Search

Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and differences in the expression levels of the ER, PR, and HER2 the triplet of established biomarkers used for clinical decision-making have been reported among breast cancer patients. Furthermore, resistance to anti-estrogen and anti-HER2 therapies emerges in a considerable rate of breast cancer patients, and novel drug therapies are required. Several anomalous signaling pathways have been known in breast cancer have been known; heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is one of the most plenty proteins in breast cells. The family of ubiquitin ligases such as SIAH1 and SIAH2 is known to specifically target misfolded proteins to the proteasome; also, they have been illustrated to play a role in RAS signaling and as an essential downstream signaling component required for EGFR/HER2 in breast cancer. Methods: The expression of SIAH2, HSP90, and HER2 was assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR in 85 invasive ductal carcinoma breast tumor samples at Uludag University Hospital in Turkey during the years 2018–2019, and its association with the clinicopathologic variables of patients was evaluated. Results: HSP90, SIAH1, and SIAH2 were significantly (P=0.0271, P=0.022, and P=0.0311) upregulated tumor tissue of patients with breast cancer. Moreover, this study observed a significant association between the high expression of SIAH2/ HSP90 with ER status, high expression of HSP90 with Recurrence/ Metastasis, and high expression of SIAH2 with Ki-67 proliferation index. Conclusion: The HSP90 and SIAH2 expressions play a significant role in breast cancer development by combining the experimental and clinical data obtained from the literature.

Aim: To investigate the effects of using the active warming method on children with hypothermia in the perioperative period and examining the effects of hypothermia on awakening time, pain, shivering and hospital stay. Methods: This study included patients 18 years of age and younger who underwent surgery in the pediatric surgery department of a tertiary hospital. The active warming group consisted of 28 patients and the control group consisted of 29 patients. The first group of patients was actively warmed during the surgery and the second group was treated as the control group and did not actively receive any warming therapy. Preoperative body temperatures of the cases were measured. In addition, body temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes in the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative body temperature between the control group and the active warming group. When body temperature were examined in the intraoperative period, there was no significant difference between the groups at the first 15 minutes of operation; however, the mean of the body temperature in active warming group was significantly higher than the control group at the 30th, 45th , and 60th minutes of operation. It was determined that patients in the control group had a longer stay in the hospital and the amount of time for waking at the end of the anesthesia was shorter in the active heating group than in the control group. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that active heating with a carbon fiber resistant system is an effective method to prevent unplanned hypothermia in operated children.

Since the amendments to the Regulation of Patients' Rights in May 2014, the concept of euthanasia and the validity of the decisions taken towards the end of life have been protected by the "Regulation Amending the Regulation of Patients' Rights." This research study was carried out using a triple Likert scale to record the opinions of patients, who were staying at the University Hospital, and doctors and nurses on the issues of the "euthanasia ban" and "taking personal decisions and requests into an account."A descriptive cross-sectional design using self-report questionnaires was used. This survey was carried out using a triple Likert type scale to determine the views of the patients receiving inpatient treatment, as well as the opinions of doctors and nurses on the subject of patients' rights.Four hundred and forty patients receiving inpatient treatment, 171 doctors, and 162 nurses in the University Hospital participated in the survey. Although the patients desired that their personal decisions be taken into consideration most, the nurses attached more importance than the other two groups to the issue of the right to the termination of treatment.It was found that more than half of the doctors, nurses, and patients expressed that it is important for a patient to have the right to make decisions regarding his/her own life. FNx01This was presented as an Oral Presentation at the 7

Background Clear cell type renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we examined the expressions of VHL and miR-223 in ccRCC patients׳ tissues to investigate the possible role in the development of ccRCC. Methods and results This study collected five expression profiles (GSE36139, GSE3, GSE73731, GSE40435, and GSE26032) from Gene Omnibus Data. Expressions of VHL and miR-223 in paraffinized tumor and normal tissues of 100 Turkish patients' ccRCC tissues were determined by bioinformatic data mining and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The VHL gene was subjected to mutational analysis by DNA sequencing, and pVHL was analyzed using western blotting. Our study's t-test and Pearson correlation analysis showed that VHL gene expression in tumoral tissues with a - 0.39-fold decrease was not significantly lower than normal tissues (p = 0.441), and a 0.97-fold increase miR-223 (p = 0.045) was determined by real-time PCR. Also, as a result of DNA sequence analysis performed in the VHL gene, it was found that 26% of the patients have mutations. The mutations for (VHL):c.60C>A (p.Val20=) and (VHL):c.467delA (p.Tyr156Leu) was detected for the first time in Turkish patients. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the differences in the expression levels of miR-223 have the potential to be biomarkers to determine the poor prognosis in ccRCC.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and differences in the expression levels of the ER, PR, and HER2 the triplet of established biomarkers used for clinical decision-making have been reported among breast cancer patients. Furthermore, resistance to anti-estrogen and anti-HER2 therapies emerges in a considerable rate of breast cancer patients, and novel drug therapies are required. Several anomalous signaling pathways have been known in breast cancer have been known; heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is one of the most plenty proteins in breast cells. The family of ubiquitin ligases such as SIAH1 and SIAH2 is known to specifically target misfolded proteins to the proteasome; also, they have been illustrated to play a role in RAS signaling and as an essential downstream signaling component required for EGFR/HER2 in breast cancer.The expression ofThe

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the localization and histopathological diagnosis, and clinicopathologic characteristics of primary extranodal lymphomas. Methods: The pathology reports between 2001 and 2015 in the archives of Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Pathology Department were reviewed and all cases with an extranodal lymphoma diagnosis were analyzed. The information about the diagnosis, tumor localization, symptoms at presentation, presence of B symptoms, lymphocytosis and anemia, chronic infection and chronic disease and concomitant secondary malignancy, tumor diameter, the involvement of another extranodal organ, lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, liver, stage of the disease, serum B2 microglobulin, LDH, albumin levels, sedimentation rate were documented. The localization, histopathological types, age groups, male/female ratios in cases of primary extranodal lymphoma were evaluated. Results: Total sum of 1743 patients were diagnosed with lymphoma. 480 (%27,53) of these cases were extranodal lymphomas. The most commonly encountered locations of extranodal lymphomas were the skin and the gastrointestinal system. There were 226 primary extranodal skin, 90 gastrointestinal system, 44 central nervous system, 8 genitourinary system, 50 head and neck, 18 musculoskeletal system and soft tissue, 9 mediastinum, 3 bronchus, 10 orbital, 2 liver, 6 pancreas, 4 omentum, 8 endocrine system, and 2 breast located cases. 237 of the primary extranodal lymphomas from our work were mature T/NK celled neoplasias. There were 250 patients with mature B cell lymphoma, 5 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, and 5 cases of precursor lymphoid neoplasia. Conclusions: The data from our series were coherent with the literature. Due to the small number of cases with some localization and some histopathological diagnosis, no significant results could be reached about these entities. WOS:000689729500010

Lymphangioma is a rare cause of swelling in the perineal and scrotal regions. This case report describes the clinical, ultrasonographic, and histopathological findings of a 3-year-old pediatric patient with a diagnosis of perineal and scrotal lymphangioma.

Sağlık sektörü emek yoğun yapısı ile işgücü verimliliğinin büyük önem taşıdığı bir sektör olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sağlıkla ilgili harcamaların devlet bütçelerinde önemli bir paya sahip olduğu günümüzde, sağlık kuruluşlarında çalışanlardan en yüksek verimi elde edebilmek gittikçe daha önem kazanmıştır. Sağlık sektöründe temel hizmet sağlayıcısı konumunda bulunan hekimlerin işgücü verimliliği tüm sektörün verimliliğinin de belirleyicisi olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle hekimlerim işgücü verimliliğini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve buna göre verimliliği artırıcı düzenlemelerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik bu çalışmada, Konya ili Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde çalışan hekimler örneklem olarak seçilerek anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu anket ile yönetsel ve örgütsel faktörler, fiziksel faktörler, teknik faktörler ve sosyal faktörlerin hekimlerin verimliliğini ne oranda etkiledikleri kendi değerlendirmeleri yoluyla anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca hekimlerin demografik özellikleri ve uzmanlık derecelerine göre verimliliği belirleyen faktörlerde değişme olup olmadığı da araştırılmıştır.

Long-term urethral catheterization may cause complications such as urinary tract infection, bladder and peritoneal perforation, bladder spasms, catheter-associated penile fracture, urethral stricture, and parafimosis. In addition to all these complications, long-term urethral catheter-induced iatrogenic hypospadias, as in our case, is a rare condition. Here, we describe a case of a 16-year-old male with neurologic bladder who was found to have iatrogenic hypospadias 2 months after urinary catheterization.

Background Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is the most common cause of acute kidney injury, which frequent occurrence in critically ill patients. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Carvacrol (CARV) against bilateral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Renal I/R injury were induced by clamping of the left and right renal arteries for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 10): the sham-control group, the renal I/R-untreated (I/R-untreated) group, and the I/R-CARV-treated group. At 2 h before reperfusion, the rats in the I/R- CARV -treated group rats received an i.p. injection of 75 mg/kg CARV. Renal function and histological changes were compared and the relevant parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation were detected. Results Compared to the sham-control group, I/R led to renal dysfunction as evidenced by higher plasma urea and creatinine along with increase in oxidative stress and histological changes in renal tissues. Treatment with CARV decreased urea, creatinine, and renal MDA and MPO levels, and increased SOD, CAT, GSH activity and eNOS expression in the kidney. In the I/R-CARV-treated group, minimal hydropic changes in the tubular epithelial cells and regeneration of tubular epithelium were observed. Conclusion These results suggest that CARV treatment could reduce renal injury induced by bilateral renal I/R via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects.

Key Clinical Message Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may offer several potential advantages in the evaluation of lymphoma with the additive value of H1‐MRS for differential diagnosis. Even though lymphoma has unique imaging findings on CT and multiparametric MRI, definite diagnosis must be thoroughly established by histopathological examination.

Ni nanoparticles (NPs) decorated electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (NiNPs/ERGO) nanocomposites (NCs) on ITO electrode were successfully fabricated using one-pot simultaneously electrochemical co-reduction method at room temperature. The NiNPs/ERGO electrodes demonstrated very good electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of NADH at a low oxidation potential (similar to+430 mV), a wide linear range (1-500 mu M), a calculated detection limit of 0.002 mu M. Compared to ERGO and NiNPs electrodes, the synthesized NiNPs/ERGO NCs have high electrocatalytic activity due to synergistic effect emerged between NiNPs and ERGO. The results indicated that the NiNPs/ERGO NCs can be easily prepared by one-pot electrochemical technique and NiNPs/ERGO could used to as potential biosensor for the NADH detection.

Aim: Cholestasis leads to liver cell death, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for cholestatic disorders. Hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression increases in various chronic liver diseases caused either by viruses or toxins. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of UDCA and the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib on inflammation and fibrogenesis in a rat model of cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Methods: Fifty Sprague–Dawley rats that underwent common BDL for 21 days were assigned to one of five treatment groups (sham-operation, BDL, daily UDCA treatment following BDL, daily celecoxib treatment following BDL, and daily celecoxib and UDCA combination treatment following BDL). Serum and liver samples were collected after 21 days. Fibrosis, ductular proliferation, and portal inflammation were scored in liver samples. Liver function tests were evaluated. Results: In comparison with the control group, the BDL group showed hepatic damage as evidenced by elevation in serum biochemical and histological changes such as ductular reaction, fibrosis, and inflammation. These pathophysiological changes were attenuated by chronic UDCA and selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib supplementation. Conlusion: Our findings indicate that the addition of Celecoxib to UDCA reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis and might be an effective supplemental therapy with UDCA for cholestatic diseases. The beneficial effects of chronic UDCA and Celecoxib supplementation may be associated with their potential cytoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

WOS:000410618200037 Morgagni hernia is a rare type of diaphragm hernia, generally seen on the right side. Diagnosis usually requires chest X-rays. In this study, we aim to share our experience with Morgagni hernia cases to contribute to its early diagnosis and treatment. Among our cases, 2 were admitted with respiratory symptoms while one of the cases was asymptomatic. In one of the cases the disease was diagnosed merely with chest X-ray, but in the other 2 cases thorax computerized tomography was required for differential diagnosis. The hernias were on the right side in all 3 cases and surgical interventions were performed in all of them. Postoperative morbidity or mortality was not observed in these cases. Morgagni hernisi, diafragma hernisinin nadir bir tipidir. Genellikle sağda görülür. Çoğunlukla akciğer grafisi ile tanısı konulur. Bu çalışmada amacımız Morgagni hernisindeki deneyimlerimizi sunarak bu tablonun erken tanı ve tedavisine katkıda bulunmaktır. Olgularımızın iki tanesi solunum sistemi semptomları ile başvuruken, bir tanesi asemptomatik idi. Bir tanesinin tanısı sadece akciğer grafisi ile konuldu, diğer iki tanesinin ayırıcı tanısı için akciğer tomografisi gerekli oldu. Herni her üç olguda sağ tarafta idi ve hepsine cerrahi tedavi uygulandı. Vakaların hiçbirinde postop morbidite veya mortalite saptanmadı

In this paper, a new electrochemical method for the cathodic electrodeposition of lead oxide-electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (PbO-ERGO) from an aqueous solution was carried out in one-pot in the same solution containing Pb2+ and graphene oxide, leading to the direct formation of crystalline thin films at near-room temperature. XRD was employed to determine the crystallinity index of the PbO-ERGO nanostructures. SEM, XPS, EDS, and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques were employed to analyze the morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the composite materials. Owing to the rapid charge transport in the composite materials of PbO-ERGO, rapid, and uniform photocurrent responses were observed. In addition, the PbO-ERGO composite electrode exhibited a 40 and 130 fold increase in the photocatalytic performance compared to PbO and ERGO electrodes, respectively. Then, the nanocomposite-modified electrode was applied for the nonenzymatic sensing of H2O2. A linear amperometric response to H2O2 was observed at concentrations in the range from 1 x 10(-5) to 10 x 10(-3) mol L-1. The sensitivity and detection limit of the PbO-ERGO electrode were estimated as 2.26 mu A mM(-1) cm(-2) and 2 x 10(-7) mol L-1, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0.

Upregulation of N-cadherin in epithelial tumor cells has been reported to enhance the invasive process. Although the distribution of N-cadherin in the normal testis was demonstrated, there is no adequate information regarding its presence in testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs). Our purpose was to examine the expression and localization of N-cadherin in germ cell tumors of the testis and share our experience.104 adult cases of primary and metastatic testicular GCTs, 5 germ cell neoplasia in situ and 15 benign testicular tissues were included into the study and analyzed for immunoexpression of N-cadherin. Positive expression was evaluated according to intensity and localization of the staining.In 34 pure seminomas, 6 seminomas of mixed component and 16 metastatic seminomas, N-cadherin expression was observed with variable staining intensity. Two pure yolk sac tumors and 20 out of 34 mixed GCTs with yolk sac components were positive for N-cadherin. In contrast, neither the embryonal and chorionic carcinomas nor the teratomas showed N-cadherin expression.N-cadherin immunexpression should be interpreted considering both staining intensity and extent. In case of a metastatic tumor of unknown primary showing prominent N-cadherin expression, seminoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis. At the same time Ncadherin staining could be used to differentiate seminomas from embryonal carcinomas with solid components in metastatic GCTs, both having similar histopathological findings. On the other hand, the diagnostic value is not obvious for nonseminomatous tumors.

Ureterocele is the dilatation of the submucosal ureter as a result of a defect in the Chwalla membrane absorption. The many types and clinical presentations of ureters present a significant challenge to clinicians. Although stone formation in the ureterocele is common in adults, it is much less common in pediatric patients. Here, we present a case report of a two-year-old boy with single-system ureteroceles containing multiple small stones.

We presented two girls aged 11 and 14, which have similar complaints, applied at the different dates to our pediatric surgical outpatient clinic with complaints of left and right labia minora protrusion (respectively), urination difficulty, itching and malodor. The patients were reported to have symptomatic urinary tract infections every 2 to 3 months. Here, for reduction labioplasty, a simple edge technique and different surgical options were discussed with literature review.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the renal tubular cell injury and stone formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model induced by ethylene glycol and its possible underlying mechanisms. The study was performed with 30 male Wistar rats and randomized into three groups of teen. The sham-control (group 1) received only drinking water orally. The EG/untreated (group 2) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally. The EG/PTX treated (group 3) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally and PTX. Urine and blood were collected to determine some parameters. The kidneys were also removed for histological examination. Serum and urinary parameters were significantly improved in the EG/PTX treated. In the EG/PTX-treated group, the MDA, TOS and MPO activity reduced and the TAS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were increased markedly compared with the group 2. In urine of the group 2 rats, a large number of CaOx crystals were displayed and most tubules that contained crystals were dilated and showed degeneration, necrosis, and desquamation of the lining epithelium. Only few CaOx crystals were r in EG/PTX-treated animal’s urine. Mild tissue damage was observed in PTX-treated rats. iNOS expression was significantly elevated in the group 2. In contrast, in the EG/PTX-treated group, eNOS expression in renal tubular epithelial cells was increased. Current study indicates that PTX may partially reduce renal tubular injury resulting from hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress.

Aim: To present the experience of treatment with Limberg flap procedure under spinal anesthesia in 23 young patients with pilonidal sinus disease. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 23 young patients who underwent surgery for pilonidal sinus disease under spinal anesthesia between January 2011 and November 2017 in the Division of Pediatric Surgery. All patients were evaluated for age, sex, clinical diagnosis, and body mass index, and infection, duration of symptoms, treatment, healing time, recurrences, complications and results. Results: Of the 23 patients, 4 (17%) were male, and 19 (83%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 15.21 ± 2.8 years and the mean symptom duration was 4 ± 2.6 months. In 13 patients (56.5%), there was one or more sagittal lines in the midline and the mean sinus number of the patients was 2.12 ± 0.60. Pain was the most important complaint affecting the quality of life of the patient. The mean body mass index was 26.33 ± 2.54 kg / m2, and 47.8% (n = 11) were high BMI and 53.2% were normal BMI. One patient had temporary headache and one patient had urinary retention. Wound infection occurred in 2 patients (8.6%). Recurrence was not observed in patients. Conclusion: In this study, pilonidal sinus disease was treated with Limberg flap procedure under spinal anesthesia. The combination of these two applications in patients with pilonidal sinus may provide significant advantages, such as rapid recovery and short hospital stay, early return to daily activities, low complications, and recurrence rates.

Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is a rare nonfamilial, nonprogressive disorder of one kidney and is not related with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The present case is a report of a 15-year-old female who had a huge multicystic mass involving the lower and middle part of the left kidney with normal minimal residual renal parenchyma at the upper pole. All the laboratory tests were within normal limits. The right kidney was entirely normal. Left nephrectomy was performed because of a significant morbidity. Here, the clinic, radiologic and pathologic findings are described and their differential diagnosis is discussed.

Complex renal stones are staghorn calculi stones >2 cm and most calculus are calcium stones. In patients found with obstruction may need an emergency intervention. Three patients with multiple stones causing bilateral renal obstruction were operated.

WOS:000402475400004 PubMed: 28433070 To evaluate the effects of nicorandil in a rat kidney model of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO). Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: (1) Group 1 (Sham-control), ureters of the rats were manipulated but not ligated; (2) Group 2 (PUUO-untreated), PUUO was performed with two-thirds of the left ureter embedded in the psoas muscle; and (3) Group 3 (PUUO-nicorandil treated). After PUUO was established, nicorandil (15 mg/kg/day) was administered by gastric lavage for 21 days to determine its effects on PUUO-induced histopathological-, functional-, and oxidative stress-induced changes. The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were reduced in Group 3. The level of urinary albumin and the ratio of urinary protein/creatinine were increased in the kidneys of Group 2 but decreased in Group 3. Malondialdehyde value was decreased in Group 3 compared with Group 2. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) were decreased in Group 2. Nicorandil treatment caused an increase in these enzyme activities. In Group 3, leukocyte infiltration and tubular dilatation were significantly reduced. Other parameters, such as degeneration of tubular epithelium and fibrosis, also showed a marked improvement in Group 3. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Group 2 and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in Group 3 were significantly elevated. Nicorandil can inhibit renal tubular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis by reducing the effects of oxidative stress after PUUO. Copyright (C) 2017, Kaohsiung Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.

Condyloma acuminatum is a common sexually transmitted diseases in adults, but its presence in children is rare and could be associated with sexual abuse. We are reporting this case because of the rarity of presence of warts on the penis and the scrotum of a child, which certainly could not have been used for sexual purposes. Surgical excision of warts was performed.

Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system and is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the distal intestine. This condition results in absence of peristalsis in the affected bowel and the development of a functional intestinal obstruction. It occurs in approximately 1 in 5000 live born infants and usually presented with delay in the meconium passage, distended abdomen, feeding intolerance and bilious vomiting. Here in, clinical and radiological evaluation of a male infant who diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease in the neonatal period was presented., Hirschprung Hastalığı enterik sinir sisteminin gelişimsel bir bozukluğu olup distal kolondaki myenterik ve submukozal pleksuslarda ganglion hücrelerinin yokluğu ile karakterizedir. Bu durum etkilenen barsak kısmında peristaltizmin yokluğuna ve fonksiyonel intestinal tıkanıklığa yol açar. Yaklaşık 5000 canlı doğumda bir görülmekte ve genellikle mekonyum çıkışında gecikme, karın distansiyonu, beslenme intoleransı ve safralı kusma ile karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Burada yenidoğan döneminde Hirschprung Hastalığı tanısı konulmuş erkek bebeğin kliniği ve radyolojik tetkikleriyle değerlendirilmesi sunulmuştur.

WOS:000282219500004 PubMed: 20877949 Purpose: To evaluate the effects of sirolimus (SRL) on renal injury in rats with bile duct ligation. Methods: A total of 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-260g were used. Group 1 (Sham-control, n=7) rats were undergone laparotomy alone and bile duct was just dissected from the surrounding tissue. Group 2 rats (BDL/Untreated, n=7) were subjected to bile duct ligation and no drug was applied. Group 3 rats (BDL/SRL, n=7) received a daily dose of sirolimus (0.5 mg.day(-1)xkg(-1) dissolved 1 ml in saline) by orogastric tube for 14 days after BDL. At the end of the two-week period, biochemical and histological evaluation were processed. Results: AST, ALT, AP and TB levels values were decreased in group 3 when compared to group 2. There was no significant difference in serum levels of BUN and creatinine among all the experimental groups. Histological evaluation of the liver of BDL/Untreated group rats demonstrated marked portal fibrosis and signs of major bile duct obstruction with prominent portal and lobular inflammation. In BDL/SRL group, moderate damage was seen. Tubular injury scores were higher in the BDL subgroups; however, group 3 rats showed considerably fewer lesions in the tubules and interstitium compared to the group 2 rats. In group 2 animals, in the epithelial cells of proximal tubules presented vacuoles and hydropic changes, atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltrate in the medullar interstitium. Conclusions: Sirolimus decreased tubulointerstitial lesions in kidney induced by bile duct ligation in rats. The improve effects of sirolimus on renal morphology can be due to improved liver function or due to direct action on the kidney.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of sirolimus (SRL) on renal injury in rats with bile duct ligation. METHODS: A total of 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-260g were used. Group 1 (Sham-control, n=7) rats were undergone laparotomy alone and bile duct was just dissected from the surrounding tissue. Group 2 rats (BDL/Untreated, n=7) were subjected to bile duct ligation and no drug was applied. Group 3 rats (BDL/SRL, n =7) received a daily dose of sirolimus (0.5 mg·day-1xkg-1 dissolved 1 ml in saline) by orogastric tube for 14 days after BDL. At the end of the two-week period, biochemical and histological evaluation were processed. RESULTS: AST, ALT, AP and TB levels values were decreased in group 3 when compared to group 2. There was no significant difference in serum levels of BUN and creatinine among all the experimental groups. Histological evaluation of the liver of BDL/Untreated group rats demonstrated marked portal fibrosis and signs of major bile duct obstruction with prominent portal and lobular inflammation. In BDL/SRL group, moderate damage was seen. Tubular injury scores were higher in the BDL subgroups; however, group 3 rats showed considerably fewer lesions in the tubules and interstitium compared to the group 2 rats. In group 2 animals, in the epithelial cells of proximal tubules presented vacuoles and hydropic changes, atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltrate in the medullar interstitium. CONCLUSIONS: Sirolimus decreased tubulointerstitial lesions in kidney induced by bile duct ligation in rats. The improve effects of sirolimus on renal morphology can be due to improved liver function or due to direct action on the kidney.OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do sirolimo (SRL) na lesão renal induzida pela ligadura do ducto biliar em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 21 ratos Sprague-Dawley pesando entre 220-260 g. Grupo 1 (Sham-controle, n=7) submetidos a laparotomia e o ducto biliar dissecado do tecido circundante. Grupo 2 (BDL/Não tratado, n=7) foram submetidos a ligadura do ducto biliar e nenhuma droga foi aplicada. Grupo 3 (BDL/SRL, n=7) receberam dose diária de sirolimo (0,5 mg dia-1xkg-1 dissolvido em 1 ml em solução salina) por tubo orogástrico por 14 dias após BDL. Após duas semanas era realizada avaliação bioquímica e histológica. RESULTADOS: Níveis de AST, ALT, AP e TB estavam diminuídos no grupo 3 comparado ao grupo 2. Não houve diferença significante nos níveis séricos de BUN e creatinina em todos os grupos. Observou-se na avaliação histológica evidente fibrose portal e sinais de obstrução do ducto biliar com evidente inflamação portal e lobular. No grupo BDL/SRL verificou-se dano moderado. Lesão tubular foi maior nos subgrupos BDL; entretanto, o grupo 3 mostrou considerável menos lesões nos túbulos e interstício comparados ao grupo 2. No grupo 2 as células epiteliais dos túbulos proximais apresentaram vacúolos e alterações hidrópicas, atrofia e infiltrado celular inflamatório no interstício medular. CONCLUSÕES: Sirolimo diminuiu lesões tubulointersticial no rim induzida pela ligadura do ducto biliar em ratos. Os efeitos benéficos do sirolimo na morfologia renal pode ser devida à melhora da função hepática ou devido à ação direta no rim.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of iloprost a prostacyclin analogue on the hepatic IR injury in rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into four groups each containing 10 rats;(1)- controls: data from unmanipulated animals; (2) sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R, and given saline; (3) I/R group: rats that underwent liver ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 45 min; (4) IR/ Iloprost group: rats pretreated with iloprost (10 µg kg-1, i.v). Liver tissues were taken to determine SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA levels and for biochemical and histological evaluation. RESULTS: The plasma ALT and AST levels were increased in group 3 than in group 4. MDA values and the liver injury score decreased, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH values increased in group 4 compared to group 3. In group 3, hepatocytes were swollen with marked vacuolization. In group 4, there were regular sinusoidal structures with normal morphology without any signs of congestion. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of iloprost against severe ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat liver.OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do iloprost, um análogo da prostaciclina nos danos causados ao fígado de ratos pela lesão de IR. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (250-300 g) foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de dez; - (1) grupo de controle: dados de animais não manipulados; (2) grupo "sham": ratos que sofreram intervenção cirúrgica sem I/R, aos quais foram administrados solução salina; (3) grupo I/R; animais que foram submetidos à isquemia por 45 minutos seguida de reperfusão por 45 minutos; (4) grupo I R/Iloprost: ratos previamente tratados com Iloprost ( 10µ kg-1, i.v). Tecidos hepáticos foram retirados para determinar os níveis de SOD, CAT, GSH, e MDA e para avaliação bioquímica e histológica. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de plasma ALT e AST aumentaram no grupo 3 mais do que no grupo 4. Os valores de MDA e o índice de lesões hepáticas diminuíram, enquanto os valores de SOD, CAT e GSH aumentaram no grupo 4, em comparação com o grupo3. No grupo 3, os hepatócitos se apresentaram edemaciados, e vacuolizados. No grupo 4, havia estruturas sinusoidais regulares, apresentando morfologia normal, sem sinais de congestão. CONCLUSÃO: Demonstramos os efeitos hepato-protetores do Iloprost contra a isquemia grave e o dano de reperfusão no fígado de ratos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of iloprost a prostacyclin analogue on the hepatic IR injury in rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into four groups each containing 10 rats;(1)- controls: data from unmanipulated animals; (2) sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R, and given saline; (3) I/R group: rats that underwent liver ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 45 min; (4) IR/ Iloprost group: rats pretreated with iloprost (10 µg kg-1, i.v). Liver tissues were taken to determine SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA levels and for biochemical and histological evaluation. RESULTS: The plasma ALT and AST levels were increased in group 3 than in group 4. MDA values and the liver injury score decreased, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH values increased in group 4 compared to group 3. In group 3, hepatocytes were swollen with marked vacuolization. In group 4, there were regular sinusoidal structures with normal morphology without any signs of congestion. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of iloprost against severe ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat liver. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do iloprost, um análogo da prostaciclina nos danos causados ao fígado de ratos pela lesão de IR. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (250-300 g) foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de dez; - (1) grupo de controle: dados de animais não manipulados; (2) grupo "sham": ratos que sofreram intervenção cirúrgica sem I/R, aos quais foram administrados solução salina; (3) grupo I/R; animais que foram submetidos à isquemia por 45 minutos seguida de reperfusão por 45 minutos; (4) grupo I R/Iloprost: ratos previamente tratados com Iloprost ( 10µ kg-1, i.v). Tecidos hepáticos foram retirados para determinar os níveis de SOD, CAT, GSH, e MDA e para avaliação bioquímica e histológica. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de plasma ALT e AST aumentaram no grupo 3 mais do que no grupo 4. Os valores de MDA e o índice de lesões hepáticas diminuíram, enquanto os valores de SOD, CAT e GSH aumentaram no grupo 4, em comparação com o grupo3. No grupo 3, os hepatócitos se apresentaram edemaciados, e vacuolizados. No grupo 4, havia estruturas sinusoidais regulares, apresentando morfologia normal, sem sinais de congestão. CONCLUSÃO: Demonstramos os efeitos hepato-protetores do Iloprost contra a isquemia grave e o dano de reperfusão no fígado de ratos.

H, Ozturk/0000-0001-5608-5742 WOS: 000262472300012 PubMed: 19142813 Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury remains the leading cause of acute renal failure. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the role of dexmedetomidine on histologic alterations induced by renal I-R in rats. In the present study, thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly assigned into three groups: the sham-control group (group 1, n = 10), the R/untreated group (group 2, n = 10), and the I-R/dexmedetomidine-treated group (group 3, n = 10). For group one, we performed a sham operation. The abdomen was dissected, the right kidney was harvested, and then the left renal pedicle exposed. Renal clamping was not applied. For group 2, rats underwent left renal ischemia for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion for 45 minutes. For group 3, the same surgical procedure as in group 2 was performed, and dexmedetomidine (100 g/kg, intraperitoneal) was administrated at the starting time of reperfusion. The rats were sacrificed after reperfusion, and the kidney tissue was harvested. The histopathological score in the kidney of the I-R/dexmedetomidine-treated group rats was significantly lower than that of I-R/untreated group rats. This score in I-R/untreated group rats was higher than the other two groups, which was statistically significant. In the I-R/untreated group rats, kidneys of untreated ischemia rats showed tubular cell swelling, cellular vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, medullary congestion, and moderate to severe necrosis. Treatment with dexmedetomidine shows normal glomeruli and slight edema of the tubular cells. These findings provide the first evidence that dexmedetomidine can reduce the renal injury caused by I-R of the kidney, and may be useful in enhancing the tolerance of the kidney against renal injury.

In the kidney, prostaglandins represent important physiological modulators of renal hemodynamics and salt and water homeostasis. In this experimental study of bilaterally adrenalectomized (ADX) rats, we aimed to investigate whether the administration of selective (celecoxib) inhibitor of COX-2 would alter the morphological and functional changes in rat kidney tissue. Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 225-250 g were used. The animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 rats (Sham-control, n = 7) did not receive any treatment. In group 2 rats (ADX/Untreated, n = 7), bilateral ADX was performed via a single dorsal incision. In group 3 (ADX/COX-2) rats, the same operation was performed as described for group 2 and then the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib was administered by gavage for a period of 7 days. On the 7th day of the study, renal function was assessed by measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Biopsies were obtained from the remaining left kidneys before killing the rats. There was no significant difference in the BUN and creatinine values between the groups. In ADX/Untreated group, capillary congestion in glomerule, inflammation, hemorrhage and congestion in intertubular area, and cytoplasmic vacuolation in renal tubules was observed. Mild damage was observed in the ADX/COX-2 group. The number of macrophages was significantly decreased in ADX/COX-2 group when compared to ADX/Untreated group (P < 0.0001). Our study indicates that celecoxib may be an important factor affecting renal morphological changes after the bilaterally ADX.

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) with transverse testicular ectopia (TTS) is a very rare pathological association, often discovered during repair for inguinal hernia or cryptorchidism. We present 2 cases with PMDS associated with TTS and discuss the diagnosis and management. A hysterectomy was performed, with resection of the underdeveloped fallopian tubes. Both gonads wereplaced into subdartos pouches in each scrotum by the transseptal approach. The diagnosis of PMDS was confirmed postoperatively by genetic and hormonal investigations. Chromosome analysis revealed 46,XY. Pathological findings demonstrated the immature testes and the immature uterus.

Giris: Neonatal hidrometrokolpos kadin ureme yollarinin gelisim defektine bagli gelisen nadir bir anomalisidir. Yenidoganda genellikle abdominal kitle, nadiren hidroureteronefroz ile presente olur. Olgu: Bu yazida 3 gunluk yenidoganda yuksek vajinal atreziye bagli gelisen dev hidrometrokolpos ve eslik eden bilateral hidroureteronefrozun sonografik bulgularini sunduk. Sonuc: Ultrason abdominal kitlenin orijini ve komplikasyonlarini ortaya koyabilen onemli bir tanisal modalitedir.

Congenital bladder diverticula (CBD) are an outpouching of the mucosa through the muscular wall of the bladder. Large CBD may be presented with a serious urological problem in childhood. A 6-year-old boy was admitted with the complaint of recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary retention. Voiding cystourethrogram revealed a bilateral large CBD. Cystoscopy was performed before surgery to rule out bladder neck pathology, for direct visualization of diverticula, and to see the opening of the ureters. Transvesical diverticulectomy is a reliable technique for surgical treatment, if necessary, and can effectively be combined with the management of associated other pathology.

Fibrous hamartoma (FH) of childhood is uncommon benign tumor. They are generally seen in the head and neck region, gastrointestinal system and lung. As in the case we report, they may also occur in other unusual sites such as groin and testis. The clinical presentation is almost always a mass or swelling. We hereby report a case with FH in atrophic testis which is unusual location and clinical presentation.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of toxic liver diseases and other hepatic alterations including obstruction of bile flow. It has been shown that the gastrointestinal tract and renal tissue is particularly affected during obstruction of bile flow. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on small bowel and kidney oxidative stress and histological alterations in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-240 g were used in this study. Group 1 (Sham-control, n = 10) rats underwent laparotomy and bile duct was dissected from the surrounding tissue. Group 2 (Dexa-control, n = 10) rats underwent laparotomy and bile duct was dissected from the surrounding tissue. The rats received daily dexamethasone. Group 3 (BDL/Untreated, n = 10) rats were subjected to bile duct ligation and no drug was applied. Group 4 (BDL/Dexa, n = 10) rats received daily dexamethasone by orogastric tube for 14 days after BDL. At the end of the 2-week period, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured and biochemical and histological evaluation were processed. The mean serum bilirubin, liver enzymes, MDA level, and histopathological score significantly decreased and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px values were significantly increased in group 4 when compared to group 3. Group 3 presented a significant increase in caecal count of E. coli and in aerobe/anaerobe ratio. In group 4, liver was moderately damaged. Ileal biopsies from group 4 demonstrated a significant increase in villus height, total mucosal thickness, and villus density when compared to group 3. Glomerular injury scores (GIS) and arterial injury scores (AIS) in group 3 rats were increased in the juxtamedullary region. In contrast to group 4, tubulo-interstitial lesions were diffuse in group 3 animals. Dexamethasone reduced small bowel and kidney oxidative stress and histological alterations in bile duct-ligated rats with increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreasing MDA levels in rats with obstructed bile duct.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether mibefradil can reduce oxidative stress and histologic damage in the rat small bowel subjected to mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 210 and 220 g were divided into three groups, each containing 10 rats: group 1, sham operation; group 2, untreated ischemia-reperfusion; and group 3, ischemia-reperfusion plus mibefradil treatment group. Intestinal ischemia for 45 min and reperfusion for 60 min were applied. Ileal specimens were obtained to determine the tissue levels of MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px and histologic changes. In group 2, MDA values were significantly increased compared to those in groups 1 and 3. In addition, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px values decreased significantly in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3. The intestinal injury score increased significantly in group 2 and 3 rats compared to group 1 rats. However, this increase was reduced in group 3 rats compared to group 2. Histopathologically, the rats in group 1 had essentially normal testicular architecture. In group 2 rats, the lesions varied between grade 3 and grade 5. In contrast, most of the specimens in the mibefradil-treated group 3 showed grade 1 injury. Mibefradil plays a role in attenuating reperfusion injury of the small intestine by depressing free radical production and mucosal injury score and regulating postischemic intestinal perfusion while restoring intestinal microcirculatory blood flow and encountered histologic injury.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of L: -arginine methyl ester (L-Arg) on indices of free radical involvement in a rat model of experimental nephrocalcinosis. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups of seven. The first group (G1), the sham-control group received pure distilled drinking water. The second group (G2) received drinking water containing 0.7% ethylene glycol (EG) in distilled water for 3 weeks. The third group (G3) received drinking water containing 0.7% EG in distilled water for 3 weeks and L-Arg was administered for 3 weeks. The fourth group (G4) received drinking water containing 0.7% EG in distilled water for 3 weeks and L-NAME was administered for 3 weeks. Urine and aortic blood was collected to determine some parameters. The kidneys were also removed for histological examination. The increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, K(+), Mg(2+ )and uric acid were mild in group 3 compared with the groups 2 and 4. The urinary concentrations of Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and uric acid were noticed to be similar among the groups. However, Ca(2+ )and oxalate excretion were significantly higher in groups 2, 3 and 4 than in group 1. The mean values of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px values were significantly increased in group 3 when compared to groups 2 and 4. Presence of aggregated urinary crystals was clearer in experimental groups compared to group 1. The tubular dilatation, epithelial degeneration and lymphocytic infiltration were significantly found in groups 2 and 4. Mild tissue damage was observed in L-Arg-pretreated rats. Under polarized light microscope intense crystals in the cortex and medulla were observed in the kidney of group 2 and 4 and moderate crystals were noticed in group 3. In conclusion, L-Arg supplementation may decrease free radicals and tubulary membrane injury in nephrocalcinosis due to infiltrating leukocytes and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed with EG diet.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous human recombinant interleukin-10 (rhIL-10) on hypoxia-induced renal injury in immature rats. Method: The study was performed on 1-day-old Sprague–Dawley rat pups. Group 1 (n = 8) served as non-hypoxic controls. Group 2 (untreated, n = 8) rats were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/O) and were then returned to their mothers. Group 3 (rhIL-10 treated, n = 8) rats were subjected to H/O, were returned to their mothers, and were treated with rhIL-10 (75 µg/kg subcutaneously) for the next 3 days. All animals were killed on day 4 and renal specimens were obtained to determine the tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and histological changes. Results: In the untreated group, moderate or severe renal tubular necrosis was observed However, the tubular necrosis score was significantly less in the rhIL-10 treated rats than in the untreated rats (P

This study evaluates whether melatonin can improve the structure of the small intestine and enhance adaptation in an experimental model of short bowel syndrome. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three experimental groups of 10 animals each. In one group, only laparotomy was performed and these rats served as the sham-control group (G1). The remaining 20 rats underwent 90% small bowel resection (SBR) and formed the two experimental groups: the SBR/untreated group (G2), and the SBR/melatonin-treated group (G3). Rats in the SBR/untreated group received no therapeutic treatment. Rats in the SBR/melatonin-treated group received melatonin intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. The animals were weighed daily. All rats underwent relaparotomy on day 21 of the experiment. Remnant small bowel was excised and evaluated for villus height, total mucosal thickness, and crypt cell mitosis. After the 90% SBR, all animals suffered from diarrhea and weight loss between the first and the sixth postoperative days. The body weight of the SBR/melatonin group showed significant increases at the beginning of postoperative day 10 and day 21 in comparison to that of the SBR/untreated group. The rats treated with melatonin had significantly greater villus height and crypt cell mitosis compared to the sham-control group and the SBR/untreated group. In addition, the mucosal thickness was significantly increased in the SBR/melatonin-treated group compared to the SBR/untreated rats. These observations suggest that melatonin treatment increases villus height, total mucosal thickness, and crypt cell mitosis after massive SBR and it may exert a considerable effect on the mucosal adaptive response in short bowel syndrome in rats.

This study examined the effects of celecoxib on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190-210g were randomized into 4 groups of 10: (1) controls: data from unmanipulated animals; (2) sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R, and given saline; (3) I/R group: rats that underwent liver ischemia for 1h followed by reperfusion for 45min; (4) I-R/Celecoxib group: rats pretreated with celecoxib (3mgkg(-1), i.p.) 40min before liver I/R. Tc-99m sulfur colloid images were used to measure the uptake ratio and perfusion index. Liver tissues were taken to determine SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA levels and for biochemical and histological evaluation. The plasma ALT, AST, GGT, and LDH activities were higher in group 3 than in group 4. The uptake ratio was significantly lower in group 3 compared to groups 1, 2, and 4. In addition, in group 4, the uptake ratio and perfusion index were also significantly higher compared to group 3. MDA values and the hepatic injury score decreased, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px values increased in group 4 compared to group 3. In group 3, hepatocytes were swollen with marked vacuolization. Group 4 showed well preserved liver parenchyma with hepatocytes arranged radially around the central vein; there were regular sinusoidal structures with normal morphology without any signs of congestion. We showed that celecoxib has beneficial effects in hepatic I/R injury and may protect the liver.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) on hypoxia-induced lung injury in immature rats. The study was performed on 1-day-old Sprague Dawley rat pups. Group 1 (n = 7) served as nonhypoxic controls. Group 2 (untreated, n = 7) rats were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/O) and were then returned to their mothers. Group 3 (rhIL-4 treated, n = 7) rats were subjected to H/O, were returned to their mothers, and were treated with rhIL-4 (75 microg/kg subcutaneously) for the next 3 days. All animals were killed on day 4 and lung specimens were obtained to determine the tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and histological changes. In the untreated group, MDA levels were significantly increased compared to control and rhIL-4 groups. In the rhIL-4 treated group, MDA levels were not significantly different compared to control group. The rhIL-4 treated group had a significantly lower score of pathological lesions and alveolar hemorrhage grade values than the untreated group. The untreated animals had areas marked intraalveolar hemorrhage, capillary congestion, interstitial edema, and hypercellularity of lung that were not seen in the rhIL-4 treated rats. In conclusion, this study found beneficial effects of rhIL-4 in an experimental model on the hypoxia-induced lung injury.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of specific platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist BN-52021 on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM) expression and oxidative stress in rats with reperfusion damage due to unilateral testicular torsion. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into three groups, each containing ten rats. A sham operation was performed in group 1 (control). In group 2 [ischemia-reperfusion (I-R)/untreated], 1-h detorsion of the testis was performed after 6 h of unilateral testicular torsion. In group 3 (I-R/BN-52021), after performing the same surgical procedures as in groups II, BN-52021 was given intravenously at the starting time of reperfusion. In all experimental rats, ipsilateral orchiectomies were performed for histological examination and measuring the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). MDA values and the testicular injury score decreased and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px values increased in the I-R/BN-52021 treated group compared to in the I-R/untreated group. Most of the specimens in the I-R/BN-52021 treated group showed grade-I testicular injury. However, the injuries in the I-R/untreated rats varied between grades III and IV. An ICAM-1 expression was intensive in the interstitial spaces and basement membrane of the tubuli seminiferi, of testicular tissue in the I-R/untreated group. However, an ICAM-1 expression was mild in the I-R/BN-52021 group. BN-52021 may play an important role in the immunohistochemical expression of adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and may reduce oxidative stress in rats with reperfusion damage due to unilateral testicular torsion.

A total of 40 rat pups were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 1 (sham) rats served as nonhypoxic controls. Group 2 (rhIL-4 treated/control) rats were administrated rIL-4 alone. Group 3 (hypoxia-reoxygenation [H-O]/untreated) rats were subjected to H-O and were then returned to their mothers. Group 4 (H-O/rhIL-4 treated) rats were subjected to H/O and were treated with rhIL-4 for the next 3 days. All animals were killed on day 4 and gastric and intestinal specimens were obtained to determine the tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and histological changes. In group 3 MDA levels were significantly increased compared with groups 1,2, and 4. In group 4, MDA levels were not significantly different compared with group 3. The gastric and intestinal injury score were increased significantly in group 3 and 4 rats compared with group 1 and 2. However, this increase was lower in group 4 rats compared with group 3. In group 3, after hypoxia following reoxygenation, exfoliation and necrosis of superficial cells, blood cell infiltration, and structural alterations on the two-third parts of the glandular pits, and bleeding erosions developed in all stomachs. Treatment with rhIL-4 produced a reduction of exfoliation of superficial cells, hemorrhage, and blood cell infiltration. In group 3 animals, destruction of villi and crypts of ileum and in some cases extension to the muscularis were noticed. In contrast, in the rats treated with rhIL-4, lesions were limited essentially to the very tips of the villi. This study found beneficial effects of rhIL-4 in an experimental model of hypoxia-induced gastric and intestinal injury.

We investigated cyclin D1 expression in proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and examined the correlation of cyclin D1 expression with Ki67 as a cell proliferation associated marker. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclin D1 and Ki67 were studied in 30 cases with endometrial carcinoma, 14 cases with atypical hyperplasia, 15 cases with simple hyperplasia and 30 cases with proliferative endometrium.One out of 30 patients (3.3%) with proliferative endometrium, 1 out of 14 patients (7.1%) with atypical hyperplasia, and 8 out of 30 patients (26.6%) with endometrial carcinoma were found to have immunoreactivity to cyclin D1. All cases of simple hyperplasia had negative staining for cyclin D1. A positive immunoreaction for Ki67 was obtained in all cases. Statistically significant difference was found in cyclin D1 immunoreactivity between both proliferative endometrium and adenocarcinoma, and simple hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma (p0.05). In patients with adenocarcinoma, cyclin D1 immunoreactive cases had higher mean Ki67 values compared with the non-immunoreactive ones (p0.05). Ki67 and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity had no impact on overall survival. Univariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between survival and grade and stage (p0.01). Cyclin D1 expression was not correlated with age, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space involvement, grade, lymph node metastasis and stage.Cyclin D1 expression in endometrial carcinoma is higher than proliferative endometrium and simple hyperplasia. These findings support that cyclin D1 may play a role in endometrial carcinogenesis.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical problems of childhood. Late or misdiagnosis may increase the morbidity and mortality of this condition. Objective: To test the utility of some laboratory methods, especially Neutrophil/Lymphocyte (N/L) ratio in rapid diagnosis of simple and complicated acute appendicitis Method: The records of 498 cases hospitalized in paediatric surgery departments in Turkey between the years 2008 and 2014 with the suspicion or prediagnosis of acute appendicitis were retrospectively evaluated. Among these, 279 were diagnosed as non-complicated appendicitis while 73 were diagnosed as complicated appendicitis. The remaining 146 cases without the appendectomy requirement comprised the control group. Clinical, haematologic and radiologic data of all cases were investigated. Results: Among the patients who had appendectomy, 214 (60.8%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 9.8 ± 3.5 years. The mean C-reactive protein (CRP) (46.6±54.1 vs. 17.3±17.1, p=0.048), white blood cell count (WBC) (18.2±4.8 vs. 10.3±4.6, p < 0.001), polymorphonuclear leucocyte (14.5±4 vs. 7.3±4.6, p < 0.001) and N/L (8.4±6 vs. 4.4±3.8, p=0.024) values of the patients who had appendectomy were significantly higher. In diagnosis of acute appendicitis, the cut off value for N/L was determined as 5 (p=0.003) (Sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 67.8%). Among complicated acute appendicitis cases, N/L value was significantly higher (10.9±7.2 vs. 6.7±3.3, p=0.04), and the number of patients with WBC greater than 12x103 and CRP value greater than 15 mg/dl were significantly higher than the non-complicated group (65.8% vs. 34.3%, p=0.035 and 67.1% vs. 32.9%, p=0.046, respectively). In diagnosis of complicated acute appendicitis, the cut off value for N/L was determined as 7.2 (p=0.017) (Sensitivity 83.6%, specificity 69.6%). Conclusions: In our study the most appropriate cut off value of N/L in differentiating complicated acute appendicitis from non-complicated appendicitis was 7.2. In our study, WBC > 12x103 and CRP > 15 mg/dl values were important parameters distinguishing complicated appendicitis from non-complicated one.

Injury in the case presented here is different from the cause of penile trauma. Our case has been exposed to blunt trauma after circumcision. Type developments of the penile trauma, treatment, and precautions have been discussed with the literature.