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This survey experiment explores how gender dynamics impact reactions to terrorist attacks. The experiment will examine how the location of the attack and the sex of the victims affects emotional reactions to the attack and support for enhanced interrogation tactics. Additionally, it will examine how respondent gender and gendered beliefs moderate the experimental treatment effect.

Do female peacekeepers improve public perceptions of peacekeeping in police and troop contributing countries? While many practitioners and scholars, as well as the UN, theorize that female peacekeepers may increase the perceived legitimacy of UN peacekeeping among local civilians , gender diversity within peacekeeping units may also improve perceptions of the United Nations and peacekeeping among citizens within troop and police contributing countries. In this survey experiment, I will examine whether the deployment of a mixed gender peacekeeping contingent alters the level of support for UN peacekeeping, perceptions of peacekeepers’ effectiveness, and support the deployment of female peacekeepers relative to an all-male peacekeeping contingent.

Do elite decisionmakers in the United Nations consider public opinion towards peacekeeping and do these considerations impact deployment decisions, particularly surrounding whether to deploy female peacekeepers? This project will examine how elite decisionmakers in the UN perceive of public opinion toward peacekeeping in the country that they represent and whether public support for peacekeeping is a major concern for UN Member States. Additionally, it will probe whether decisionmakers believe that public opinion toward peacekeeping is impacted by the gender of a peacekeeper deployed. Thus, there are several main research questions: Do elites consider public opinion when making peacekeeping deployment decisions? Are elites concerned about improving public opinion toward peacekeeping? Do elites believe the deployment of female peacekeepers impact public opinion differently male peacekeepers? Finally, do elites believe casualties among female peacekeepers will impact public opinion differently than casualties among male peacekeepers? As this survey is not an experimental survey and aims to be descriptive, it will not make causal claims about whether the gender of a peacekeeper causes elites to change their beliefs about public opinions. Instead, it will provide descriptive evidence of how elites believe the public will respond to gender dynamics in peacekeeping and whether elites prioritize public opinion toward peacekeeping in general.

Making decisions under uncertainty is at the core of entrepreneurship. However, evidence suggests that entrepreneurs lack a method to make decisions under uncertainty. Prior work shows that entrepreneurs can improve their ability to make these decisions by adopting a scientific approach, i.e., validating entrepreneurial ideas behaving similarly to scientists (Camuffo et. Al, 2020). This project aims to conduct a series of 5 randomized controlled trials (RCT) to provide further evidence of the effects of the adoption of the scientific approach and test, in addition, the separate and combined effects of the two components of the scientific approach: theory and evidence. By scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making, we mean that entrepreneurs might behave like scientists, accurately framing and identifying the problem they wish to address, articulating theories of their business idea, defining clear hypotheses, conducting rigorous tests to prove or disprove these hypotheses, measuring the results of the tests, evaluating/interpreting these results and making decisions based on these tools. A ‘full’ scientific approach thus comprises both core elements: theory and evidence. We build on previous studies (RCTs) conducted in Milan (2016, 2017, 2020), Turin (2018), London (2019), Hyderabad (2020), Tanzania (2021), and China (2021) about the effects of the scientific approach. We conduct a series of 5 RCTs in different Countries (Italy, the UK, The Netherlands, Colombia, and Spain) with approximately 150 early-stage entrepreneurs in each location to understand the conditions under which different elements of the scientific approach to decision-making sustain and benefit entrepreneurial actions. A sixth RCT in Tanzania is currently under discussion. We will randomly assign entrepreneurs who participate in the RCTs in each location to three experimental arms, corresponding to different combinations of the components of the scientific approach (theory and evidence, evidence only and a control group). The intervention consists in a three-month entrepreneurship training program, offered free of charge to participants. We will monitor the performance of these three groups over time. Firms in both treatment groups will learn how to collect and evaluate information about their entrepreneurial ideas, though the content of the training is different between the two groups: 1) The first treatment group will receive training focused on the ‘evidence-driven’ approach, in which greater emphasis will be devoted to the “evidence” element within the scientific approach rather than the theory element. 2) The second treatment group will receive training based on the ‘theory-driven’ approach that emphasizes both the theory and experimental elements within the scientific approach. 3) We also have a pure control group, which includes entrepreneurs who will not receive training We will observe the impact of these different treatments on the decisions participants will make over time and on different dimensions of performance of their ventures, as the data collection process will take place over the course of one year.

Do female peacekeeper casualties decrease public support for peacekeeping in police and troop contributing countries more than male peacekeeper casualties? The gender protection norm shapes public perceptions of female security officers, as well as leader’s decisions in how and when to deploy female security personnel. Yet, little is known about how the public actually reacts to female versus male casualties among peacekeepers. Given that the public knows relatively less about peacekeeping compared to wars, and the differing contexts of a peacekeeping mission versus a combat mission, the public may react differently to female casualties among peacekeepers than female casualties among combat soldiers. In this survey experiment, I will examine whether the female peacekeeper casualties alter support for UN peacekeeping among the public more than male peacekeeper casualties in two troop and police contributing countries: India and South Africa.

Immunoprophylaxis for bovine babesiosis has two presentations of a live attenuated vaccine (fresh and deep-frozen). Despite being effective, their durability, as well as the conditions necessary for their transfer and handling, make them impractical. The incorporation of a third presentation, using dehydrated merozoites as immunogens, constitutes an innovative alternative, which combines practicality and stability over time. The objective of this work was to test dehydration processes and cryopreservative and rehydrating substances. For this, erythrocytes highly parasitized with Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were subjected to two dehydration techniques: lyophilization and spray drying. In turn, for the lyophilization process, several lyoprotectants were tested: Dimethylsulfoxide, Glycerol, Dextrose and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The only one that achieved a properly dehydrated powder, crystalline in appearance and brittle to the touch was the PVP. Subsequently, the erythrocytes obtained by both techniques were reconstituted with sucrose solutions (0.25, 0.5, 1 M), 0.9% saline solution, Vega y Martínez solution, phosphate buffer and distilled water. Optical microscopy with an immersion objective showed that the best reconstituent for both lyophilized and spray-dried red blood cells was the 0.25 M sucrose solution, showing a high number of lyophilized and reconstituted red blood cells with preserved morphology. Extrapolating these results to the haemoparasites under study, their application as immunogens would be promising., La inmunoprofilaxis de la babesiosis bovina cuenta con dos presentaciones de una vacuna viva atenuada (fresca y ultracongelada). Pese a ser efectivas, su durabilidad, así como las condiciones necesarias para su traslado y manipulación, las hacen poco prácticas. La incorporación de una tercera presentación, utilizando merozoitos deshidratados como inmunógenos, constituye una innovadora alternativa, que combina practicidad y estabilidad en el tiempo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue ensayar procesos de deshidratación y sustancias criopreservadoras y rehidratantes. Con este fin, eritrocitos altamente parasitados con Babesia bovis y B. bigemina fueron sometidos a dos técnicas de deshidratación: liofilización y secado por aspersión. A su vez, para el proceso de liofilización se ensayaron varios lioprotectores: Dimetilsulfóxido, Glicerol, Dextrosa y Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP). El único que logró un polvo adecuadamente deshidratado, de aspecto cristalino y quebradizo al tacto fue la PVP. Posteriormente, los eritrocitos obtenidos por ambas técnicas fueron reconstituidos con soluciones de sacarosa (0.25, 0.5, 1 M), solución salina 0.9%, solución Vega y Martínez, buffer fosfato y agua destilada. La microscopía óptica con objetivo de inmersión evidenció que el mejor reconstituyente tanto para los glóbulos rojos liofilizados como para los secados por aspersión fue la solución de sacarosa 0.25 M, pudiéndose apreciar un alto número de glóbulos rojos liofilizados y reconstituidos con morfología conservada. Extrapolando este comportamiento a los hemoparásitos en estudio, resultaría promisoria su aplicación como inmunógenos.

Junge Menschen verbringen einen großen Teil ihrer täglichen Freizeit vor ihrem Smartphone und auf Social Media Plattformen. Das bedeutet, dass sie ständig einer Vielzahl an unkontrollierten Informationen zu jeglichen Themen ausgesetzt sind. Das Thema Ernährung und Essen zählt zu den am häufigsten behandelten Themen in sozialen Medien, weshalb die Anzahl an Beiträgen sehr hoch ist und die Wahrnehmung durch Nutzerinnen und Nutzer ständig gegeben ist. Die Aufnahme dieser Informationen bleibt nicht ohne Konsequenzen, sondern bewirkt besonders bei Jugendlichen ein Überdenken ihrer Lebensweise und ihrer Ernährung. Dies ist jedoch oft nicht im positiven Sinne zu verstehen.Das Forschungsziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, herauszufinden, wie die sozialen Medien, die besonders in der jüngeren Generation einen durchaus großen Bestandteil des alltäglichen Lebens sind, das Essverhalten von jungen Erwachsenen beeinflussen und welche Auswirkungen diese auf den Bezug zu ihrer eigenen Ernährungsweise haben. Die Literaturrecherche zeigt, dass die Einflüsse der sozialen Medien auf das Essverhalten von Jugendlichen enorm sind. Durch die unkontrollierten Beiträge die meist Informationen ohne Expertenwissen beinhalten, lassen sich junge Erwachsenen stark beeinflussen. Außerdem werden Schönheitsideale auf Social Media Plattformen verbreitet, die nicht der Realität entsprechen. Somit konnte festgestellt werden, dass die negativen Aspekte die das Thema Essen im Zusammenhang mit sozialen Medien betreffen, laut aktuellem Forschungsstand, deutlich größer sind als die positiven Faktoren die Ernährungskommunikation in sozialen Medien mit sich bringt. Es wurde deutlich, dass die sozialen Medien nicht den einzigen, jedoch einen erheblichen Faktor bei der Entstehung von gestörtem Essverhalten und verschiedene Arten von Essstörungen darstellen.Weitere Forschungsarbeiten zum positiven Mehrwert den die Ernährungskommunikation in sozialen Medien mit sich bringen kann, sind notwendig. Das Potenzial für die positive Beeinflussung des Ernährungsverhaltens von Nutzerinnen und Nutzer durch ernährungsbezogene Inhalte ist gegeben, jedoch noch nicht ausreichend belegt und erforscht, somit fehlt dazu eine theoretische Grundlage. Young people spend most of their daily free time in front of their smartphones and on social media platforms. This means that they are constantly exposed to a wide range of uncontrolled information on any topic. The topic of nutrition and food is one of the most frequently covered topics on social media, which is why the number of posts is very high and the perception by users is constant. The reception of this information does not remain without consequences, but causes young people in particular to rethink their lifestyle and diet. However, this is usually not to be understood in a positive sense.The research objective of this thesis is to find out how social media, which is a big part of everyday life especially in the younger generation, influences the eating behavior of young adults and what impact it has on their relationship with their diet. The literature review reveals that the influences of social media on adolescent eating behaviors are enormous. Young adults can be strongly influenced by the uncontrolled posts that mostly contain information without expert knowledge. In addition, ideals of beauty are spread on social media platforms that do not correspond to reality. Thus, it could be determined that the negative aspects that affect the topic of food in connection with social media, according to the current state of research, are significantly greater than the positive factors that bring nutrition communication in social media. It became clear that social media is not the only factor, but a significant one in the development of disordered eating behaviors and different types of eating disorders.Further research on the added value that nutrition communication in social media can bring is needed. The potential for positively influencing the eating behavior of users through nutrition-related content is given, but has not yet been sufficiently proven and researched, so there is no theoretical basis for this. eingereicht von: Laura Huber Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2022

Thailand is undergoing rapid intensification of livestock production where small subsistence farms and medium sized commercial farms coexist. In medium farms, antimicrobials are prescribed by a veterinarian, whereas in small farms antimicrobial use remains largely unsupervised. The impact of these differences as well as other farming practices on the emergence and composition of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) remains largely unknown. We analyzed 363 genomes of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing (ESBL) and/or AmpC producing Escherichia coli recovered from humans and pigs at small and medium farms from the Khon Kaen province, Thailand. We tested for genome-wide associations to identify links between ARGs, host, and farm size. Pig isolates from small farms were associated with mcr and qnr genes conferring resistance to colistin and fluoroquinolones, respectively. In contrast, pig isolates from medium farms were associated with ARGs conferring resistance to drugs commonly used on medium farms (i.e., streptomycin). ESBL plasmids from small farms co-carried ARGs conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials more frequently compared to plasmid from medium farms. Frequent ARG combinations included blaCTX-M-55 + qnrS1 (29.8% vs 17.5% in small and medium farms, respectively), blaCTX-M-55 + qnrS1 + mcr-3.19 (5% vs 0%), blaCTX-M-14 + qnrS1 (9.3% vs 6.2%), and blaCTX-M-14 + qnrS1 + mcr-1.1 (3.1% vs 0%). The co-location on plasmids of ARGs conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization is concerning, and actions to curb their spread are urgently needed. Legislation on limiting antimicrobial sales and initiatives to better inform farmers and veterinarians on appropriate antimicrobial usage and farm biosecurity could help reduce antimicrobial use on farms., BMC Microbiology, 22 (1), ISSN:1471-2180

Die Zahl der Menschen, die sich für eine vegane Lebensweise entscheiden, steigt stetig an. Das Interesse daran wächst nicht nur bei den Erwachsenen, sondern eine pflanzenbasierte Ernährung für Kinder gewinnt ebenso immer mehr an Bedeutung. Diese Form der Ernährung bringt viele positive Einflüsse auf den Körper mit sich, aber auch die gesundheitlichen Risiken, die bei einer Unterversorgung kritischer Nährstoffe möglicherweise auftreten, sind zu beachten. Jegliche Gesundheitsschäden und Entwicklungsstörungen können verhindert werden, sofern die Eltern des Kindes das notwendige Verantwortungsbewusstsein mitbringen und darauf achten, dass der Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf ausreichend gedeckt werden. Ist das der Fall, bringt vegane Ernährung bereits im Kindesalter eine präventive Wirkung für zahlreiche Zivilisationskrankheiten im höheren Alter mit sich. Forschungsziel dieser Arbeit ist es, aufzuzeigen, wie eine Ernährung ohne tierische Produkte die Entwicklung eines Kleinkindes beeinflusst und welche positiven Aspekte und mögliche Risiken diese mit sich bringt.Um das erwähnte Forschungsziel zu erreichen, wurde eine Literaturrecherche betrieben. Gesucht wurde im Gesamtkatalog der FH JOANNEUM, in der Universitätsbibliothek in Graz sowie in Datenbanken wie PubMed, Springerlink und Science Direct. Außerdem wurden wissenschaftliche Quellen aus dem Internet herangezogen wie beispielsweise medizinische Foren, ernährungswissenschaftliche Foren, ernährungsbezogene Websites, Handbücher und Forschungsbeiträge zum Thema pflanzliche Ernährung. Die Literaturrecherche zeigte, dass Kinder, die vegan ernährt werden und bei denen auf adäquate Zufuhr aller Nährstoffe geachtet wird, in ihrem Wachstum und ihrem Entwicklungsstand mit Kindern, die omnivor ernährt werden, gleichzustellen sind. Der Konsum zu vieler tierischer Produkte wird immer häufiger mit dem Auftreten zahlreicher Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht, weshalb erwiesen wurde, dass eine Ernährung auf pflanzlicher Basis eine Vielzahl an Krankheiten zu einem späteren Lebenszeitpunkt vermeiden beziehungsweise sogar verhindern kann. Weitere Forschungsarbeiten sind notwendig, um Interessenten an einer veganen Ernährung eine umfangreiche theoretische Grundlage für Informationen zu bieten und aufzuzeigen, was dabei im Körper passiert und wie diese Ernährungsweise jegliche Entwicklungen beeinflusst. The number of people who choose a vegan lifestyle is steadily increasing. The interest in it is not only growing among adults, but also a plant-based diet for children is becoming more and more important. This type of diet brings many positive influences on the body, but also the health risks that occur when there is an undersupply of critical nutrients. Any damage to health and developmental disorders can be prevented if the parents of the child bring the necessary sense of responsibility and make sure that the energy and nutrient needs are sufficiently covered. If this is the case, vegan nutrition brings a preventive effect for numerous civilization illnesses already in the child age. The research objective of this thesis is to show how a diet without animal products influences the development of a young child and which positive influences and also risks have to be considered. In order to achieve the mentioned research goal, a literature search was conducted. The search was conducted in the general catalog of the FH JOANNEUM, in the university library in Graz as well as in databases such as PubMed, Springerlink and Science Direct. In addition, scientific sources from the Internet were consulted such as medical forums, nutritional science forums, nutrition-related websites, manuals, and research articles on the topic of plant-based nutrition. The literature review showed that children on a vegan diet, with adequate intake of all nutrients, are on par with children on an omnivorous diet in terms of growth and development. The consumption of too many animal products is increasingly associated with the occurrence of numerous diseases, which is why it has been proven that a plant-based diet can avoid or even prevent a variety of diseases later in life. Further research is needed to provide those interested in a vegan diet with a comprehensive theoretical basis for information and to show what happens in the body and how this diet influences any developments. eingereicht von: Laura Huber Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2021

Die Nahrung als Treibstoff des Körpers hat einen enormen Einfluss auf den Körper. Die Art des Essens und die Art der Nahrung lösen Entzündungsprozesse aus. Restriktive Diäten haben aufgrund ihrer vielversprechenden Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit und die Lebenserwartung an Interesse gewonnen. Viele vorteilhafte Effekte wie eine Abnahme der Fettleibigkeit, eine Reduzierung von Entzündungen und Krankheiten, Langlebigkeit, Verbesserungen der Stimmung und kognitiver Aufgaben sowie neuroprotektive Effekte wurden bereits beschrieben. Studien an Mäusen zeigten den großen Einfluss von restriktiven Diäten auf den Gesundheitszustand. Die meisten Studien wurden jedoch an kranken Mäusen durchgeführt und verglichen nicht die Auswirkungen der Diäten in einem Experiment an gesunden Individuen, um herauszufinden, welche Diät das größte Potenzial hat, Entzündungen zu verringern und die Gesundheits- und Lebenserwartung zu erhöhen. Für die Untersuchung verschiedener restriktiver Diäten auf Entzündungsmarker und morphologische Veränderungen im Gastrointestinaltrakt wurden gesunde männliche C57Bl6-Mäuse in sieben Gruppen zu je acht Mäusen aufgeteilt, die folgende Diäten erhielten: Kontrolldiät (CTL), kalorische Restriktion (CR), intermittierendes Fasten (IF), Fasten mimicking diet (FMD), ketogene Diät 1 (Keto-1), ketogene Diät 2 (Keto-2) und ketogene Kontrolldiät (Keto-CTL). Neben histologischen Untersuchungen standen auch die Zusammensetzung der Mikrobiota, Autophagie-Prozesse sowie die antioxidative und Immunantwort im Fokus. In das Studiendesign eingeschlossen waren die Untersuchung des Nuclear Factor Kappa B Inhibitor α (IkBα), der Zytokinexpression, der Glutathion-S-Transferase 3 (GSTA3) und der mikrosomalen Glutathion-S-Transferase 1 (MGST1) sowie der Expression der Autophagie-bezogenen Gene 7 und 12 (ATG7 und ATG12) im Dünndarmepithelgewebe. Darüber hinaus wurden die relative Häufigkeit von Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Streptococcus und Deferribacter im Kot sowie die Veränderungen der Morphologie im Dünn- und Dickdarm bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die restriktive Diät eine entzündungshemmende Wirkung auf den Gastrointestinaltrakt der Mäuse hatte. Dabei waren CR, IF, FMD und die Keto-1-Gruppe mit der größten Reduktion der Entzündungsmarker verbunden. Insgesamt zeigten restriktive Diäten ein vielversprechendes Ergebnis bei der Verbesserung der gastrointestinalen Gesundheit, indem sie die Zusammensetzung der Mikrobiota sowie das gastrointestinale Gewebe und seine Zellfunktion auf entzündungshemmende Weise veränderten. Die Ernährung wirkt auf vielen verschiedenen Ebenen im Körper. Die Optimierung der täglichen Nahrungszusammensetzung und -muster könnte einen langfristigen und gesundheitsfördernden Einfluss auf die Optimierung der Gesundheitsspanne und die Prävention von Krankheiten haben., Food as the body’s fuel have an enormous impact on the body. The way of eating and type of food triggers inflammatory pathways. Restrictive diets gained interest for its promising impact on health- and lifespan. Many beneficial effects such as a decrease in obesity, a reduction of inflammation and diseases, longevity, improvements in mood and cognitive tasks, as well as neuroprotective effects have been described already. Mouse studies showed the great impact of restrictive diets on the health status. However, most of the studies were conducted on sick mice and did not compare the effects of the diets together in one experiment on healthy individuals to figure out which diet has the greatest potential to decrease inflammation and increase health- and lifespan. For the examination of different restrictive diets on inflammation markers and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, healthy male C57Bl6 mice were divided into seven groups of eight mice receiving following diets: control diet (CTL), caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), ketogenic diet 1 (Keto-1), ketogenic diet 2 (Keto-2) and ketogenic control diet (Keto-CTL). In addition to histological examinations, the focus was also placed on the microbiota composition, autophagy processes and the antioxidative and immune response. Included in the study design were the examination of nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α (IkBα), the cytokine expression, the glutathione S-transferase 3 (GSTA3) and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1) and the autophagy related genes 7 and 12 (ATG7 and ATG12) expression in the small intestine epithelium tissue. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Streptococcus and Deferribacter in the feces were determined, as well as the changes in the morphology in the small intestine and colon. The results showed that restrictive diets had an anti-inflammatory impact on the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Thereby, CR, IF, FMD and Keto-1 group were associated with the greatest reduction in inflammation markers. Overall, restrictive diets showed promise in improving gastrointestinal health by altering the composition of the microbiota as well as gastrointestinal tissue and its cell function in an anti-inflammatory way. Nutrition works on many different levels in the body. Optimizing daily dietary composition and patterns could have a long-term and health-promoting impact on optimizing health span and preventing diseases.

In Thailand, pig production has increased considerably in the last decades to meet a growing demand for pork. Antimicrobials are used routinely in intensive pig production to treat infections and increase productivity. However, the use of antimicrobials also contributes to the rise of antimicrobial resistance with potential consequences for animal and human health. Here, we quantify the association between antimicrobial use and resistance rates in extensive and intensive farms with a focus on geographic proximity between farm and drugstores. Of the 164 enrolled farms, 79% reported using antimicrobials for disease prevention, treatment, or as a feed additive. Antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were present in 63% of farms. These drugs included critically important antimicrobials, such as quinolones and penicillins. Medium-scale farms with intensive animal production practices showed higher resistance rates than small-scale farms with extensive practices. Farms with drug-resistant Escherichia coli were located closer to drugstores and a had a higher proportion of disease than farms without drug-resistant E. coli. We found no association between the presence of resistance in humans and antimicrobial use in pigs. Our findings call for actions to improve herd health to reduce the need for antimicrobials and systematic training of veterinarians and drugstore owners on judicious use of antimicrobials in animals to mitigate resistance., Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, ISSN:2297-1769

In 2016 the Sustainable Development Goals replaced the former Millennium Development Goals, building the new global agenda aiming for sustainable development at all three dimensions of sustainability by 2030. Within the set of global goals SDG 6 is devoted to development in the water and sanitation sector, including not only an improvement of access to drinking water and sanitation but also several other aspects, addressing the entire water cycle in a more comprehensive way as conducted by the MDGs. In order to monitor the development’s progress and thereby identify problems in implementation but also well-functioning approaches, new methodologies for monitoring the new SDG 6 indicators had to be developed. Currently, baseline reports on all indicators have been published, on the basis of which a first assessment of the current data availability can be made. The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the existing structures and methods for monitoring SDG 6 and to identify current challenges in monitoring as well as possible solutions. In addition, a comparison between the data collected for reporting to the Protocol on Water and Health and the data required for monitoring SDG 6 is conducted in order to find out whether common data use is sensible and already taking place. The analysis of the existing monitoring activities shows that the greatest challenges causing data gaps are associated with the novelty of most indicators as well as their complexity. There are no conceptual problems concerning the indicator’s methodologies but rather challenging conditions that complicate data collection. A key element in increasing data availability within the next years is national capacity-building since national data builds the basis for monitoring the global indicators. In addition, the extent of data sources can be expanded for example by aligning national and regional initiatives with the global goals, enabling common monitoring efforts and thereby reducing the countries’ reporting burden. In this context, the Protocol on Water and Health can potentially increase data availability in the pan-European region. The comparison of the SDG 6 indicators and the current reporting template of the Protocol indicates that there are already aspects that require very similar data. However, slight modifications could enhance these overlaps and facilitate the common use of national monitoring capacity and collected data. The comparison of current country reports and the latest JMP progress reports suggests that several Parties of the Protocol do not fully exploit this potential.

Supplemental Material, Huber_Online_Supplementary_Material for When Civilians Are Attacked: Gender Equality and Terrorist Targeting by Laura Huber in Journal of Conflict Resolution

Los ruidos articulares constituyen junto a las restricciones mandibulares, los signos clásicos de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) que pueden ir acompañados por sintomatología dolorosa. Su etiología multifactorial reconoce estrés emocional, traumatismo, dolor profundo, actividad parafuncional y problemas oclusales. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo transversal fue determinar la frecuencia y tipos de ruidos articulares y su relación con las clases de Kennedy y la presencia o ausencia de sintomatología dolorosa. Se realizó exploración táctil y auscultación de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) a 50 pacientes concurrentes a la Cátedra Clínica de Prótesis I curso. La incidencia de ruidos articulares fue del 48%: clics simples 48.15%, clics recíprocos 25.9%, pop 18.5%, y crepitaciones 7.4%. La anamnesis mostró presencia de dolor en un 14%. La coincidencia de ambos signos (dolor y ruido) coincidió en un 25%. Se presentó la alta incidencia de clics simples relacionada con la clase II de Kennedy. Mandibular noises, along with mandibular restrictions, constitute classical signs of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) which can be accompanied with painful symptomatology. Its multifactorial etiology encompasses emotional stress, trauma, deep pain, parafunctional activity and occlusal problems. The aim of the present transversal and descriptive study was to determine frequency and types of articular noises and their relationship with Kennedy’s classes, as well as presence or absence of painful symptomatology. A total of 50 patients attending the course of prosthesis clinical chair 1 were examined, they were subjected to tactile exploration and temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) auscultation. Frequency of articular noises was 48%, simple clicks 48.15%, reciprocal clicks 25.9%, pops 18.5% and crepitations 7.4%. Clinical history revealed presence of pain in 14% of cases. Coincidence of both signs (pain and noise) occurred in 25%. High incidence of simple clicks related to Kennedy’s class II was observed. Fil: Huber, Laura Beatriz. Universidad del Nordeste. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina. Fil: López Vallejos, María Julia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina Fil: Rosende, Roque Oscar. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina.

Rhodococcus equi (R.equi), uma bactéria gram-positiva intracelular facultativa, é uma causa importante de pneumonia em potros com idade entre 3 semanas e 5 meses. A manifestação clinica mais comum da doença é a broncopneumonia piogranulomatosa com abscedação. Na pneumonia causada por R. equi os primeiros sinais clínicos podem não ser aparentes até que as alterações patológicas estejam bastante avançadas, por esse motivo, o diagnóstico precoce e acurado de potros com pneumonia por R. equi se torna fundamental. O diagnóstico definitivo baseia-se na detecção de R. equi na cultura bacteriológica e identificação molecular a partir da amostra de lavado traqueal; no entanto, essa técnica é invasiva, traz riscos para o animal e é relativamente cara. A ultrassonografia (US) para detecção precoce tem se tornado uma pratica de rotina em muitas fazendas endêmicas para rodococose equina. Com o advento dessa prática de triagem, a forma mais identificada de pneumonia por R. equi tem sido a subclínica, onde os animais apresentam presença de alterações pulmonares mas não apresentam sinais clínicos da doença. Atualmente, vapA é o gene com função demonstrada na virulência. Identificação de R. equi por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em amostras de fezes tem se mostrado efetivo para o reconhecimento precoce do agente. Ultrassonografia torácica e PCR das amostras de fezes e swab nasal foram realizadas em 22 potros desde as 3 até as 16 semanas de idade (intervalos de 15 dias) de 3 fazendas endêmicas de criação de cavalos no sul do Brasil para identificar a ocorrência de doença subclínica. A associação entre a ultrassonografia torácica e PCR das amostras de fezes possibilitaram a detecção de doença subclínica e identificação de pontos críticos de controle dessa doença. Considerando o fato de que 95.4% dos potros apresentaram doença subclínica e que nenhum deles desenvolveu a doença clínica demonstra que o tratamento desses casos não é justificável para a população analisada. Rhodococcus equi, a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is an important cause of pneumonia in foals between 3 weeks and 5 months of age. Pneumonia caused by R. equi is an insidious disease in which clinical signs may not be apparent until pathologic changes are well progressed. Because of the insidious progression of infection to severe clinical signs, early and accurate diagnosis of foals with R. equi pneumonia is important. Definitive diagnosis is based on R. equi detection by bacterial culture and molecular identification from tracheobronchial aspirate (TBA), this procedure is invasive, labor-intensive, requires skill, carries risks to foals, and is relatively expensive. The sequential thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) to early detection of the disease has been adopted as a screening method in many endemic farms; for this reason, subclinical disease has been the most frequently observed form. Nowadays, vapA is the only virulent gene identified. Fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a noninvasive technique with good diagnostic accuracy. Thoracic ultrasound screening (TUS) and PCR from fecal and nasal swab samples were performed in 22 foals from 3 to 16 weeks of age from 3 endemic farms at south of Brazil to identify the occurrence of R. equi subclinical disease. The association of TUS and fecal PCR detection of virulent R. equi provided a possibility of identification of critical points in disease control. Considering the fact that 95.4% of the foals showed evidence of subclinical disease and none of them developed any signs of clinical disease, the antibiotic treatment was not reasonable for the foals followed.

Previous empirical studies have shown that solo entrepreneurs benefit from having balanced skills: Jacks-of-All-Trades (JATs) are better entrepreneurs than specialists are. Nowadays however, the majority of entrepreneurs start up and run ventures together in teams. In this paper we test whether the effect of more balanced skills is also positive in a team of entrepreneurs. We also explore whether (a lack of) individual balanced skills can be substituted by combining the skills of various specialists within one team. Our field experiment studies teams of children participating in an entrepreneurship education program. Based on pupils' precisely measured level of verbal and mathematical ability, we exogenously compose 179 teams separated into four different types: JAT teams, math-specialist teams, verbal-specialist teams and mixed specialist teams. Our results show that balanced skills are beneficial to team performance, and that it is hard to substitute individual balanced skills by combining different specialists within one team.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of early entrepreneurship education. To this end, we conduct a randomized field experiment to evaluate a leading entrepreneurship education program that is taught worldwide in the final grade of primary school. We focus on pupils' development of relevant skill sets for entrepreneurial activity, both cognitive and non-cognitive. The results indicate that cognitive entrepreneurial skills are unaffected by the program. However, the program has a robust positive effect on non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills. This is surprising since previous evaluations found zero or negative effects. Because these earlier studies all pertain to education for adolescents, our result tentatively suggests that non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills are best developed at an early age.

eingereicht von Laura Huber Enthält Literaturverzeichnis auf Blatt 58-63 Masterarbeit Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg 2020

Demand for animal protein is rising globally and has been facilitated by the expansion of intensive farming. However, intensive animal production relies on the regular use of antimicrobials to maintain health and productivity on farms. The routine use of antimicrobials fuels the development of antimicrobial resistance, a growing threat for the health of humans and animals. Monitoring global trends in antimicrobial use is essential to track progress associated with antimicrobial stewardship efforts across regions. We collected antimicrobial sales data for chicken, cattle, and pig systems in 41 countries in 2017 and projected global antimicrobial consumption from 2017 to 2030. We used multivariate regression models and estimated global antimicrobial sales in 2017 at 93,309 tonnes (95% CI: 64,443, 149,886). Globally, sales are expected to rise by 11.5% in 2030 to 104,079 tonnes (95% CI: 69,062, 172,711). All continents are expected to increase their antimicrobial use. Our results show lower global antimicrobial sales in 2030 compared to previous estimates, owing to recent reports of decrease in antimicrobial use, in particular in China, the world’s largest consumer. Countries exporting a large proportion of their production are more likely to report their antimicrobial sales data than countries with small export markets. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., Antibiotics, 9 (12), ISSN:2079-6382