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Smoking is a risk factor for gastric cancer (GC) and causes oxidative stress. Antioxidant vitamins may protect against oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and GC risk according to smoking status and the histological subtype. This case-control study included 286 pairs of patients with GC and controls aged 20-79 years enrolled at two hospitals from 2002 to 2006, matched by age (± 2 years), sex, hospital, and participation period (± 1 years). Dietary information was collected using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). When stratified by smoking status, increased intake of vitamin C (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17-0.84 for highest vs. lowest

Diet is a critical risk factor for gastric cancer, and Koreans consume significantly high amounts of carbohydrates. This study examined the association between carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load and the risk of gastric cancer and whether the association varied based on the general risk factors for gastric cancer. We hypothesized that carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load elevated gastric cancer risk and the relationship differed by the gastric cancer risk factors. This was a case-control study with a total of 307 matched pairs aged 20 to 79 years. Data collection was completed at two hospitals from December 2002 to September 2006. A food frequency questionnaire was applied for dietary assessment. Carbohydrate intake was not related to gastric cancer risk. However, a high glycemic index (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.18-2.97) and glycemic load (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.53-4.12) were significantly associated with the elevated risk of gastric cancer. When the relationship between glycemic load and gastric cancer risk was stratified by risk factors for gastric cancer, the gastric cancer risk especially increased among men, ≥65 years, smokers, drinkers, and people with Helicobacter pylori infection. Although there was no association between carbohydrate consumption and gastric cancer, high glycemic index and glycemic load were associated with the increased gastric cancer risk.

This research investigated variations in alcohol consumption by socioeconomic factors and hypertensive status in South Korean adults, aged ≥19 years. This is a secondary data analysis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Alcohol intake by socioeconomic and hypertensive status was examined using data from the 2013 to 2016 KNHANES. Total participants were 19,641 adults, with 8,123 men and 11,518 women. Consumption of alcohol in the Korean population was estimated from a single 24-hour dietary recall. Alcohol intake differed, according to socioeconomic status, and, particularly, by occupation among Korean adults. Women with lower education consumed more alcohol daily than those with a higher education (p = 0.018). Furthermore, adult men with hypertension consumed a greater amount of alcohol daily, 30.9 g, than those with pre-hypertension, 23.7 g, followed by those without hypertension, 15.9 g (p 0.001). In women, adults with pre-hypertension and hypertension consumed more alcohol daily, 9.4 g and 9.0 g, respectively, than those without, 6.6 g (p 0.001). In addition, men with hypertension who were unaware of their disease and those who were cognizant consumed a higher amount of alcohol daily, 32.4 g and 28.6 g, respectively, than individuals without hypertension, 19.7 g (p 0.001). Moreover, men with hypertension who had not been treated for hypertension and those in treatment consumed a greater amount of alcohol daily, 32.6 g and 28.0 g, respectively, than those without hypertension, 19.7 g (p 0.001). In conclusion, Korean adults consume alcohol differently by socioeconomic status, and alcohol intake was more prevalent among people with hypertension.

Background/Objectives The hormone-dependent effect of MAP3K1 gene polymorphisms may explain sex-specific differences in gastric cancer (GC) risk. Phytoestrogens have been shown to interact with this genetic factor. Here, we investigated the association between MAP3K1 gene polymorphisms and GC risk by sex and whether these associations differ depending on soy products intake. Methods Participants aged 20–79 years were recruited from two hospitals between December 2002 and September 2006. In all, 440 cases and 485 controls were recruited, among, 246 pairs of cases and controls, matched by sex, age (± 5 years), study admission period (± 1 years), and hospital, were included for the analysis. Results In dominant model, men with the A allele of rs252902 showed significantly increased GC risk (odd ratio; OR=2.19, 95% confidence interval; CI=1.31–3.64) compared to GG homozygotes. When stratified by intake of soy products, men with the A allele of rs252902 and low intake of soy products showed significantly higher GC risk (OR=3.29, 95% CI=1.55–6.78) than that in GG homozygotes. Conclusions Men with the risk allele of MAP3K1 had a significantly increased GC risk compared to GG homozygotes; this trend was more pronounced in those with low intake of soy products.

The incidence of gastric cancer is high in Korea, and dietary factors are important risk factors for gastric cancer. This study examined whether gastric cancer risk was related to dietary factors that directly irritate the stomach wall. This case–control study consisted of 308 matched pairs of gastric cancer cases and controls recruited from 2002 to 2006 at two hospitals in Korea. Dietary assessments were completed using a food frequency questionnaire and a dietary habit questionnaire. Gastric cancer risk was increased for high meal frequency of >3 vs. low meal frequency of ≤3 times per day, overeating vs. not overeating, and preferred vs. not preferred spicy or salty foods. Furthermore, participants with dietary factors of high meal frequency, overeating, and preference for spicy or salty foods elevated the risk of gastric cancer compared to those with low meal frequency, not overeating, and not preferring spicy or salty foods, simultaneously. In conclusion, gastric cancer risk was significantly increased in people with dietary factors that irritate the stomach wall, such as high meal frequency, overeating, and preference for spicy or salty foods.

PurposeCurrent evidence regarding the association between zinc intake and gastric cancer (GC)-specific survival in patients with intestinal-type GC is lacking. Therefore, this cohort study investigated the association between zinc intake and GC mortality through follow-up on GC death among patients with intestinal-type GC and whether these effects differ according to the source of zinc intake.MethodsA total of 185 patients with intestinal-type GC were enrolled from two hospitals between 2002 and 2006. Their survival or death was prospectively followed up until December 31, 2016, through a review of medical records and telephone surveys.ResultsA total of 178 patients were included and analyzed. The median follow-up period was 7.3 years. In the fully adjusted models, the highest tertile of total zinc intake showed a significantly lower GC mortality than the lowest tertile (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.64). In addition, the tertile of total zinc intake showed a dose-response association with GC mortality (p=0.015). Analysis of the source of zinc intake revealed that when zinc intake from staples (rice and noodles), animal, and plant food sources were combined, the results were similar to those of total zinc intake and GC mortality.ConclusionZinc intake through various foods may be effective in reducing GC mortality by achieving balance with other nutrients. Our results suggest that zinc improves the survival of patients with intestinal-type GC in Korea.

Sodium and zinc display opposite effects on immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 cells (Th17), resulting in an altered immune response. Immune cells have a pivotal role in regulating tumor progression, which may affect gastric cancer (GC) mortality. Thus, this cohort study investigated the associations between the combination of sodium and zinc intake and GC mortality and whether these associations differ by histological type by following up deaths of GC cases in Korea. A total of 490 patients with GC were enrolled between 2002 and 2006. Survival or death was prospectively followed up until December 31, 2016. Finally, 300 patients with the two main histological types of GC were included; 99 GC deaths occurred during a median follow-up period of 7.1 years. Patients with high sodium and low zinc intake had a significantly higher GC mortality than those with low sodium and high zinc intake (hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-3.93). However, no significant association was found between the histological types of GC. In conclusion, we found that high sodium and low zinc intake may worsen the survival rate of patients with GC.

Sodium is a physiologically essential nutrient, but excessive intake is linked to the increased risk of various chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular. It is, therefore, necessary to accomplish an evidence-based approach and establish the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) index, to identify both the nutritional adequacy and health effects of sodium. This review presents the rationale for and the process of revising the KDRIs for sodium and, more importantly, establishing the sodium Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) level, which is a new specific set of values for chronic disease risk reduction. To establish the 2020 KDRIs for dietary sodium, the committee conducted a systematic literature review of the intake-response relationships between the selected indicators for sodium levels and human chronic diseases. In this review, 43 studies published from January 2014 to December 2018, using databases of PubMed and Web of Science, were finally included for evaluating the risk of bias and strength of evidence (SoE). We determined that SoE of the relationship between dietary sodium and cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension, was moderate to strong. However, due to insufficient scientific evidence, we were unable to establish the estimated average requirement and the recommended nutrient intake for dietary sodium. Therefore, the adequate intake of sodium for adults was established to be 1,500 mg/day, whereas the CDRR for dietary sodium was established at 2,300 mg/day for adults. Intake goal for dietary sodium established in the 2015 KDRIs instead of the tolerable upper intake level was not presented in the 2020 KDRIs. For the next revision of the KDRIs, there is a requirement to pursue further studies on nutritional adequacy and toxicity of dietary sodium, and their associations with chronic disease endpoint in the Korean population.

Objective:The present study aimed to examine the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in a representative Korean population.Design:A cross-sectional study.Setting:Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2012–2015.Participants:Adults aged ≥30 years (n 17 934) who participated in the KNHANES.Results:Among health-care factors, unmet health-care needs and mental health counselling were different by food insecurity status, with a higher prevalence in adults with food insecurity. The prevalence of underweight was higher in men with food insecurity (5·9 %), whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in women with food insecurity (37·4 %), than that in men and women with food security. Food insecurity was associated with a high risk of all mental health outcomes. For the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity, unmet health-care needs was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure men (Pinteraction = 0·029) and lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure women (Pinteraction = 0·010). In addition, higher unmet health-care needs in adults with food insecurity was related to higher risk of mental health outcomes.Conclusions:Unmet health-care needs may exacerbate obesity for food-insecure men and mental health problems for both food-insecure men and women. In addition, lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling may exacerbate the obesity for food-insecure women.

Objective:Fermented foods such as kimchi are traditional foods in Korea and could provide beneficial health effects. However, fermented foods also contribute to increased Na intake since salt is added during the fermentation process. The present research aimed to examine trends in the consumption of fermented foods and Na intake over time by Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).Design:KNHANES is a cross-sectional survey; data from 1998 to 2016 were divided into seven groups from KNHANES I to VII.Setting:Demographic information on sex, age, education and income were collected. Assessment of fermented food and Na consumption was conducted via analysis of 24 h dietary recall data. Multivariate linear regressions and logistic regressions were performed to calculate the P for trends by applying strata, cluster and sampling weights by SAS PROC SURVEY.Participants:The target population was Korean adults, aged ≥19 years, who participated in a 24 h dietary recall. The total number was 76 199, with 32 324 men and 43 875 women.Results:A significant decline in fermented food consumption was observed from 1998 to 2016 in both men and women (P < 0·0001). Among fermented foods, kimchi consumption was greatly reduced while pickled vegetables consumption showed a marked increase. Similarly, Na intake from fermented foods declined significantly over time in both men and women (P < 0·0001).Conclusions:The consumption of fermented foods and Na intake from fermented foods by Korean adults decreased significantly over time from 1998 to 2016.

Studies on the association between gastric cancer (GC) and the intake of soup-based dish groups (noodles and dumplings, soups, and stews), which are sodium-contributing foods, in Korea are insufficient, and the results of studies on the intake of pickled vegetables such as kimchi are inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association between the incidence of GC and the daily intake of high-sodium dish groups (noodles and dumplings, soups, stews, and pickled vegetables) and whether these associations differ depending on behavioral risk factors for GC. In this case-control study, subjects aged 20–79 years were recruited from two hospitals between December 2002 and September 2006. A total of 440 cases and 485 controls were recruited, of which 307 pairs were matched and included for the analysis. In our results, a higher intake of noodles and dumplings was associated with a significantly increased incidence of GC. In the participants who consumed past or current alcohol, a higher intake of noodles and dumplings was associated with a significantly increased incidence of GC. Our results suggest that efforts to reduce the daily sodium intake from noodles and dumplings are needed to prevent and reduce the incidence of GC.

Vegetables are an important source for the essential vitamins and minerals that are necessary for optimal health. This research investigated changes in vegetable intake over time in the Korean population from 1998 to 2017, focusing on preparation methods of vegetables and location of consumption. This cross-sectional study is based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that was established in 1998 to assess the health and nutritional status of the South Korean population. This research utilised information from 1998 to 2017 which is the extent of all available KNHANES data. Vegetable consumption was grouped, according to preparation methods and common eating locations. Both crude and age-standardised means of vegetable intake were derived via a 24-h dietary recall. All participants who completed a 24-h dietary recall survey were selected for the analyses. This included 109 220 individuals (49 069 men and 60 151 women) over the course of 20 years of the KNHANES. Total vegetable intake decreased over time (Pfor trends < 0·001), specifically, steamed and salted vegetables (Pfor trends < 0·001). In contrast, Koreans consumed noticeably more raw vegetables from 1998 to 2017 (Pfor trends < 0·001). Vegetable intake at home significantly declined (Pfor trends < 0·001), while that eaten at restaurants or outside the home increased greatly (Pfor trends < 0·001). Over 20 years, Koreans have ingested decreasing amounts of vegetables, but the intake of raw vegetables has escalated. However, the location of vegetable consumption has changed, with an increase at both restaurants and outside the home (approximately 70·0 %).

This study aimed to examine whether there is an area difference on diet quality among the Korean elderly population. The effect of personal factors on diet quality is also estimated and compared between rural and urban areas. A cross-sectional data from the 2013&ndash, 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used for this study. The participants were older adults aged &ge, 65 years (n = 3207) who participated in the KNHANES. Urban and rural areas classified the region and the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) assessed the diet quality. Personal factors that were related to diet quality included socio-demographic factors, health behaviors, and health conditions. This study found that the diet quality was different between urban and rural areas in the Korean elderly population, showing a higher mean of KHEI scores in urban areas than rural areas (67.3 for urban seniors, 63.6 for rural seniors, p &lt, 0.001), and the regional difference was still significant, even after adjusting for the personal factors (p &lt, 0.001). Different sets of personal factors were found to be significant that explain the diet quality of participants between areas, such as economic resources, walking exercise, and perceived oral health status in urban areas, and age and food insecurity in rural areas. In conclusions, this study found that there was a regional disparity in diet quality and some personal factors affecting diet quality were dependent on areas, which implied that regional environment with diverse contexts could influence diet quality. These findings emphasize the need to provide targeted intervention programs that take into account both the characteristics of individuals and local food environments in order to improve the overall diet quality in older adults.

To evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in younger women, overall and by family history of breast cancer and folate intake, we prospectively followed 93,835 US women aged 27–44 years in Nurses’ Health Study II who had alcohol consumption data in 1991. Alcohol consumption and folate intake were measured by food frequency questionnaire every 4 years. We documented 2,866 incident cases of invasive breast cancer between 1991 and 2011. Alcohol consumption was not associated with breast cancer risk overall (for intake of ≥10 g/day vs. nondrinking, multivariate hazard ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.94, 1.22). When the association was stratified by family history and folate intake, a positive association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer was found among women with a family history and folate intake less than 400 μg/day (multivariate hazard ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 3.12; P-trend = 0.08). Alcohol consumption was not associated with breast cancer in other categories of family history and folate intake (P-interaction = 0.55). In conclusion, in this population of younger women, higher alcohol consumption was associated with increased risk of breast cancer among those with both a family history of breast cancer and lower folate intake.

Background Depression is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and continues to increase in elderly adults. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the relationship between CKD and depression in older patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. In total, data of 973 subjects aged ≥65 years were analyzed, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Results The prevalence of depression in older adults was 4.1% in men and 8.8% in women (P=0.004). The prevalence of depression did not differ according to CKD stage in women (normal eGFR and CKD stages 1 and 2 women, 41/474 [8.6%]) vs. CKD stages 3-5 women, 6/63 [9.5%]); however, the prevalence of depression in men with CKD stages 3-5 (8/83 [9.6%]) was significantly higher than in men with normal eGFR and CKD stage 1 and 2 (10/353 [2.8%], P=0.010). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio for depression in men with CKD stages 3-5 was 3.822 (95% confidence interval, 1.229 to 11.879) after adjusting for social status and chronic diseases (P=0.021). Conclusion The prevalence of depression was higher in elderly women than in men, while the prevalence of depression increased in elderly men with CKD stages 3-5 and was almost equal to that of women. Therefore, elderly men with progressive renal function impairment should be counseled and monitored for psychological problems.

본 연구는 서울우유협동조합 ‘우유 및 유제품 섭취가 뼈 건강에 미치는 영향 조사-국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여(201500000001906)’ 과제 지원에 의하여 이루어진 것으로 이에 감사드립니다.

The present study aimed to examine the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in a representative Korean population.A cross-sectional study.Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2012-2015.Adults aged ≥30 years (n 17 934) who participated in the KNHANES.Among health-care factors, unmet health-care needs and mental health counselling were different by food insecurity status, with a higher prevalence in adults with food insecurity. The prevalence of underweight was higher in men with food insecurity (5·9 %), whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in women with food insecurity (37·4 %), than that in men and women with food security. Food insecurity was associated with a high risk of all mental health outcomes. For the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity, unmet health-care needs was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure men (Pinteraction = 0·029) and lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure women (Pinteraction = 0·010). In addition, higher unmet health-care needs in adults with food insecurity was related to higher risk of mental health outcomes.Unmet health-care needs may exacerbate obesity for food-insecure men and mental health problems for both food-insecure men and women. In addition, lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling may exacerbate the obesity for food-insecure women.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the trends in the consumption of fermented foods and sodium intake over time, using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: This research study is a secondary analysis using KNHANES data from 1998 to 2016 which is a cross-sectional survey. The target population was Korean adults, ages ≥19 years and the total number was 76,199, with 32,324 men and 43,875 women. Assessment of fermented food consumption and sodium intake was conducted via analysis of 24-hour dietary recall data. Multivariate linear regressions and logistic regressions were performed to calculate the P for trends by applying strata, cluster, and sampling weights by SAS PROC SURVEY. Age was standardized for all analyses in order to calculate P for trends for education, income, fermented food consumption, and sodium intake. RESULTS: A significant decline in fermented food consumption was observed in both men and women (P

Background/objectives The International Agency for Research on Cancer defined alcohol beverages and acetaldehyde derived from alcoholic beverages as a Group 1 carcinogen to humans. However, the association between alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk has been controversial in Korean. We assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in Korea through a case-control study. Subjects/methods From 2 hospitals, a total of 316 cases with gastric cancer (208 men, 108 women) were selected and matched to 316 controls by sex and age (± 5 years) during the same duration. The current status, frequency, and amount of alcohol consumption for a year three years ago were assessed by trained interviewers. Results Alcohol consumption status and frequency did not show any significant association with gastric cancer risk. However, high alcohol consumption (≥ 20 g/day for women or ≥ 40 g/day for men) significantly increased the risk of gastric cancer (odds ratio (OR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.85). Gastric cancer risk was strongly positively associated with alcohol consumption of ≥ 20 g/day, especially in women (OR 5.62; 95% CI 1.32-23.81). Conclusion The results from this study suggest that excessive alcohol consumption rather than the current status or frequency of alcohol consumption contributes to the increased risk of gastric cancer, especially in women.

Drinking culture has been well developed in Korea. This research assessed trends in daily pure alcohol consumption over time and examined its trends regarding socio-demographic variables and alcoholic beverage types. We used data from the 1998–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 87,623 adults aged ≥ 19 years were included. Alcohol intake was assessed via 24-h dietary recall, and pure alcohol content was calculated according to alcoholic beverage type. Daily alcohol consumption increased from 8.37 g in 1998 to 14.98 g in 2016–2018 (p for trend &lt, 0.001). The degree of the increasing trend was higher for women (2.09 g to 5.79 g) than men (14.78 g to 23.94 g) from 1998 to 2016–2018. Alcohol intake was highest in men aged 30–49 years and women aged 19–29 years. Moreover, the change of the rising trend in alcohol consumption according to high socioeconomic factors was more pronounced than the other variables. Lastly, the alcohol intake from soju and beer was dominant in alcohol consumption and escalated over time. The total daily alcohol intake increased about two times during 21 years in Korea, and the trends varied according to socio-demographic status.

The authors developed an equation to estimate 24‐hour urine sodium (24HUNa) using the average of three spot urine (SU) samples (morning‐first, morning, and evening) from 74 individuals and validated this equation using the average of three SU samples (morning‐first, daytime, and evening) from 174 additional individuals. Compared with previously published equations using a single SU sample, the currently developed equation using the average of three SU samples showed much lower bias from measured 24HUNa (−2.9 vs >10 mmol/24 h). The intraclass and concordance correlation coefficients of the proposed equation using the average of three SU samples were 0.909 and 0.832, respectively. The limits of agreement were −64.1–58.3 mmol/24 h and approximately 100 mmol/24 h for the currently developed and previously published equations, respectively. All equations showed a tendency to overestimate or underestimate 24HUNa in a manner dependent on the level of 24HUNa but irrespective of the number of SU samples considered. Nonetheless, among the currently tested equations, our equation using the average of three SU samples provided the best estimation of 24HUNa at a population level.

Background/Aims: Behavioral factors, such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, increase the risk of gastric cancer (GC), but their effects on survival are not clear. We examined associations between prediagnostic smoking and alcohol drinking behavior and GC death by long-term follow-up. Methods: The participants were 508 GC patients enrolled at Chungnam University Hospital and Hanyang University Guri Hospital from 2001 to 2006. Information on clinicopathologic and behavioral risk factors was collected, and patient survival was prospectively followed until 2016 by medical chart review and telephone survey. Results: During above 10 years follow-up period, overall death was 46.2% (n=226) and GC deaths was 38.2% (n=187) among the 489 GC patients included in the analysis. No significant association was found between smoking habits and overall or GC survival. However, after stratification by histological type, the hazard ratio (HR) of GC death for current smokers tended to be higher for the diffuse type (HR 1.61, 95% CI 0.57-4.59 for current vs. never) rather than for the intestinal type (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.28-2.19 for current vs. never). Light alcohol consumption was found to be associated with a significantly lower risk of GC death (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.75 for

Recent evidence has shown that the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) in chromosomal DNA is aberrantly decreased in a variety of cancers, but whether this decrease is a cause or a consequence of tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that, in gastric cancers, the 5 hmC decrease correlates with a decrease in ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) expression, which is strongly associated with metastasis and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. In gastric cancer cells, TET1-targeted siRNA induced a decrease in 5 hmC, whereas TET1 overexpression induced an increase in 5 hmC and reduced cell proliferation, thus correlating decreased 5 hmC with gastric carcinogenesis. We also report the epigenetic signatures responsible for regulating TET1 transcription. Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Sequencing and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified unique CpG methylation signatures at the CpG island 3'-shore region located 1.3 kb from the transcription start site of TET1 in gastric tumor cells but not in normal mucosa. The luciferase activity of constructs with a methylated 3'-shore sequence was greatly decreased compared with that of an unmethylated sequence in transformed gastric cancer cells. In gastric cancer cells, dense CpG methylation in the 3'-shore was strongly associated with TET1 silencing and bivalent histone marks. Thus, a decrease in 5 hmC may be a cause of gastric tumorigenesis owing to a decrease in TET1 expression through DNA methylation coupled with bivalent marks in the 3'-shore of TET1.

Background Mortality from coronary heart disease in Korea has increased continuously, but there are few comprehensive national data on trend in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this population. We examined the trends in the prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, from 1998 through 2012 in a representative Korean population. Methods Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (1998) to V (2010–2012), we selected the adults aged ≥30yr who participated in both a health examination and health interview survey. Results From 1998 to 2012, significant decrease in the prevalence of hypertension was observed in both men (32.5 to 31.5%) and women (26.9 to 24.3%). Smoking rates decreased only in men (65.1 to 47.0%), whereas the prevalence of diabetes did not change over time. Conversely, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia significantly increased from 7.2% to 12.6% for men and from 8.4% to 14.9% for women, whereas the rates of awareness and treatment for hypercholesterolemia were relatively lower than that of hypertension and diabetes. During the period, prevalence of obesity significantly increased from 26.8% to 38.1% only in men. Conclusions The increased prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and obesity may have contributed to the increasing trend in the mortality from coronary heart disease in Korea. Further population-based surveillance of blood cholesterol levels and obesity needs to be performed, and national strategies for improvement of these factors should be established in Korea.

Controversies exist regarding the impact of age on gastric cancer-related mortality according to cancer stage. In our prospective cohort study, we evaluated the impact of age on stage-specific mortality in patients with gastric cancer. Between 2002 and 2006, patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer were recruited from two university-affiliated hospitals in Korea. Follow-up data were updated regularly based on medical records and telephone surveys. Patients were classified into four subgroups according to age

This study was conducted to evaluate the relevance of the soluble form of c-Met protein, a truncated form of the c-Met membrane receptor involved in the CagA pathway, as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer. Among 290 gastric cancer case-control sets selected from the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort, the plasma concentrations of soluble c-Met protein were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Using analysis of variance and covariance models with age, sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, and CagA seropositivity, the mean concentrations of soluble c-Met protein between cases and controls were compared. To evaluate the association between gastric cancer and a c-Met protein level, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. Interactions between CagA-related genes and the soluble c-Met protein concentration were also investigated. The overall median plasma concentration of soluble c-Met among cases was significantly lower than those of controls (1.390 vs. 1.610 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). Closer to the onset of gastric cancer, the soluble c-Met protein level decreased linearly in a time-dependent manner (p for trend = 0.0002). The combined effects between the CagA-related genes and the soluble c-Met protein concentration significantly intensified risks for gastric cancer. Restricted analyses including cases that had been diagnosed within 1 year after entering the cohort had a fair degree of ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.73-0.77) to discriminate gastric cancer cases from normal controls. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the soluble form of c-Met protein as a novel biomarker for gastric cancer. The beneficial effects of a high soluble c-Met concentration in human plasma are strongly supported.

This article presents a survey on publicly available open-source projects (OSPs) on quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Recently, there has been increasing interest in quadrotor UAVs. Exciting videos have been published on the Internet by many research groups and have attracted much attention from the public [1][7]. Relatively simple structures of quadrotors has promoted interest from academia, UAV industries, and radio-control (RC) hobbyists alike. Unlike conventional helicopters, swashplates, which are prone to failure without constant maintenance, are not required. Furthermore, the diameter of individual rotors can be reduced as a result of the presence of four actuators [8].

Genes specifically expressed in one or a few tissues and upregulated in tumors are potentially good serum biomarkers.By applying a recently developed computational method, called multiple normal tissues corrected differential analysis (MNTDA), we identified genes that are likely to be upregulated in the blood of gastric cancer patients as compared to normal controls.We identified four genes (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-12, and CXCL5) as potential serum biomarkers for gastric cancer. Of these four genes, only MMP-1 was significantly upregulated in the sera of 40 gastric cancer patients, as compared to 40 control sera. The same pattern was observed in the second cohort of 80 gastric cancer patients and 80 controls. In a combined analysis, the level of serum MMP-1 in gastric cancer patients was significantly higher than the level in control samples (P0.0001). The use of MMP-1 was 62.5% sensitive and 62.5% specific in detecting gastric cancer patients. Patients with high serum levels of MMP-1 had a significantly worse outcome than patients with low serum MMP-1 levels. Finally, we determined that preoperative serum MMP-1 levels were prognostic, independent of tumor stage.MMP-1 is a potential prognostic marker for gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy.

Background: Laparoscopy has been highlighted as an effective surgical modality for diverse pelvic organ diseases. However, its surgical and obstetric efficacy has not been fully confirmed in pregnant women because of the absence of a large comparative study. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes between laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses during pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 262 pregnant women who underwent laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses between 2000 and 2009 was performed. Results: Of the 262 women, 174 (66.4%) underwent laparotomy and 88 (33.6%) underwent laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses. The laparoscopy group had a significantly shorter mean operative time (60.7 ± 27.1 vs 69.7 ± 24.4 min, P = 0.002) and mean hospital stay (4.7 ± 1.7 vs 6.6 ± 1.3 days, P

It is widely known that vegetable consumption contributes to reducing the risk of gastric cancer (GC). However, the incidence rates of GC remain high in both Japanese and Korean populations, even though they have a high consumption of total vegetables. This may be due to the fact that Japanese and Koreans mainly consume processed vegetables, such as cooked, salted, or pickled vegetables, rather than fresh vegetables. To determine whether the intakes of fresh and pickled vegetables have different effects on the risk of GC in Japanese and Korean populations, we carried out a meta-analysis of published epidemiological reports. Eight studies on the consumption of fresh vegetables and 14 studies on the consumption of pickled vegetables related to GC risk were included in this meta-analysis. Four studies exploring differences in GC risk in men and women were considered separately. We observed that a high intake of fresh vegetables was significantly associated with a decreased risk of GC (overall summary OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46-0.85) but that a high intake of pickled vegetables was significantly associated with an increased risk of GC (overall summary OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06-1.53). The results of this meta-analysis provide evidence that a high intake of pickled vegetables may increase GC risk and suggest that a high consumption of fresh vegetables, rather than a large total amount of vegetables including pickled vegetables, is important to reduce GC risk.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamin rather than absolute intake of nitrate affects the risk of gastric cancer (GC). In a case-control study in Korea using a food frequency questionnaire, trained dietitians interviewed 136 GC cases and an equal number of controls matched by sex and age. As an index of nitrate intake relative to antioxidant vitamins intake, we calculated the nitrate:antioxidant vitamin consumption ratio. The mean daily nitrate intake from foods was very high in our subjects. Higher absolute intake of nitrate was not associated with GC risk [odds ratios (OR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42-3.06]. However, the GC risk distinctly increased as the nitrate:antioxidant vitamin consumption ratio increased, particularly with higher nitrate:vitamin E (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.01-7.67) and nitrate:folate ratios (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.28-8.87). Therefore, GC risk was influenced by the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamins. Our results suggest that a decrease in the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamins is considerably more effective in reducing GC risk than either a lower absolute intake of nitrate or a higher intake of antioxidant vitamins alone.

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of household food insecurity and compare dietary intake by food security status in a representative Korean population.DesignCross-sectional. Food security status of households was classified using an eighteen-item food security questionnaire. The nutrition survey comprised questions on dietary habits, a 24 h dietary recall and a semi-quantitative FFQ.SettingThe 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.SubjectsA total of 3007 households completed the food security questionnaire. Family members within each household aged ≥1 year (n 7118) participated in the nutrition survey.ResultsResults from the 2012 survey indicated that 88·7 % of Korean households showed food security. The remaining 11·3 % (9·3 % for food insecurity without hunger and 2·0 % for food insecurity with hunger) were in food-insecure households. The prevalence of household food insecurity was 13·2 % in households with children and 10·3 % in households without children. Mean daily intakes of energy, fat and carbohydrates were not significantly different between food-secure and food-insecure adults. In contrast, mean daily intakes of protein, crude fibre, vitamins and minerals as well as weekly consumption frequencies of vegetables, seaweeds, fruits, fruit juice, nuts, and milk and milk products were significantly lower in food-insecure adults compared with food-secure adults.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that food insecurity is associated with reduced intakes of healthy foods and nutrients essential for health and growth in a representative Korean population.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Assessing changes in energy intake and dietary sources is important to understand trends in the prevalence of obesity. Thus, we examined trends in energy intake and its nutrient and food sources in Korean adults from 1998 through 2015. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study included 70,769 subjects aged ≥ 19 years who completed a nutrition survey. Subject data were obtained from the 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, and 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary intake was assessed by a 1-day 24-hour recall method. RESULTS In men, the daily energy intake significantly increased from 2,196 kcal in 1998 to 2,489 kcal in 2013-2015 (P for trend < 0.0001). However, the daily energy intake among women did not change significantly over the same period (P for trend = 0.5772). The percentages of energy intake from animal foods (e.g., meat and milk) and beverages increased during the study period in both men and women. However, the percentage of energy intake from plant foods decreased due to a marked decrease in the intake of white rice. Changes in food sources of energy intake led to changes in the nutrient sources of energy intake; for example, the increase of energy intake from fat and decrease of energy intake from carbohydrate. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that since 1998, energy intake has increased among Korean adult men, but not among women. However, the composition of food and nutrient sources of energy intake has changed in both men and women. Energy intake and its nutrient and food sources should continue to be monitored regularly in the Korean adult population.

Epidemiologic studies have found that overall obesity is positively related to endometrial cancer (EC) risk. However, data assessing the association between body fat distribution and risk of EC are still limited.We followed 51,948 women who first reported waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference in 1986 in the Nurses' Health Study. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated.During 24 years of follow-up, 449 incident invasive EC cases were diagnosed. In a multivariate analysis without adjusting for body mass index (BMI), the relative risks (RRs) for EC comparing extreme categories were 2.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.72-3.45) for WC and 1.69 (95% CI=1.20-2.40) for WHR. However, after adjustment of BMI, those positive associations were substantially attenuated and no longer significant; RR=1.08 (95% CI=0.69-1.67) for WC and 1.15 (95% CI=0.81-1.64) for WHR, respectively.In our prospective cohort study, we found no independent association between body fat distribution and the risk of EC after adjustment for BMI.

For policy goal setting, efficacy evaluations, and the development of related programs for reducing sodium intake, it is essential to accurately identify the amount of sodium intake in South Korea and constantly monitor its trends. The present study aimed to identify the status of sodium intake in South Korea and to review the methods and their validity for estimating sodium intake in each country; through this, we aim to determine more accurate methods for determining sodium intake and to monitor the trend in sodium intake for Korean citizens in the future. Using 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to estimate daily sodium intake, the average daily sodium intake among Koreans was 4,546 mg (men, 5,212 mg; women, 3,868 mg). In addition to the nutrition survey that uses the 24-hour dietary recall method, sodium intake can also be calculated from the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine, 8-hour overnight urine, and spot urine samples. Although KNHANES uses the 24-hour dietary recall method to estimate the sodium intake, the 24-hour dietary recall method has the disadvantage of not being able to accurately determine the amount of sodium intake owing to its unique characteristics of the research method and in the processing of data. Although measuring the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine is known to be the most accurate method, because collecting 24-hour urine from the general population is difficult, using spot urine samples to estimate sodium intake has been suggested to be useful for examining the trend of sodium intake in the general population. Therefore, we planned to conduct a study for estimating of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine and 8-hour overnight urine samples and testing the validity among subsamples in the KNHANES. Based on this result, we will adopt the most appropriate urine collection method for estimating population sodium intake in South Korea.

Many studies have found links between diet and cancer. The summary estimates of the association between dietary factors and cancer risk were investigated using previously reported studies of the Korean population. Gastric cancer risk was inversely associated with the high intake of soy foods [OR (95% CI): 0.32 (0.25-0.40) for soybean, 0.56 (0.45-0.71) for soybean curd, and 0.67 (0.46-0.98) for soymilk], allium vegetables [OR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.26-0.53) for green onion, 0.54 (0.40-0.73) for garlic, and 0.54 (0.35-0.85) for onion], fruits [OR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.42-0.88)], and mushrooms [OR (95% CI): 0.43 (0.21-0.88)]. Salt and Kimchi were associated with an increased gastric cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 1.92 (1.52-2.43) and 2.21 (1.29-3.77), respectively]. Colorectal cancer risk was positively associated with meat intake [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.15-1.36)]. Total soy products, soybean curd, and soymilk showed an inverse association with breast cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.38-0.99), 0.47 (0.34-0.66), and 0.75 (0.57-0.98), respectively]. Green/yellow and light colored vegetables were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer [OR (95% CI): 0.34 (0.23-0.49) and 0.44 (0.21-0.90), respectively]. Mushroom intake was inversely associated in pre-menopausal women only [OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.26-0.86)]. In conclusion, soy foods, fruits and vegetables might reduce cancer risk in the Korean population. High salt food might be risk factor for gastric cancer, and intake of high amount of meat might cause colorectal cancer.