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Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure 2. (Left) Relative abundance of bacterial genera in Ae. aegypti donor pools and recipient samples. Biological replicates were pooled for the bar graphs presented. Low abundance genera (

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 1. Significantly negative correlation between relative abundance of ASVs belonging to the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae and ASVs belonging to the genus Serratia across all Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus donor individuals (Spearman’s rank test, P < 0.05).

Additional file 6: Supplementary Figure 4. Average Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between (b/w) donor pools versus between a given donor pool and recipient samples. Mean values ± standard errors are shown. Asterisks (***) indicate comparisons for which the average dissimilarity between a given donor pool and group of recipient samples was significantly higher than that expected as a result of the transplantation procedure itself (i.e., between donor pools) (Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction, P < 0.0125).

Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure 3. (Left) Relative abundance of bacterial genera in Cx. quinquefasciatus donor pools and recipient samples. Biological replicates were pooled for the bar graphs presented. Low abundance genera (

Additional file 7: Supplementary Figure 5. Significantly negative correlation between relative abundance of ASVs belonging to the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae and ASVs belonging to the genus Serratia across all recipient Ae. aegypti adults (Spearman’s rank test, P < 0.05).

Additional file 1: Table S1. References sequences and accession numbers.

A key element to the prevention and management of the COVID-19 pandemic is the development of effective therapeutics. Drug combination strategies of repurposed drugs offer a number of advantages to monotherapies including the potential to achieve greater efficacy, the potential to increase the therapeutic index of drugs and the potential to reduce the emergence of drug resistance. Combination of agents with antiviral mechanisms of action with immune-modulatory or anti-inflammatory drug is also worthy of investigation. Here, we report on the in vitro synergistic interaction between two FDA approved drugs, remdesivir (RDV) and ivermectin (IVM) resulting in enhanced antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen of COVID-19. These findings warrant further investigations into the clinical potential of this combination, together with studies to define the underlying mechanism.

Innovative tools are essential for advancing malaria control and depend on an understanding of molecular mechanisms governing transmission of malaria parasites by Anopheles mosquitoes. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene disruption is a powerful method to uncover underlying biology of vector-pathogen interactions and can itself form the basis of mosquito control strategies. However, embryo injection methods used to genetically manipulate mosquitoes (especially Anopheles) are difficult and inefficient, particularly for non-specialist laboratories. Here, we adapted the ReMOT Control (Receptor-mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) technique to deliver Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex to adult mosquito ovaries, generating targeted and heritable mutations in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi without injecting embryos. In Anopheles, ReMOT Control gene editing was as efficient as standard embryo injections. The application of ReMOT Control to Anopheles opens the power of CRISPR/Cas9 methods to malaria laboratories that lack the equipment or expertise to perform embryo injections and establishes the flexibility of ReMOT Control for diverse mosquito species.