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The article contains the most important information about the population of Cambodia, its history from ancient times to the present day, the political situation including freedom of expression, the economic situation and the issue of violations of children’s rights. The main objective of this article is to provide the reader with basic information about Cambodia and to analyse the main problems of this Asian country in the second decade of the 21st century, with a special focus on the violation of children’s rights. The aim of the analysis is to answer the question: how does the political-economic situation and the history of the country affect the situation of children in Cambodia.The main part of the article deals with social problems such as poverty, lack of freedom of expression, persecution of political opponents by the authorities, prostitution and human trafficking, including violations of the rights of the youngest and the stigmatisation of orphanage residents. Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze informacje na temat ludności Kambodży, jej historii od czasów starożytnych do współczesności. Omówiona została obecna sytuacja ekonomiczna i polityczna kraju oraz poruszono kwestię nieprzestrzegania wolności słowa. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na problematykę związaną z łamaniem praw dzieci. Poddano zatem analizie główne problemy tego azjatyckiego kraju w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Jako cel główny przyjęto odpowiedź na pytanie: jak sytuacja polityczno-ekonomiczna i historia kraju wpływają na sytuację dzieci w Kambodży?Poszczególne rozdziały dotykają takich problemów społecznych, jak: bieda, brak wolności słowa, prześladowanie przeciwników politycznych przez władzę, prostytucja i handel ludźmi, wliczając w to łamanie praw najmłodszych i stygmatyzację mieszkańców sierocińców.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Access to stable housing has a significant effect on the wellbeing of survivors of human trafficking and modern slavery. Safe and sustainable accommodation provides a crucial foundation for survivors beginning their recovery; however, it is often very difficult to source for support services assisting them. This paper presents the findings of research that analysed the eligibility, suitability, availability, and accessibility of short-term accommodation and long-term housing options to better understand the barriers to accommodating survivors in Australia. It demonstrates that survivors were not eligible for many options due to their immigration status or lack of income. Within the limited options, there is a shortage of suitable accommodation due to the absence of survivor-specific services, and due to rules and requirements imposed by accommodation providers that are not supportive of survivors’ unique needs. These include restrictions on survivors’ freedom of movement, on the use of alcohol and other drugs, and on accommodating men, children, and extended family, as well as requirements related to engaging in activities. These barriers negatively impact survivors’ recovery and may lead to homelessness whilst increasing the risk of re-trafficking or other harm. Collaboration and coordination between actors within anti-slavery and housing policy spheres is urgently required to mitigate these barriers and prevent such harms.

Objective/context: The article aims to analyze child recruitment as a form of human trafficking. Beyond the theoretical perspectives that focus on security or rights, it addresses the topic as a form of unfree labor. By means of a case study focused on child recruitment by right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia, the paper analyzes how children entered and exited illegal armed groups, the functions they performed, and the exploitation they endured. The research argues that child recruitment operates as a large-scale labor-market uptake in the wartime social order, where the “employers” are paramilitary groups, and the labor force, in part, consists of children and adolescents. Methodology: This case study relies on different sources of information: a database on child recruitment provided by the special Justice and Peace Unit of the Colombian Attorney General’s Office (989 cases between 1981 and 2005), sentences of Peace and Justice, testimonials given by victims in judicial processes, and semi-structured interviews with different actors. Conclusions: The paper shows that child recruitment as a form of trafficking is functional to wartime social order in contexts of poverty and inequality. There is demand and supply; thus, both girls and boys, who worked as soldiers, are not only victims but also agents that make decisions in challenging conditions. Therefore, if the socioeconomic options for these children, even after their demobilization from the armed group, are still a choice between bad and worse, joining a violent (no longer “armed” but “criminal”) group will remain a feasible alternative. Originality: The article contributes to the academic literature on a recent topic, such as the overlapping between child recruitment and human trafficking in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. It also contributes to the literature on “unfree labor,” as the study focuses on an actor (illegal armed groups) that has not been analyzed until now. Finally, the research demonstrates the limits of understanding human trafficking (and child recruitment as a form of trafficking) as a problem of security or rights entitlement. It highlights the analytical and political advantages of categories such as “unfree labor” to provide effective solutions for the prevention and reintegration of child soldiers. Objetivo/contexto: el artículo propone analizar el reclutamiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes como una forma de trata de personas. Más allá de las aproximaciones teóricas que enfatizan las dimensiones de seguridad o derechos, este estudio aborda el tema como una forma de trabajo no libre. Mediante un estudio de caso, centrado en las prácticas de reclutamiento por parte del paramilitarismo en Colombia, el artículo se enfoca en la entrada de los niños, niñas y adolescentes al grupo armado, la salida, las funciones que cumplieron y las formas de explotación a las que fueron sometidos. Esta investigación sostiene que el reclutamiento en Colombia opera como un mercado laboral a gran escala en un orden social de guerra, donde los “empleadores” son grupos paramilitares y la fuerza de trabajo está conformada, en parte, por niños, niñas y adolescentes. Metodología: el estudio de caso se basa en diferentes fuentes de información: la base de datos de reclutamiento ilícito facilitada por la unidad especial de Justicia y Paz de la Fiscalía General de Colombia (989 casos de niños y niñas reclutados entre 1981 y 2005), sentencias de Justicia y Paz, audiencias de las víctimas en el proceso judicial y entrevistas semiestructuradas a diferentes actores. Conclusiones: el artículo muestra que el reclutamiento, como forma de trata, es funcional al orden social de la guerra en contextos de pobreza y desigualdad. Existe una oferta y una demanda; así, los niños y niñas que “trabajaron” como soldados no sólo son víctimas sino también agentes que tomaron decisiones en contextos difíciles. Por tanto, si las condiciones socioeconómicas de estos niños y niñas, incluso tras su desvinculación, siguen ofreciendo una decisión entre “lo malo y lo peor”, su incorporación a un grupo violento (ya no “armado” sino “criminal”) seguirá una opción viable. Originalidad: el artículo contribuye a la literatura académica sobre un tema actual, como el solapamiento entre tráfico humano y reclutamiento infantil en situaciones de conflicto armado y postconflicto. También contribuye a la literatura sobre “trabajo no libre” al enfocarse en un actor (grupos armados ilegales) que no han sido analizados hasta ahora. Finalmente, el artículo demuestra los límites de entender el tráfico humano (y el reclutamiento de niños como una de sus expresiones) como un problema de seguridad o titularidad de derechos. Subraya las ventajas analíticas y políticas de categorías como “trabajo no libre” para buscar soluciones efectivas en materia de prevención y reintegración de niños soldados. Objetivo/contexto: o artigo propõe analisar o recrutamento de meninas, meninos e adolescentes como um tipo de tráfico de pessoas. Além das aproximações teóricas que enfatizam as dimensões de segurança ou de direitos, esse estudo aborda o assunto como uma forma de trabalho não livre. Através de um estudo de caso sobre as práticas de recrutamento por parte do paramilitarismo na Colômbia, o artigo foca a análise na entrada de crianças e adolescentes nos grupos armados, sua saída, as funções que realizaram e as formas de exploração às que foram submetidos. A pesquisa argumenta que o recrutamento na Colômbia opera sob as dinâmicas de um mercado de trabalho em escala ampla e numa ordem social de guerra, onde os “empregadores” são grupos paramilitares e a força de trabalho é composta, em parte, por crianças e adolescentes. Metodologia: a pesquisa consiste num estudo de caso baseado em diferentes fontes de informação: a base de dados de recrutamento ilícito disponibilizado pela Unidade Especial de Justiça e Paz da Procuradoria-Geral da Colômbia (989 casos de meninas e meninos recrutados entre 1981 e 2005); sentenças de Justiça e Paz, audiências de vítimas num processo na justiça e entrevistas semiestruturadas com diferentes atores. Conclusões: a pesquisa aponta que o recrutamento, como forma de tráfico, é funcional na ordem social de guerra em contextos de pobreza e desigualdade. Há uma oferta e uma demanda. Assim, meninas e meninos que “trabalharam” como soldados não são apenas vítimas, mas também agentes que tomaram decisões. Em consequência, o estudo salienta que, se as condições socioeconómicas dessas crianças continuarem se limitando a uma decisão entre “o ruim e o pior”, mesmo após a sua desvinculação, a sua incorporação num grupo armado ilegal, num contexto de guerra ou de criminalidade, continuará sendo uma opção viável. Originalidade: o artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa acadêmica sobre uma questão incipiente, tal como é a sobreposição entre tráfico e recrutamento de crianças em situações de conflito armado e pós-conflito. Igualmente, o artigo contribui às pesquisas sobre “trabalho não livre”, aplicando esse conceito a um ator pouco estudado nesse âmbito – os grupos armados ilegais. Finalmente, o artigo ressalta os limites de compreender o tráfico (e, assim, o recrutamento como uma forma de tráfico) como um problema de segurança ou de titularidade de direitos. Salientam-se, desse modo, as vantagens analíticas e políticas do uso de categorias como “trabalho não livre” para procurar soluções eficazes que visem à prevenção e reintegração de crianças-soldado.

Under international law, child trafficking means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a person under the age of 18 for the purposes of sexual exploitation, slavery, forced labor, servitude or exploitation, including removal of organs. Child trafficking, as an element of the crime of human trafficking, connects all countries and regions in an international crime network. Every year, children are smuggled from their homeland to other countries or within their own country, often from rural to urban areas. The crime of trafficking in children violates the human rights guaranteed to children in international law, especially the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Child trafficking, one of the fastest growing transnational crimes, threatens the survival and development of children and their right to education, health and protection. In this study, child trafficking, its common causes, its biopsychosocial effects on children and the general profile of its victims and the elements that should be focused on in the fight against child trafficking will be discussed from the persepective of social work discipline., Uluslararası hukuka göre, çocuk ticareti, 18 yaşından küçük bir kişinin cinsel sömürü, kölelik, zorla çalıştırma, kulluk veya organların alınması dahil olmak üzere sömürü amacıyla işe alınması, bir yerden bir yere taşınması, devredilmesi, barındırılması veya teslim alınması anlamına gelir. İnsan ticareti suçunun bir unsuru olarak çocuk ticareti, tüm ülkeleri ve bölgeleri uluslararası bir suç ağında birbirine bağlamaktadır. Her yıl çocuklar anavatanlarından başka ülkelere ya da kendi ülkeleri içinde, genellikle kırsal alanlardan kentsel alanlara kaçırılmaktadırlar. Çocuk ticareti suçu, başta Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi olmak üzere uluslararası hukukta çocuklara garanti edilen insan haklarını ihlal etmektedir. En hızlı büyüyen ulusötesi suçlardan biri olan çocuk ticareti, çocukların hayatta kalmaları ve gelişmelerini, eğitim, sağlık ve korunma haklarını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çocuk ticaretinin ne olduğu, yaygın nedenleri, çocuğa olan biopsikososyal etkileri ile mağdurlarının genel profili ve çocuk ticaretine karşı mücadelede odaklanılması gereken unsurlar sosyal hizmet disiplini bakış açısı ile tartışılacaktır.

The article examines the system of providing social services for persons affected by human trafficking. Based on the analysis of legislative norms, the necessity of making changes and additions to the Law of Ukraine «On combating human trafficking» is substantiated.It is proposed to set out Art. 17 of the Law of Ukraine «On Combating Human Trafficking» in terms of ensuring the rights of persons who have suffered from human trafficking in the following wording: “In order to ensure the realization of the rights provided for by this Law, persons who have suffered from human trafficking may be referred to one of the existing networks centers of social services, centers of social service (provision of social services), centers of social and psychological assistance. The conditions of stay and provision of services to persons affected by human trafficking by the existing network of social service centers, territorial centers of social services (provision of social services), centers for social and psychological rehabilitation of children and shelters for children, centers of social and psychological assistance are regulated by the provisions of the specified institutions . Social services are provided free of charge only with the consent of the injured person or an incapacitated person - with the consent of the body of guardianship and guardianship in the event that such a person has not been appointed a legal representative. The content and scope of social services for each affected person is determined individually depending on their needs and is specified in the contract on the provision of social services in accordance with the standards for providing social services to affected persons, which are approved by the central executive body, which ensures the formation of state policy in the field of prevention and counter-trafficking people, taking into account the requirements of international legal acts». Also taking into account the fact that in Ukraine, persons with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to falling into the situation of human trafficking; persons with injuries, serious illnesses or health disorders (especially mental); elderly people and teenagers; members of lowincome families; representatives of national minorities [3], in our opinion, it is also necessary to resolve the issue of the involvement of guardianship and care authorities for incapacitated persons in the event that such a person has not been appointed a legal representative. The provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence” dated 07.12.2017 No. 2229-VIII can serve as an example, in particular, Article 17 of this act., У статті досліджується система надання соціальних послуг для осіб, які постраждали від торгівлі людьми. На підставі аналізу законодавчих норм обґрунтовується необхідність внесення змін та доповнень до Закону України «Про протидію торгівлі людьми». Запропоновано викласти ст. 17 Закону України «Про протидію торгівлі людьми» в частині забезпечення прав осіб, які постраждали від торгівлі людьми у такій редакції «З метою забезпечення реалізації прав, передбачених цим Законом, особи, які постраждали від торгівлі людьми, можуть бути направлені до одного з діючої мережі центрів соціальних служб, центрів соціального обслуговування (надання соціальних послуг), центрів соціально-психологічної допомоги. Умови перебування та надання послуг особам, які постраждали від торгівлі людьми, діючою мережею центрів соціальних служб, територіальних центрів соціального обслуговування (надання соціальних послуг), центрів соціально-психологічної реабілітації дітей та притулків для дітей, центрів соціально-психологічної допомоги регулюються положеннями про зазначені заклади. Соціальні послуги надаються безкоштовно тільки за згодою постраждалої особи або недієздатної особи - за згодою органу опіки та піклування у разі, якщо законного представника такій особі не призначено. Зміст та обсяг соціальної послуги для кожної постраждалої особи визначається індивідуально залежно від її потреб і зазначається в договорі про надання соціальної послуги відповідно до стандартів надання соціальних послуг постраждалим особам, які затверджуються центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері запобігання та протидії торгівлі людьми, з урахуванням вимог міжнародних правових актів». Також зважаючи на той факт, що в Україні особливо вразливими до потрапляння в ситуацію торгівлі людьми є особи з інвалідністю; особи з травмами, важкими хворобами або розладами здоров’я (зокрема психічними); особи похилого віку та підлітки; члени малозабезпечених сімей; представники національних меншин, на нашу думку, потрібно вирішити і питання щодо залучення органів опіки та піклування щодо недієздатних осіб у разі якщо законного представника такій особі не призначено. Зразком можуть слугувати положення Закону України «Про запобігання та протидію домашньому насильству» від 07.12.2017 р. № 2229-VIII, зокрема ст. 17 цього акту.

Resumo Este ensaio se propõe a analisar em que medida a pandemia de covid-19 e a abordagem a ela conferida afetam a dinâmica do tráfico de pessoas, da exploração sexual, dos abusos laborais, e o atendimento recebido pelas vítimas. O tráfico de pessoas é contextualizado em um cenário de fragilidade global, estabelecendo riscos adicionais relacionados à realidade migrante, à classe social, ao gênero e à idade, e adquirindo agravantes próprios em decorrência da covid-19, considerando-se a redução da investigação e da oferta de assistência aos afetados. As medidas de isolamento repercutem gravemente sobre tais indivíduos, na medida em que deixam de gerar lucros para seus algozes e permanecem em ambientes precários, em um cenário propício à exploração laboral e outras formas de violência. A exploração sexual passa a ser ainda mais clandestina, expondo a vítima a novas formas de pressão e à contaminação. A informação em saúde e a possibilidade de prevenção e tratamento é modesta ou inexistente para as pessoas traficadas, comumente apartadas das estratégias referentes à emergência sanitária, sem acesso aos protocolos de proteção, em meio à ausência de autonomia. Realça-se a necessidade de um modelo sociossanitário inclusivo, em constante observação às demandas relacionadas aos grupos marginalizados. Abstract This essay aims to analyze to what extent the covid-19 pandemic and the approach given to it affect the dynamics of human trafficking, sexual exploitation, labor abuse, and the care received by victims. Human trafficking is contextualized in a scenario of global fragility, establishing additional risks related to the migrant reality, social class, gender and age, and acquiring its own aggravating factors as a result of covid-19, considering the reduction in investigating and offering assistance to those affected. Isolation measures have a serious impact on these individuals, as they fail to generate profits for their tormentors and remain in precarious environments, in a scenario conducive to labor exploitation and other forms of violence. Sexual exploitation becomes even more clandestine, exposing the victim to new forms of pressure and contamination. Health information and the possibility of prevention and treatment are modest or non-existent for trafficked people, who are commonly cut off from strategies related to health emergencies, without access to protection protocols, amid a lack of autonomy. The need for an inclusive socio-sanitary model, constantly observing the demands related to marginalized groups, is highlighted.

La lutte contre la traite des personnes est un des piliers essentiels du Fonds Fiduciaire d’Urgence pour l’Afrique (FFUA) décidé à la suite du Sommet de La Valette de 2015. La Tunisie et la Côte d’Ivoire ont été deux États récepteurs de multiples fonds issus du FFU. Si ces deux pays présentent des profils migratoires différents, ils sont tous les deux considérés comme « problématiques » du point de vue migratoire. À la forte proportion de ressortissants ivoiriens et tunisiens dans les arrivées dites irrégulières sur les côtes européennes, s’ajoute l’arrivée, en constante augmentation depuis 2011, de très nombreux ressortissants ivoiriens en Tunisie. Se basant sur une enquête ethnographique de 16 mois menée entre la Tunisie et la Côte d’Ivoire, cet article se propose d’analyser les modalités de mise en œuvre de la lutte contre la traite des personnes dans les espaces associatifs et humanitaires des deux pays en questionnant plus particulièrement les formes de médiation et d’appropriation de ces programmes au niveau local. Après avoir restitué dans un premier temps les productions institutionnelles des deux pays dans le domaine, il est démontré comment les programmes de lutte contre la traite des personnes ont été fabriqués et médiatisés dans les différents contextes nationaux. En Tunisie, la lutte contre la traite a été traduite autour du récit de la transition démocratique quand, en Côte d’Ivoire, elle s’est construite autour du travail des enfants. Nous interrogeons, dans un second temps, les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces programmes au niveau local, à la fois au niveau des organisations non-gouvernementales mais aussi à l’échelle des associations communautaires. Entre détournements à des fins de protection et réutilisations dans la lutte contre l’immigration, nous interrogerons la diversité des usages de ces programmes par les acteurs associatifs et humanitaires. Plus globalement, cet article, tout en démontrant la manière dont la lutte contre la traite s’est imposée en nouvel outil du contrôle migratoire, contribue également aux débats plus généraux entourant les logiques d’externalisation et d’internalisation du gouvernement international des migrations en Afrique. The fight against human trafficking is one of the key pillars of the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (ETF) decided following the 2015 Valletta Summit. Tunisia and Ivory Coast have been two recipient states of multiple funds from the ETF. While these two countries have different migration profiles, they are both considered "problematic" from a migration perspective. In addition to the high proportion of Ivorian and Tunisian nationals in the so-called irregular arrivals on European coasts, there has been a continuous increase in the number of Ivorian nationals arriving in Tunisia since 2011. Based on a 16-month ethnographic survey conducted between Tunisia and Ivory Coast, this article aims to analyse the modalities of implementation of the fight against human trafficking in the associative and humanitarian spaces of the two countries by questioning more particularly the forms of mediation and appropriation of these programmes at the local scale. After having restituted the institutional productions of the two countries in the area of human trafficking, it is shown how these programs have been produced and mediated in the two different national contexts. In Tunisia, the fight against trafficking has been translated around the narrative of the democratic transition, while in Ivory Coast, it has been built around child labour. Secondly, we examine the ways in which these programmes are implemented at the local scale, both at the scale of non-governmental organisations and at the scale of community associations. Between diversions for protection purposes and reuses in the fight against immigration, we will examine the diversity of uses of these programmes by associative and humanitarian actors. More generally, this article, while demonstrating the way in which the fight against trafficking has become a new tool of migration control, also contributes to the more general debates surrounding the logics of externalisation and internalisation of the international migration government in Africa.

The introduction to this volume explains the condition of slavery (including its definition and its place at the far end of a broad spectrum of coercion and unfreedom); illuminates conceptual and methodological choices; and discusses the layout and main intentions of the handbook. In particular it discusses how scholars approach the study of slavery, as well as some common themes in global slavery scholarship. It also underscores the intention of this volume to both historicize and spatialize slavery—i.e., to historicize it by moving beyond linear stories that trace slavery from Graeco-Roman antiquity and end with transatlantic slavery and abolition; and to spatialize it by recentering the geography of slavery, illuminating regional contexts of slavery around the world.

The article contains the most important information about the population of Cambodia, its history from ancient times to the present day, the political situation including freedom of expression, the economic situation and the issue of violations of children’s rights. The main objective of this article is to provide the reader with basic information about Cambodia and to analyse the main problems of this Asian country in the second decade of the 21st century, with a special focus on the violation of children’s rights. The aim of the analysis is to answer the question: how does the political-economic situation and the history of the country affect the situation of children in Cambodia. The main part of the article deals with social problems such as poverty, lack of freedom of expression, persecution of political opponents by the authorities, prostitution and human trafficking, including violations of the rights of the youngest and the stigmatisation of orphanage residents., Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze informacje na temat ludności Kambodży, jej historii od czasów starożytnych do współczesności. Omówiona została obecna sytuacja ekonomiczna i polityczna kraju oraz poruszono kwestię nieprzestrzegania wolności słowa. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na problematykę związaną z łamaniem praw dzieci. Poddano zatem analizie główne problemy tego azjatyckiego kraju w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Jako cel główny przyjęto odpowiedź na pytanie: jak sytuacja polityczno-ekonomiczna i historia kraju wpływają na sytuację dzieci w Kambodży? Poszczególne rozdziały dotykają takich problemów społecznych, jak: bieda, brak wolności słowa, prześladowanie przeciwników politycznych przez władzę, prostytucja i handel ludźmi, wliczając w to łamanie praw najmłodszych i stygmatyzację mieszkańców sierocińców.

Cross-border human trafficking remains a significant challenge to effective fight against illicit trans-border movements through Seme-Idiroko borders. The purpose of this paper was to assess how drivers of cross-border human trafficking have undermined safety of individuals and compromised effective protection of Seme-Idiroko borders in order to mitigate the increasing spate of cross-border sex and labour trafficking in the border communities. The study was built around the structural conflict theory by Karl Marx in order to clearly understand the class character of the drivers of human trafficking. Using the Rakash sample size formula, a sample of 397 was determined from a population of 46,105 respondents comprising a target population from NAPTIP, NCS, and NIS in both Ogun and Lagos States; ONSA, Abuja and residents of Idiroko, Seme, Kpodji-Ague and Igolo border communities. Also, 15 respondents were selected from the sample size of the study using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using structured and open-ended questions as well as in-depth interview. Data were also collected from secondary source. Data from questionnaire were analysed using weighted average, while data from in-depth interview were analysed using narrative technique. Data from secondary source were analysed using relational-content analysis. Findings from the study revealed, among other things, that poverty, craving for better life and porous nature of Seme-Idirko borders are among drivers of cross-border human trafficking undermining security in Seme-Idiroko border communities. Among other things, it was recommended that the government should urgently embark on poverty alleviation programmes in Seme-Idiroko border communities with a view to mitigating drivers of cross-border human trafficking undermining security in the border communities.

Although human trafficking is recognized as a public health issue, research on the health effects of human trafficking and best intervention practices is limited. We describe 2 citywide collaborative victim services models, the THRIVE (Trafficking, Healthcare, Resources, and Interdisciplinary Victim Services and Education) Clinic at the University of Miami and Jackson Health System in Miami, Florida, and the Greater Houston Area Pathways for Advocacy-based, Trauma-Informed Healthcare (PATH) Collaborative at Baylor College of Medicine, CommonSpirit Health, and San Jose Clinic in Houston, Texas, funded in part by the Office for Victims of Crime, which focus on trauma-informed health care delivery for victims of human trafficking. From June 2015 through September 2021, the THRIVE Clinic served 214 patients with an average age of 28.7 years at the time of their first visit. From October 2017 through September 2021, the PATH Collaborative received 560 suspected trafficking referrals, 400 of which screened positive for labor or sex trafficking. These models serve as a framework for replication of interdisciplinary practices to provide health care for this unique population and preliminary information about the strategies put in place to assist victims during their recovery. Key lessons include the importance of a citywide needs assessment, patient navigators, interdisciplinary care, and building community partnerships to ensure safe housing, transportation, identification, health insurance, vocation services, input from survivors, peer-to-peer mentorship, and medical–legal services. Further research is needed to understand the detrimental health effects of trafficking and the health care needs of victims. In addition, a need exists to develop optimal models of care for recovery and reintegration for this patient population and to address public health, legal, and medical policies to ensure access to and sustainability of comprehensive, trauma-informed, interdisciplinary victim services.

Objectives: People experiencing trafficking often seek health care but are not identified. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention added new International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes specific to human trafficking (hereinafter, HT ICD-10-CM codes) that could systematize the identification and documentation of human trafficking in US health care settings, the extent of their use is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the frequency of HT ICD-10-CM code use in US health care organizations (HCOs) and (2) demographic data associated with HT ICD-10-CM codes using a large clinical database. Methods: This retrospective study used deidentified data collected from October 1, 2018, through March 30, 2021, from a clinical database (N = 69 740 144 patients) network (TriNetX) of 48 collaborating US HCOs. Data included number of patients with ≥1 HT ICD-10-CM code, diagnoses, and demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and region). Results: HT ICD-10-CM codes were associated with 298 patients in US HCOs, most of whom were young (mean [SD] age, 26 [16] y), White (53.0%; n = 158), and female (87.9%; n = 262). Thirty-seven of 48 (77.1%) participating HCOs used ≥1 HT ICD-10-CM code. The most frequently used HT ICD-10-CM codes were “forced sexual exploitation, suspected” (32.2%; n = 96) and “personal history of forced labor or sexual exploitation” (27.1%; n = 81). Labor trafficking codes were noted in approximately 3.7% of cases. Conclusions: HT ICD-10-CM codes are being used by health care professionals, as confirmed by large databases. Further research is needed to understand variation in code use and risk factors associated with human trafficking.

This article discusses the responsibility of the state in eliminating the practice of trafficking in persons. One form of this practice is mail-brides order. One child policy in China is one of the causes. Meanwhile, the similarities in culture and economic factors make Singkawang the location for mail-brides order transactions. To overcome this, Indonesia has ratified the Palermo Protocol by establishing Law No. 14 of 2009 concerning the Protocol to Prevent, React and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. . The violations that occurred in Singkawang were a form of human trafficking using 2 ways according to articles 5 and 6 of the law. Therefore, this will become a barrier for law enforcement in tracking and eradicating the crime of trafficking in persons, especially against victims of minors or children., Artikel ini membahas mengenai tanggung jawab negara dalam menghapus praktik perdagangan orang. Salah satu bentuk praktik tersebut adalah mail-brides order. Kebijakan one child policy di Tiongkok menjadi salah satu penyebab. Sementara, adanya kesamaan budaya dan faktor ekonomi menjadikan Singkawang sebagai lokasi transaksi mail-brides order. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, Indonesia telah meratifikasi Protokol Palermo dengan membentuk Undang-Undang Nomor 14 tahun 2009 tentang Protokol untuk Mencegah, Menindak, dan Menghukum Perdagangan Orang, Terutama Perempuan dan Anak-Anak, Melengkapi Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Menentang Tindak Pidana Transnasional yang Terorganisasi. Pelanggaran yang terjadi di Singkawang merupakan bentuk perdagangan orang yang menggunakan 2 cara menurut pasal 5 dan 6 dalam UU tersebut. Oleh karena itu, hal ini akan menjadi penghalang bagi penegak hukum dalam melacak dan memberantas kejahatan perdagangan orang, khususnya terhadap korban dibawah umur atau anak-anak.

Background: The present study explores trauma-related factors (human trafficking or physical or sexual violence during transactional sex) associated with interest in future community mobilization around health and human rights. Community mobilization among persons selling sex aims to help participants overcome trauma and increase self-reliance through peer advocacy and collective action for improved human conditions. However, how violence and human trafficking impact community mobilization participation among men and women selling sex is less known. Methods: The current study uses data (n = 96) from the baseline survey of participants in the pilot Kapihan community mobilization intervention, which recruited 37 men and 59 women from Metro Manila, Philippines. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze factors (violence, human trafficking) independently associated with the desire to participate in community mobilization, adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Results: An increased interest in participating in community mobilization around health and human rights was significantly associated with having experienced physical or sexual abuse in the sex trade (AOR = 10.86; CI 1.48–79.69) and less history of trafficking (AOR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.02–0.97), adjusting for age, gender, income, number of children, and whether they considered group goals or had previously participated in community mobilization. Conclusion: Understanding the impact of experiences with physical and sexual violence and human trafficking on health and human rights mobilization participation can inform the design and recruitment for future community-based interventions. Further investigation needs to explore why experiences with human trafficking, having more children, or being a woman lessened the desire to mobilize in this Philippines context. Findings imply that trauma may be more complex. More work is needed to better identify interventions for those with a history of being trafficked or victimized by physical or sexual violence during transactional sex exchanges.

L'estudi del tràfic de persones per a la prostitució requereix una anàlisi sistemàtica i profunda, ja que és un fenomen complex que resulta de nombroses variables. Per tant, aquest treball té com a objectiu mapejar el tràfic de persones, especialment en el context brasiler, examinar les normes internacionals i el seu impacte en el dret brasiler i investigar la relació entre el crim organitzat i el tràfic de persones, considerant el tràfic de persones per a l'explotació sexual com una forma de control dels cossos femenins. Per això, es van analitzar dades estadístiques i treballs científics relacionats amb el tràfic de persones, la prostitució i el crim organitzat., The study of trafficking in persons for prostitution requires systematic and in-depth analysis, as it is a complex phenomenon resulting from multiple variables. Therefore, this work aims to map human trafficking, especially in the Brazilian context, by examining international norms and their impact on Brazilian law. At the same time, the study sheds light on the relationship between organized crime and human trafficking, considering human trafficking for sexual exploitation as a form of control of female bodies. The argument builds on the analysis of statistical data and scientific works dealing with human trafficking, prostitution, and organized crime., El estudio de la trata de personas para la prostitución requiere un análisis sistemático y profundo, ya que es un fenómeno complejo que resulta de numerosas variables. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo mapear la trata de personas, especialmente en el contexto brasileño, examinar las normas internacionales y su impacto en el derecho brasileño y investigar la relación entre el crimen organizado y la trata de personas, considerando la trata de personas para la explotación sexual como una forma de control de los cuerpos femeninos. Por ello, se analizaron datos estadísticos y trabajos científicos relacionados con la trata de personas, la prostitución y el crimen organizado.

As an object of Western public and media interest, Laos still appears to be an overlooked and unnoticed country. In a sense, it remains in the shadow of its larger neighbours Vietnam and Thailand, who capture the world’s attention in the context of the Indochina region, and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic itself remains rather on the sidelines of world politics. This state of affairs also relates to Western observers’ recognition of the social problems facing the country.I focus this article on providing an insight into the specific characteristics of Laos and defining the social problems the country has had to face over the past three decades. It answers questions about the characteristics of Laos, how it fares in the HDI ranking and what social challenges it faces. The thesis put forward by the authors is that the LRLD, as a moderately developed and ethnically diverse country, is confronted with the resulting social problems.The authors used the monographic method to conduct their research, which they based on an analysis of collected scientific publications, statistical data and internet sources. The research succeeded in confirming the hypothesis. The social problems plaguing the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have their origins primarily in the poor material situation of the majority of the population, the lack of infrastructure and the ethnic diversity that the authorities in Vientiane are unable to cope with. However, looking at the general trend of development in Laos, the scale and incidence of the issues described in the paper should gradually decrease. Laos wydaje się być nadal państwem pomijanym i niezauważanym przez zachodnie media i opinię publiczną. Pozostaje w cieniu swoich większych sąsiadów, Wietnamu i Tajlandii, które są wpływowymi państwami ASEAN, podczas gdy Laotańska Republika Ludowo-Demokratyczna znalazła się na uboczu regionalnej i światowej polityki. Taki stan rzeczy odnosi się również do rozpoznania przez zachodnich obserwatorów problemów społecznych, z którymi boryka się to państwo.Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na przybliżeniu specyfiki i zdefiniowaniu problemów społecznych, z którymi Laos mierzył się w ostatnich trzech dekadach. Przedstawiona została charakterystyka Laosu, z uwzględnieniem analizy rankingu HDI, by na tym tle odpowiedzieć na pytania dotyczące wyzwań społecznych stojących przed LRLD. Autorzy artykułu wskazują, że problemy te wynikają z faktu, iż jest to kraj średnio rozwinięty i zróżnicowany etnicznie.Do przeprowadzenia badań posłużyła metoda monograficzna, oparta na analizie zgromadzonych publikacji naukowych, danych statystycznych oraz źródeł internetowych. W wyniku badań udało się potwierdzić następującą hipotezę: nękające Laotańską Republikę Ludowo-Demokratyczną problemy o charakterze społecznym mają swoje źródło przede wszystkim w złej sytuacji materialnej większości obywateli, braku infrastruktury oraz zróżnicowaniu etnicznym społeczeństwa. Z powyższymi problemami rząd w Wientian wyraźnie sobie nie radzi. Patrząc jednak na ogólną tendencję rozwojową Laosu, skala opisanych w pracy problemów powinna się sukcesywnie zmniejszać.

PSA visual risk analysis of community-oriented policing. To get the message across. Collaborative justice and community-policing deprive the rights of the accused andinterfere with critical state emergency management systemsresponse and reporting requirements. 1. Please do not encourage arbitrary law enforcement. 2. Please do not pass government encroachment off to third-party middlemen. 3. Please do not fund the unjust enrichment of interests that favor displacement and nonfeasance in criminal law enforcement. 4. Please respect the privacy and rights of the accused. We are a constitutional nation. There is no place for "alternative justice." Without rights and process of the law, I am no longer citizen. I am chattel. &nbsp

The right to free movement and the mobility of people as guaranteed by the Schengen Agreement have given rise to challenges regarding transnational organised crime and particularly migrant smuggling and human trafficking⁠. Against the backdrop of processes of globalization and securitization of irregular immigration, the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime in 2000 established a strict dichotomy between migrant smuggling and human trafficking⁠. The distinction has led to different protective frameworks provided to (worthy) victims of human trafficking versus (undeserving) objects of migrant smuggling⁠. This research addresses this legal dichotomy and unpacks the blurred boundaries between the two phenomena⁠. Taking Belgium, a country of transit, as a case study, the work focuses on the sensitive topic of unauthorised ‘secondary migration movements’ taking place within the Schengen Area⁠. Relying notably on semi-structured expert interviews, this socio-legal research empirically examines the functioning of the Belgian legal approach to deal with aggravated forms of migrant smuggling which allows victims to access the protective legal status usually strictly reserved to human trafficking victims⁠. The research shows how this unique protective approach affects the governance of transit migration in Belgium, and more generally, unveils the real-life consequences of rigid legal categories⁠.

The impacts of human trafficking are currently high across the world albeit different policies are designed to combat it. Yet, governments are not working hard practically and jointly as they write strategies and programs on the paper to reduce the impacts of women trafficking. Even though men are victims of human trafficking, scholars agree that women are the most vulnerable to human trafficking. This study describes the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among the west Asia returnee young women in Ethiopia by taking Oromia Region’s West Shewa zone as a case study. The study used the mixed-method approach. A descriptive case study research design was applied for a detailed description of the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among west Asia returnee young women. Feminism theory was employed to scrutinize the oppression of young women. The finding reveals that human trafficking caused the divorce of marriage and exposed children to the street because of unwise savings and disagreement of spouses; psychological and physical threats of young women on the way to work, at the workplace and after return; wastage of income as a result of saving money in the wrong place; economic crisis because young women had to pay back the loan to brokers – traffickers – and could not repay the money for lenders; and school dropout. From the finding, it is concluded that although young women exposed to human trafficking by the vision of having their job in the future and the income they could generate in West Asia. They had a dream to improve their lives, they could not realize their dream since they were unable to save the money thereby leading them to social and economic crises. Hence, it is recommended that issues of human trafficking should be incorporated into the school curriculum, at least at the elementary level, so that young women get better awareness about the negative consequences of human trafficking and abstain from traffickers. It is also recommended that young women who work abroad legally should open their formal bank account to save their wages to escape social and economic crises when they return.&nbsp

Canada has engaged in a range of efforts to stop human trafficking within and across it borders. Federal and provincial governments have spent considerable funds in this regard, and have studied the issue to come up with perceived solutions. In this article, we explore Canada’s two national House of Commons standing committee consultations on trafficking, in 2006 and 2018. Using critical discourse analysis to examine the consultation transcripts and written briefs, we identified several significant shifts in both the language used and the areas of focus advanced by witnesses, in particular: the modified emphasis from international to domestic trafficking; the changing nature of vulnerability and victimhood; and an increased focus on youth sexual exploitation. We propose that what is being expressed is an iteration of Canadian sexualized nationalism and national sexual morality. These results have policy implications, especially with respect to promoting just, peaceful, and inclusive societies at a time when there are mounting pressures to restrict migration that often dovetail with concerns over human trafficking. Indeed, the way concerns over trafficking are expressed in Canada appears as a fear over women’s sexual agency and vulnerability as well as a need protect “our” boundaries from incursion, whether territorial or moral.

This article looks at debates over human trafficking by considering the linkages between federal funding, media myths, and non-governmental organization (NGO) activities and by examining the textual and visual content of NGO websites. By highlighting the ways in which NGOs echo government communication strategies, we argue that these debates are constrained not only by the current political terrain, but also by an ingrained and problematic anti-trafficking discourse. Further, we interrogate the language and emotive appeals of NGOs that receive federal funding for anti-trafficking programming through the exploration of counter-discourses developed by both scholars and independent organizations that are critical of dominant narratives and policies. We conclude by suggesting that alternative narratives and media strategies are needed for the development of more nuanced and authentic conceptions of labour, migration, and sex work. Cet article examine les debats sur la traite des personnes en considerant des liens entre le financement federal, les mythes des medias, et les organisations nongouvernementales (ONG) et en examinant le contenu textuel et visuel des sites web des ONG. En analysant la facon dont les activites des ONG refletent les strategies de communication du gouvernement, nous soutenons que ces debats sont limites non seulement par le terrain politique actuel, mais aussi par un discours anti-trafic enracine et problematique. En outre, nous interrogeons le langage et les appels emotifs des ONG qui recoivent des fonds du gouvernement federal pour la programmation pour la lutte contre la traite a travers l’exploration de contre-discours developpes par les universitaires et les organisations independantes critiques de recits et politiques dominants. Nous concluons en suggerant que les recits alternatifs et des strategies mediatiques sont necessaires pour le development des conceptions plus nuancees et authentiques du travail, de la migration, et du travail du sexe.

La Trata de Personas, no es tema nuevo que esté emergiendo como consecuencia de la globalización o el desarrollo de la cuarta revolución industrial, es un término que ha existido desde siempre y que ha cambiado de nombre solamente a través de la historia. El comercio de personas ha sido una mala práctica que ha existido desde tiempos inmemoriales, la forma más temprana de trata de personas se remonta al comercio legal y autorizado que realizaban en la antigüedad algunas culturas con la compra y venta de esclavos, en especial las mujeres, las cuales eran desarraigadas y comercializadas como objetos sexuales, servidumbre o mano de obra, sin embargo, el concepto de esclavitud fue evolucionando y se interpretó de múltiples formas y maneras por las organizaciones, sociedades y países en general. Siglos después, el comercio de personas evolucionó y adquirió el nombre de trata de blancas, a través de esta conducta delictiva se reclutaban mujeres (Wilson, 2013), para su posterior comercialización sin embargo, quedando obsoleto el precitado término y fue considerado excluyente además de racista, en el entendido que este calificativo enmarcaba únicamente la realidad que vivían algunas mujeres europeas de piel blanca, expuestas en contra de su voluntad a la explotación sexual, lo que no ocurría con aquellas personas afrodescendientes, porque en muchos países, la esclavitad aún se consideraba legal. En la actualidad, la trata de personas tiene ocurrencia a nivel global, el cual afecta a todas las sociedades a nivel global de manera directa o indirecta. Son múltiples los esfuerzos que hacen los países en América Latina, para prevenir, redimir y sancionar esta conducta punible, uno de ellos es la Cooperación Internacional Policial que se realiza entre cuerpos de policía de la región, para hacerle frente a este fenómeno delictivo. LISTA DE TABLAS 2 LISTA DE FIGURAS 3 RESUMEN 5 ABSTRACT 6 1. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 8 2. SOLUCIÓN 18 3. CONCLUSIONES 23 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 25 Human Trafficking is not a new phenomenon that is emerging as the result of globalization, it´s a term that has always existed and has changed its name only through history. The trade of humans has been a bad practice and has existed since time immemorial, the earliest form of human trafficking dates back to the legal and authorized trade carried out in ancient times by some cultures with the buying and selling of slaves persons, especially women, which were uprooted and marketed as sexual objects, servitude or labor, however, over the years, the concept of slavery evolved and was interpreted in multiple ways and ways by organizations, societies and countries in general. Centuries later, human trafficking evolved and acquired the name of white slavery, through this criminal conduct white, European and American women were recruited to be traded to Arab, African or Asian countries, as concubines or prostitutes (Wilson M. S, 2013), however, this term is currently in disuse and was considered exclusive as well as racist, in the understanding that this qualifier only framed the reality lived by some white-skinned European women, exposed against their will to sexual exploitation, which did not occur with those people of African descent, because in many countries, slavery was still considered legal. Currently, human trafficking is a crime that occurs worldwide, which affects all societies globally directly or indirectly. There are multiple efforts made by countries in Latin America to prevent, redeem and punish this punishable conduct, one of them is the International Police Cooperation that is carried out between police forces in the region, to deal with this criminal phenomenon. Especialización

The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably affected global economies andsocieties, exacerbating existing social inequalities. This “syndemic” pandemichas placed people and communities affected by modern slavery and humantrafficking at elevated risk of multiple harms. This paper uses a mix ofmethods – an evidence synthesis, a survivor survey, web-monitoring, anddialogue events – to explore how COVID-19 has affected the risks and pathways to harm associated with modern slavery/human trafficking in the UKand U.S. We use concepts of hazard, risk, exposure, and harm and the tools ofpublic health risk and resilience assessment to examine how COVID-19 hasamplified existing risks of harm and generated new pathways to furtherharm. We also use a novel complex systems approach to represent riskrelationships and demonstrate how the economic shock of COVID-19 andmandated social isolation have led to negative outcomes for affected people.The paper provides policy and practice insight into interventions can beimplemented across systems to minimize exploitation and how locally ledintervention can offset the damaging effects of the pandemic (SDGs 5 & 16).

As ASEAN Chair in 2022, Cambodia navigated through a complex geopolitical environment, with the heightened rivalry between China and the United States, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Myanmar crisis. While 2022 saw the return of tourists and foreign investors, and the economic outlook looks promising for 2023, there are signs that Cambodia is still recovering from the various effects of the covid-19 pandemic. For most Cambodians, 2022 was dominated by inflationary pressures driven by higher global fuel and fertilizer prices, and economic hardships due to growing risks posed by climate change. These issues work as more or less visible tension lines, and contribute to increasing social and economic inequalities at different scales. Within this context, the Government strengthened state control and stepped up its means of oppression against its critics. Ahead of the national elections in 2023, the ruling party won the local elections in June and endorsed Prime Minister Hun Sen’s eldest son as the next prime ministerial candidate.

Persistent racial disparities in antitrafficking in the US reflect the antitrafficking movement’s reliance on a moral economy of purity and blamelessness that is steeped in White supremacy. I deconstruct two key strands of this moral economy: the middle-class economic values associated with the Protestant ethic, and the patriarchal, Christian values around gender and sexuality associated with purity culture. Both of these strands skew White and fail to work reliably for Black people. Constructively, I argue that the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement is an important model for the antitrafficking movement as it models the explicit rejection of and divests from the logics and practices of White supremacy. As a Black-centered political movement that is committed to resisting the unjust dehumanization of Black bodies, BLM’s responses to systemic injustice and harms consistently prioritize the well-being of Black lives and the flourishing of Black communities. I elaborate specific ways that the antitrafficking movement can learn from the wisdom that BLM provides.

The relationship between migrant workers and their employers is determined within the framework of the Saudi provisions of Kafala, under which the employer gains wide prerogative over the worker. This has resulted in some employers arbitrarily misusing these broad powers, depriving the worker of travelling to his or her country of origin even in emergency circumstances and forcing the worker to perform work other than that stipulated in the employment contract.In addition, according to the Kafala system, the worker must seek the permission of the employer when he or she wishes to work elsewhere. Also, the employer can report the worker as a runaway if he or she acts without their permission which therefore makes the worker more susceptible to being deported or imprisoned.&nbsp

Trgovina z ljudmi velja za globalni problem, ki se mu posveča čedalje več pozornosti. Obstaja vedno več državnih in nedržavnih akterjev, ki skušajo najti pravilen pristop preprečevanja in reševanja problematike trgovine z ljudmi. Države in nevladne organizacije so sprejele številne mehanizme, kot so različni dokumenti, zakoni in konvencije, za omejevanje trgovine z ljudmi. V svoji magistrski nalogi sem analizirala še dejavnike, ki vplivajo na trgovino z ljudmi, med katerimi spada tudi oborožen konflikt. Ruska invazija na Ukrajino, ki se je začela februarja 2022, je povzročila odziv mednarodne skupnosti. Sprožila je begunski val, kjer je Poljska sprejela največje število beguncev v EU, Moldavija je pa sprejela največje število beguncev glede na število prebivalstva. Izvedla sem primerjavo odziva in sprejetih mehanizmov v obeh državah in njuno vlogo pri preprečevanju trgovine z ljudmi, zlasti žensk za namene spolnega izkoriščanja. Zelo pomembno vlogo igrajo še danes nevladne organizacije in prostovoljci, ki so neposredno vpleteni pri preprečevanju in zaščiti potencialnih žrtev trgovine z ljudmi. Raziskava je dokazala, da članstvo v EU bistveno bolj pripomore v boju proti trgovini z ljudmi, med katerimi spada aktivacija direktive TPD. Human trafficking is considered a global problem that is receiving increasing attention. There are more and more state and non-state actors that are trying to find the right approach to preventing and solving the problem of human trafficking. Countries and non-governmental organizations have adopted many mechanisms, such as various documents, laws and conventions, to curb human trafficking. In my master's thesis, I also analyzed factors that influence human trafficking, including armed conflict. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was condemned by the international community. It caused a wave of refugees, with Poland accepting the largest number of refugees in the EU, and Moldova accepting the largest number of refugees by population. I made a comparison between the response and mechanisms adopted in both countries and their role in preventing trafficking in human beings, especially women for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Even today, non-governmental organizations and volunteers, who are directly involved in the prevention and protection of potential victims of human trafficking, play a very important role. The research proved that membership in the EU helps significantly more in the fight against human trafficking, which includes the activation of the TPD directive.

Adolescent gang membership has been proposed as a risk factor that creates individual-level vulnerability for domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) and/or a context in which DMST may occur. This study investigates the gang membership-DMST association using data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States (n= 12,605). Bivariate results found gang-involved minors had 4.39 greater odds of experiencing DMST compared to non-gang-involved peers. Multivariable results found gang membership, violence victimization, delinquency, and certain demographic characteristics to be significantly associated with DMST. These findings emphasize the need to consider the context in an adolescent’s life beyond DMST when designing policies and programs, and highlight the need for additional research into the gang membership-DMST association.

To evaluate the effectiveness of an online human trafficking awareness program for healthcare providers.Mixed-methods study.Sample (Participants indicated their knowledge of human trafficking increased, attitudes toward victims improved, and competence and confidence engaging with victims increased. Satisfaction with program, and information utilization plans for practice were revealed.Human trafficking awareness program was effective in increasing participants' knowledge, competence and confidence, and improving attitudes.Educational intervention is a strategy to improve students' knowledge of human trafficking.

Human trafficking, which includes sexual exploitation and forced labor, affects youth throughout the world. Victims are subject to coercion, exploitation, and repeated trauma. Given the secretive nature of this abuse, it can be difficult to identify victims. Past experience shows that most victims interact with the healthcare system at some time while they are in the control of a trafficker, providing an opportunity for healthcare providers to identify, support, and intervene. In this CME review article, we describe human trafficking, its estimated prevalence, and the identification, evaluation, and management of patients who are victims of human trafficking. Finally, we provide additional resources for practitioners and patients.

Artykuł ukazuje zagadnienie handlu ludźmi w Europie jako wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa, na podstawie raportów opublikowanych przez Biuro Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Narkotyków i Przestępczości oraz Unię Europejską. Przedstawiona została definicja handlu ludźmi, dokumenty międzynarodowe dotyczące handlu ludźmi, takie jak Protokół z Palermo i Konwencja Rady Europy. Ponadto ukazano cele handlu ludźmi w Europie i profil ofiar, jak również skalę zjawiska w Europie, z podziałem na Europę Zachodnią i Południową oraz Europę Środkową i Południowo-Wschodnią, a także oddzielnie – Unię Europejską. Następnie zarysowano podobieństwa i różnice w procederze handlu ludźmi w Europie w porównaniu z innymi regionami świata w latach 2012–2020, profil przestępczości w związku ze współczesnym niewolnictwem, a także politykę państw regionu wobec tego problemu. The article presents the issue of trafficking in people in Europe as the challenge for security, on the basis of the reports published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as well as the European Union. The article discusses a definition of human trafficking and international documents on human trafficking, such as the Palermo Protocol and one of the Conventions of the European Council. Moreover, the article shows purposes of human trafficking, the profile of victims, as well as the scale of phenomenon in Europe, including the division into Western and Southern Europe, and Central and South-Eastern Europe, and separately the European Union. Afterwards, the article highlights similarities and differences in this dirty business in Europe and other regions of the world between 2012 and 2020, as well as the criminal profile of contemporary slavery and the policy of European countries in the area concerned.

A coordinated response by a trained multidisciplinary team (MDT) can help support child sex trafficking (CST) victims, but little is known about factors that influence the development and sustainability of MDTs in this work. An online survey was conducted with 171 professionals who attended a Multidisciplinary Team Child Sex Trafficking (MDT-CST) training to identify factors related to team growth. Increased MDT success was related to: (1) the presence of a CST-specific advocacy organization in the community; (2) other community agencies active in supporting CST victims (e.g., SANE nurses, faith-based organizations, and runaway shelters); (3) a greater breadth of professional representation on the MDT; and (4) agency leadership support for the CST action plan. Most of the MDTs sustained and increased their coordination with other community agencies over time, but the study identified that growth is improved when administrators support team efforts and there are resources and supports for CST victims elsewhere in the community.

People who have been trafficked often have complex medical and psychiatric needs. Integrated care is a treatment approach that may be used to improve the care of this population. The authors describe the integrated care model and how it may be applied to this population. They also describe some of the benefits and challenges of using an integrated care model with this population.

Through a framework that combines literature's observations on traffickers’ policy-based representations with International Relations (IR) theories, this paper explores the representations of traffickers and anti-trafficking government goals in policies of the United Kingdom’s (UK), Scottish and Northern Irish governments. Policies were found to mostly subscribe to a Realist’s viewing of human trafficking, emphasising criminal choices. Still, and despite their growing tendency to focus on a wider range of traffickers, their dominant narrative tends to revolve around trafficking stereotypes, often ignoring the full spectrum of traffickers' identities to promote total human trafficking elimination. This discourse may overstate Britain's trafficking problem, sustaining state legitimacy and intervention and narrowing down the scope of anti-trafficking efforts. Conclusively, to ensure a more effective anti-trafficking response, the UK needs to set more feasible goals and based on an in-depth knowledge of traffickers strive to further enrich the policy-promoted human trafficking narrative.

Little is understood about child welfare involvement (CWI) in cases where the birth mother has experienced human trafficking.The aim of this study was to explore provider perceptions of the impact of CWI for the trafficked mother.Participants were selected among providers caring for trafficked birth mothers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with providers and qualitative content analysis was conducted.Interviewees reported reasons for CWI, positive and negative impacts of CWI and provided recommendations for systems improvement.Recommendations from this exploratory study include mechanisms to support trafficked mothers, train hospital social workers, and systems change. During the prenatal period, strategies to support the trafficked mother may include addressing gaps in social determinants of health, ensuring appropriate medical and mental health care, early screening and referral to substance use treatment services, enhancing community support, and working to develop safety plans for survivors and their families. Enhanced engagement of social workers and all providers to improve understanding of the unique complexity of trafficked mothers is needed. Education should include an understanding that judgement of a caretaker's ability to parent should be current and holistic and not reflexive based on history in the electronic medical record. An exploration of the child welfare system itself should also be undertaken to identify and modify discriminatory laws and policies. Finally, efforts to address social determinants of health in the community and enhance the trauma-informed nature of child welfare referrals could improve the lives of trafficked mothers.

Mental health professionals' responses to work with trauma survivors vary among a range of aversive and positive psychosocial experiences. This study examines the prevalence and predictors of these responses, including secondary traumatic stress (STS), vicarious resilience (VR), burnout, and compassion satisfaction (CS), among mental health professionals who work specifically with human trafficking survivors within the United States (

Child trafficking is one of the most egregious violations of children's rights and well-being. In 2014, the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice formed a task force to focus on the issue. After completing two comprehensive reviews and consultations with experts in the field, the task force identified the need for a coherent framework, which conceptualized the primary prevention of child trafficking, which includes children vulnerable to being trafficked and becoming traffickers. This article describes the process undertaken to develop the primary prevention framework, an innovative, aspirational plan for communities to be absent of trafficking. It describes the framework in detail, including the theories that underlie it and the principles that guide it. The framework's flexibility is evident in its application to such worldwide challenges as racism, inequities, and a pandemic. Although the full consequences of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children are not yet known, this article describes certain trends, which have been identified and discusses critical lessons for applying a dynamic framework, as global disruptors will continue. The article ends with examples of how the framework could be implemented by all stakeholders in the community, to address the primary prevention of child trafficking in both the physical and the virtual world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

In their forefront role to address human trafficking, law enforcement agencies (LEAs) have often faced challenges in efforts to investigate this crime. Non-traditional partnerships should be explored to improve strategies to investigate human trafficking. Could private investigation agencies (PIAs) collaborate with LEAs to help improve human trafficking investigations? The present study examines PIAs’ experiences of collaboration with LEAs for human trafficking investigations. A mixed research method design was used. Purposive sampling was used to select 81 participants representing 81 PIAs for a survey. Follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 of the 39 survey participants who reported that their agencies had collaborated with LEAs for human trafficking investigations. The findings show varying levels of success and challenges for PIAs in interagency collaboration with LEAs. The challenges to collaboration identified could be mostly explained by LEAs’ misperceptions of private investigators, their over-reliance on a criminal approach instead of a victim-centered one in investigating trafficking cases and recovering victims, and legal or ethical limitations. Positive aspects of PIA–LEA partnerships regarding human trafficking investigations were discussed and so were strategies to address inherent challenges to interagency collaboration. Several policy implications were discussed for developing and improving partnership initiatives with law enforcement in an effort to prevent human trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute trafficking cases.

Trgovanje ljudima jedan je od gorućih problema današnjice koji pogađa sve države svijeta. Ne postoji jedinstveni profil potencijalne žrtve već to mogu biti žene, djeca kao i muškarci. Najčešći uzroci zbog kojih neka osoba potencijalno može postati žrtvom trgovine ljudima su siromaštvo, nasilje u obitelji, niska razina obrazovanja, loši radni uvjeti i migracija u drugu zemlju u potrazi za boljim životom. Trgovanje ljudima odvija se u nekoliko stadija; najprije se vrbuje žrtvu a kada se zadobije njezino povjerenje u pravilu se započinje s transportom žrtve u odredišnu zemlju. Nakon toga slijedi eksploatacija žrtve i uspostavljanje kontrole nad njom. Ljudima se trguje najviše radi seksualnog iskorištavanja i prisilnog rada, a osim toga i radi trgovine organima, prisilnih brakova i ostalih oblika iskorištavanja žrtava kao što su prosjačenje i prisilne kriminalne aktivnosti. Krajem prošlog stoljeća međunarodna zajednica prepoznala je problem trgovine ljudima te su u svrhu rješavanja istog usvojene razne Konvencije, Protokoli i Direktive. Republika Hrvatska je pravne stečevine međunarodnog prava uspješno implementirala u svoje zakonodavstvo, iako još uvijek ne postoji jedinstveni zakon koji regulira sva pitanja o suzbijanju trgovine ljudima. Kazneno djelo trgovanja ljudima regulirano je člankom 106. Kaznenog zakona., Trafficking in human beings is one of the world’s top burning issues that has affected every country around the globe. There is no single profile of a potential victim; women, children and men are equally put at risk. The prevailing reasons that can lead to a person becoming a victim of human trafficking are poverty, domestic violence, poor education, bad working conditions and migration to another country in a search for a better life. Human trafficking is a process that takes in several stages, at first the victims are recruited and after having gained their trust they are mostly transported to the destination country. This is followed by the exploitation of the victims and imposing control on them. Humans are mainly trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor, organ trafficking, forced marriages and other forms of exploitation such as begging and forced criminal activities. At the end of the last century, the international community recognized the problem of human trafficking, and consequently various Conventions, Protocols and Directives were adopted in order to solve it. The Republic of Croatia has successfully implemented the legal acquis of international law into its legislation, although there is still no single statute that regulates all issues on combating human trafficking. The criminal offense of human trafficking is regulated by Article 106 of the Criminal Code.

Dissertação para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais Nos últimos anos, o mundo viveu um cenário inesperado e catastrófico com o surgimento do novo coronavírus. Este novo vírus, teve início no ano de 2019 e se espalhou pelo mundo rapidamente, afetando negativamente a saúde, a economia e a segurança humana. Na segurança, o trafico humano foi um dos tópicos mais atingidos. A pandemia de COVID-19 provocou o fechamento das fronteiras, agravando a crise econômica e afetou diretamente a sistematização deste crime organizado. O presente trabalho busca entender quais as consequências que a pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 teve no tráfico de pessoas, analisando-se os diversos aspectos que compõe, bem como todos os dados recolhidos no desenvolver da dissertação. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa exploratória, não pode-se chegar à nenhuma conclusão concreta, todavia tem ela o objetivo de compreender os efeitos deste fenômeno na segurança internacional. In the past years, the world has experienced an unexpected and catastrophic scenario with the emergence of the new coronavirus. This new virus, which started in the year 2019, has spread around the world quickly, negatively affecting health, economy and human security. In security, human trafficking was one of the hardest hit topics. The COVID-19 pandemic caused the closure of borders, aggravating the economic crisis and directly affected the systematization of this organized crime. The present work seeks to understand the consequences that the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus had on human trafficking, analyzing the various aspects that compose it, as well as all the collected data in the development of the dissertation. As it is an exploratory research, no concrete conclusion can be reached, however, it has the objective of understanding the effects of this phenomenon on international security. N/A

In Libya, there is a history of smuggling people and goods across the desert. The movement of people has become illegal officially, while being tolerated, and even cultivated, in practice. This has contributed to the rise of human trafficking for ransom. In addition, Europe’s migration policies, which have failed to curb migration, have made the practice of trafficking in persons more profitable. This chapter presents the history and context in Libya, which has created fertile ground for the proliferation of human trafficking for ransom.

In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird die Rolle der Sozialen Arbeit in Österreich bei der Bewältigung von Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Kindern, die Opfer von Menschenhandel geworden sind, untersucht. Menschenhandel wird durch sozioökonomische und politische Faktoren und Globalisierung vorangetrieben. Aspekte wie Armut, Geschlecht und Zugehörigkeit zu Minderheiten beeinflussen das Risiko, Opfer von Menschenhandel zu werden. Kinder sind in diesem Zusammenhang in einer besonders vulnerablen Position. Österreich hat alle relevanten Verträge zu Menschen- und Kinderhandel ratifiziert, dennoch sind die bislang umgesetzten Maßnahmen ungenügend. Soziale Arbeit ist eine zentrale Kraft, um Menschenrechtsverletzungen entgegenzuwirken sowie menschenwürdige Lebensbedingungen zu fördern und stellt eine essenzielle Ressource im Kampf gegen Kinderhandel dar. Um die Auswirkungen von Kinderhandel abzufedern, sind sozialarbeiterische Interventionen basierend auf Kinderschutz und Kinderrechten erforderlich. This bachelor thesis examines the role of social work in dealing with child victims of human trafficking in Austria. Human trafficking is driven by socio-economic and political factors and globalization. Aspects such as poverty, gender and belonging to minorities influence the risk of becoming a victim of human trafficking. Children are in a particularly vulnerable position in this context. Austria has ratified all relevant treaties on human trafficking and child trafficking, yet the measures implemented so far are insufficient. Social work is a central force in counteracting human rights violations as well as promoting humane living conditions and represents an essential resource in the fight against child trafficking. Social work interventions based on child protection and children's rights are needed to diminish the impact of child trafficking.

The trafficking trajectories taken by Eritreans to Libya are highly organised by a network of actors across the Horn of Africa. The practices described by the refugees and migrants who have taken these perilous journeys include recruitment by deception, fraud and force. Payments are extracted using torture while victims are detained in ‘warehouses’ and ‘stores’. The purpose of these practices is clearly to exploit people who are vulnerable for financial gain and force them to engage in begging. This chapter argues that the practice satisfies the elements of the crime of human trafficking and that fulfils the elements that constitute human trafficking for ransom.

In Libya, Eritrean migrants and refugees find themselves in vulnerable situations. With no legal status or viable options, and limited access to information, migrants and refugees are pushed into dangerous situations, making them easy prey for traffickers and others seeking to exploit them. Sold, sold-on, used for forced labour and prostitution, and tortured for ransom, these migrants and refugees become trapped in a cycle of abuse and exploitation that is hard to escape and is best understood as a human trafficking cycle.

There are striking similarities between Sinai trafficking and human trafficking for ransom in Libya. This chapter presents evidence to compare the practices, including the experiences of detainees in the holding camps, the torture methods used to extract ransoms, and the use of mobile phones to broadcast the torture to relatives and facilitate payments. In both places, Eritreans are (were) targeted and, in both places, refugees are (were) trapped in a cycle of human trafficking from which it is hard to escape. It can be concluded that trafficking for ransom has morphed and spread through the whole Horn of Africa – and, with the profitability of the practice, it could spread even wider.

Eritrean refugees are being trafficked and enslaved in Libya, where they are tortured to force relatives to pay a ransom for their release. Labelled with a digital code, they are moved along in the possession of the traffickers through a series of ‘black holes’, in which their access to digital technologies and connectivity is highly controlled. They are tortured, abused, extorted and subjected to sexual violence. Many die along the way. If they make it to the Mediterranean Sea, they risk being intercepted and returned to Libya or dying at sea. Over the period of this study (2017–21), it is conservatively estimated that at least 200,000 men, women and children have fallen victim to human trafficking for ransom in Libya, and the cumulative value of this trade for that period is estimated at over 1 billion USD. This detailed ethnographic study identifies the routes, modus operandi, organisation, and key actors involved in the human trafficking for ransom of refugees and migrants, who are desperately in need of protection. The book is part of the GAIC Research Network and African studies series published by Langaa RPCIG and makes an important contribution to the literature on human trafficking, migration studies, African studies, modern slavery, social protection and governance.

Many of the human traffickers preying on refugees and migrants in Libya have been named before in the literature. These names and others also came up in the interviewees conducted for this research. This chapter describes the main alleged traffickers, where they are operating, their connection with other alleged traffickers and their current status. Such information is vital to enable prosecution of the perpetrators of this heinous crime.