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Study questionWhat is the genetic basis of preeclampsia in Andean families residing at high altitudes?Summary answerA top candidate region associated with preeclampsia containing clotting factor genesPROZ, F7andF10was found on chromosome 13 of the fetal genome in affected Andean families.What is known alreadyPreeclampsia, a multi-organ complication of pregnancy, is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosed by the onset of maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, this disorder is a common cause of preterm delivery and affects approximately 5-7% of global pregnancies. The heterogeneity of preeclampsia has posed a challenge in understanding its etiology and molecular basis. However, risk for the condition is known to increase in high altitude regions such as the Peruvian Andes.Study design, size, durationTo investigate the genetic basis of preeclampsia in a high-altitude resident population, we characterized genetic diversity in a cohort of Andean families (N=883) from Puno, Peru, a high-altitude city above 3,500 meters. Our study collected DNA samples and medical records from case-control trios and duos between 2011-2016, thus allowing for measurement of maternal, paternal, and fetal genetic factors influencing preeclampsia risk.Participants/materials, setting, methodsWe generated high-density genotype data for 439,314 positions across the genome, determined ancestry patterns and mapped associations between genetic variants and preeclampsia phenotype. We also conducted fine mapping of potential causal variants in a subset of family participants and tested ProZ protein levels in post-partum maternal and cord blood plasma by ELISA.Main results and the role of chanceA transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) revealed variants near genes of biological importance in pregnancy physiology for placental and blood vessel function. The most significant SNP in this cluster, rs5960 (p−6) is a synonymous variant in the clotting factorF10. Two other members of the coagulation cascade,F7andPROZ, are also in the top associated region. However, we detected no difference of PROZ levels in maternal or umbilical cord plasma.Limitations, reasons for cautionOur genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was limited by a small sample size and lack of functional follow up. Our ELISA was limited to post-natal blood sampling (only samples collected immediately after birth). But, despite a small sample size, our family based GWAS design permits identification of novel significant and suggestive associations with preeclampsia. Further longitudinal studies could analyze clotting factor levels and activity in other pregnant cohorts in Peru to assess the impact of thrombosis in preeclampsia risk among Andean highlanders.Wider implications of the findingsThese findings support previous evidence suggesting that coagulation plays an important role in the pathology of preeclampsia and potentially underlies susceptibility to other pregnancy disorders exacerbated at high altitudes. This discovery of a novel association related to a functional pathway relevant to pregnancy biology in an understudied population of Native American origin demonstrates the increased power of family-based study design and underscores the importance of conducting genetic research in diverse populations.Study funding/competing interest(s)This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant No. DGE–1147470 awarded to K.M.B.R. (fellow no. 2014187481); NSF SBE Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award No. 1711982 awarded to M.N.C.; an A.P. Giannini Foundation postdoctoral fellowship, a Stanford Child Health Research Institute postdoctoral award, and a Stanford Dean’s Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to E.T.Z.; the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Investigator Award to C.D.B; a Burroughs Welcome Prematurity Initiative Award to J.C.B.; the George Rosenkranz Prize for Health Care Research in Developing Countries, and the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, Italy) grant CRP/ MEX15-04_EC, and Mexico’s CONACYT grant FONCICYT/50/2016, each awarded to A.M.E. Further funding was provided by the Sandler Family Foundation, the American Asthma Foundation, the RWJF Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, Harry Wm. and Diana V. Hind Distinguished Professor in Pharmaceutical Sciences II, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Awards R01HL117004, R01HL128439, R01HL135156, R01HL141992, National Institute of Health and Environmental Health Sciences Awards R01ES015794, R21ES24844, the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Awards R01MD010443, and R56MD013312, and the National Human Genome Research Institute Award U01HG009080, each awarded to E.G.B. Author J.W.C. is currently a full-time employee at Genentech, Inc. and hold stocks in Roche Holding AG. Author E.G.B. reports grants from the National Institute of Health, Lung, Blood Institute, the National Institute of Health, General Medical Sciences, the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Sandler Family Foundation, during the conduct of the study.Trial registration numberN/A*for MESH terms see PubMed athttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

United States and European guidelines have recommended new treatment goals for office blood pressure (BP). We examined 9784 hypertensives of the Spanish Ambulatory BP Monitoring (ABPM) registry with office BP treated to the prior goal (140/90 mm Hg); and evaluated the frequency and all-cause mortality of 4 BP strata depending on whether or not they attained more conservative or new office BP goal (130-139/80-89 and130/80 mm Hg, respectively) and whether or not BP was controlled according to ABPM criteria in the European and US guidelines (24-hour ambulatory BP130/80 and125/75 mm Hg, respectively). Whether achieving or not the new office BP goal, the total-mortality risk during a 5-year follow-up was only significantly higher than the reference (normal office BP and ABPM) when 24-hour ambulatory BP was above goal (hazard ratio from multivariable Cox models was in the range of 2.4-2.9; P0.001). The frequency of patients achieving the new office BP goal was 34.4%, and the frequencies of those not achieving the ABPM goal were 31.6% and 53.7% using the 130/80 or the 125/75 ABPM goal, respectively. Mean office systolic BP was 129 mm Hg for patients not achieving the ABPM goal. In hypertensive patients controlled under prior office BP goal, the frequency of those achieving new office BP goal130/80 was high, suggesting this goal can be attained. In addition, patients had a higher mortality risk only when ABPM was above goal despite having mean office systolic BP under control, a condition that was also common.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress, celebrado en Barcelona (España) del 26 al 30 de agosto de 2017., [Introduction] Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a hormone synthesized in bones in response of an increase in circulating phosphate levels. It is known that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) show high serum levels of FGF-23 and this increment is gradual as CKD progresses. Despite of FGF-23 has been classically associated to renal dysfunction, during the last years is also considered as a non-conventional risk factor of cardiovascular (CV) disease. However, it is completely unknown whether FGF-23 might alter cardiac contractile function, especially in advanced stages of renal disease in which circulating FGF-23 levels are strongly increased., [Purpose] 1) Analyze whether FGF-23 impairs calcium (Ca2+) handling, a key regulator of contractile function and consequently the ventricular rhythm. 2) Analyze the circulating levels of FGF-23 in dialysis patients and its relationship with the ventricular rhythm., [Methods] Enzymatically isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes (n=9) were perfused firstly with a vehicle solution and subsequently with a FGF-23 solution (100 ng/mL). L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) was recorded by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Ca2+ handling and contractile function were analyzed using confocal microscopy. To determinate FGF-23-dependent pathways, cardiomyocytes were pre-incubated with the FGF-receptors inhibitor PD173074 (10 μmol/mL) or soluble klotho (s-klotho) (100 ng/mL). In addition, FGF-23 serum levels were measured by the FGF-23 (C-term) ELISA-kit in samples from patients under dialysis (n=52)., [Results] FGF-23 induced a significant decline of ICaL (p1000 RU/mL of FGF-23 in 68% of total dialysis patients., [Conclusion] Our study uncovers FGF-23 as new target in the intracellular Ca2+ handling, able to impair contractile function and induce a pro-arrhythmogenic phenotype in adult cardiomyocytes., [Future perspectives] Alterations evoked by FGF-23 in cardiomyocytes could explain the CV events observed in patients with CKD, especially those in dialysis. The next step will be to analyze in CKD patients whether high FGF-23 levels impair cardiac function and heart rhythm., This work was supported by grants CP15/00129 from ISCIII, Fundaciόn SENEFRO and Fondos FEDER.

Lograr un buen control clínico mediante la disminución de los síntomas y el manejo de factores de riesgo modificables de exacerbaciones es el objetivo principal del tratamiento del asma. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el grado de control clínico y la presencia de factores de riesgo modificables de exacerbaciones en asmáticos que se controlan en atención primaria. Se extrajeron datos de registros clínicos de los asmáticos que acudieron a su visita programada entre noviembre de 2014 y junio de 2015. En cada visita se realizó el Test de Control del Asma. Se analizaron 236 visitas (183 pacientes). El 10% tenía el asma totalmente controlada, 34% parcialmente controlada y 56% no controlada. El peor control clínico se asoció significativamente con mayor uso de recursos sanitarios. El 92% tenía factores de riesgo modificable de exacerbaciones, principalmente obesidad y tabaquismo activo. Achieve a good clinical control by reducing symptoms and management of modifiable risk factors for exacerbations is the main goal of asthma treatment. Our objective was to assess the degree of clinical control and the presence of modifiable risk factors of exacerbations in asthmatic patients controlled in primary care. Data were extracted from clinical records of asthmatics attending their scheduled visit between November 2014 and June 2015. In each visit the Asthma Control Test was performed. 236 visits (183 patients) were analyzed. 10% had totally controlled asthma, 34% partially controlled and 56% uncontrolled. The worst clinical control was significantly associated with greater use of health resources. 92% had modifiable risk factors of exacerbation, mainly obesity and active smoking.

Lograr un buen control clinico mediante la disminucion de los sintomas y el manejo de factores de riesgo modificables de exacerbaciones es el objetivo principal del tratamiento del asma. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el grado de control clinico y la presencia de factores de riesgo modificables de exacerbaciones en asmaticos que se controlan en atencion primaria. Se extrajeron datos de registros clinicos de los asmaticos que acudieron a su visita programada entre noviembre de 2014 y junio de 2015. En cada visita se realizo el Test de Control del Asma. Se analizaron 236 visitas (183 pacientes). El 10% tenia el asma totalmente controlada, 34% parcialmente controlada y 56% no controlada. El peor control clinico se asocio significativamente con mayor uso de recursos sanitarios. El 92% tenia factores de riesgo modificable de exacerbaciones, principalmente obesidad y tabaquismo activo.

The Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat strain represents an experimental model to study cardiovascular alterations under conditions of progressive albuminuria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genetic predisposition to albuminuria and the development of arterial stiffness and/or vascular remodelling.

Anolis limon sp. nov. (Figure 1 and 2) Holotype. MHUA-R 11760; adult male, from department of Antioquia, G��mez Plata municipality, Vereda La Clara, Hacienda Vegas de la Clara; 6 �� 34 ��� 53 ���N, 75 �� 11 ��� 43 ������W (1093 m) collected by Wilmar Munera on April 22, 2008 (Figure 1, 2 and 3). Paratypes (all from Colombia). MHUA-R 10053, 11267 collected in department of Antioquia, Yolombo municipality, Normandia, 6 �� 44 ' 6 ''N, 75 �� 4 ' 51 ''W (935 m); MHUA-R 10939 department of Antioquia, Amalfi municipality, vereda San Ignacio, 6 �� 54 ' 43 ''N, 75 �� 4 ' 42 ''W (1000 m); MHUA-R 11020 collected in department of Caldas, Norcasia municipality, vereda El Tigre, 5 �� 33 '32.7''N, 74 �� 52 ' 5,6 ''W (520 m); MHUA-R 11248 collected in department of Antioquia, Anor municipality, vereda El Retiro 6 �� 48 '46.66''N, 75 �� 3 ' 34,34 ''W (1538 m). Diagnosis. An Anolis of the ��� Dactyloa ��� clade (Savage et al. 1989; Casta��eda & de Queiroz 2011, 2013) and the latifrons series (Etheridge 1959; Williams 1976 a) according to the following combination of osteological characters: eight or less septate caudal vertebrae, lack of transverse processes on most or all of the autotomic caudal vertebra and having at least four parasternal chevrons attached to the dorsal ribs. Anolis limon differs from most species of the punctatus and tigrinus groups (Williams 1992) by having relatively smaller head scales; from the laevis species group (Williams 1979) by lacking a soft proboscis; from the roquet species group (Williams 1976 b) by possessing supraorbital semicircles separated from each other, the interparietal separated from the supraorbital semicircles, and a straight posterior border of the mental (Poe 2004); and from the latifrons clade (Casta��eda & de Quieroz 2011, 2013) by having a snout-vent length in adults less than 100 mm (Savage 2002). Anolis limon shares intermediate adult body size (65���95 mm SVL), smooth ventral scales, and mostly green dorsal coloration with A. chocorum and A. ibanezi, (see Poe et al. 2009 a), but differs of these both species in dewlap and color pattern (Figure 2). Anolis limon is distinguished from A. chocorum and A. ibanezi by its uniform light tan or yellow near the throat and tan in the distal portion with rows of green scales in males and color pattern. The dewlap in A. chocorum is orange and white anteriorly with rows of white scales. The dewlap in A. ibanezi is green and white anteriorly orange with rows of green scales (Poe et al. 2009). The color pattern in A. limon males is green with wide black bands on the flanks of males (males of A. chocorum exhibit rows of ocelli and males of A. ibanezi exhibit thin lines). In females of A. limon there is diffuse dark green spots on the flanks (there are rows of ocelli in females of A. chocorum and thin lines in females of A. ibanezi; however, we do not known whether these spots would be homologous with the ocelli present in A. chocorum) (Figure 1 and 2). Furthermore, A. limon exhibits fewer scales across the snout than A. chocorum (mean = 9.7, range = 8���11 in A. limon; mean = 12, range = 10���15 in A. chocorum) (Figure 4). Description of external morphology of the holotype (paratype variation in parentheses) (Figure 3 and 4): Morphological dimensions are shown in Table 1. Dorsal head scales smooth; weak frontal depression; rostral canthus distinct; seven postrostrals (5���7); two sublabial scales slightly enlarged, (one enlarged sublabial scales on each side); seven postmentals (6���7); interparietal separated from supraorbital semicircles by four scales (2���4); three scales between supraorbital semicircles (2���3); nine supralabials to center of eye (8���9); eight infralabials to center of eye (7���9); one superciliary scale enlarged followed by granular scales; none scales rows between suboculars and supralabial (1); ten scales across snout between second canthals (8���11); six loreal rows (5���7); circumnasal in contact with supralabial, separated from rostral by one scale (not in contact with supralabial in MHUA-R 11267); rostral slightly overlapping mental; mental broader than rostral, extending posterolaterally beyond rostral; posterior border of mental concave (convex in all paratypes); mental partially divided; scales surrounding the interparietal are smooth; some enlarged scales in supraocular disc, the rest granular. Dorsal scales keeled; two rows of slightly enlarged middorsal scales (0���2); nine dorsal scales counted longitudinally in 5 % of SVL (8���11); nine ventral scales counted longitudinally in 5 % of SVL (8���12) (see Poe 2004 for a description of this character); ventrals smooth, each scale bordered posteriorly by two scales (i.e., in transverse rows). Anterior part of the arm with unicarinate scales, elbow with multicarinate scales; thigh with unicarinate scales, knee with multicarinate scales; postcloacal greatly scales enlarged (absent in paratypes); scales on dewlap in rows of three scales (3���4); 22 expanded lamellae under third and four phalanges of fourth toe (20���22) (second and third phalanges of Williams et al. 1995); tail with keeled scales and a double middorsal row. *There was only one male additional to the holotype during this work. Osteological description (based in MHUA-R 11020). Postcranial skeleton: Interclavicles T-shaped; 24 presacral vertebrae; four lumbar vertebrae; eight caudal vertebrae with transverse processes anterior, gradually lost posteriorly ("alpha" condition in Anolis; Etheridge 1959); Caudal autotomy septa absent; five postxiphisternal inscriptional ribs, four pairs attached to dorsal ribs and one pair free (5: 1); Two sternal ribs and two xiphisternal ribs. Skull: Supraoccipital cresting continuous across supraoccipital; dorsal surface of skull smooth; parietal crests Y-shaped; anterolateral corners of parietal crests reach posterolateral corners of frontal; parietal casque absent; position of pineal foramen at parietal/frontal suture; supratemporal processes leave supraoccipital exposed above; postfrontal present; prefrontal contacts nasal; frontal sutures contacts only with nasals anteriorly; dorsal processes of jugal terminates on lateral aspect of postorbital; contact between jugal and squamosal absent; posteroventral corner of jugal is anterior to posterior edge of jugal; epipterygoid does not contact parietal; pterygoid teeth absent; lateral edges of vomer smooth; maxilla extends posteriorly to ectopterygoid; quadrate lateral shelf absent; premaxilla overlaps nasals laterally; posterior of skull slopes superiorly; crenulation along lateral edges of parietal absent; parietal roof flat; posteriormost tooth is posterior to anterior inferior alveolar foramen; angular processes of articular large; posterior suture of dentary pronged; posterior border of dentary extending within mandibular fossa; splenial large; ventral aspect of anteromedial process of coronoid projects posteriorly; surangular foramen completely in surangular; coronoid labial process present; posterolateral aspect of coronoid terminates anterior to supraangular foramen; angular absent. Color in life: Anolis limon is sexually dimorphic in color pattern. The dorsal surface of the body in both sexes is light green. Males have transverse dark green to black bands (five from the neck to the tail base, see Figure 1), whereas females have numerous dispersed dark green to bluish small blotches with a few additional small white blotches. The banded/blotched (male/female) pattern continues onto the dorsal surface of limbs and tail. Two aspects of the coloration, observed in the holotype, seem to be related to stress conditions, since they were not present when just caught. The first stress pattern is the brown and yellowish coloration in different parts of the head, and the second is some reticulated brown lines in trunk. The ventral surface of head, body, limbs, and tail is whitish with a diffuse light pattern of scattered bluish and greenish irregular small blotches in both sexes. Eyelids are bright yellow in their anterior and posterior margins, sometimes white at the very margin to the eye. The superior and inferior borders of eye are green like the rest of the body. The iris is light brown to reddish, the pupil is black. In males, the dewlap skin is uniform light tan or yellow near the throat and tan in the distal portion; the border scales are white, and has five transverse lines of light green scales. Females have white scales on the border of the dewlap, while the skin is green fading into yellow with rows of small white scales. Color in preservative. The color of recently preserved specimens is darker than that of living specimens, but the banded/blotched pattern is conserved. Older specimens also conserve the pattern, but green surfaces turn into purple, and the ventral surfaces become grayish (Figure 2 and 3). Distribution and ecology. Anolis limon is only known from some localities in the northeastern slope of the Central Andes in Colombia between 1000 and 1800 m of elevation (Figure 5). We found Anolis limon in secondary forest and forest edges, near streams and ponds, mostly sleeping on leaves at night. Morphometric analysis. The principal component analysis shows a clear separation between females for each species (Figure 6). The first two components explain 79.63% of variance in females (Table 2). Head variables exhibited the highest loadings in the first component (IoD, HW, SL) and limb dimensions (HuL, UL, FL) exhibited the highest loadings in the second component (see Table 2). Females of both species show a clear separation in the first component with very few differences in the second (Figure 5). Phylogenetic relationships. Our search strategy resulted in 576 equally-parsimonious trees with length of 31889 steps and a consistency index of 0.12 and a retention index of 0.49. The 50 % majority rule consensus of these trees is shown in Figure 7 (all non-dactyloid species were collapsed in this tree). Etymology. The specific name limon makes reference to the resemblance of the body color of the females to the green color of the fruits of the lemon tree (Citrus x lemon). Our phylogenetic results show that Anolis limon is nested within the " Dactyloa " clade of Anolis (Figure 7). The inclusion of species scored only for morphological characters probably reduces the support values for many nodes (Huelsenbeck 1991). However, the inclusion of these taxa with a lot of missing data may increase the accuracy of recovered phylogenetic relationships (Wiens & Tiu 2012). The results of our phylogenetic analysis reveal that although A. limon and A. chocorum are very similar morphologically they are nested in different subclades inside the ��� Dactyloa ��� clade. Instead, we found that A. limon is the sister taxa to A. ibanezi, although the nodal support is too low (below 50 % of bootstrap replicates). However, we only included molecular data for Anolis chocorum and a further study (including molecular data) it is necessary to highlights the phylogenetic relationships of mainland green anoles (Anolis limon, A. ibanezi and A. chocorum). The recent phylogenies of dactyloid anoles (see Casta��eda & de Queiroz, 2011, 2013) only have included the half of dactyloid taxa described (Casta��eda & de Queiroz, 2011) and in some cases, taxa with many missing data, mostly for molecular data (Casta��eda & de Quieroz, 2013). We considered that a better taxa sampling combined with a most complete character sampling (especially for molecular data) it is necessary to improve our understanding of the phylogeny of dactyloid anoles. Our morphometric analyses suggested that the females of Anolis limon and Anolis chocorum differs mainly in head variables (see Table 2 and Figure 5). These morphological differences likely are associated to differences in diet and bite force (Herrel et al. 2001 a; b), reflecting niche partitioning between species (Harmon et al. 2005). The distribution of Anolis limon is restricted to the middle Magdalena region of Colombia (Figure 5). This restricted distribution provide additional support for the hypothesis that Magdalena region is an endemism area (Hern��ndez-Camacho et al. 1992; Morrone 2001). Several species are known to be restricted to this region, like monkeys (e.g, Saguinus leucopus G��nther 1877), birds (e.g., Capito hypoleucus Salvin 1897), frogs (e.g., Agalychnis terranova Rivera, Duarte, Rueda & Daza, 2013;, Allobates niputidea Grant, Acosta & Rada 2007; Dendrobates truncatus Cope 1861), turtles (e.g., Podocnemis lewyana Dum��ril 1852) and other anole species (e.g., A. ibague Williams 1975). The discovery of this new species highlights the need for extensive work with Colombian anoles. Additional research in Colombian herpetological collections supplemented by extensive fieldwork at several sites across the country likely will allow the discovery of new anole taxa. With the description of Anolis limon we have added another species to the Colombian anole fauna for a total of 75 species (Uetz & Hosek 2013). Despite limited sampling effort dedicated to anoles in Colombia, in comparison with other regions (e.g., Greater Antilles) Colombia has the highest anole diversity of any country (Uetz & Hosek 2013). The high diversity of Anolis species in Colombia offers an excellent opportunity for addressing evolutionary and ecological questions (see Molina- Zuluaga & Guti��rrez-C��rdenas 2007; Velasco & Herrel 2007; Calder��n-Espinosa & Barrag��n-Forero 2011; Calder��n-Espinosa et al. 2013; Moreno-Arias & Urbina-Cardona 2013). We encourage herpetologists to conduct biological studies focused on Colombian anole species. Such studies will contribute to a greater understanding of the ecological and evolutionary causes of the high diversity in Colombia., Published as part of Velasco, Juli��n A. & Hurtado-G��mez, Juan Pablo, 2014, A new green anole lizard of the " Dactyloa " clade (Squamata: Dactyloidae) from the Magdalena river valley of Colombia, pp. 201-216 in Zootaxa 3785 (2) on pages 203-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/251956, {"references":["Savage, J. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 x 00142","Castaneda, M. R. & de Queiroz, K. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships of the Dactyloa clade of Anolis lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 61, 784 - 800. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.07.004","Castaneda, M. R. & de Queiroz, K. (2013) Phylogeny of the Dactyloa Clade of Anolis Lizards: New Insights from Combining Morphological and Molecular Data. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 345 - 398. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3099 / 0027 - 4100 - 160.7.345","Williams, E. E. (1992) New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. VII. Anolis lamari, a new anole from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, with a discussion of tigrinus and punctatus species group boundaries. Breviora, 495, 1 - 24.","Williams, E. E. (1979) South American Anoles: The species groups. 2. The proboscis anoles (Anolis laevis group). Breviora, 449, 1 - 21.","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: poa] 2.0. co; 2","Savage, J. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between two Continents, between two Seas. University of Chicago press, 934 pp.","Poe, S., Latella, I., Ryan, M. J. & Schaad, E. W. (2009) A new species of Anolis lizard (Squamata, Iguania) from Panama. Phyllomedusa, 8, 81 - 87.","Williams, E. E., Rand, H., Rand, A. & O'Hara, J. (1995) A computer approach to the comparison and identification of species in difficult taxonomic groups. Breviora, 502, 1 - 47.","Huelsenbeck, J. (1991) When are fossils better than extant taxa in phylogenetic analysis? Systematic Zoology, 40, 458 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2992240","Wiens, J. & Tiu, J. (2012) Highly incomplete taxa can rescue phylogenetic analyses from the negative impacts of limited taxon sampling. PLoS One, 7, 1 - 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0042925","Harmon, L. J., Kolbe, J. J., Cheverud, J. M. & Losos, J. B. (2005) Convergence and the multidimensional niche. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 59, 409 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1554 / 04 - 038","Salvin, O. (1897) Descriptions of five species of southamerican birds. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 7, 15 - 17.","Rivera-Correa, M., Duarte-Cubides, F., Rueda-Almonacid, J. V. & Daza, J. M. (2013) A new red-eyed treefrog of Agalychnis (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) from middle Magdalena River valley of Colombia with comments on its phylogenetic position. Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 85 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.4","Grant, T., Acosta-Galvis, A. R. & Rada, M. (2007) A name for the species of Allobates (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Copeia, 2007, 844 - 854. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2007) 7 [844: anftso] 2.0. co; 2","Williams, E. E. (1975) South American Anolis: Anolis ibague, New Species of the pentaprion group from Colombia. Breviora, 433, 1 - 10.","Uetz, P. & Hosek, J. (2013) The Reptile Database. Available from: www. reptile-database. org (accessed 20 July 2013)","Molina-Zuluaga, C. & Gutierrez-Cardenas, P. D. A. (2007) Uso nocturno de perchas en dos especies de Anolis (Squamata: Polychrotidae) en un bosque Andino de Colombia. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 47, 273 - 281.","Velasco, J. & Herrel, A. (2007) Ecomorphology of Anolis lizards of the Choc region in Colombia and comparisons with Greater Antillean ecomorphs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 29 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00885. x","Calderon-Espinosa, M. L. & Barragan-Forero, A. (2011) Morphological Diversification in Solitary Endemic Anoles: Anolis concolor and Anolis pinchoti from San Andres and Providence Islands, Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6, 205 - 210. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.006.0306"]}

El objetivo este estudio, fue identificar la importancia que le da a diferentes aspectos relacionados con la aparición de ruidos articulares (RA) la articulación en temporomandibular (ATM), un grupo de 290 odontólogos. A los odontólogos se les aplicó una encuesta, en donde se les preguntó acerca de la importancia que les merecía la aparición de RA (clicking y crepitación) y su tratamiento, en ausencia o presencia de otros signos o síntomas; como también, acerca de la relación causal entre maloclusión y RA y sobre la posibilidad de considerarlos normales. Los resultados mostraron que para estos odontólogos, la aparición de RA y su tratamiento, son importantes; ya sea que se presenten, o no, asociados con otros signos o síntomas; y además, consideran que la relación causal entre maloclusión y aparición de RA, es alta.(AU)

Introducción: La analgesia intratecal surge como una opción terapéutica para el alivio del dolor en pacientes con dolor crónico en quienes han fallado otras formas de tratamiento. El objetivo fue evaluar la discapacidad y la calidad de vida en pacientes con dolor crónico intratable. Material y métodos: Investigación retrospectiva, longitudinal y descriptiva, se incluyeron 27 pacientes, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 18 y 85 años, a quienes se les implantó una bomba de infusión intratecal, con un tiempo mínimo de 6 meses de colocación. Se evaluó la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual análoga (EVA), el índice de discapacidad de Oswestry (OW) y la calidad de vida con el Fast-Espiditest previo a la implantación y a los 6 meses. Resultados: El 65,38% presentaban dolor mixto, siendo el síndrome postlaminectomia el diagnostico etiológico más frecuente (51,8%). La EVA inicial fue 7,7±1 y la EVA final 2,07±1, lo cual fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,00001). El OW inicial fue 61,2% ± 10,8 (discapacitado) y el OW final 20,2%± 8,7 (incapacidad mínima), con una significancia estadística de p=0,000006. El Fast-Espiditest inicial reportó dolor intenso en 4 pacientes, (14%), moderado en 21 pacientes (77%), leve en 2 pacientes (7,4%), y el Fast-Espiditest final, dolor intenso en 1 paciente (3,7%), moderado en 4 pacientes (14,8%), leve en 22 pacientes (81,4%). Conclusiones: La bomba de infusión intratecal es un dispositivo seguro y eficaz, logrando adecuado alivio del dolor en los pacientes con dolor crónico intratable, mejorando su funcionalidad y por lo tanto su calidad de vida. Introduction: Intrathecal analgesia has emerged as a therapeutic option for pain relief in patients with chronic pain in those where other forms of treatment have failed. The objective was to evaluate disability and the quality of life in patients with chronic intractable pain. Material and methods: Retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study, including 27 patients of both sexes, aged 18-85 years, in whom an intrathecal infusion pump was implanted for at least 6 months. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and quality of life prior to the Fast-Espiditest implant and at six months. Results: A total of 65.38% had mixed pain, with post-laminectomy syndrome being the more frequent aetiological diagnosis (51.8%). The initial VAS score was 7.7±1 and at six-months it was 2.07±1, which was statistically significant (P=0.00001). The initial ODI was 61.2% ± 10.8 (Disabled) and the final ODW was 20.2% ± 8.7 (minimal disability), with a statistical significance of P=0.000006. The initial Fast-Espiditest showed intense pain in 4 patients, (14%), moderate in 21 patients (77%), and mild in 2 patients (7.4%), and the final Fast-Espiditest, intense pain in 1 patient (3.7%), moderate in 4 patients (14.8%), and mild in 22 patients (81.4%). Conclusions: The intrathecal infusion pump is a safe and effective device, which obtains an adequate alleviation of the pain in the patients with chronic intractable pain, improving their functionality and therefore their quality of life.

Introducción: La estimulación eléctrica medular (EEM) definitiva es un procedimiento para pacientes con dolor crónico de predominio neuropático. El objetivo fue analizar la respuesta a la EEM en el dolor y los índices de calidad de vida. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio de serie de pacientes retrospectiva, longitudinal y descriptiva, en el que se incluyó a 40 pacientes de ambos sexos, con edades entre los 18 y los 85 años, a los que se implantó un sistema de EEM. Se evaluó la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual analógica (EVA) previamente, al mes y a los 6 meses de implantado. Se aplicó el índice de discapacidad de Oswestry y el Fast-Espiditest previo a la implantación y a los 6 meses. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con prueba de ANOVA, para lo que se consideró como significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: El 88% de los pacientes tenía dolor neuropático, con diagnóstico etiológico de síndrome poslaminectomía (67,5%). La medición de la EVA basal fue 8,8 ± 1,1, al mes 3,5 ± 2,3 y a los 6 meses 3,9 ± 2,0 (p < 0,001). El índice de Oswestry inicial fue de 65,5 ± 8,5 y el final, de 43,8 ± 11,4 (p < 0,001). Con el Fast-Espiditest basal encontramos dentro de dolor moderado al 10% de los pacientes y con dolor intenso, al 90%, y a los 6 meses dentro de dolor leve, al 45%; dolor moderado, al 37,5%, y con dolor intenso, al 17,5%. (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La EEM es una alternativa analgésica en el tratamiento del dolor crónico intenso de tipo neuropático, siendo una técnica segura y satisfactoria, la cual mejora la discapacidad y la calidad de vida, con complicaciones mínimas. Introduction: Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) is a procedure for patients with chronic intractable pain of neuropathic predominance. The objective was to evaluate the disability and quality of life in patients with SCS. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal research study with 40 male and female patients from 30 to 70 years of age with a SCS system. The intensity of pain was assessed by means of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), 1 month before and at 6 months after the implant. The Oswestry and the Fast-Espiditest disability indexes were used before and 6 months after the implantation. The statistical analysis of the results was performed using the ANOVA test using a p < 0.05 as significant. Results: A total of 88% of patients had neuropathic pain with an aetiological diagnosis of failed back surgery syndrome (67.5%). The baseline VAS score was 8.8 ± 1.1, at 1 month 3.5 ± 2.3 and 3.9 ± 2.0 at the 6th month (p < 0.001). The initial Oswestry Index was 65.5 ± 8.5 and the final one 43.8 ± 11.4 (p < 0.001). Using the Fast-Espiditest 10% of patients had moderate pain and 90% had intense pain at baseline. At 6 months 45% of patients had low pain, 37.5% moderate and 17.5% intense (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The SCS is an analgesic alternative for chronic intractable neuropathic pain management. It is a safe and successful technique, improving the disability and quality of life with minimum complications.

En el presente documento se estudian los criterios y requerimientos tecnológicos necesarios para la construcción de una arquitectura que permita la interconectividad de Bluetooth con redes Ethernet como base para la prestación de servicios de VoIP; adicionalmente se detallan los resultados obtenidos a partir de un proceso de validación de la arquitectura con base en la simulación de una serie de scenarios y un análisis de desempeño de un prototipo funcional para la prestación de dichos servicios. The present paper discusses the technology criteria and requirements necessaries to build an architecture that allows interconnectivity between Bluetooth and Ethernet networks as basis to provide services of VoIP, additionally it details the results from an architecture validation process base on the simulation of scenarios and analysis of performance from a functional prototype for the delivery of those services.

De acuerdo con los objetivos de la Pasantía su resultado pretende propiciar a la empresa objeto de estudio herramientas que permitan dar soporte a la definición de políticas financieras, acordes con la dinámica presentada en un mercado competitivo que se abre paso con la influencia tecnológica de final de siglo y la globalizacion de los mercados., Pregrado, Contador Público

Contains fulltext : 177598.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) OBJECTIVES: Excessive fluid therapy in patients with sepsis may be associated with risks that outweigh any benefit. We investigated the possible influence of early fluid balance on outcome in a large international database of ICU patients with sepsis. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Seven hundred and thirty ICUs in 84 countries. PATIENTS: All adult patients admitted between May 8 and May 18, 2012, except admissions for routine postoperative surveillance. For this analysis, we included only the 1,808 patients with an admission diagnosis of sepsis. Patients were stratified according to quartiles of cumulative fluid balance 24 hours and 3 days after ICU admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: ICU and hospital mortality rates were 27.6% and 37.3%, respectively. The cumulative fluid balance increased from 1,217 mL (-90 to 2,783 mL) in the first 24 hours after ICU admission to 1,794 mL (-951 to 5,108 mL) on day 3 and decreased thereafter. The cumulative fluid intake was similar in survivors and nonsurvivors, but fluid balance was less positive in survivors because of higher fluid output in these patients. Fluid balances became negative after the third ICU day in survivors but remained positive in nonsurvivors. After adjustment for possible confounders in multivariable analysis, the 24-hour cumulative fluid balance was not associated with an increased hazard of 28-day in-hospital death. However, there was a stepwise increase in the hazard of death with higher quartiles of 3-day cumulative fluid balance in the whole population and after stratification according to the presence of septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of patients with sepsis, higher cumulative fluid balance at day 3 but not in the first 24 hours after ICU admission was independently associated with an increase in the hazard of death.

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