared to a previous experiment, we make use of fully developed infra-red and calorimetry diagnostics to include accurate data on beam profile and current in the calculations. Results show that variations of the neutron emission can be predicted with an accuracy better than 10%, which compares to 30% in our previous investigation. At the same time, convincing evidence of diffusion effects beyond the Local Mixing Model is identified in the data. Implications of these findings for neutron emission at SPIDER are discussed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In 2003, a new extra full projection (EFP) anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implant was introduced onto the European market. This review presents the early experience of a single surgeon with this new implant over a 29-month period. Between 2003 and 2006, the McGhan Style 410 EFP breast implants were inserted for highly selected indications. Twenty-eight patients received a total of 47 EFP implants. Their age range was 23 to 66 years (mean: 46 years). The implant was used in 6 primary and 7 revisional cosmetic breast augmentation patients. The series included 9 postmastectomy breast reconstructions. In further, 6 patients the implant was used to revise existing breast reconstructions. After a mean follow-up period of 31 months, there were no infections, malrotations, or significant capsular contractures and no patients have required revisional implant surgery. The novel implant was successfully used to address specific challenges in cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery. These included large skin envelopes in breast augmentation patients declining mastopexy, complicated implant exchanges, and suboptimal prosthetic breast reconstructions. This prosthesis may prove a useful addition to the range of breast implants available, especially when there is an overlap of challenging esthetic problems.

To study and optimize negative ion production and acceleration, in view of the use of neutral beam injectors in the ITER project, the SPIDER test facility (particle energy 100keV; beam current 50A, distributed over 1280 beamlets) is under construction in Padova, with the aim of testing beam characteristics and to verify the source proper operation, by means of several diagnostic systems. An array of tungsten wires, directly exposed to the beam and consequently heated to high temperature, is used in similar experiments at IPP-Garching to study the beam optics, which is one of the most important issues, in a qualitative way. The present contribution gives a description of an experimental investigation of the behavior of tungsten wires under high heat loads in vacuum. Samples of tungsten wires are heated by electrical currents and the emitted light is measured by a camera in the 400-1100nm wavelength range, which is proposed as a calibration tool. Simultaneously, the voltage applied to the wire is measured to study the dependency of emissivity on temperature. The feasibility study of a wire calorimeter for SPIDER is finally proposed; to this purpose, the expected behaviour of tungsten with the two-dimensional beam profile in SPIDER is numerically addressed.

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This paper describes a novel fuzzy approach to determine the complexity of an image. The proposed method determines image complexity based on analysis of edge level percentages in the image. The method determines first the complexity class of the image, little complex, more or less complex, and very complex using centroids obtained from a fuzzy clustering process. Then the membership to that class is computed by a set of interval mapping functions. The method is very consistent because it does not incorporate any a priori human evaluation of complexity. Results of the method show correlation with human complexity values obtained in an evaluation test, however the values obtained with the method are more consistent. The paper also shows satisfactory results of the method in an application on an image edge detection task.

We previously reported the gene expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the process of decidualization in the human endometrium. This study was undertaken to investigate the biological significance of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), which shares a significant sequence homology with EGF, in the regulation of decidualization.The gene encoding TGF-alpha was analyzed by Northern blot hybridization in nonpregnant human endometria and decidua from 6 to 8 weeks of gestation as well as in cultured stromal cells with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate.No transcript was detected in proliferative and secretory endometrium, whereas a transcript of 4.8 kb, which was in agreement with the size of human prepro-TGF-alpha mRNA previously reported, was clearly detected in decidua. Transcript of 4.8 kb was also detected in vitro in medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-induced decidual cells, while no TGF-alpha transcript was found in endometrial stromal cells cultured without MPA.These results suggest that the gene expression of TGF-alpha in uterine stromal cells is enhanced by stimulation from sex steroids and that TGF-alpha, like EGF, functions as one of the regulatory factors for decidualization in the human uterus.

The negative-ion based neutral beam injector for heating and current drive of the ITER plasma (ITER HNB) is under development, at present focusing on the optimization of the full-scale plasma source in the SPIDER test stand. The production of H− or D− ions in the ion source is based on the low work function surfaces obtained by caesium evaporation. This paper describes the caesium conditioning procedure and the corresponding beam performances during the first operation of SPIDER with caesium. Technical solutions to overcome present limitations of the test stand are described. The influence of source parameters on the caesium effectiveness was investigated in short beam pulse operation; with total radio-frequency (RF) power of 400 kW and filling pressure below 0.4 Pa, and a limited number of extraction apertures, a negative ion current density of about 200 A m−2 was extracted in hydrogen, with beam energy lower than 60 keV. Beam optics and beam uniformity were assessed thanks to the acceleration of isolated ion beamlets. A possible procedure to accelerate a uniform beam was demonstrated at low RF power. The results obtained in this first investigation provided key indications on the operation of one of the largest existing sources of accelerated negative hydrogen-like ions.

The RF-driven negative ion source testbed BATMAN upgrade is being developed at IPP Garching in the framework of the ion source development for ITER and DEMO neutral beam injection systems. The testbed has recently been enhanced to allow for steady state operation with a focus on beam optics studies. The previous titanium sublimation pumps and inertial calorimeter limited the beam pulse length to about 6 s every 3 min. The upgrade comprises a long-pulse compatible, actively cooled diagnostic calorimeter. This has been designed and is currently being manufactured to substitute the inertially cooled calorimeter that has limited diagnostic capabilities. The new diagnostic calorimeter consists of a copper plate with dimensions of 910 × 660 × 25 mm3 placed about 2 m from the ion source extraction grids, and through a novel solution, it will provide a 2D profile of beam power density with a 20 mm spatial resolution. Water flowing through cooling channels embedded in the copper plate will actively cool the calorimeter, which is loaded with about 160 kW beam power at ITER-relevant current density, but 45 kV acceleration. A fraction of the beam will pass through many small apertures (ø2 mm) positioned in the calorimeter plate and will be collected by thin (0.2 mm) copper foils attached to the calorimeter back side. Evaluation of power density will be performed by measuring the temperature of the heat flux foils with a high-resolution infrared camera observing the calorimeter from the back side and calibrated by thermocouples.

The neutral beam heating system for the future international fusion experiment ITER will be based on radiofrequency driven ion sources delivering a large (≈1 × 2 m) and homogeneous negative hydrogen or deuterium ion beam of severals tens of amperes for up to 1 h. Such beams have never been produced before and a dedicated R&D process has been ongoing for more than two decades. An important intermediate step is the size scaling test facility ELISE (Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment) with its half-ITER size ion source. Recently, ELISE has fulfilled its first main aim, demonstrating hydrogen ITER-relevant accelerated negative ion current densities over 1000 s, at the required filling pressure of 0.3 Pa, with an electron–ion ratio below one and a beam homogeneity better than 90%. The measures identified as essential for achieving such pulses are the introduction of external permanent magnets and internal potential rods as well as a dedicated caesium conditioning technique.

Funkcionalna muzička pedagogija (FMP) utemeljiteljice Elly Bašić, osim univerzalnih glazbeno-pedagoških elemenata, predstavlja koncept zasnovan na integraciji raznih oblika (dječjeg) izraza. FMP svojim temeljnim značajkama navodi sinkretizam, spontanost i maštu, sažete u krilatici „od doživljaja ka svjesnom“. FMP propitivanjem suštine i značenja dječjeg izričaja i značenja glazbe djetetu, kao i sinergije navedenih fenomena, potvrđuje, obnavlja i proširuje metodičke koncepte takvog učenja i poučavanja glazbe. FMP se svojim postavkama u mnogome dodiruje s glazbeno-pedagoškim konceptima autora kao što su Zoltan Kodaly, Carl Orff, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, Edgar Willems te Shinchi Suzuki. Uz navedene glazbeno-pedagoške koncepte zamjetne su i dodirne zone s alternativnim pedagoškim konceptima Marije Montessori i Rudolfa Steinera (Bačlija Sušić, 2016). Ovaj rad prikazuje FMP u kontekstu spoznaja kognitivne neuroznanosti, s naglaskom na najnovije spoznaje. Time se, pomoću standardiziranih koraka meta-analize, predstavlja, objedinjuje i analizira dosadašnje spoznaje o FMP te ih se postavlja u odnos sa spoznajama kognitivne neuroznanosti. Ističe se važnost multisenzornog i emocionalnog iskustva pri formiranju visoko individualiziranog i personaliziranog unutarnjeg svijeta i oblikovanju mišljenja, kao svojevrsnog kontrapunkta izazovima (i mogućim štetnostima) novih tehnologija na neurokognitivni proces. Na taj se način otvara područje primjenjivo za dodatna istraživanja na relaciji glazbe i neuroznanosti, uz produbljivanje i jačanje odnosa znanosti i umjetnosti. Analitički pristup omogućava i osvrt na suvremenost funkcionalne muzičke pedagogije, a u odnosu na neuroznanstvene spoznaje i njihovu mnogoznačnu primjenu u najsuvremenijim pedagoško-psihološkim aspektima podučavanja, učenja i izvedbe glazbe.

Since the beginning of the anthropology of pilgrimage, scant attention has been paid to pilgrimage and pilgrim places in central, eastern and south-eastern Europe. Seeking to address such a deficit, this book brings together scholars from central, eastern and south-eastern Europe to explore the crossing of borders in terms of the relationship between pilgrimage and politics, and the role which this plays in the process of both sacred and secular place-making. With contributions from a range of established and new academics, including anthropologists, historians and ethnologists, Pilgrimage, Politics and Place-Making in Eastern Europe presents a collection of case studies and discussions of religious, political and secular pilgrimage across the region.