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A morphological study of postlarval stages of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, was conducted to examine congruence between northern (formerly I. dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) and southern morphotypes. The character set totaled 17 for females, 25 for males, and 28 for nymphs. Populations from 6 geographic areas, F1 progeny from reciprocal crosses between I. scapularis from Massachusetts and Georgia, and I. pacificus Cooley & Kohls from California were measured. Characters, except cornua length in nymphs, were positively correlated with PC1, indicating it was a general-size eigenvector. Characters used previously by others to distinguish northern and southern forms had a highly positive allometric relationship to general size. In canonical variate analysis (CVA) of nymphs, canonical score 1 (CAN1) discriminated I. pacificus from all other groups, canonical score 2 (CAN2) discriminated the remaining groups in a pattern that correlated with latitude, and canonical score 3 (CAN3) separated the western (Minnesota and Missouri) from the eastern groups. Size-free CVA indicated that north-south discrimination was size dependent, but that variation between Missouri and all other groups was not size related. Mahalanobis distances between groups within stages were significant with the exception of the 2 groups of female progeny of reciprocal crosses (Massachusetts x Georgia). Analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls tests revealed that each geographic population differed from all other groups in at least 1 nymphal character. Nymphs from northern areas (Minnesota, Massachusetts, Maryland) differed from those from southern areas (Missouri, North Carolina, Georgia) in characters associated with the basis capitulum (longer intercornua and interauricular distances, basis capituli, and hypostome internal files, larger auriculae, but shorter cornua). Western populations (Minnesota, Missouri) differed from eastern populations in idiosomal characters (broader scutum, larger coxae III and IV). Frequency polygons of characters with the greatest differences indicated that data are continuous and geographic variation is overlapping. Thus, the data support the previous contention of conspecificity of I. scapularis and I. dammini. I. scapularis appears to be a polytypic species with a widespread geographic distribution exhibiting north-south and east-west morphological clines in eastern North America.

Reciprocal crosses between Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin from Massachusetts and Ixodes scapularis Say from Georgia produced offspring through the F3 generation when the experiment was discontinued. Reciprocal I. dammini × Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (California) and I. scapularis × I. pacificus crosses produced F1 progeny; however, all progeny were sterile. Assortative mating experiments between I. dammini and I. scapularis indicated that males and females of both species mated with the opposite sex of heterospecific or conspecific ticks when there was a choice. Conventional discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements of ticks from Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts, and two populations of F1 hybrids indicated that there were recognizable differences. However, size-free (sheared) discriminant analysis indicated that these differences were largely size-dependent, with much overlap of the four eastern and two hybrid populations but no overlap with I. pacificus from California. Analysis of chromosomes (morphology and C band) indicated no differences between the Georgia and Massachusetts populations but showed a difference between them and the California population of I. pacificus. Analysis of isozymes showed that the genetic identity value for the Georgia and Massachusetts populations was within the normal range for conspecific populations, whereas the California population indicated congeneric but not conspecific relatedness to the Georgia and Massachusetts populations. Life cycle data collected under similar laboratory conditions showed no differences in length of feeding and molting periods among Georgia, Massachusetts, and California populations. These data and results of the work of other authors on tick host preferences and vector competence indicate that I. dammini is not a valid species separate from I. scapularis. Because the name Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821, has priority over the name Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin, 1979, I. dammini is relegated to a junior subjective synonym of I. scapularis (based on Article 23 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).

Mating behavior, spermiogenesis, egg development time, and male mating capacity of Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer) (Parasitiformes: Dermanyssidae) are described. Insemination is podospermal, via spermadactyls inserted into sperm induction pores located on each side of the body (podosoma) near the posterior of coxae III. Mating behavior is of the Amblyseius-Typhlodromus type, requiring 14 min to 1 h. One or both sperm induction pores may be used. Spermatophores isolated during mating were spherical, translucent, permeable to stain, and approximately 200 μm in diameter with a smaller neck where they were held by male chelicerae. Observation and measurement of approximately 200 spermatozoa from male reproductive tracts, spermatophores, and unfed and fed mated females indicate that spermatozoa in this species do not develop beyond irregularly rounded nonpolar cells with granular cell membranes, agranular cytoplasm, and large, densely stained nuclei with average cellular and nuclear dimensions of 7.80 by 11.73 and 3.70 by 4.09 μm, respectively. Several spermatozoa were observed in medial ovarian tissue of unfed females 1d after mating, and spermatozoa were not found in five unfed females 32 d after mating. Egg maturation and protonymphal development appear staggered, not synchronous. Males probably are incapable of successfully inseminating more than three or four females in the same number of days.

New host and distributional records, seasonal activities in Georgia, laboratory rearing data, and taxonomic description of nymphal and larval Ixodes affinis are presented. Our data expand the list of known natural hosts of this species, record for the first time several natural hosts of larvae and nymphs, provide information on feeding periods of all stages, preecdysial intervals, preovipositional, ovipositional, and incubational periods, as well as provide information on fecundity. The immatures are fully described and SEM micrographs of them are presented.